Iraq - Report on the economy

 UNN7 • . ,A. l?~brl.t~%ey." ~Sv·· 1949 I f' : • A...,."f.l~:J> !tt'l 'YV:.P·fl ~ ~.0· . rl41 I Ji:t4~Jiia;i~Ufoil!ti~-- .• ~. A:r.e~. ~~o~rap~, Oli~t$ fr~o-nul(,..tttln Nc:tt1cnal lacom& D~i{i;f Uiflt1H)l'7 ~fore lr~q' ~ lnatpaxtttencEt Oon~tltut1(}2\ ~· Oov~~~n.t vol.lti~s;tl Si ttt~tion l~t~OJ~ti~'M)G o.f A~1Cl.tlihlr~ to the ~ef)rtOmy' t~m Ut!l.iw~t1¢)n L~nd. 'N~ll~~ 0-rop OUtput t:<tr!~J~tlort • Ag~!mt1·~at W~chtl.1q_1:«h~ ia!ld. ~~1 t\~tion L1Ve~tQC~ cH tel· (1 2 ·. ' f' .i ( ioJN~~trr D4d :ifitdleri€ilu P®tro~wn Othe~ l~tltt~tri~~ n~1t11.il~~$ tlthe:z:.7.~~$.(lpetl1t~ Sti.;!.te 11\l.dgf)t ®d :Public Debt ~~~nldng Stl.•netu:re '~!on~ and P~lC$(1r,: ~:~t<al il1r:z~a~ ~nd. !$.i.l~"e Q£ :t:~tl'.de :~!1q"tOf'ttJ ~mpo~t~ • '~t~dfi! by fATal~ M:attket~ and St:t,wlie~$ 011 ~:trper.rtm ht Con~~f!~tn~~ire.llJ. ~r~~de O.ontt*Ol ;. il .- ,. .... ~4tf~e ~ates ~~ Ji}(C~~ Coat~l ~~f'~lBU ~~cba.~e lJ~sitiola iml-~~r:e; t:Jt l~«rm~nt.s x~~.tf).mij.l 1lt''bt Outlook .. • • .- •• l:r!aq~ £<>rme:rly a part 10£ the Ottoman inaep~ndeht lttngdoxn in ·1921. ~hs Uni.tsa. Empir~. wa-s 1\i;ngao~ l'eqogtdl&ed thei p~ocla1mad. an !ln.gdom itt l9~J2, and ~sswned: 1 at the sam~ tiraa. 8J mt:Uldat$ for Irt1tq en ba,ba,lf r>t th~ TJaagae ot Wlfl.tiona" FolloW111S tbe Anii:l\1-%1"-e~.i t~e&t~ ct ·alli~ee of 19:30, ... th~ manU.~ta w.~n- terminated and !raq ·l..ra$ ~.dmittad all a ~averaign ~tat~ to mambe:tshtp .in the te~e ot :Natiol1s in 1932.~ Ac~o:rd:in.g to the Iraqi. c:.anat!- tutlon established in 1925 the cennt~ i~ a .uonatt1?tlti-on&1 he~ed.itarzr monareb;v with a parliat!tent~ form of govarmneat4 ttnlik~ dth¢:r ~~iddle i!lagts:rn conntt+ias. lr$q, ltan e. problem nf population deficietlct'. J.\'t th.e een$U$ ¢'£ 1947, the total poptilati·~tt of I-raq 1At4S 4.8 million.. fhis gi'Ves ~~ averag~ populatinn densit;rt o£ l(t.6 ~arsons 1. p$~ sq'Uar\J, idlomet$r cwhi¢h 1$ the lo'W$st dansit~ ~&tt; At pr~sent the si~.~e of population not only le~:~as· amp~le ro~ta for ad.diti(lnal populattf>a !». Iltaq, b.ut. it :t~ al~c too ~mall fo-r tha in the ~liddl$ E~st. eeft)nQmi~ devalf;>pm~nt of th$ cowtt'? ..· fhe pt-i:neipal ,fltfflcu.lt;r ariei~ 110xtl this si'b'Q.~t!on ia th~ sbo~t~ga ct la:mn la.'bor whiQh is one of the obata.ele$ to the a[g:rieul- tu:ral d.ave14pment. l~~q !~ a pl"~domi~tly agr:hlultu.ral cown.ttJr. Ov~~ Q5~ O£' the a.ctive popul~t1ol1 1.1.}?4) eng~g$& !n ~ricu.ltur~ jf 9:*® agr-,.eultu.ral develQprnent. in tr!V-1 has ~satet p:ro~pects than tha.t in s»:f utht11~ !·~iddl.e Eastet~n .eountrNt. rthe tot~l cult:tv~\1(;) a.~s~ !n tr.~q ~mo~ts: to )0 million $'.011'$$. lhlt only 6 million $Br.~~· or \lne"'"ti,fth o..:e the t~t~l a-te' ou.l'bi-ttfZ.)ted in at:W agrieult~al. Whe develoJ;ft1¥$lli o-f a§l1ieu1ttt'ra1 tlOtentia11ti@~ dapel'ldlt. lt~rl~~ly Oll • 1rri8~~tion from t:&.~ two :ri~ers -- th$ iuphrates and the figris. :Bttt the ... tnltlit~i-1"Y a~endit\Wee itt l~~q~ Tb~t the bl.\dget J:u~.s: n() infla.tione:r~ :p!<es$'ttr$ •• is also~ ftt.vol"abls fa.otar. lrra.t• s tr~d~ de£!oi t -- :1 ~ Eh trade), excl:u.siYe of o!l ~xport s -- , 1:n:tn:+e~·st;;d fr-om I:O lt· •.$ million duriilg 19)6-:39 to !D. 2.5. 6 m:lll~on in 194?~ Wh$ defi~·it is~ h1t>veve:r~ not en:tirelv Te~l~>- s.a it is pal...tlt a :.esult. of a.n aaeoun:t.ing $JstcrA 'Which. gives rise ttl un.der-valtt.~tion ot e~·orts and ovex~~­ V.§luat:lan Qcf :i.mpo~te.. Wh$ 4ett.UU tx-ad~ da£iott · .amolUlts to soma lD to mtlllol1i a~"U..all:1 in pos'\rti'J~<t· w-a~Gii Main e:rpo:t•ts fr{)m: lra.q ~ottsl. st ~VJ:~ ot ~icuJ.t·ur~l a.'ild pa.sto~al prod'tl~t~~ ....... ¢te:rt~als. dm.tes" wool" htd~s ~a skin$.. 111ain tmporta into l'.f$.-t). are ~~-~ tneclU.ft ;ctttrtls axil S{jnti""'fil11sh(~d goods -- te::ttiles.- metals, 7!1£~.chineey. eto~ :Eefn:re the 'tf!$'1!. the bul.~ Qf .tre.q Q a tru.d& '®'as with indu.~tlfial eountt"'ies -- u. ~ U'~ s.ll Gernanr a.nd J~~a:n* ln ~ostWf;).t .~Gal'"~n the $hat-a. of the U~ Ir. • in Ira-ti'' s toi,al eJt:PoZ.ts de<tl1naa~ \fhile the ahat>e ~t India and otl1e:r Mi.dd.la ~:It~te:tr.t .countries ittereased.; iu:.-ports intd) x·:rtaq: fr~m the U..Jt. at!.d other i~1iddle E~~tarj):J. eou..'1.tr!e~ e:ane:rR;l!y showed e~.an,g.ion~ and. tha:JJe we~e Jl;t",atlti(1all;r no treta.e ~~liAtion0 w1th J'~).pa,n ~d GGr~. !hU'"ing the w~' :trm.q;' $ ~t<.tr,..itlg balan~~$ accumuleted verr :tta}1idly because o£ the :S:citis.h mil1tal7' (t;Xpenditrtrea in lt-aq. Aa a. t"esttltt :tn ]'i(H~t· tt!ta~· 'g!;;elils. :traq he.~: 'bet)ome a $!terr1ing erenitor. eo®tr¥., ln. ea.'~.~J¥- l9L~7, !rm~~(' ·tt~ $i}e:rling b1la.ttces; ot£ie1tal. and privat$ >-totaled some '100 millieyn. trnd$r the .Anglo-I:raqi t!tnlfltleial agreem~nt, the officla.l f.}tsrl!;ng holdin~a 9 amom'J.tia@ ta ~60 m~llion, ~t·t::· tc. be :released h,1 th~ :British '\fith!n th~ fiVEl-ya!W' p~-r,iod. l9tv;+. t9Se. ~owD.rd. thQ ~na <lt 1948!) the unus~.nt ~ount. Qf reaent. ha:rd r.t'V.rt~en($v r~fl.ea;fje~; to Ir.•aq tot~l~d $28 mi.llt()np •  ... iv .... •• !fhe outlE>ok of I~~1 1 s e'Xterru.\1 £'-t~cial position. is fa;vorable . At presen,t Iraq ~s pr~ctio~.ll;r no e~t~rna.l debt Md iteJ t"$~aign exoh®ge potri.tion& in t.e~m~ 0-£ both sterling and. dollars. in l,..el~tively S'hl'"Ong. fJ.~e import, eurpltt$ is ru.nning at !Ut annl.tal rate of !!l 10 million and. ig covered largely by oil :rn1a..lties:, oil compa:nies' lo<;l~l e~enditttVe~, l3:ritish mili.-. tacy expendit'l.ll"'e0 and, to a. leA~ a:lt:tent.'J: by dral-..d.ng on Iraq's foreign exdhi!l:nge balances a.b:road~ l.hlt for tl1a ~rar ait®t!on in Pal~P:tin.a~ th& amount ._.,:r oil royalties ~otUd have 'bsan conside:ra.bly increased a~ a result of. tha completion of new pipelines • • •  .· .. •• ifq' !Xtd=&~P~l Iraq 'e. ho\tQded on tb~ ~orth by T\u•ker, .on ·tbe east by lran!) on tho ,..,~nt b1 Sy:r!a ~1na !ra~sjoria~, on the .Mx-tb~st by· :Stlud.i ~&tb1a, end o-n the ·sQ'tltb bJr tb$ Saudl ~~b1l'l111!)lr'a"J Beu'fnval Zcme 1 Kuwait .~nd th~. ~ersian Gul.t. The ~ total are& .;l.a eMiimaterd at 45,;000 s~ kllom~tera (or 17!'St.t000 aquar@ mil~s) o. Tgpg~bx ({.:UJ fh1~ ~i!J topQ~pbical t¢nturf).,< of %raq ~ tb~ t\.vo l:'i'tfars ...,_ tb~ Tigl"ia n~ tbQ ~up~.~tes _.... 1~1'imt form tb0 ltf'Gblood of tbe cl)un~f· !fh~ 11gria (l ,1;0 ~dl~$) fl()'ld$ tm-ough 'TtWkey and EYtlt$:v~ .~~Jq at tbe ~outb of J~m:trat llm ~ on th(;l t\u:~>k:ten.:Iraqi oo~ar. th~ l~uphratea (1,460 m~.lea) tlova t:nr<ru&fh tb:ree ·oo®trietJ -- Turk$y, Ssrr!Q• and Iraq$ ~Vet>dn~ tht;) S~itm~Xr~q!t hord~ • ~t Ab1:.1 ~al. l~oth riv~~s tlou south~stwra a~oss Ire.q ti\ttd join to~thG!." at ~urn~ in the ;:!CU;l~hasstera pan 9f: tb.e «<>m:ltey, fotlrd.n& tbo ~iv~lt Shat\•t.\l•itrab (llS milet$) whieh flovt~ into th~ P~,.-siaa <hato • ~o~phlcally:p th0 cotmtl7 colut21et~ Qf tl~e:H~ res1o1ru:~t tho highlenih!i of the no~ ~nd nt~!!th~tlti' the cenb$1 ~ltiliilS~ tlln(t ·tho detJ~rt oetmtl7 of tl1a $Ottth ana $1\\tlmast(i or ~b~ .J.~nr.~f!_,~lnd.Jier.Jab~fu!t.~ !h~ PJlrthQStst0l?n pcnrt of tb!Q region i'l th~ ~ol.lmltdnc;us ruraitJtatt~ 1'h(f) mo~ins htre ~ up to 14,000 ta$tiJ.· ~he ~ainfaU is h~a~1 £rom Oota~ to ~ray, averatAng 30 1tlche~ ath~sll;y. fhe~ is te~~c$CJ cul:tivation .~.oluilh1g v:l.ne,.ards ~md tooo~. South ~nd ~et •  of tb~ mountainoua lurdlatsn come th'& undula.t~g ~aveJ.. stapl)$ $nrl plouflhltlnd. ·• Hera tha a~$-illfell of lllr£ aV'etage 1s~r itl $Uf.fic1ent to )'ield a a:b~gle ~ol) without irri{Yl'tion$1 trme~v~".t th~ .$05.l ie. ~uit$ble., ·nt ~a ~· The cent~al plains cover th& $~a, tJOuth. of the north6rn high:lltM:ls rtlld blla·t.wen the !i~!~ tnu1 the ~at(.ls \fall~ys o 'lh~ are~ ia an expanse a£ El!ntire:ey f'lat and all~l .soil~~~ 1bou€h ~ey t<r?rt:U(J, the $Oil rs- qu~s artificial it~i&~tion ·to oompral'lf.W,~ l¢1! ol~tio sbor·tCQldn,gsf thf;;) an~uel rainfall awr~ll~ o~l.r tt~tth ab !r;,obe$o !h~ p~ina tAr~ thl-eiild()d vitb ~any \1fat0r chamel~t to1• ~:r.i~tiontll I}la=-.ll~tilt~... CQlm!~~~~li"Jl.. !~..}Je.u!blf!l.tUta 'rba W$atern d.eGe~rt ie (4 p~t of th~ S~i$n dase~t, ~lmost $qru.tl in a~e~. to tl'.t~ half Qf I~aq ¢1 th& d&t#ert cou:~tr7 1$ uncultiwbl$ end altn{)~t ~rats:rletUl; inhabited o.nl7 by ~~outn tribes (flom&dif; Arabs). • :fvo ti.mpo~trant cit,iea oi.";l lt~aq, $!"$ ll&Shdad ~d Ba~ah. ~he tO'J:UL$r, Oil the eent1~l Tig-ri~Jl ia tb~ atle;tent tJ>ade canter en!l th$ present capit.Ql ot th0 cotmtrF9 and the latt0r ia n mod$rtt $®aport ~l1· th~ '-~weian Gttl..f ~> I'*'~ in the north ie fP.'O~ting in importr~nqe because of ~U d~velopmentl) ~tlinza:t! In gen~al:; the cli~tG- in l'i!'aq its of cQntinental tJfp~r. It ;1$ cbatacte~- 1.0 bf tbe ~at r'~:Op O.f tempa'ta:tu:r&$1 .bt the sh~t)$$$ of t'taa~itional. ~$.f.ilt)11lS~ by th~ ec~~ty raiftfall~ and ··by thE}) lolt humidttylil Along the ltu.t:'distan Mountah$ in tbQ north thl¢} a~rs $~e hot and dl79 and th~ winta~s are moi~t $ltd coole South and v&st ot I~1omd 1~\l~r~ is a dry typ<a of Vl$d.it~en~an ol~~!t. The ht)t desc;;rt c1~te ·Covers ~tit of !raq f".ro.m ~ghdad diat~ict sou:tb.W$rd to th~ rerBial Gulf~ antl wastwrd Ulto tbe ,t-zabi~n 4nd the S1rian: <lene~ts~ •  .,,. ,_ , 'tho llumidity is ~nerellr low, except in th$ marebl~1:uis of thll1 oout~1 .• $r.td :netar the- Persian tka!' * t.rha. n~~n~~ .tiMUtal :eeinf~ll for Iraq en a whole< i.s lt!al than 10 inch$$.& • • •• b!obJ&!4Jl.Li!9~!!w-De·fig;1~n~ tml!l-ta SO'm$ oountrieta i~ tbe !vliddl~ raaat ...,_. such aa Egpt,-l:taq baa ~. px-oblem ot population. dat;ioiencw. fhere is not oray ~le room to:r qadd!tional l'opUlaticn ~· !ra(b but lite present. populationS~ uum~rins less than 5 milli~nt ie too ·mnall fQr tb0 Goonomio devGlop~~itb ot tbo Q()'U.ntl7q Ott~ or th0 principal tllfficulti~tJ ~il.lin! .tr0111 this situation ~~ th~t ~ new ~ig~ttion pro~~oc't in l't-aq attracts Qltly tb$, ill$uffioiant. agricultural popuh.t!o!l boa offt,ttbliah(itd agriCUlture to the n~t~t vent't.lre~ Th~ result 1s that the n&tJ !rri~at1on program merely clumps tb~ loeal~ of agr5.. cml:tur~ vithQUt in~tleing the total cultiw:ted ~lle solu;ti0%1 t.o too ~bl• o:t I~q1 population de.ficiGney -will be Qith$r tbl~ongh th® att!'action of in$iigrants. t-o Iraq &om owr-populated eountri$3 • or tln"ough the natural (i:f'Olltb c4 Iraqi population~ 1~1granta ~~i:OS lt?~q 4SOil COO persona ~nt~gr~rl \;."aS tt3~i~bl~o :Iraq a t1bUe a to~ Bsltl~n of 1934 I~ the pa:wt, the m.t~bGr ~nd 1941~ a :;.ao~ 000 p~rsonB ot total of some lcatt the countcy1 lsav5Jltt onl7 a >n.,t of abotat 70,000 person~ ~d.®d to tha pop\l'tl~U.tio»tt This indi~~ ca:t~$ tha\ in ·4!! unde~-d$velopad CatUl'tl7 li!tfl lr$qu it is a1tfieul.t ta attrs.ct large. numbers of ~grnnt~ to the count~» \Utl~elf t~e~a are t"t!~ dsvelcpntent prcgtau of ir~:f.gQtio~, o~icult~" tJnd ittdust17o At pN$a!1t ttte X~a.tural ~owtb. r~.t$ ot lr~qi popul.Mti()n is <Eu~·tdmtlted, at batl$sen 12 and 17 ~l?FA).tl.$ ptW 1,?000 population, or- at am ennU~rJ,l r~:ta ot bett-men one tm<l <.>ne-balt perce!at ~ How~1ar, if ·:r~aq oor.tti.wes the procQaS of mode~i~tion, and, thus~ impr®$$ the general 'health conttitiontap th~ natural ~O't~ll ratt;e ldll oo:rtainl..y riea4 fhus1) the tutur~ popu.l~tion grorib of I~sq •Q7 b$ e~eeted to b$ v~ bighc •  i\o~~ ~~~t ·the tut~e Iraqi p(lpult'dlion will l~~ hiPEhP the qut>st!ott •• btU'!~ a1~1~s !ls si:tu~tionq for i11ereas:lt1$ to Th~ ~ncn.;ar wlt~tber is tile ;r~~urc~a ~riainl;,\.,. ~~iettltu:rel. ~lltlu.cUvit:r Qf Irfiq ~.$ on the lgn-!\ slreacy sutf!td.e!!nt to m®e'b tbi,s poaitiwo ln IrQq t:hare is. n 'td1le scopa t~nd~ oulti~tion ~ll~ the~ are l~1rgs :r'$S~~V(;:$ 4:lif land which Qan b~ 1nttda cultivablt:J. Moreov~r! tb.Gr~ ~a al~o l~,.rege lfl.ine:ral r(H$o'Urc~s :U• tb~ oountry ~. Thsso ~sp~ets of th$ eoonomy V!ill h~ dealt vith in thfl late1. . chapt~a. :mt~-€!ll~·~ism !~xcr~t tba lest C<:t~Stts ttll~an 1n Octo~r 194711 ·t}h.e 'Previous ~>ernsu~s ot !raq sl..tl: ~U inet~t!.tpla'tfJi ~;~ th~t'eto:r~ unrel.itflbl~.. 1'lu., det~ils ~'Jt tha 1947 (1'\J o.f!Inaue ~ still not. t\ft YEht. aftil~iible. At tho CtaUSUfJ Gt lf:J41p th~ total pOpl~letion ot !:~nlq 'WaS 4of~ 111UliO:Urt aa ecrJp~:rad mth an efftitt~lte~i po!'Ul.~tioa ot 2 trdll1on in 1900 and 2.~ miUiOll ~ • 1930~~~ fila 1947 oe.~.sua populatioll »Sptr&fl-enta ttn i~@ea~e by ljeve.nty p.~:r~uant (;Ver tbe l~•:;o ~st~to Cl This fShtlrJl iner~~~ is dt.t€J oi!l;r p~rtly to n~t~l srow'tb. P \PJ.t M:lnly to mer~ QOtnpr.$ben.ai:ve :recol'di:n,g Qf thfj l.ttst e~nws.., ll rth~ .~ii!t1 ¥" thit Althot~h bitti~hs ant1 deaths ~tal·~ ~tutlordarl in t~~~) citi$a or !t"aq. the deta e1~~1) blco~la·~~ aa th~o !$ t'- t~e.t lltUa1'-'~r or c.~~;~~ ~bi.ch 0s~~pe ~g!e'tJr$~ tion.. Aoeord~g to ~ study W.!;w,dQ by· &r.n~Gt Jur$t41t,V' ast5J.~n;t~ b:t~. ~atea of Ir-aq er~ $2 p$2? 1,000 pcpuhtion tor- tba B41ghdad ~egion~ ~.nit S&@ttS9 tor g~~al .~n,a Dasr®t": an4 ~st:L~at~. (teath ~~t(tl ft;;r Iraq is 22..'"45 p(W' l~OOO popul~;rtion~ ~he ann~~l na~lll. in~~s~ o;f~ lr&q iWJ estimated fl.t ·br~·tt.::etan 12 ax!d 17 per l~OOO popu- •  ·- .,. ~ '' ' ' ' -. fJiru~;J;!x~~..l?~Pl!l~ the :tl\'l\1rettt populat1Qn dans!.t1 of l~aq a~ a owbol\~ on th~ 'bs.rJ1$ ·or 19J{t ceru~t.ts pop\tlation was: 104).6 pt~:sona per sqiUl!rQ ld.lom~te~4i ~icw0~, ot tl~& total. t;W$& of 453,000 k:Uom$imrf.l, only 92,000 kilomets~!f. ~ra· 'mUihi'\ta:tod ~nd ·cultiv:rtbla ls'-'d• fh~ 4$nn1tu of ~ulat.io11 in th~ ooltiYablt1 l~d (an p~n eul:ti'tmted;} ~ tin 1947 ~v1;ragad ;2 !n.bahi:tant1 p9r squere kilo;uet~r. Tbi$ €!t~td.:tr figtJt\e !.~ 1:1Uch lo"te=r than that of ether a~t~d ~:VIit!Ne in the t~idtJle E:ast (.coJJ:jl)SJ1$d with 4!$3 p~xfo son~ pe:r kilcmErtel7 in Egypt). It .U'tdioatas th$-t th~~e ~.fi 3Ni~~t ,s~ttl$~nt pos9i- b:Uiti~a of \ha coutlteyf a ~~lt1vabl6 are~. Uvb!~,J~a;J\ur~l Jli . Disk;tbution •el . +&4*14o\llii.!I!I\Wi4&Wili ?l:lll..'!;>lW illtolt. As~--~ . 1 the popu1Jl"i$tt of haq itt ~aiulT ~ral !lnt.' ~oltmdic.~ Ill l9ltl, 1:! ~~­ eent t}f th~ p0t>ulatio~ liwd :!n tl~ tbr~& •in oiti~a4l Be~atl, ilasrah~ ~nd li~aul, 3~ 'J)e~cent ~~r~ $$i;.tl~c1 :rural popul.~tit1n 1 t.aoo ,4.~· p~r~f.lnt Yef~ f*,)tttt~17o{tja;:1tJ "'""" 1~ho wo~kad. folr bi!l~l:ldotmer$ od trl~1l oh1$ttl t~J.~ pt'lrt tJf tl~ ye$to· --. ~uttl tb·itit rest • ~~re ~ll<>m~Mlf!~ .Xn 1947' tht1 three ttmin e!ti.aa accounted. ,fli)}.'- QptA:ro~imstelr ~~a~ o~tlt of th& J;lOpuls.tiorA • .P~a~rA...~kll~~~'~~ . ~:tr~~&pd, pg,gt~t')~J.ml , . !\lQ detail$d inf'~~.tiqn ¢n a~ di~bibl-ttion :!~ availtlble., 1ho disvi-... ,·((:L~··~lt~.~f 1,(.. Jf.:;-] t:~:.',(,f-.:-4-: m;:''i( toC ';;,.t / . <;~ !<'.\"~:l/:'~""'•'rt /t~1,J;/! ,)t~vf 2....~ lltil/fJ~~. ~(t.t<{t:kft ..,,,_ (>.. Wt10:r! batl-1G~11: the Se)XeG ~$ ~:W,.~at ·~tl'U~l in 1935" )\ lt. ~~S :~n~timat~O; tbat t)Ver ee p~re~t1t o: ·th~ ~~ti1fa. popula.t!o:rJ. 5.:e a~gapd in ~f~ioul:tUl"~h •  ~.t7t inheb:J:tatllts ·Of: I~m.q consist ~t :rot~ •1tl ~~:'Ottl'H~- Jwul~aJJ it~1s 11 !raniens, ~nd Turkaf> :tt is ~~dtimlit~d th$.t. $QrD.0: ao percent t:Jf thai w~al popula- 'tion er(rs A~t~b$t 15 pe:re~nt ~r~ l~urdflt, ~rAtl the r<artU.tinde:t" are l'rani~tas, i~urke 1 1lftid t)thersjli 'i~'l' reli~rio:n, 93 ~x~<.Sent or the population in·. 1935 '.:~r<$1 t~Iowlems, 3 p~r­ oexat lf$re Cbx•teti@t.l, 3 perct1nt t:.Jerf.t ~1l1l\~$# end tha ~a~.aind~~ \4&~& tha othe:tt~ ~ ~t.?~"lH/~1~~£4~ Th~ r-~oeel.m A:rQ.ba, !repl1i3s~a1ting about tour~titth~ of the 1~aqi popu.~tionj ~couw tha larg~at ·~.a~t of th~ conntey.. The Ji~bs l~v0 many t11ib$a !a the. ~t-ea outsidtZ.t tba a!tie.sQ t;fhere tl.f>$ cult!wtor tr:UJ®tJJ n~a~ the riwraf> and Dodou.i'n trib$S which a:t~ no~adic pa~tore of oa.-~1~ 1 mteep~ a:t1d horsee;g. and ~~m1-$ett~tl;, se·:~:d..~.~(mt.u~tio t1"ibss" ht l:·,11!Sr4nt. ;raars th~ C-ov~rn.!lfient has ~~ ettoi'ts ·to eett,le. ·~he kta;);b tr!btlit'f throogb ~ant~ ot lttt1d. [..~~ ~l~ X~dt~ ara It1do~lranian bt extraetioa~ Theu religion ie that or lslf;3tn, ~ut t~y hav;;~ ·e. l~ngwak,'"e of th.ei~ o~nlt> fhe3 l:b.rt: it't th~ mount~li%l • re~til>nt~ in tb.a no~a:rt; o'! h"t!q. llttt'd.bh f~lies lll't'l ch~aet~iO'led by thll>h' s~nl$ faud$:1 a!Qn.~ ~N:1d 4 w4~roua. oode of bortOl'"' !t,~~&~!'N~!,~9'lt'-* 1fhe:~~ ~l~~ Christian comtrfu.nit!e~ in ~ll the pr1noip61 tolm.~ of ll?tMl, particultu"'ly tlt~ .!')1osul distl*ia·tlll Cltt•iDtiane in Ir~q ho1(1 i:;!~ re-spa!\Sible poQitions .in. ·th~ flr.ilv~:r~~llant. -lll.s "r<aw.s1 r:aii~tly living in Bmghd~d~ 1 haw loft~ b~ai#l ~uss~"1li1t;l!.ted iuto ths life ot the cona~t:ry. /;.~bio .is th~~ offitd.al ~nd moltlt uiil$ly....us~~ J.angua~~Cf Tta:rkish, I~urdiPJ.i, ~lid t·arsitm atl>~ rr~speeti"~lr tt"'itplo~tl by tile mi:ao:~itie$ of 1'\trk$, rtu.rda., ttnd •  :· -. l:Jo off~. cial Qtiltima:te Qf thta na:Mtonal :tncome e:>t Iraq i,a avt~dU¢ible(l Atl e:gricultur~l cotmtl~>!e$ p:n0"eally shell a lo\tlevel of ruzrt.it~!lal incQm$, Iraq 9 ~ing pl'ed~~ntly ~gri®lturfll~ !~ .ilQ til\:tm~pti~Ptt. !h~ per oap:tta. in~· W$ ~&Jthittt~·~ed at ~ l.O (or ~bout ~~SO) iltll"ing 1936-1937.- A ~ae~1t estim~rte gave n total !nO~$ ~g }~)99 :million tor 19461 e.tn th~t ~fl11s or $.$su~4d p~~ ®.pita .inoom.e of ~t~t~o Thasa t'W'O ef#tinaa.tee L~d!cate that the pta~ c.apit~ inoo~ ot Iraq h~s wo~sened in :tr$sl tt1~!.1~; 6.d11oa the itl.d$lt of Whol+ru~.tQl~ :pri~e inc1~eaSQd fJrt:ifft 100 in 1939 to 4:82 in 1946\if . • • '. t'~tore ths fi~st world t>f~:r.r., 1~aq \lt1$ a ptn7t of th.a (1t.~matl t!.~irsll It v..a.G proelajnted $U :bu1epena-ent !'J:Jgdom en trueua"G 2:;; 19.2lc :the United 1\ingdom reeot;!ni~d the ltin~,cmt by the treaty of Oetobe~ 10, 192~~: ~~d. _a~su.~ed, at th.a s~n~~l th:l~;; 1 ~ 1Paei1tlate .fo~ Iraq on behalf of t'he L~~~~u.a ot .!lationc:h Following tb$ tlj;eaty of alliance of J-..m.e. 30, 19301 bet\-reen the Unite(l Kingd(t4:t ~d the Iraq, t'he mru1t1ate vas tsrmittat~ed and Iraq ~Jaf:l Etdm:Ltt$d ~Ht e ao.1ra:reign ·$tste· to mantber~ PSJPP'~~tatis¥1., an~ . ~~YJW!mlant ~ ll"~tq $~a a constitutional herarH.tary mone~chy ~1ith a ·parliementQey to~m ot" ~overnlllent <F TbE"J mor~archical ~yateut in I1:11q t!a$ institut~d be:tori;) th($. ®nsti- ·tu·ti()n '\a-me dvafted i111 192.3 ~- 1 l'~t~ ooxu1titution whioh esmGt into foroa in l92:f, con- • fil'tfled th~ eetablish.tn~.nt of monarch,-1 hut added thatf sovei¥ed.gnty belongs to t;ne, mulg~tion, 8n~ suparvisa.a the1i1q exe.m.6tion. ~\he ;le({islati'V·a poH~x· iu ~atod in tlle parl~nt 8J:l(1 ·hho 1Ungr1· 1)~1'~~lia­ m~ut ia CQtilPosed of tt-to hous$S - a saootG of 20 mam.bars, apponatad by the Kit't€:> ®;ild a Ghumbe-r of 11? Paputiam ~leated, by· eleotroal 'V'()tas at ~bh~ :r~te or. oru~ fo:r ave~r 20~000 rflal~ !l..aqi aubj(;ots~ F~le$ 1.'1 !ra.q have no ~igbt of mtf'f~a~rao The f>X/f1Ctttiv~ powel:" is ex®:rtd.aad by the. Ring -~hraugh the cabinet~ fhe. Ki!a~ s~leots e.n(1 appoints thn ~:r.inw £!1nistt$:r 1 and on hiti recor.rrme)nd$ tion appoibts th~ oth~r Ini'ni$t{;)rs :Ot the cal,ina~t ~ The cabinet is 4'$Sponsibl~ to tba Chambar ot ~putiea and the torm.e;r r s life is dep~:od()nt on 8 ~te r;.f ccinfida,na& by the latter o • -· ~q]...!,~i~al;~qi..~P!:f.i!S!lo BefQt"e 1932,. l~\$q 1 $ l"tatignaliflt movement x.vaa 1.1na.:tnly eonaa:rn~d "ttli.th th~ $truggl$t tor 'her independence., H'ith the a.ttnimaent of $overeir~ statue, the :nat-ionalist feeling, fomented by thf~ then Axis prOJ)aganda~ m,ov~d to~Jarcl~ the Janua.r~ 151 l94P. It $tipulatad l among other thing$, thet t!~hile (:'traat i~r.~~tain no long~r ~"'-auld n~ninteln t:roo~>s and air ooaea in 1:re.t5, shb9. wuld be p~rmitteci, mont oppositiorl hom the p@ople~. A€~ a t'esrJlt~ thfl cabillet of Say.!<:! Saleh J}!abr d wlt{> aignGd the tr~aty fbr- 1.raq re~igne~1\the end of J'Ealtte!r'Y l94S and the nelt • tl•ea:ty '~tt r~pudi&t~d~ has bean fighting, toget~1er.- 'With other 14"ab states against the naw atat$ Isra$lfl The object of thi.e Wr', 8.$ Iraq o.laimed ,J/is the liJ-:.al"ati.on o£ ;~alastinta t:r.om Zionista end th~ astablis~ttsnt of a Vnited Arab ~tate there~ tiovever~ ~£tar more thatl lB months or t.m:t~ ·it rasul:te only in dlasenaion ad1ong the Arab statss, a tinart~Jia'l crisis or lrt-1dgatary def'iei·t. in Iraq, end little prograse t~itJard tha or:igin¢\1 object. tJnd¢1'" theoe e~r~urntlt,an~es, thrtJ oabine·h Tesigned and ·:1eneral ths peace in PaJ..estine Gt Tha nau ~~rernie:Y:,. is $aiel to advocate a tu1iteo 11olicy 'Wi.th • Ring Abdullah of Tr'atlUl-t1ordsn who baa long bean t~nting to con1e to tert21a wlth I~a.eliao ;•Jr_G ~~ l/ According to a speaoh made by tba li$gent at lraw at the opening o.f Varlierment, l)aeember l, l94ao -· At plfr$~nt {,1~\lblrrua:ry, 1949), it is r$p(tftecl that I:tr!aq !t:ltellde to r~~narus talks· ~~itn I~~el an!l other A:rab ~ltat~a fo:tt. the ee,t$,bl.i~nt of a Jla~~anent pesce it:~ Pmles:tine o • •• rtu. J\U9~~}1~....9.~, {!S"£i:Qyj.,l~JLJi9,{&9!1~f!to Iraq is a predondnantl:r c.aerieultural countl7, ~J" S5 pel'oent ot the acti~ population ~ !l)fl,g8.t~e'l in agricul:ture. Wi1ih axctaption ot oil expor11e mada by fcr$1gn-ov~ compani$S~t Iraq'' eJtports oo·Mu~ist errhb0ly of a~icultural a.nd paS'hor$1 products. !~aportant as it i~ to the Iraqi ~oonomy, agrioul.ture it:! Iraq b.es greatev p:rosp$ot$ of dev'lllopment than that il't any oth~ lrf!ddlo Eastern coui1.trie~~ Of thtl!l total cultivabl~ a);elll. ot 30 million acwes in lr~q, only one-ti:fth o:r nearly 6 ndllion acr$s a~ cropped in any e.griculturaly-ear~ Iraq baa a total cultivable ~e~ fa~ t1mea greater tbt1i). Bg:rpt but with a population of only one..•fou.rth of th<0 EQ"1J)tian pop\alation., Thia indicate$ that the;r$ we great potentielit.ies of ag;ri- cu.l.t\U.'~~t\1 developlllent in ~»ntq-. 'i..fl~c (/' .' r; Howsvar!l to '~he d0velop.'1BrAt of these agricult~al pot,antielitiest th$l:"e • are S$W~al obataol~a~ l>}b~t]Jt, tt.el?e is a sG:rioua shortag$ ot f$rm 1abolrr; which nmkes the increase in milt.tvated area difficuJ:t, unlass a vaat mechanized farm- ing prograla is ill.troduood,o Secondly, t.ha land ta~ure i~ conflwillg end oom.plice.ted~ and, ss att¢h 9 it hind®rs t~h$ consolidation of boldinge and introou.ot!on o£ l~ge­ scale. mechatl.ised farming o Thirdly, the irrigation problems. .Although th~ bulk of oultivable land ia t~rtil~; tbe :raiutall is inad.equa'tas As Q result~ egrip cu.J:tm'+e depends antireJ¥ on artific·ial irrigationp ~ l~h!(l'.h/~h~~,~n.~~ti}ntr~-lf.d: ~:~" &.:.. fli{t; -, . , f (. ..:· _(! ~ ':,~~--~t~'{:J I >i~r.:~f il ~J-S·tem'\1 ~:- ''.t.t> Tna peculiar feature of' lAnd utili~at~.on in Iraq is that eltt~naive f~ng; !e !fi>e~..rally prtlct~.sed Ol'l' irrigated land¢ i'hUsp both land. and "'mter ttr~ •• over 25 percent or 10 mUlion ac:res are oultiva'bletr The total eultivatGd area is e$t1mat~ a~ Tha total area of Iraq smountad to lS milll<ln aer~.uJ; O'k' ll2milli~n three..-fiftha of th~ acres. Only a littlG on).tivable area; but ne>t all .~..  tb#,a cult1wted area is eropp!Sd in any agricultur~l year, owing tt> shor·tage ot ·• w~r lo'i! h'ription. In 1943. the (ll"opped al'N!. !l1l!OU!ltl!ld to ;.7 lJlill!on e.ores, ~®pt~~~nting one-titth or total cultiv6#.ble a!7e~. t.f.he ttulti,able aroe~a consists of two ~nes - the raiafa:l1 2'e>ne and tha !r~igatio:n $One o The rainf~ll 21o11e is in the nol:'the~u mountainou~?J r~&gio~ vh~e ~ai:nffsll of tan n-:raga y~r is euftici,$rtt to yielcl a $$.ngla ~op uii'Jlout .h..l:"iga- tion.. In this ~ne$! the oultivabl~ area amounted to lO~l mill!o~ aor$s, while the cropped area 'WaS elllrloS n!illion acrE)e in l94So 'l'h& .ir:rigati-oJl wone in !raq is in the south on th$ alluvial plain ~.. t"Jeara the t'WO rivers -- t.rhe Euphr~ta.s and thet Ti~is. The land iS: very fertile~ bu'h tha :rainfanll :ts inadequat0 1 'fltith the annual ~a.i:ntall awr~ging only about t:l:bt inohGs Q Owing ·to the elrunatic shortcomina:t~, ,~gr!cul:tn.tr~ depends anth'telr on ~rlifioial irr:1gationo The cultivable arsa in the irriga!tion zone nn1ounted to l9.S million ~c;t~e~ rapre~enting two-thirds of the tot~l eultiva,ble area in • Iraq.. liowaver, the area actually cropped in twY given 4~~~3 l~ar, tot®led only some millioll aCX?ea,; as .a reault or lack of inqigation t-tatet"\1 :t'bis !ndieatS'B that with a wll controlled $JfStam of irrip~tion th$re is a ~eat prospect ot inor$ss- ing the cu1tiwted a:r·ea in 1.-raq <» In the i~rigtltion zone tht;.t=re is not onljr :much land left f.Ulotf 'Within t.Jl~ culttvab:J..a at~e&, but th$ cultivated e~.tn has to be shifted at intervals of save~al ;y~ara, becaulE!e the soil bac~s ealina after a period ot cultivationo !hi~ ia due to lack of d:.rainaga. The :process of shifting cultivated $r®as oving to sallllity i~'il cr OO\lr$a • ~steftll ar1d cg only continue eo long sa therl!l ·~re· la17tta r~wrsG$ of Mu'ldo Thua 9 an incr~ase ill thra cul:tivated ar~a Q.ep~~nda on a ~nsral ~iga·titm sy~tem $ild a ~enea'al d:rni~ s tlyat®mQ • !~ la.!ld tan~~ 111· lraq iG ~n~ o.£ the t.~atest obstacle(!! to ita agri- cultural. development. Statistical d$ta en 't$!Qure ar~ l~tiking. In general, there  {tie.., C~1i11g to low, ir~igation lmter, riQa crop decreased from 290,000 ·• matx~io tons in 1946 to 26o,ooo metrjio tons in 1947«> ~tore the 'W'ar 9 rioe output, holreverD aver-aged only sou1e 200$!000 metric tons s:an\UU.ly·o ~a~~..!.~~ Iraq is th~ graate$t dat~-grovi1'1g ooulltey 1r}. the l-to1:1d~ It has tlu~e!$-qttartet~B of: the. World' S dat~ palms«~· kiSf'01"(1 the "War~ ~l'lle 80 peitl:'Qe!lt Of dates entering wo:r.~ld market came from Iraq.. The d;~.lte-g.rovblg area in the eoun;try· it; along both bat~ks of the two J?iv$re ""'""" the Tigris and the Euphrates - from t.he o~ntral plain southeaatwrd to the :Pers:Um Gttlf: o The mo~t proauotiw sna is the Olle around the Shatt-al-Arab ;river in tha oou.the The outp\\t ot d.atea i:ll 1947 am01mtad to 285,000 metl"ic tons» which is s~ 30 1 000 ~il!i'trio tons over l946o 1;pl?@.co~. The cultivation or tobacco in Iraq is entirely in th$ mountainous Kurdish districtso Th.lt) 1947 h~est wa,s ~stima:~ed at 4.9{~00 m~trio tons, com- • pared with nearly 7~000 r.netriQ tons in 1946 tuad S$1000 m~t~ic tan~ before .the wa:rG The pNsent domeQtic co11sunaption c.1f tobaooo is about 5p000 metrio tons s ye(ir& gg,:tilgno In l9L.6p oot~to~l produetiotl amountf!ld to some 900 mtS_tric tons (or about s~ooo bales of 400 pounde) of ginned aottono The estimf.it$ of 1947 output i$ no·t. sv~ilabl&, but indioatioDa l~Gre that it would ba slightly ov.sr l946 nsr- wst G 'the 1946 cotton outpl.\t waa 011ly 50 p~..rcent of that du1~~1ng 1934-)Se The declil!l~ in production 'WtlS mainly due to d®crtaas~d am~eage under cotton~ ~~·~....IrrM,{l!fioth !rhe <li.fficulti0s of irriga~{tion l.SOr'l!a !n Iraq resul:b t.rora the "". widelJr discharge ot"- tbs two r.iverso th~ tlow of the Euph:ra'te$ wriee fl~om 2500 cubic mete1 s per second in flo~ pe~iod (DEAe to r~mr:) 'to 220 ~bie q,ters in 11 1\! tb$ s~e:ro Thti i'ig.ris wri$S n"om 3000 to 300 eubio ~terse The cultivation in th~ irrigation zona ia 9 thus,? Qoatinuall;! threatened with floods in spring and \dth cll:t"aJlght in ~er ~ All ~hQ irrigation projaots in !rt?4q have. been oon-. • OO~l'l@Ci. Trrl.th ths con~rvatio;a, and proper' distri'b1~t1on o,f flood. vater ~ met.tn~ of barriers and ~eaervoir$. In eddition to the control or flood, 1tr~ter 1 a natwork  ... '- -. t>f drainage is ne~~d to reduce th~ soil S6linity mlu~d by artif'ioial il~rigatio:th t~to At p:reQ$nt thfS1re is nQ Qon.trolled net~ ot 1rrigatior~ in riva:r-s each has a moaorn ba:tl-rage, bu.t both are situated to~rd the del·ta., Iraqfl TbQ and ce>~ntl a r~lati~lf ~~ll area of cult:ivatienoc On ths tot-Jet' Et.apbrates th$;rO ws the Hindiyah Bart--ag& llhioh, oortaple.~ed in 1913, ~s a length ot 240 met~rt~ a,nd gives &deq;uate in'igetion to 4!1>5,000 am.<Vas of lando ·On the ~igris, the Xut &lrJrage, complatE'1d in 1939 and with a length of 500 nteters, bring$ eoW$ 900,000 ao:ras untler ~~d. .gatiOili> Apart fro!!l thet s~iWU tareas irrigtl.te~ bJr the 'blilrragas, the Min eysteta ot irt"ip.t:!on 1$ by basin in:':l.gation. Jj f4t preu~ent the folJtJwing are th~ major irrigatiotl projects undaz~ ccm- eidQration by the Iraqi ~entt ~akh.~ •. ~~~r~l" '.fhe proposed site of this dttm is loc@.ted at a poitlt wher~ the Uppar Sa;b and Ro·wt~u:uf!uz Rivera m~lBt ~nd flow out into the Kurd.ieh foothill$1J • :t:ba dam would cratate a mountain lake nearly 40 lniles longit Gxtending along the foot of the ~adest Mountain and up tb~ Zab Va.lley. ShlQe tha lab is th0 moat important tribu.t~ey ot tht!J Ti~is~ t~ project vould ba a solution of the flood p:roblam of the fig.t"is River e Dtli*i.ng the flood period in tb.~ sprit'lg, tha snow water tron1 Km~ist!Ul 1-fountainoua r$gion will ll$ stored in tha lake, thus remov- ing the danger· of flood in the Lo'"rar Tigris areao In summartt ths \~ter could be ·rtr.~ ~bb§p!:v§ Sgbema~ The sch®me is connected with.~L~ka I!ab1lani;ra, tlhich lias :ln $ vast natural deprfJssion ill1 the dest1rt n~a-r ~di in the Upper iupluaateso The lake has e. f/\\or~~ oapa.otty .of 2, 500 million cubic m~tere and lriOUld $$-rve a a an E:soape tor the i.uphrates flood~h 'it1ork on an escape o'bennel from tbe lake to the rival" t.£a.s interr~too by wr m 1939- l~t p1:.e~nt tlle. £Jchame is proceecling with l7 $ifildor .oord.n" ibrl>igati'Oii';~ ihe fimd. 'i~divided ~xtto. ·~noollked b~aina w-Utlich~\re . • U< ' . . , . flooded d~ing the annu.nl :t"1$G of the river. i4fto:r a certain pe:riod (7 to 40 days), th0 "t-/3t~r is alloYed to recede tl~om tha ba$:1:ns~ and t.he orop is tht.~l'l plant~d on the sadiment l.i!Jf-t~ Under thits $Jstem, only Otl$ ~op a ~rear is obtaill0d, as th4Jl land r~ins fallow ~raith~g for the next flood a  th~ inlet at t1al?rar inf!;ltead. of .at ~~ original site Mutb .of !'taMtMii, so as to • admit-~ g.reat$1" wl~e -f.Jt Bu.phratet$ flood ~~tE)r into th.a Ialk~ .. ~band!.. .,!\~~. lteJ.!~~~r, Q The $00~$ :r~quires the coitfUtr\XCtion of a dam in tha lliyala River tt? hold up ~nd ~to:r41 the seaaonw.. flood 1tmta1~ ana to ttel~.fl$$ \he t..rater into tb0 tiver dur1llg th\l low water aeason . . i 'llmr h ~-Soh~.. DS.ttl$ on Tigri$ ~uld produoe an ~rtitioial lttke itt. the th~~r depz~ossion in th~ mrlh. 'rh$ capacity ot the lW!If) :ta put at 17)000 million cubic meters of -wata.ro ~ha lttk~ woulA. help elbl1Mts flood$. Ohd. provide a continuous 1mtm~ $Uppl;y throughout the ;yea:r. According to the sst~te ot the !rrig~tion t~velopmant 0dmmission ot the Iraqi Go\ter~~ntp thesa above i'l'ojeot.m and ~X:'l6 $mal.ler proja()ta t.rould bring ~ total area of l4.6 mUl:ton ~eshara.s ol" <;.l million acres undo~ e.dequate irri- gation and the total east ot t.looo control and in·d.gation as \1811 as power ata- lf20 • tiona l:rould mtto't.U\t toi $~ million. The £:1:r~t atage ®vf.l.l~,men·t IJ howwr, \o~oul.d cost ollly ~69 ~Uion.-~ drainage ar.td other ~or It includes sch<!lmt!JtSJJ !iabb~l11yah fll"'jeot~ ~adi Tharthar Reservoh*~ ~~d 1r1ould: irrigate some le·3 million llleeh.araa or 0 .g iid.ll.ion acres~ ~w;ic1!!;tm:u ~gtmiguaa<q .Agr!eultUl"al teolm:tquGs ~ kaq a,r<a bac~o l't>itnitive f~:ltig implta• m.ents al'G} s.till ""~del't used in the ~mtntt'y·o In 1942, th~t!J$ \t~t•e 150 tracto:cs ~ l>Jbile in earl-11948~ thert'!J \tal'& :etS~d-17 450 traotora~ l$0 tluJ~$ld.ng maobhla$t 100 cultivators# 100 ll~~ovs, and 50 t1ei$O drillso ln Iraq, the usa of agricul- turtill 'WiQhinery 'Will llCt only morease tbe yielA of crop output but also lttill ~elieva the ebortag@ o£ fsrm la.~e .lf-t P1"~$$llt a ten-y-ear plan to~d ~uech~ i~d farming covering 2 liilli<:Jn. dol1tUl1s· (a.bout l~J million $ores) has been fomu- la.ted ·by' the Iraqi Gov~~'Yte...,.th. Ac-eoriing to th& Gover.mr~ltt•s estimate, ·the p:roject •. requh-ae 2~soo t~aoto)?s!) 21 500 plough$, 100 att!O henows; ;;;o QO~b!t1es~ ;oo culti'Vtttora,  -7- and 200 tl$$d (Wills and thre{!b~rs. -J.lhe tottll ea.pital needed tor this l'roject • amounted to ID 3f)4 million (Iraqi Din~), or $l3o7 millio~e The plan, when com- JJlet0d)' 111ill help to rad.uo~ th0 ~llortag& ott~ lra.bor and hler~tuse the yield of tiomally Iraq is Betl.t-au££1oient in foorlet~1ffs ~ith art ~ortable 111r~­ plua of ceroW.ac In 1947, oltling to looust inf'eeJtntionp len·! fluvial t$ater f'o, 1:r:vi~tion 9 flttd adverse effect of '9eatlu~r on gr~.in crops, ·the O$real ~ peid;,icular- 17 l'lhe~t ...,_ output deel~ed cons1d$I'a.bl.1• As a result~ ·there is f.f shortage ot vheat in the counvy- ~ Allocation of wheat from the Ilirli~rnational Food tfmergeney Council to Iraq total;;)d Sotn$- lSiOOO ~trio tons during th~ fir8t half ot l94So ~he Gover:tt.~nt *flaB ~lso negotia:td.n~ with :t1'sn. for tha aup}')ly of 2t 000 mst1:1'io ton a ot rio$~ The total d.$f1oit in t\?odsttlf'f$ tor 19/+S is not yet ava!l~-tabl~o Th®ugh • Bdfil lol'!Or than previoua years; barley h~V$at ill 1947 P ho~everp ~till ;riald.ed an e.."'q)o:rtable S'lll.'1>1Ue for· the country~ Y~YS.at~~k. ~nt\..itJ1~ln{A;t•.J::~~" tivestoclc pltl1fl an ~portant. p~rt ill Iraq's economy!J In 1946$ the valtle of' e2tpor·te of animals and animal products r~presenied 16 ptll"cen·t of total ~Jtportso H1lring l91~r.5-46v the;rQ. W(1;re 7lt4 million sheep, 2 million goattt1 and 2 million other ~.nimals o Sb~ep..bre---~g is roainly t'aa'tl'iotad ·to the nomadic tr;\b$S It Goat~ a~ kept tor milk aupply tl1rougb.out the oot'mteyo Forestrz. e~~Jhh~~~!.!· B€1la an.d lake fisheries are negligible 1n !raqo Fo~at :resources tar\i ~tnow0: In 1948, the Oove~tlt oon'baot$d a. British firm to ~ke an ae.wial a~y of the wodad r0giona in U'at11 'rhartba~ in the nortbe ;fhitJ stap tros to asc$r,tain th& ooet and valU® o£ the forest undertaking in th:~ c~untey ~~~  ! A$itle· hom o:U 9 ·there is nG !ndufltry ot an y import$ncs in l:t's.q.. ~l1he ... oil ind.ttstey ia on a modern and l.aree-aoal& tjp~rG:rtion, lJhil~ lSlll ott11~~ indtuJtrif)s arJ! atill in the~ s,nf'anoy· df3spite st-ate $upporl t1lnd. tha avail~bility ot cheap fu0l from the oil imtustcy~ The progress of tbe lt'klq aoono~ is., ht::>W$VS:t"~ at lee.a-t pPJrt1y attrilmta'bl~ to the oil industey~ Qlthough the latt~ ia ant~el). . fo:reiff¥1'"" g~e .Qi;! Rjp~,.t..~e-Q~f!'!oltqgt~_«~rh~$~it~ Iraq bas ~Eux·t oil ref1e:rV$~~ The proven oil l~eservas in l\"'a.q are $st1msted at ;,ooo million hm""rel$,31 111hieh r$pr.a- eants ?r/J p~Qent !Jt the to·tliltl p:t~ov$n re~~ves of th~ 'tforld (67 ,000 millit:)n bart-sl$) ~~ Uo~:eve~, Ireq' s pot0nti~1 res$~ a are conoich~red. to ba mu® la1·g~r thti4n its In ~c@nt yea:r•s, l~q has OOoQme a substt'lnt1al oil produc~~ro In 1946, • it ru~k®d the s~Yallth amolllg th~ oil-p~oducin,g count~iesYin th& '!.fQ:rtJ~6:" tion of crude oil in Iraq baa incraased ebarpl3 ainoa mid·l9JO* fh output lias 7e7 million b$ttels,; by 19)8 it l:"eached a pre-n~ p$ak or IToduc- ln. 1934, tota;l .32~~6 million ban~ls. During the w~ 51 prQdu(rtion wa$ gr•eatltt <1ltrtailed, 0\1ing to difficulty of tt'ansportatiorh But since 19/{<S, it ba~ attained &t or a.b::>ve th¢3 pro-,inr level~> In 1947, it atn~ted. to :.36~2 million 'battWJl$e At pr$$ent, oil output in lre.q is limited by tb@ p:tpelin$ eapac1~y £or t~~nspe>rto It ia e$t~ated ths.t, by l95l1 vbe~ the proj~eted pipeline$ wuld be completed, produetiou oculd t"'each ove~ 90 million b$W~els a year o • ?J After the u.s-, Vene~, the u(ls.s.a<>, (in order ot irnrJOrtanoe in oil production)o !:r~n, Saudi .t~r4;.tl)i~, a:ld !~!ald.co  .· !)J1. {!gll,go~~Jgta!13-.J.:!!. 'i'hElt'e Q:r'e fa~ oU eotiipanise; opera.t:tng under ·• ooncaesion$ in !raq:; :fhp ,Ir.!ls.,Jr~Dl~U;'?l 9P~m:~. 'IPPl.. i'ho lPO is the motlt important oil op&rato~ in. !r~q. It is ~~mted by Jh~itiBb, .Putah, Jr:rencb, an6l Americean inte:raate, The cni1tlership iB d1vJ.ded a a tollotrts :. 23~75 peroe1,t An~lo Irani~n Oil Company 2).75 ft Ro,rQl DutchSh~ll 2~e75 fJ Co~~i~ Fl~ancniso dos PGtrolGm 23 .. 75 n llear East Development Oorporntion (equally own~ by the Stmldari OU C~pa:ny of rlaw Jfiirr$$7 and $aeony Va.cmm) A foreign i~divi4ual by name of' t-Sr, Gulbsnkian (who helped $souring the oil eonoassions)4 Under the re~~eed conce~sion agwaement with the Iraqi Government; the 1~0 l'ms sivott the sole .right. to G~1ilo1t alJ.. lsnd situatGd to thfZt ee:st of trhe Tigris eover!rlg al'l area. ~r 32,000 tlqua:re miles untU thf.l yo~ ~ 9 0!20. Th~ JI~c untlar•took to play L 400,000 (gold) sn~..wlly ttl th* C-cverllttlant until th$ oom.~encra- • m~nt of r~ eX.port ot oUi' Of th!a ~wn.£1 fa 200,000 waa to be advanced ttgainat f'utwre royslties~ end ~~ 200,000 t<~as dead rant and not recoverable by· the Company. • L c... ' .. -+J,. .f~·/;• ..;:"' 1 v·' o.<~,if' it~ d;t,.,. ~zha Oomp$n;r disoovered oil in large quantitie$ near K1:r'ku.kJ\in 1927" (;:' The Kirkuk oilfield, 601 mile·$ .lonm fln.d 2 miles \tlde, is on~} of the bigge~rb single oil struutwe in the w-orld o: It acct>unta tor the L'-ulk ot thtt) total oil autp11t L"'l !raqo In 1947; 110 produced a total 3.3 million bsrt~e:ls (4r.4 million metric tons) ~u .of cruds oil,. repre~enting OV$r 90 paree11t ~t total"output in Iraq Q fth$n~.sin, 9,:11;. gpmn,Jtntt The. \k")~l~ny was formed in 1925 to aoqui:va t::tnd ope:raw the eoncession hel.d b;r the ilnglo....ll'anian ~)11 to:npaey in the strip of land alontl th~ lraq-!ran frontier kM~m as the u~ansf®rl~ed Territ(n:i*stt ( t1~a~si'~rrad fro.~ IreJn to haq 'Shortly bsfore thta tirst 'Horld, H2!r) • fhe Oomrnl~lY produe€Js oil fro:m tha Naft-lhanalt field and deliva~s it th:cough a .25-~td.le pipalina to it4S ret!neey .ne~ 1\hana.qino. The entire output of this refinery is for local CQDS'Wrtptie~ • in. ~sqp (t!{) i ~'· ;.~i~ a,:,t~f In 194?p the ife~ protluf".ed. 2~4 million h"lrr@lS (.322,000 metric tons).  .• 3- ~~m..tJ..... f~t:.t.,q;t,a1lf1 C01Ji9!.!:• This Com~aey, prav1t'n.asly t.~o'W'n a~ tlu~ Britiab .• Oil. tevelop~nt Company, is not;t n l~ube'!.diaey ot the :l]'Oe~ It 't>ms grantsd & con..... c~asion in 1932 over all lands in. the Hosul a!l¢1 Daghdza.t1 v1l$)"at'$ (provinces) eitu~t~d t.;ast or the T!gri~ ana 1no:lth of the 33rtt pal~ll.el~ TbQ Comp~:ny psye the Goverment a d~ad rent vhioh star·ted '¥1ith lx lOOjSOO (!Ol($) in 1933, incr~eas­ tnr 1:~ t. 25~000 (e;o:ld.) annually up ,·~o L 200f0Cl0 (gold) o In 1947 output h;r this obtai.n{$d a e<n:tceaeion in 1938 for exploi·tr.rtion ot gtla a~d oil in $1l l~nda situated oou.tll ot the vilayet of !laglldsd ~ 1he ·Comp(ltty :ts f1tlll in the oxplo:ra- tol1r' stage. In 1947 t~ p~pa~~t:tons -wer~ L~ing ms.de foE-~ tlr:Ul ix1g 1n two 1oc$tions near Basra~ Th~ Gompt1DY r.A1:V'S the !~ove~\n~nt Qt lr~q m dead r~nt et L 200 1 000 (gold) 8llt)Uall;y flnd wh"n it s~tart~a production; the l~aqi. flo"{rermnent will reCJeive, • in ~ddition to th~ c~ah royalties, a .t~e auprl7 of ()il to the 2m1o1lnt or 20 per- ~e;fin~r;r r~Jl.af!gUl:Ci i~s ot J~11u~ry 19!/11 the ~sfinary oanaoity in l:raq vas put e.t 2o9 million ~els. Amo11g the. localrGfiue~i~s, th~ only i:wpo:rttant olle ia the Khanelcin :r:afinery with a ~apirleity ot ~million ~r~ls a ~al~Q Th$ bull-t of oil output in Iraq is sent to Haifa, ?~lGstina., fol~ rSilfh·ting., A e~~ll part ot Iraqi oil amot~t:blg to 2 million barr.als a year is z-efi11oo. 1~ tlt.ipoli, te'banon~ The fiaife retin~ifY.t at preL~nt, he~ a eapaoit;r of 30 millio~ oo.rrels a ~lilr~ but it is pl~nn~d w ino:r0a~$ ;tt~ Qaps.citt to C\Ye:t:J 70 million ~.tr~ls a ye~ ~· Betinml oil tor local constwption in· l~a<'l is lar~ely :L'npetrte<l from Ah=idan, t·~fill~ey in· IranQ In :t946 oon$1tr1lpticn of oll ih Iraq ~'as $Stimeted nt ).) tnil- llon ~~e1so th(; .Il?aqi Govt$:rnnlant hQs long b$en pla~nina 'to c~nstruot a. st~rbG on • .t·et1n$ry~ Untts%1' the agreement with th*d lPCj tha Gowrnment i-s entitl$d to bey  from: the Company th~ oru.d~ oil nece;sss.:t'7 for domlf~stic ·req1d.roo$lnt at the lo1~est .• pr!e~ e.t lmioh the Companr ia thelt selling, le.es th0 ~l.iff~.'J*enee itt trenwportation co~t.o Thus~ the· <'lovernm.ant is in an adv&J:ntag\flous p~tJ,ition to operat~ a; :r~fi.nary o~ lot<~~pl•ic~d oru.de oil vhioh will CQSt about ·~ l ptr:ti metric ton~ a.f\' ~mp~r'~ to tbe tt:orld price ot ovQr ' 4 pe.r ntett~:l.c ton of , aitlllQr crude o:U ~ ~.rna prese,ntt plan !~ to are~t a ret!.n~ry at !aiji . . :tn tht;) north of lrs.q 1td.th a m~~um capacity of ;u~,ooo ba:rr~1s e. d~y, or E1ro8 miUio» berr&ltl m. lf®$r. Xt !~ ~at~1~t$d that the retine~..r tdll c.ost ' 4 mUlien; ~n~ it \vill tal\~· t;t;o to thre0 ~ar~ to eomp'lQt~. The projeotad :t."afiner;r 'Would prQvide cheap oil$ w1uch itf,l ~toJ~ ap1rit 1 l.teros~l!~ 11 ~a} dies~l .antl fttli'naes· oil~ etc.; i~or the do!Qtetio vJax~ketp E~P~J:in~J!tt. As oil output ill Iraq j.Et limtoo by tr~nsportntion facili- ties to move o:tl to th~ Meditetta~ean, pipelin~s ~re pattioularzy importm:tt, ba- cal.'tse they ~!'JVf$ th~ 3 jOOO-mil..e t~u:.ak~r. haul from. the Persian Gulf ~rour1d. Arabia • sJ1ld tbrn the Su0~ Qan~l., m1<1 th~ &nal due or about l? cent,~ (U'oS.) peJ: bal'!'rel • i~ dia.meter, ,At pr'$14$1\lt ~end1llg there ~r$ o:n~y tva pipel:b.les owed by !PO, both 12 inches f:rO!a l~irktak to Haifa, r>alestinet~ and trotn lt!l"l"Uk to Tripc>li, te~non. th~ to·tal c;mpacity of uhe~e t\.FD pipelin~a ia 30 millioll banals a Y$~\:ro Tl§O adtiit1onel l~in.ch pipalina.s follo\Jit'lg tbG ~a rout®lS to Htaita and Tripcli ~re ~er oonstt'ucticnn. Th~ c~e to U$ifa \;;ta.$ e~ected ·to ba comp~t$d ea~ly in 19~~9:; l'rllt tor the pre~nt illle~it\Q situ~tion, a.~it th$ other to 'fripoli is to be. t'&ompleted in l9.$0o !fh('1~~~.tl t1<1o additiontll line-s h#:~'V$ a aapacit7 ot 70 mUlio~. ban'els .f! yea'¥!~ !noreal1Jing th~ total pipsli~e ~apSioi.ty from Iraq to s~$ 100 mill;1on ba:r~~ls !l. yea~" It is r~ported thett lPC is considft.lr1ng to oontrt~u.ot'- an ~uditional 3tl-32 inch pipeline ttro."n !\hlruk ta. Tripoli,. . i'hitl l:lrte wcrt1ld haw ~ capm~:city of so~ 100 mi.lliop ban-ela s ~e~ sild VJQUld 1nere$rze tlte tot~l pi.~~li:n$ suppl;r to 200 • million bazw~ls e. ye$l:r~ Ol? aixfold the p:relSen:t output of crude oil in Ir~M.}o  : -;- Owit~e to the 1tta~ against Ittt-~f~l, the !r.aqi aov<;}rnr.ttent has stop,~d the -. pump:tns o!• oil &om Rirkuk....ttaifa p:tpelin~ ain04l April l9it.S v tl:'lte object of this move u to &ny the Israeli people t311JP ac1vantage of Iraqi o:U. i~s :reoeipta of oll royalties are baeoo. on the smount of oil e){]'Jort~d. or elt~ld in Iraq, the lom.11 ot r$v<mue to. the· OoV{t.n'».uent s!i.nee th1tu pip~lhle closed ba~ been very serious and is one of the mn:in ?¢iu;~ons wb;!r tbe bud~t of the Gove~nment C®rmot be. ·oolanood ~ Recently it is ~€$per't~d that ~:PC is nagot~brt,ing v:t:th the Syrian ffintern- M$Dt for ~be lay!l!g o,f oil pipel!l11e from lirk~ to tbe !iyri.fin 4J>Oast in order to help ship the lr~ttqi o1.;l to tbe r~1editerraneantll ~ae~:\~G~~ ... frPl!.Jl~j. ~1?1-gitat!,qn., In 1946, Iraq :r~C®~:ved Ili 2.2 million ($S.S m.:tUion) frottt oil eompgnies aa :royalti.e~~ r.lelld rent~ and pa~74ents in eom- pu.tatS.on of tf;xea. Under Qotta~sflion agreements all the tour oil companies pay 8; royalty of • tour shilling (gold) p~ ton '~r oil exported or sold in lraq. t-Iitb the ~:ttcaption ot the I\banaqin Oil C()mp~ny, the oil com~nies, in computation ~)f t!4xsap pay a sum ot L 60,000 (gold) on tbe f'lrst 4 million tons ot w!"lj.cb royslt;r is pQysble a.nd ~ 20,000 (gold) an~ pt.-o1!\>ata on ~ach mibsequent :DlUlion tonaQ Th~ Gove~.nment or Iraq 18 W.ao ent1t100. to taka up to 20% of' the. total oil proouoed by tha r~!osul Petl:'ol0uxn ~..nd Pam-a Pet1"ol.eur.1 CQb'1pani®s tr~e of charge £o:t"" loo~l oontlJuraptionll\ i~:h pr~$etlt, the <k;w~nt ~~ta the oil oompaniet'* to pay the r-oyalty in gold sovel•eip~, whil~ the lattt$:r co:ntintle~ ·to p$f in dep:recia~d starl1ngcr The tlow:rn.•nt i$ also reported i~o ba reqt,!31ting the oil co~;mnias to inarease the rate of royalty }Ja;yment on tb~ ground that it :i¥s receivi11.g a s~lla~ ru,~outtt per barrel in· the torm of ro72lt;r a:tld 'ha.%e~ than th® Vonemuel.!Ul Qoveri1nleli"~.. In 19471 it is e$tlimated ·that Iraq collec•ted about 20 ~ntg pe:tr banel aa oo~ed \11th at"1 estimat..t'jd 50 oetatS!t pe1r ba.~rel ~ollected rq Venamtte~ ~ •  pth~ · !.llSl!At!!.:t~~ • • t1~tl~!}g.o !3esid$s oil.~ th£;u~a i~ no ~ineral produeta of t?Jny impo?tanoo. ..tine~als ·au® 11.s ~ap~l't$1 salt; and cot~l ~re px~oclno®ct in s:ruall quantitie$. g In 1947~ production of ne:tural t1eph®lt amo~n.1ted to OO,Ot'O mt~ic tons, pewol$tml asphalt abt>ttt J.;pOOO ntetric tone ~nd ~lt 12$.;00 metr-ic tense Ooal lt~as not nd.ned in 1947, m~:t in 19/V>!) th~ output ot ctH~l oos 2800 metric tonso !~rly in 19/J-8, the Gov~r:n~ent diac:ti\"t1)red in ~rth$.rn I:rraq iron deposits (?2 percont) anc1 oopper or~s (7$' p~~~nt)~ Pla~ h~s b~~ ~de fo~ further 0l~la1tationQ Usu~y.f@ot~!mt· Irnq h~.a no lli\r,e-sC~Ale manurnc·turlnt$ indu etcy ~ 8iues t1he l~er, m~ny ~.nr1t~at~ial estta'bliabments ti&:r'EF Ol"'gt:t1fli$ed a.s a r$ault of high pri~a and ~o:rtage of imports~ lt.t present.? $l~Wn~ otb&"'.c industrial estubliahments, there are 3 trroolx~n ~~p1mning and ~av:lng plants, 1 ¢otton mill? 20 cigarst·te faqtoriGJs, lO $e~iap facto:ries, 3 cctton ginneriea~ snd S rtr.ooerll flour mill~o In 191,/7~ • industrial outllUt in Iraq lnt~urles textiles of 23 million t:aquare nwter~., aoop of some 1.3 9 000 met~ic tonap nnd 3~100 million oigsrettesl) In ndcJ-1948, a cf:nuent plant lt.~s scheduled to b$gin production \'lith a ~'tmt~.a capaoity of 600 tox1a a d.q_, • -. Tranapo:rtatiQn in ·xraq is fai:rly adequtte. 1he external com~uni~atio:qs f"Gly mainly on ei~, 1~~1l'tlt~Jr.s, end ~hippinB", t-.rhile ~the intGrna1 otmnnunication$ :rsly on :rmilways~ roads ln!ld traokao B~ill~~V.· ~~ 1raq~~ Sta.te t'.$.illm.y is the onl,.Jr :rail\M;f SJr$tann in lraq. 2?he total l~ngth of the railwtP;y ia ~~pro~i~ately 1000 rente miles plus ,;!OQ tni1es of $!dings. Three lrmldred and twenty-~ight mile~ ~are atan~larfl ~UM (4 ft., :t alJ" in o) , and the Pereitnl Gulf 5·~4 miles rta Sat1'fhdad to .~irkuk in the northern Iraq. In lS"47 e lin0 (;')X'tanding from l~irlruk to Erbil P8 mil~s to the north Yaa under oottstruetiollo The standard gauge lib~ ~xtentis from Baghdad via. -:~1osul in the north to Tel-Ji~otehak on the Syrian il'olltiar. Thus, Da.ghd'~~d .is linked with Ttn~.key end t4.~.th • During the war th~a was a h~a~ .freigh·t tt'afficp o\fillg to the ttt.t»v@1!ent o~ tlfoops, steras and I~end-L~sse supplies to Russia. ln 1944~ freight trltd'.ti~ r~aohed a peak of 567 JJlillion ton tnilos, compared vi.th l8a m:!ll.ioRl ttOtx nd.lss in 1938" In 1946, it ~s still eb:n.a·b t;\.fioe that o.f pre-war yeQr$" ~wing 19'47? a St.tnl ot ID 3.1 million w.a alloc.ats(1 by the iloVa.l"lh:'n+:u~t fo~ t"ailway dev-elopment ahd improvem<arrb o f~~Pflo Th$:re are fe.n~t pe~mgtnant hard-topped., all-t.reather roads in Iraqo However~ owing to flat toporraphy ot the countl"y, roacls and track$ ere unable d.ut-ing ths greata~ p!!rt of the yea~<t. In 1946, thare war.a aom&. 5900 <.Mar$ ·and 3500 trucks c~""lparad \ti.tb 4500 ca~s e-nd 1600 tNoks i:n l94le ~Pl:tfo Da~Jr$ is the only port in lr~q tor sea-going V$S-~.al1.9e Th~ port • handles about 90 percent ot l'l?aq' s foreign trade (exclusive of oil) o 111 1941t  : •• ap~oximately 300 $:team$ra entered end clel.\red the port \ti.th e. soo!fooo lot1g tons- /!!r..Q Since the raeetrt total totm$.l.ge of wr, air tr8nsport .in Iraq increaaed ~na:.t<le:r~ cably,. At present, l3ritish1 Dutch, French, ~wedish>, Iranian, Lt$~Ul$tte., ~~ti~n and Iraqi ait'*l.inS oompani~$ ~ll have regt..thr scheduled flights througlt the Baghdad airpttl~ to almost El'l®rY. part of the wtwld. Some of these sirlines ali!o cp$rate tbrou.gh the port of Basra ~1l.$re tbel:'e is an airport end .seap16-n~ bas~. In aiidit:lon 11. the oU companies :tn Iraq het'Vet their ow a.:lr serv.ica" • • .• ~t.t1;t~ . ~~bm.t...PP!LfttN!g~·~ia~~- g,n,~~l" Si:nr.a th& outl:¢eak of 1;o~ld tla~ llbl th$ Iraqi 'btmget h&e in- o:rea~ stead.i1~"' faetwen ~l9 fiscal t*'.1m»~ l93g/39 and 194~/49~ rav¢i!nUa~ tone fr'o!f:l w ? ~$ million to llf 21~-~ mll:ton, and 0~!iinditure~ from t1) Sill ldllion to lD 26QO mill1olh !n the lr~q1 btld{~l$t .$: r~star~~ t~d 1$ astahl;i~~$d to r~et ~uy bt.tda{"Jta~ .d~tlei.to Utl.ring th~ ~l' ~ ~M>etb ot tbe fiscal J'VJSl*S$ ~nded Yitb budgat su.:rpllases~ pa:r-tly ~cause ot ir.l~$$~o ~~!pt!lJ tron1 di~,t.rtt t$~tt amr.l oil ~~oyfJtl.,... ti~f1; and f.iartly l*loausa af mod$rate exPt*n~v::11tttre}! ~n oapi.tal wrka« Ju~ a r~-sult, a~ of ~..a.r.eh ,3lp 1946, th~ nae:rv& fund ntood at lD "·"' 7 million. Itt hOlA<~V~r, de~lined to lD 2o7 million on f.tetobisr 1, 19tv~, o'Wil\1 to a t1Jta1 (l~fi.eit of Ib 3 million in t~ 1946/47 anc1 l91~7/4$J bud~tso The ~stblated deficit o£ lD 1.:~2 million in 194~/49 b-rtdget vill. btl l~.t out ¢ff the r®a~-rve furuij) But~ duri'nEl r}.Q{i/{,uet, t.( • . .. . IV!.<(£ ('(; I'J ,,./ • ths tifJcal yea.~ l94~49p the ~e9a oi tklwrnment $~tl~ oil l~()ysltie~ remut- ing :trom thi!! olose of pipeline to llaifa has ooen substantial and~ thus 1 th~ b\\d... ~!. ~t deficit i~ expected ·ho ~ ~J.cl\ larger ·th~&eatifl~~:t(Ec!~ tigtwe<l lS!X~!ftl!"' ThlW p~i;no1~ml d:tt'eot taxe~ in. I~aq elt"e thos@ imposad on orops, l:lv~~toclt 1 l!Eind ~ :r~ul ~st&t~ ~ncl !ntt~J~e ~ f!afol~~e th$ t,:aw ~· ~~vawe de!:t~nded lmlinl:r on oil royaltie~~ l;lttd customs dut.i~~, tih~,le d;h:~f!et tal~S \Jara insig-ni.~ioont., In poat,.;t~~ "arnt in etldition to oil royalti~s ~nld :1mirQct tal(e$j ri:lreet ta..~es b)lve autias re!):raoolltad 60 ~~Qf!)nt of tot,:nl rEfvenue 9 11hUe '1~act t~r~aa oru.y· a llttla ovel! 1.5 peJ:eentl\ l.n 2947/lJ!!t, the I~t~r !ner~.nulad t~ 2$ p~~ca:nt~ lih$.le the otbw two SO~C(19 ~t :ra,$.ru.\$ <laclined to 40 pel*O$Dtlli Th.(~ il'ltb-N~aint~ mportane~ of .tli~ot· texea is due to the Gow~nt poli~y of :r$1z,ring mo~e on dc~$tic rev~nue; ·in Viav of t.l"~a t$~l*~.OU8 fall in fml\)(~l"t~ t'£tlld, thus, $1St02i~!~ ~a.ceipts dU:«?~b:ltJ tb~ 'Ware • Dll94S/49~ total reW~nue ot ltJ 25 minion :z>epreeentli!d ~t ::ZS r,wrcent ot total national :l:ncom.a (lD 100 :million: irl 1946) "  . . :a ... JJ002a:tte!t~'li,• The expnna1on Qt expenditure$ .in post.war ;resrs is mainly' -. a.ttributabla. to n1ili:tat'Y" and am~genc;y &:t~~nd.itureso Thel milita!'y- expenditUl"ea (detensa and polio~) ii'H.lretaseti frolr! ID 2 m,.i.llion in 193!JJ/~9 to ID 7 ~uillion in 1947/4.8~ &cause of inflation <1UI•i:flg the ue.r, eme~e~nQy ~l!pti;nd:i:l#ur(l;;)e '\1m:ra appro- p:riatsdtQ $Ubaidi$0 ~HlSeni~ial goods for th& purpose ot etabili~ii'lff tbeir prieoso These axp.en(1itu.~~s in 1947/48. budget anlour.rt~d to Ir ~. million,p :repl~ese:nting 20 ·p0r- cent of te~l e~,snditu:res. fBbJ,;~c .11~·b'\'* 1\t present Iraq htte no exte~nsl d$bt in the ordinary sense .. The external debt situ~tiol'l will ba traatt1X'l later in th~ Cbt4ptair on 0Xt$t"1ml f'inan- oial eitu.ationo ~rh~ outttta,nding inte:r.Ml lorillfJ !We a.a rollm.nt:n rt1) $ 1,. percent lort§~-tem loan of lD l million redeemable itl 20 years was issued. in January 1945 o b) a 3 peroant &'lort-term lonn of ml ·mUlion r~d.aemal,l$ in 3 yee:rs. •• e) 't:.J(iS also isauad in l94!?s isstwnQG or inte~nal loans ltdth ve.rioug mt\t-u.ritiea in the amount up tea ID 5 million t.;aa tlutho~ized in Ju~v l947e :'J£ this amount, tvo l~ana. o.t ID 1 million Gaeb at 3 ~ereent .interest were tlos.ted 1n (lotvb~r and ~cam~~r 1947~ neta1l$d i11to~ation o~. Iraq' ;s inte:r11~l debt is lacking G ~J11e ot the. t~10 loans of ID :L null1otl each tlcatoo in l9J"S ia reported to bav.a l;$en r-ad.Gem&d at th.s ~n.d of 1947. ~hus ~ the totfll intet'nal dabt amounted to only about 11;" :3 milliotlo ~·hiit gives a pel" capita figure for public debt of: only !D ..6 l$hioh is le$a tha."l ona-t~ntb of the per oa.pital pltbliu d$bt of' Egy1>t ~ t.~ov.mmen~~ I!anks0 In Jul::v 1947!; a law ~s pa.sS$d. for the establishment of th~ National Bank ef Iraq ss a es.ntrnl banko Tha bank ~ill have a aapit~l ot • In SOO,OOOp one....hslf o:f' wbich is to b~ paid Up by t..ll$ Go1rern~t'l.t on the fox~siiion  C-<.1 •• ot the bank l:t:nanca t>~hich (i and the other halfAto ~..& a nse~ve gtW:t~ente~ by the !4in1stry The 'bat'J\:s shall taka over th~ functions. aontrol:s ·the i$sue ot lraqi eur~etlcy. {1)£' ~"rheo:t~etieall;r tbeJ !r~qi Currency Board the ba.Ylk 1n ot ~pot~red ·t;Q tl(;)rform aU the. ftUlc,tions oi~ a ee:ntrsl bank including the control o£ o~dit through ro~nipulat~ons <)f rediscotmt :rratse and op(f)n market operl\tiol'lso But ill the aba.ence of a. deV't9J. <~p~d Sf.l®rity mar!.tet in l'r~q, the Imnk 'a fuxu~tion of ora(lit control '~rill ba limite(i ~ and ao1:lltt!el!ci~l trfl.nsaationso ~rhe other two 't~l~~e esta.bli$hed \zy' the Gow1~r®ent~ eaob. vlith o eapital~ of lD 500,000fl Tha AgriauJ~tural Btualc in ~AUthorized to 1na'k~ loat'Ui to fmrm~:rs tor 1tovament ot oro!>t.l, pu:rehase of implemeniH~t and land r$clama-. tion, 'trrhile tht'l Industrial Eiflnk to m&ke. loans to in<'1u.atrielistf$ tor tbe purpose. • of ~stablishinc and i.rnprov:tn~ fa~tori(;).e 6Xlt~ importing rm\r mat0rial:s o The out- $tandinf$ lomtlJ~ of these t1t:o banks a!rlOunted to, rjvar- ID 180~r,oo in l945-46q ln lP4g 1 a b'l.ll vas pn~sed for the eatabli&lm.ant ¢1! the Iraqi !4ortgaga Eank ~ith a o~pital of lD l million, which will be provided b;t the Govel~n~rd~Q i.rh~ banlt is auth~rils~ tc !aaue bt;,nds B1.U~rantead by the Gov~rttJn$1tlt a.nd to ~ake adwineea tttte:ranteed bzr irm~ovable p~o)?erty or approved oocuritles., !igr.t;QQYJ!rl!F!U1~-99'~Sr(d.al ,~llK~~~~ Oo!tltl!erQial banking i:n Iraq is lar~ly in the: haflda ~f 11-rititlh-ovned m~nkeh TheJ:te er-e 7 non-government comme~eial bsnks in Iraq - 'tthr£ie British (the lJttoman BIAl'Jkl' the :t~;t'!al i'1anl( ot !1•an~ the £~stern Bank) 1J o.ne 'Pslestinian (the l~ttb tia.nk), ttnld thrae relat11rely s~ll Iraqi banks o flll'tha~ing the oomme;r(tial 1..ntareeta of th.eir Olin e¢untries in Iraq. They u~-ually keep their rese:rvea. and portfolio investmanta in to~!gn- mainly sterling..,..., • S$Ourit~s anti have little: interest in filla.nainft loct.-tl 1n<luet:t•ial o:r ag:ricultural, d$vaJ.opme:nto  At tha an!l of the thit"(\ quarter of' l94S, time ~d sa~ings deposits in .• conmlGl'Cial bat'\ks end postal offices amounted to Ill 4o"/ mil:l~.~~l, co:npared tdth. a ':;am1· of !:0 7o6 million at trte end of 1945 end ID 9 I~iUion at th~ end of 19;39(> Dema,nd deposits· of all col'.t1tercial. banl~u increased from :rn 1~2 tlillion on :Oecan1be~ 31, 1939 to lD l·$e5 ;:~illion on teoamber 31~ l9M.p a~d ~to~· ~t ID lloe. million srt th~ end of th~ thi1~d Q.Uiat"t~l;' of' l ~~~so ~9P!L~tlt:i ~!f~g~~ The o:tllrr~ncy unit in Iraq is the !:raqi dinml"o !t !¢$ issu~d sga1nst th~ pa1tnant of at~·ling to ro~merly the !rae~i r.u.r1\\~ncy Boa~d. end ·no\r the l1tlti<Hltil lm.nk of Iraqljl A 100 pe:r~e.11t :r·eser'\re L'"l ste-rling has be+ztn ~aintaine1. i;tlthou.gh the pow-at" cr t..~e Iraqi Covarm.nent to e~}?eU~d the VO)i~!!$ of C\lr"• ret~cy ia lindtrad by the lOO pe1'~'t:s.nt rt~u~;erva ~yr.rte~a 11 a,n inflstio:nar;y tr·e:nd. occurri,jd; dm;,:tng the· war as a re$!llt of the !~ritish m:tlitn~"' expanc1:5.tu:rea it1 Iraq~ Th,.£t was • clue to the faQ't tba-t !raqi dinars .sha ne(f&ds for in the o-~rling th~ e"c.l1ange ·r$cerve $l$ten purch~sa;s aroa ,_ of lll'tich Iraq hus b~r~n ~na.bl.ed the ~itiah in l.raq, while the e::tohange control system to obtain a l:)art """.... lindte'l 'Iraq to u.se h~r st~l?'ling t-alsnc~a for importation frOln both sterlil'i!! ~Uld h~\rd Cl~lr'~l:lOjl" ~~t·ea~. i~et,ieen ~coober 31$1 1939 a.rld Jacombex" 31~ 194.1~~ ·the lnonetSl7 an!)ply (l'lo·t~ circulation nnd .derr.w.and d~posit.s) intn'"eased fro:u ID 7 »l.1.Uiol); to a peak of' :m 56 million~ end. -th~ \tboleaale Pl"ice index ~~~a~ 100 to $34~ ~;h~ pere~ntsge inm'?a~ou~e in !,)ri-oes ws ~~ll~r th&n that of tttonet~· $Upply, but !.t shoold be ~dded that the price index ~1as ooeed on .of.fic:1.al pr:leG rath~r th~ on bl~~ck ma;r1-tet r.)rioQ a 1r1hitih. lire high~r tho.n the fQ:t$me~ o Since 1CJ41~~ th~ monetaey sup~ly has ga11ert:~ll~' showd a gt~adual oon.wactiono rmt pri'.!es r&sumed ita ttpwa.rd trGnd $,ft~ 1946 o Bet't>teen 't;h~ end or 192J) $.nd t4aroh 31$> 1948, tl'te, mon~tnq nupply declined l:-3 p~roe~t 1 while th~~ tfholest.tlG priqa • i:ndex ino:re~eed nearly 30 p$:rQent; ~ Th$ price .increa$~8 ~mre partly d!ae to the  ; -.~! clnu.1ga in tl1a Qotnputntion or price :Uldex whi·e}i/baS$d ~n actual ra!llrlJ:·e,t pr;toes ·• instead ot offloi~al priceth J~ttempts to e~plain ths ~rotl.ol~ cf ~ riae in prices a11d Q eontrQ.ction in mant1}tsry suppl-1 hnv~ Ta~.is.:ad the qu6stion '~l1sth~r there h&ns b$sn a. deolin@ in th$ potntlation~ an inc:rotur$ in tbe V$locity of c:troul~tion, or of wheat'~~ A£t~r tho fi~0t CJJl~1rt0:r of 1948, ~~rioeat ha,rtn, howGvetw 9 ~e:n lE)veling offo At the ~nd of the 1~hird quarter of l9~,.Eiw ~gholQ~ale !):ttice i;lllde~ stood ~t /~92 anci the mcnwta:ry supply at lD 46 million., i~ attributabl~ pwtly tQ d~oline in the F3ri"lli~.!fth military- e~enclitu:res in l:rf.;lq and pal-~tl:f to incre$rtad i~porta t~amtlti:ng from. i~;p:}(l'e>Ved $Upp~ ~ituation abroad4l '~ ~· l'h&t th~ bud~t hs-~ had no inflati(;,lra.ax.,.- prt:;1st~urs is· another :tavcra.ble taotor _, However~ the pr~$ent anti.,..intletio~,. tl~Iki, tbcrt.agh grail'Wlll;r dl(.lvelop- • ingj,\ is still liild~d b;r f~1etors tnuah as d~vel.o~~nt progr~.m(! and. \vorld hi&Yh prices • •• Sin~ o!1 !n t~mq ~.. tt ~~1o5. te! ~~$~f;)$~i\~n~ik ilh~ ~t'Hi~at~$. of' niJ.. itt tor~i~otjmGtt C¢~t~,'ll).ies u~.do~ tJ!r~ol1!t.~ l.'e»~ath nt. tM iU;j::,pO'S~tl of th{!)~~ (t~~lplr~~~- !n othtS~l~ 'ttf()~~ ~ o:1l $.~i'Ori.'$l <1t1 ~ot ·:re~f.\!s~:tt:~;t the r~ttl:~'Pts: ot f(}~~1~ G~olu?~ by th~ Go1r.e~1~ttt. :fro~ t~~~ ~:EY~~~o11t;. it ii.~ !"~~est\ttl'!1 to t~e~t ·th$ oil e~po~1~tl sap~~at~lf fl!Mil i~N4 ~ .~ e~s:>~t0$· !t~a.~ i ~ t)i..~.ae ~to.isists~c$ ·~Jt~t'&i(lti~l~t do ltJOt ilufi\v.t.e; thcs0i com~~$$~ t.i1 ~1L!P~~ts:lt tu~. s.n~lud~ th\$t~ lffl!l£>l't~ whie!t ~~$$j~t 0~1 -~ '~lal1 p~ fit ~~&~ B0 t~·l~al in1po~t~* H't$~$: t4ltl olttWhel'o !a ~tl:~tl re}:}~~t~ \tn1~e:l~ ci.bS%'\·11~$ rt~t'ti£(1 l~~f;t·~ fJXpfl~te t~~l*· ·to. tt~.tw-J.. e~rt~ ~~elwll~ oil ~~c).;,.:.~£h ~1htlla ~~~J!Q.~ i~,tol?ti! ~Qt~~ t() t~t~ i.~o!ltu~ ·itte1u4il\~ tmt?~t~ tv t!1~ o~ 1 Q{,l'ti~~r.d.$~t.. • ~~~Pr<~, ~1~~1Sl.J)f...l~&m€t ~~~!!~ ne~trJ·~tm irh$ ~~:r.to<J. 1t3&-.l93~· ~~. ;2n E1'f;;"'f~»~• rt~f I» 4.2 ~l:tlttJn t~ Ill lih~· m~llif.Ut; ~l ,..947\l t.~tW!'s t~JO:tt~ ~o.se ttg !m)jea~t~ f~~m~ ~ t1tom ~~~J:~t\r~~d t®~:tde:t~'bly ~1nt 19l~7i} t~ volt\r.t~ of t~~ts ~~a not ;co~~0~~o Xn 19l~7 « th~ ~ol\\.~~ f)'t ~~o.ri£J t~~~ onlr l}1t~htl;r &~v~ tlmt i~~ 193~~11:· a;n4 t.~· ~1'W~ f11' l~~t~Jft~. tdth th~ ·•il~ptton of li'hh ~ ~t~al$ tt.n.~ ~ven e:<~rle-r~1r lo1.td tl:w.n If\ 1938~ ~tb.Q ~:n@~~S$ b t~~$. nf ~~'().,~ ~t:~ ~~l\1V tht~ t~ tba ri~~ ll\ ~rtee;.1ll t~~iahts;., a~ l1l~~ite$'" tf~' ~ fblf$1~ t~a.i~ .... -E;1lttalu.11!~ o$.1 ~~~~tt1 lrt~iit!t by ·tha n·11 Ctt!lp1f.l:d..~~:r • ~n~~tlz; r~6~\i$f~ P.;t\ iMpo:j.~ $\~1~~ 'tihtdl lifl~ b$£10l?l7J. ~f;J1!f ·Sl:abotan:u!tt;tlla ra~~rtt: '~~\*a~ tn 19llt?, the i~~rt ~~lus ~o~t~l to i:D a$~6 ID1.11ton~ a~ ~o~ea. td~ th tn t~~s J.¥j1l1t·ou tlu~!~s 1936-193$1, !Ph~ • •• tr~le it~iett ~·~twar r.s~~tt· t•J(ij!eh; gt-,Q~ ~~iG~ ot l~-Gi~l M tltlS t1Gtte1t :!$ to i~t hotr~$~~. t!()t mlti~l,- ~&il. , 0~p,eet~ill~:r !j~tl.:r a ~ault t.{i e.~ tM.;tco~ti~ i.'n sy6?-tGm ~a~sl.~~u~'h!Ol\1 ot 0~~rihq ~1! ·O'V~~t&lu~tlott ot it11:po~ts .1J :tt, ~h.~ttld. al~o ~ potnt~a tl:ttt that~ ~ po:ttlon ... tl:kcmt!{h ~t 'te~J' l~tf~fJ .. ·r,f I~~a~ 1-~~e~:r:$~& tmp(7rt~ t~ tt>., tha nt1 e~~~tt.\!$s. M~l !U~ mch" 4-<le~ not invol~G tl~~ );Jatm®t ot f~~tga ~!§trJ1~~ 'b1 i.~~.~al mh& t~-tl$ d(t:fioi~t~ of trruJ. ·&J.~e m~t. Mitll1 b1 nea1:tJ~~ r~ttt oil ~~lei t~t!.{)ns and ~~~'rlett<ti tul'~~es .~ m.~.~"'-."'"'~·· ·~ · .8 · ... -~ !f~'t,s ~.~ol':'i!tt.'l ceon~l$t maittl:v of t>~l1~.CU:ltu~ Mrl p.$1. sto:r~l pr~dxtOt$tr ~~~o~il~ ·tt~s~.flc e~~$tal~ ~~ tb:Gt ~os:t im."pQ~tant $~t).~'*ta4 In l9:3Ro:. ~el"ts tJf: t:~aiall ~1s~~ anlt fl~ .~~~& ·t~ Xtl 1 •. 2 ·mt:t1tro~h r~p:tesentt~~ r.rn~~tbiM • -trt· t~cq ~ tl} tot~l ~!:p,O!t"~bs- ~4,. -~ 19l~1~ t.hiW ~1lln\tnt~d to t:» 6.9 ~11l.i~'nl' .or ~ult\'t!-11 lt~.lt #Jf thl$ ~~t~1. 1\~~"11 ~~!dolli bGtWf)$&1 ~~hi1~ &$tpo~t~1 of· c~~eaitls in('-raa~tld in ·v;S;lt\1~ 19'~ a.r'14 194?. t~ ~l'ttm6 res~~ t1Dl.Y ~bou.t 15~. tl"'itl .~60-,.oon ttn(JJ to 30o.ooo tone~ l!U~i~ the a~1e p~rl.oil. ~ha ~.ne~~e~ed elt• p!$~ts- ot ~$~~ns 111 :ftacwt w~~$1*ii a:re :ttttl>~t'bu:t~\"b1(1i meti11l;s.\'.' to ·the bll!:h \!YQ~la l)rieat tJt toodt!tttft.s- e.lld psrilY' to tb~ itJ.~e~\1~ ttclt•e.~~ 1ll'h1G:t' o~!lals ~t. t11'1e ~$nge of ·othf1~ cr~p~,. ~'ftim:tl~~lr :cottol1. a~~ttf -t>f' ®t~H:; t'llt~ lM'M~t to e~r-~tU 0~~t~ ill itlpot·t~e. l't ~-~ ~'St~~tld tbt~t ncrmally ~~~1~ts u'l Ir.aq0& nat$~ rel)r~~$1\t~d ttiO!!l~ sot lJ Fo::, !n~~~.W.et~'~~ t:!.noe l~1i.'1 11 th~ X~e.qt Cnat¢'Ams Auth.oltttt~$l hn.va w~luett 'L~~1t~ris: !ltt~ ll'oo, f;)ll. ~rl 'Jfal.Ot'~~m bfJ.tt1~ at tile h1~~, -p~leen ill- tha 1®&1 ,~~lt$tl rnt~ th~ ~t~t, th0~~r' ,iJ.aol~.ca .ttt. t ~f.~~~ va.lu~~ .. • gj V~\1~ t)f i~ri~ by oil eOl}i'Q!~.l'l1ea ~l!}~;nt~(l t~ m !.!f. 1!1ill1:o1~ in '1946 • •• ~~eout~tl '£~11 l)~fii;t~Mf.tl 'Of' S~~l·~. ;t()~th i\1193t-l. - total ~ttttt~~ $!! ~Olttp~?i ~-be tot~l ~ltt~ tlf that~ .&tt11t1tt~ 1n~~~~tt~ Wi\h. ~:t~ ttom x».sr ~llt~n itl 19SS iit) lll ~·m·t tl111~ina it\ 1 ~ bt\t th~ wlttnl$ !nQlt~a~d o• ~la.e;4tlr. ~titw tht: v-.. ~~b~~~ -~t f13ti~ w~~ ~t1:t ~~t~tl~\ bwl~ tG :La~~- ~t- tt~kt.\ ~a· ,t.s,fftcul~;r ot t31~npo~t~~i,o!l •. 1~~t~- Q:£ f~t ~~~1 lttd~~ t\rut ~'b:tn~ ~~Ett!:Mt.'lii! ·16;~ ~ 11~ ~f :t~~tt14 totsl ·$tt'l'(lrt$' tn tg,a ~d 1)146 ~~Wb1vetr~ 'b\tt 41c1~!::D;~tt to 41tll1 4~ ~n l'-47• ~ ll~h /l_()m~~t1~ :pt-»'e~~ of thef;l~ :p:ttotlu~ttr: -~ no'1 ~J'.n~~r· i.n~ th~S.# ~~l)~t. Ooiton '~PtJt~t~, tn V<~1u$ ~> ·wef$ 111.2 tttillt.ott o~ nbm.tt 5~~ tJf" t~t~ ~~a~f.)~ ~u 1938 ~ but ~~a -"~gli~bl~ 1~ 1941. Wht, tl~-~'~il4~ 7ftJ:0iU.tOO. t»om • ln:tp~i!ta i.'ht~ ~rrtq -c~t;r$.~l) ~nlt m~fa~ttt~~~ -~~ s~mt~ttni-Bb~ tgo~e(l ~~- 'bu.ll: ttl t.~po~ttt. it ~fJ.fnP,oss-& ()f l) ·o~ttott t0:t:tl1$~. !) ~~lth a~t\C.bin(fq·,~ •Mtt1~lt~ =i :i) t~~ ~- ~,.q t4) 6.5,' 1rtl1lt~th, t-Ql?~m¥Jat!t'lt~ ova~ 1;5p Qt ·thel t~t~t !:tnpo~t~t :eamp~~ed. ,):~ to 1».8 -M~lli()t\ o~ 9? ~n 19l5, li~t~t. the ~~ntltr <>~ oott~». tslt.tt1e1, 1~~1tt~it aect1~~l s1i~tlr ~ .~o mt1~.~ ~qu~~ r~et~t~ ~ 19i8 t~ 47 ln!l,\'!~lr~ 'gtrJ·a.'~~ .mpia~r~ !a 1947~ ~ ~~~·~~~~~~-:-~~=-:m~·.L~·· ~h¢t $h.t~ffil of i~n ~ 1t~al ·11$ t~ t~t~1 irn~t~ !~ 12'1& ~~th ln 1!138 .t!4~ 194?~ lot~rtf:l~··t ~~ t.~ t<~sult ot i-r~· ~"'•'$~ wl~: ~~a hi@h p,i·C$~t, t~ori!J o·t· !~tln ~..na ~tilGl ~~t~t tfJ  ~» 4.8 mt1111)n in 1941 ~~t~t: x·:t1) 1.~. ~~'~1ion tn 193St~ la 19A~7 t~o~t$ •• ot m~t1l~~ eompar~ tl» ~a ~$llili~l.at§ tot~ll~d l» 5$? ~1lto!4. "~ 141} tlf totet tr:ll.!l~rith lD 1.1 mtl.l!on or 1~~ ill. 19:38· 'ln 194?, ~l1i t(lt~ itJ~~ot~~ -r>f m~t~lG,. ~nchine1"1 ~Jld. vehiol~~ t.~otultflit to l&> to.s mill. 1C)n o.'!l· etV$.~ tlttt(il qu.a.rt~l: ()f tb~ ·ttO:t~ iml!O~~. ~11$ ~~·~(~t'JM~~.ee of th~$t 1tnpo:~t~ 1~1 ttue t\) ·tfla M!!f~1o~n$1lt pr<>~~~~ ·o't th¢l f1f;ovem!41S:nt e~ ~il ~~mt1il)$t& ~~~t\ta lD .; t~ :tn 1. 7 m~:l'ltonl bta.t ctaelined f~om /.l41f~Ooo tol1ti ·to 2B,?CO ton~J tmpQrt~ t>f te~ ine~e~st\ f)t.(>~ l:D · ' tn ll) ~~~3 ~illilf)'l). ~.nlt ftor.l :3e200 ton.~ to 6,.400 tol\fh .Sin¢(l.t Iraq ~o~ts ~otl7· C$te~1.~' MEt ~ matsr$a.l.s in ~~·-~lY.t.~~ f.ut~~ • tte~:tfe~tut!!)t\ ~ood~~ tll.\11 tm.ll': ·Of l3.'Alf!e tt tr~>it~· tg \dth. inittt.~t:ri~l ~}unttJi~s~ In 19:;8,. ~~r 60]t e;£ lt~$,q• .$ tot$11 t~~ll"iS o~~ f~om f~ 1tt~11'tGtl"'i$,l cmttttir!$~ ·~ th!!i tr~ xc" ~ th~ u~ s'*, Oam~. ami \re.:p~ .~ at'Ji ove~ 551b ()ft.. lr.~l} s a~t)~ia~ \!~nt to th$stl £our on\Ul~~e~G :SafOl"t:t t~ W~"i't i;;.,.~J!' $ p1.~1net~ mtut.O~f$~~ 'W~~a tbif U.!t., 'bl1~ U~S4 ~ 33~~ Bllrl Int1it\• ~~ 19)6!1 th~ U.,'Kj) t(}t~~ 2l.t·p ct lre.q • $ t·ot~. $Z(OO~t~~ th~ tr. s. 16~) 3a.~. 11~~~ ~ !11iJ.ifl. 8~4' !n. 1~46, the i\'!st.:r11'1a.d:;:t~n o£ l~t-At!D ~ .$~urt~ diffEU.~$"'tl. fpcm t~t of 19,8o lnMa. 4~10'Pad ~?4~ the ·th!tlf ~f.lto~~~ • .rerFa~:nt~ltig· 20% ot the· tutal ~~rt$,. ·whtl~ tM ~l-e of th~ uti~~. f'~l1 t.o tto ~1!:~0ria t(1 _t1s~:zt:t .~ Jc:psn it~ 194,., ~h~ sh~e of' ti't-he~· Mtrl4l<~ ,~ : .. ct I ·ftr:¥.$iG¢r'!'n countl."1$s~lno3fG~s~a itt 1JOflt,~r.r;sr u~~11~ I·n 194·6'" i<1t~~.u;1~$ t~ I:f~t 'II •  ,.,.., .- ;&. 'l?l~ tf\f ~:~ :h~Cf} bsatt ltr~• ~ 1~1i:t~ ~1~1if)t-·. t·~ l~:;s. the u tt •. (f • MlllJ)l1mi ~"'~speetiv~tr-- ;o;' o.t I~~fl' ~ t:mpt..,~t~, Ili J$p~n lS!'!~ tt. d s,. ~1~. a-lll"~n~ay· l~O$.d/W~lW .w-~tt.ta thSli'fW ·:w~t~ fiG l~apot~t~ t~om (i~:t~lSAY 7$, ~tt !nett~ nrm J~ptut 'bee~s~ of 'f~ etentnmtton atitl ilialocntion ,of tht.ir J$Cijft.omtcrh ltn~t)ttts :t:om.· tll~ u. sjl d.0dlinGct to 7%j t1hil0 !m~~:rtE; t~tH1l ot!ta~ MitlJtltl\ !~$te::n ~t~;\"S$ ~ 11~~ S~~a wrut t$b~:tlttn. Palettt!:nat~, Tl:'a.tMif"1~ND.,'ntt ~~ntt llJt.V'pt . . . . il1$.t®as~ct f)1Dfl1 111 of l:c~' ~ tlf)t~l it1-mol'iUJ 1n 1939 ·to 16;~ in 1946. Sj.l, ;.ns,~o~ttt ltw .CnMe~~d.on~!.:re~. Tt!$ "f&ltt~ ot o!l $~U~~~ 1>1 eonc.s~sion~~~s in~:r$~~eftd t~om f1.,n. ~'V$17~ f1f :tn a., ntllit~n d.'\ll~tt!« 1}1,3(~193, to .~~ Q."f~t~& cf tv 11 mi'lli()n duri~g: l91~~l91t-? •. tt'hG lJ.l~in m~lt$t to1: t~aq1 oil. i:n. p~~vt~2 y.~us 'W!t.S • J.~~\l.ro.pih ln 1931/38, 1itwop0 'feCei"teil :;.9 111illion ·tQ'llS '0~ '95:~ ,trt the tot~l t~~f.~· ~XllGii.~t.! t~ ~lf'Q,$, :j.l million totl.tl ~;~nt· ta :Wren~~& .• ~ m.tlliton tons; to tb$ tv~ t ~ P ~ \h~ ~eet to It~..l1 11 l;qtlglt'b'tl,, ~nt o.tha~ coun·tri~~. In 194G? #)11 ~~pe.titl ·totall~ some ·4~4 a11llon tonil :of t-1btch ~~bQ.tt.t f~-fttth0 tl}.~ t·1$.:tn ~ ~t $ follG'tJi~~ the C~tielu~tol~ of th~ ~la-l'wq:t ~St!ffll$.\t :Qfi .-u~t aettlm:!en.t ~t l~q ~ t ~iH~~l'it~ ~nn~~ ~n ~~~. 13 t 191~7 ~ t~fllM~ ~ontzv~l.~ •  •.,,, ' '"' fH')if't,$)t,~n~ ot uer~~~ ~~~~ntl~ gooiis.~ sttch ~a cottOi\ te:zt"il~~, btt~1«ing •• ~t~~!a;.\t4 :Ptt~r. tl.:C0ttf{ ~telf (!t\11~~\ii 1 ~ o~ las~ a~~~~t~a.l {t¢!tcdn:, m.tch pte~~~{)~~~ e!~~tt~~~ a1~t~ho11-c 4~tnlc-s~, ~tQ. t:~·- ~pl\lei~-::1 1irt~t1~f~ ~~- ~~~ lfiluQtt~t1~:7t•Ji~~ t~m 1~ ~~h~ ()(l)Ufttfie£i: ( th~ U~ tl~ ~ Delat"~;. -t-lf!t 0111~ t~t)~ti~1cl." ile~la,. ~~~wt~t~~ Stdt~~rr~t. ~~ent1~~ St-t~tl$1\;~t Jar,o..nt am! bt;t)ua af hffl~V) ot DJ..t ~n,.~dl11Ht~~ ~tlttl'~ ~)~etnl 1tn¢tnt®slj ~t. c.s ~· rs~u7U# ;tt' th~ tteclln~ t:~f :SJ;itpo:t~., p~~t!cu~~11' o11 ... Uue tn~s..-~'1:1 to tbQ ~tq:~~i~ o1: t~\~ l!1:Pa1tt~ to lt&ift4 ~ tn. 19lr5, th1'a i:raq GOV$~~lrtlln:b h!11VG now 4~~5l;J. ~ inst1t.:tt~ 1mii~~t q,.ot~~ aatl ~-~- ~bJ$<~ all im~~1'til1 tG ~~~~r:Jld. Ueentjj~ ~t~~ i~tte~"b~1"' l~l1B. U~l~" tho ~' l'~gtt.l"'tt()nl'l i~l't-t; or nt~ ~tititlllti~ gttl4~· trill, -~ 'l1)1~h1'bi·te4, ~1hil~ Ii·~~i t~ ~~ill be' t:t~~t~i tf1 t,-~ pn~t~ti()lli:J rJt ~$.s.entttsl~,. cucb ~S' i.~ti:o.st$4~ mt ~~1euttUl~al~ t1~~h1ne~J~ • ·~~t'ht~t ~q»ft.s. fJttrt l~~ a~" l'$!ea :£~o~~- l.1·.coa'1tla; bat ~~lv~St'o ~s ~~~~~.~af! to 1m«e~~J~~ ta '~~ tc too ~v~~~meatt- tlte »:Wfl~~a~ rtf too ~fjloa~ 1~ fnr~t~ ~:ncb~~~~ ~l~br i~t 1948\\ .~ '!1-ili~~;e.l .c1tt~~ it>n th~ • ·• ~SBt~. lls:te,a ~Lcb!DB .. Y9Dt~e!· fhe Iraqi dinar is inter+oconv~rtibl~ tdth ~terling 4nd is maintained at pal'!ity W'itb. it,. The prea0)lt official e~obang$ ~~t$. ot .Iraq.1 di~ 1 .in te!'!l~S ot U.s. ttollar, is iLS4o03 ~-.lr· lr~aq1 dina~~ A black ma,rket in dollar exohange ll.~tr -t~-Vb t~<u. 4l!d'l/ :-: ti•lfl.4,.F· !,>., "·v · ':/;/ifr;;,."} .. h>, . , 11 .·(I en$ts, but i~ not sf ·any ~or·bance. ln 1~6--, ;rtba blaelt market. varied betv"en 1).67 ~~S6 A ~2rle· $1ld e~ per !a"aqi diner. Recently', the over..-veJ.uation <Jf l:J?aq1 dinar; relative to U'oSo dolls~, has been recblced as a ::esult <1f dscline h pric9s in Iraq,. and ot price .inor.~taS$$ in ~the UoS. !$ ntG$$Utted. by the~ wholesale p:rie$ index (1939 ~ 100) $! tne over~~l,~a.tion of lraqi dinar, eom~.red 'rrlth UoSo doll$X' 1 d<aclin$d from .ai pe:reent in ~farch 1946 ·to 110 perqsnt in October 1948. The overpw.luati.on of Iraqi dl.nm.~ a.t the preaent til'~ d0$8 not VGr1' nm.ch hind~r l'ra.q' s e:lpo~ts, because~ l) a ls:r@ll poriion of Iraq ·t $ exportG ia f.1.ooount0d tor, • b;f gtrains \111ieb have no diftioult;r in eXportation, ollhlf} to the t.rorld<O;tttdda demand t~ £ooch:rtu.fi's; and :l) the demand for d!lt~s, anoth$r impo"ant ~Zlltp()l'lt of lraq~ is inelastic i."l westG:t"n ~'U.rope~ ~nd e$J;)orts of d~.tes to the UoSCb ~nd Inaia ~re ()_,. dtl. ~ifiLP.: l.t~ted, o~d.ng to the ~1st$n<$ of quota~. liovever$1 ..-..~.&tie» ot Iraqi dinar might inor~atle, to a a~rtain e'ct~nt, th~ G::tpol~ts, of wool 9 hide$ a.ntl sl{illfl Baf'or$ the war~ ~aqi diMr ·was freely convertible hto dol.l.m?s f.tnd oth~r cm:rrency~ Sinoe I~~tnber- 1941, Iraq has in~tituteti tt ~tem ot exchan~ oontrolG Und~r the $Yf.Jtem~ all t:t'antllaotions involving ~'"r6Jnoies (}tber than lat~ltng ht\W bs&ll· controlled by th~ l~"'S-'l li~1tchat1ge Control Committ~'9o After July 1$~ 19"'~7 17 '~hen the Anglo-Iraqi fitlanoi~l a~GinGnt ".rent into affect·p the Cownitt$@ totlk a moxa$ libs~al policr in grantj,ng :.foreign ~xohatt~" Uowever ~ ot-ting . .c;o the itS~apen$1on f.it wborlhlg conve~ibili.ty in Auguat. 1947, the. axoha.ng~ • control WGJls ti~b.t~neQ~ SinQ& Ifovember 1947, all pa~ents or cr~d1t, either in  f !J&.rd Cll1Tenq or in din~$ o:r in otb$r ate:r.l!ng ~ea our:r~ncT'~n .te"vor· ot e. .• reaide!lt of a. hard Q~rency ~ol.Ulteyb tiol>Y :roqui;ce the prior .appl!'oval ot' th$ ixchange Control Committe~"' l.~t~~Jt9...~~9P~Paa Pqa_i1tiol3, o During th~ tter~ !raqt$ eterlblg balances aooumulatad. ver)t rapidly 1'-'~c~usa of thE) British idlitary el¢1encU.tures ~ th~ country It As a l"e$'ult, in po$t....war years, mea$l..lrad in tgma ot st~rllng, th~ t~eign altchel'lga position of' ·~q is :relatively st:ro:u{41¢ !n e$rly 191._7$ I:raq'a sterling bnl~nces~ official an-:1 pr.ivate tJ totfilled Mme ' ~00 millioxl, but Iraq had ~o gold reserve$ nor :a~ appreQ:ia'bla doll~ holdinga.. S1nee l:'aq is p~t of at~:~~li:t!g areet h~r hard· aur:reney a~nings are 'turned into the Lond.on eltobmlp pool and the u.ae of sterling ia attb.ject to the llritiah foreigl'l e:tohant$~ control for the ste:rling areao Thus, the ttue to:reign exchanse position of I;raq depends upon the agresment with the • U"ll)' Qonctlming the ~&laaae of he~ accumula.ted sterlin« balances to ~e pay- mel'lts in other countries or to convert th®m into other ~renoles, On: Au.ifJst 1:3; 1947·, Itte.q and the U~Ko QOnoluded a financial agreement coverittg a. period of $ years, startblg hom J~;,- 15? 1947 Q tJl'ld~r t!d.s aFa~mfPn:t, all ~q 1 a official st®rling. holdinf&$ ( i o0 o i' ~~E$ of the gove:t:~aro.ent, the OurrenGY Boari j and tha b!ink~ in Iraq) ~· amounting to l":t 60 million$! tt.rere to 'be released tt3.thin the ';-yee.:v perioda~ ilba :t~>elea:sed Qte~ling goes into g, No<~ 1 {free) account a·~ ·the Bank of in.gland, and the remainder into a No. 2 (blocked) accotmt~ f'l-~ivata sterlini h~laneas of Iraq are not affected by the agreemento Tho sterling ~.aletlt:Jea in the first~ tota1et1 so~~ 20 million, or one"""tll~d of the total official stsrling holdings., 0-!' the ~ 20 million relee,sad 9 ~ 2 7{qillion 11ere li'Q;t~king bal~nos R ~ 9 mill.ion 1-1are .s~h~duled for iaedirrte rez• leas&, rutcl !'l 9 milliott \W:re released to cover outstanding contracts and. ·the re.p-a:r- • raent of advances made, ~ the Iraq ~®troleum Company to tbe w~rnment or !r.aq~  Uow"9'a:Cp as a re~.n.tlt of the $U~pensD;.ott ot aterlin~ convertibility on •• A~gust 20, 1947, the trealy :hlop$r~ti!:vel! co:nvertibl~ It wfi, thl.W, nacessaey to ma,ke th$ continua:tion of h$r vade tdth hard eterling bal$ttell:) n'$'1(1 cur.renc~ oountr5~e~h on anange'eenta f~o,. fo1~ l eooount became Ire.q to 'Jlarmit The. ~sault \·Jaa the· ·conclusi"n of auppl!$mentaey fhla.no~l agra~:ot l:let\taen I:t•l>lq and the UK in l~ovamber 1947~ The. a~~~Jrtent c<YV$r&d th~ p~r!od from Jul:r 15 to d"Wl!lt 3Qp 1948, ~ncl permitted !raq to make paymantR in b~rd ourr.$lt>Qiea to an equivalent o£ ~,.S,"150~000 o:r ~23 million'!) tm J1.u:te .30~. 19481 a tte-vt A~'lo~l':r4tqi tin(anciaJ.. e!g:reem.ent 't<JaS l'esched tor the yea:r :from JUly l, l948 to ,June JOi 1949$1 placing hard ourrencT releaB:as in th~ e.Jttount of ~22 million at the d,ispomU. at the .Ir~q5~ Gov.arwnent~ Toward the end of l94S$ tid.$ ~t:r allooeti® of ~~~2 million rem~.ned int~tet, a~d th~ unused amount ~osn 1947-48 allooatiQtt tma app~xit~atal7 \~6 luillion, making a b!rd ~P,Ql;.tr~tt«~l!lllCG to~a mllion available to lraqtf • lo~u~oo !n ~i'l0lfal$1 f$.VW.ablce ·to I:rach ae it Sl.i:>p&ars thnt lr~q' a 'befora J·uly 1952 tind the ottiaial h~~d th~ terms of thaGe .fin.anoial at~rling ~...l.ancas fJl.ntTency- relea.oos &re in are to ag.re&~tmt tara ~be enth~eJ.T l:'e~ e~ooss of !raq 's !.'>~m hard ®rl:ency eamin~t)s, wh!ah Iraq continue' to t~ ()Wl? to the Lond(,,·; &r.ohange Pool~ At presEt;ntp as a mt:mibel" e1f tJt~rling ~ea, Iraq is floe$ to use its atarling for :P\lt'eh1-ee in the aterling area ~nd the ao-c~ll~d t1'4!ll$far$.ble aeeQ\.tnt $.T-eat;t 11 For thra purpose of Ot>l~att"itfg th$ pre- mltl post-lvar mllgnitud~s tanil s~c­ turea of Iraq' a baletule or p~t$ 1 ~· <~fficial· est~~tes to'!l' l9Jil/39 a:Jd 1946 it a%'& cho~en here r~r disClla~d. on~ It ia to be mtecl that the 6stimatas traditionally iJTn~· transr$:rabie(aceo'Uilit\are;· jncluaeei-AFi;ntilia~ ·i~eu~·1r;g baactioaioWit"i$;--the ·~ • f{eth!>Srlande currency· area~ Egypt and the Sudar!~ Ethiopia, Finland~ Iran 11 Ita~:) rYo1,....ray~ ~,tlrtugal, Sp&in~ etc~ !n this a:r$~ 1 ste:r'l. il~£4' is freely t:ransferQbl$ to and b-ottt these cou.n:hries for ~ent tt~anaactions ·with one another ~nu witb. th~ aterlbg ~:a~ V o±~ficial atatem~nt cfif balance ot pa,ment £ru: 1947 is Jtot yet availablQ 9  e)tolttde thEi trading oper~tions of o:U cotnpaniea bseauS$ of the £4£\ot that proceeds ·• of oil exports ·~· at the dispoa~l nt oil companiea~ not th~ ~aqi (Joverhment$1 ~nd import'tl by ·the~ ca~atli&e do 1:1ot involve palrments of fo:r~i~11 eltchange by the aowrnment. t·!ore sp~eifically~ the offioial ~stimate ot Iraq's b~lenoa of paJrm~~ts do not include $xpo~ts of oU and i'mporta ot equipment by tht:) oU oon¥.... panies, not' their invlilatment aorre~~ot'lding to the latt~:r, 'bUt. inolud~ thQ Govern• n1ent t,eceipts ot forf)ign exchange (royalties, daad :rent, local ~t?J11.d1turea~ eto.) tron& the oil com.panie$. J~ceording to tlte offiol.~l estimate toll the ,year 193~/.39, curl..ent tr!ln~­ aetions ;bowed :t:eceipta of lt)9o4 million $lld pay.manta of over ID ·9o4 ndllionp leaving a negligible dafic:it of m 2?,000o rrha mal,.ehandiaa ia+ade$ 4dju$t$d for tUlder-valuation of sxpo:rt$ and over-valuation ot impQrts and eltcluding imports and oil exports 1w th~ oll ~paniesu :regi,ate~ed an import fr~lus ot lD 1'~>()4 mil- • lion~ On the side of r~ooiptg, the? m~in item~ vz~e e1:ports of! ID .3oft .million$ rao~ipts from oil companies of ID 2o) million, at1d Britieh militar,- Gltpenditure~ Of lD o6 miUlOl'h 0£ the total fJS.J!n.G:nts Of 01/fif£- .lu 9o4 million, !1) 8~,3 mllion >t;Yere :L~~lrt~ and ·hhe ramnineta:r Vfl~a th~ otb.ar p~ianta. ~ dGfieit of ID zr,ooo on the ou:rrertt aocoun.t we nwt by a ne·t capitl:ll m~ven:nent of llJ 120;000, l~aving ~ surplus or ID 9)1000 otdng to 0l"l"Ot'S ®,nd om.isaions in O$llculationl0 It i$ itr~el"eat.ing to n.crt~ a fet~ ahangaa in Iraq's balance of payrl.lants batt..rer&n 1946 and l93tl/39c First~, the megnf:bud0a invo1~d in the bel{auca ot l'aymentra for 1946 wre much greater t~n that tow 193g/39~ \!hUa receipta ru1d paym$nts on CUllTettb account tor 19.38/39 t-Jt?re both less than In 10 million~ th~ currant tra.naa.otions for· l.9lj,6 ahowad receipts at ID 31 million and :9aymant$. of !D 34 milliontJ ¥Jhile the detiott on Ctt"rl"Snt account for l93Et/39 'i:r~a neijligible 9 tha deficit tor 1946 amoun.tsd to ID :3~2 millionV> Saoont51ly~ unlil<e that for: • 1938/39) 'the ~l~nee <1f payrtlatlte f'Ol.'* 1946 mho·ua.d a substantiru n~t <1ecraass in -. Th~ m.e~chandiS$ x~~~giste:ro~ e~r'b$ deti:Qit of lll' 9.8 mtllio~~ ttoQde tot'* 1946, on th$ swr.e ba~iu ~a that ot !D 1!5 Q·2 w.llian ?!il~.$nts ~tld :t~pos."t~ other than of In 2!) 4to million, leaving itntlort~J f'Ol"' tnclnt1ed It~ 1&6 million 1938/3911 l>l . o·t net gold importa pr~su~'bl:Y fo:r ho~rding pll.rp('JSaa S~:tld ID 2 .mill!o~ ox!& !raq t $ milit~y ~~nditures a~~o and purQhli~ of D~itish SUI~plug properti~so The main. ~no!r1g 1:t0m~~ in adt!!~:tilOn to e"Ports, t4$:ra l:'~oeil;)t$ of In 4 .. 3 r~ill!on frQ.Ul ()il @~loitat:tot~ $Ild ~.l:ti~h mil!.t~ry elq>eooiture.s in lrQq amountint5 to ID 3 ~ailliono the deficit fo'f! 1946 \tas ft!~t ·bJ! d:r~v.Ulg on Iraq~ s: of'i'ieial ror~!ign e:rchang$ oo1a%tea to trbe extent· ot nearly :m 3m!Uion, Data ~rl tradEf dafioit mth h~rd. eu:r.ren~;r countr:taa for 1946 ars not· a.w.ila'ble,kl but the def!oit with tl1~ tr .s. for thG:t y~ar at~l('lt!mt~d to only Ill l a'n.illicJn.o Vnda~ thm direct alloo~ttion of ~d e\.trrt':Jnq t~etrn l1~riio!l, Iraq had tso diffi®lt~ in ~~tina th$ b&rd aun*enq dof3.cit tor 19.l"6"' At pre$&llt Ireq baa practic~lly llQ external d~btli A stif3rling loan of 'L l !t!illio:tl float~d in 193? ®$ring mte~eat ~.t tour and o!l~-halt pe:rcsnt and re~a~ble in 15 ~Sr$ (1937•1952) \:1af! r$paitd in l91~t-3o netwaen 1939 ~ 1944, an sdvatloo of L 4.5 million ~$ ttl.a(l~ by th$ oil comp~td.ea to ~'® Iraqi Cil~~!:l&$nto ~be QBVattc~ ~rr:ied .no 1n~a;rest and "tfEis l:"epay-..... l. (..{ e.bl(!I by def!!notion fro~ oil roya-J:tiell3. !h$ ~unt outatamding 1946/47 l>~a about /'.. tour and oue"""quarte:t? million pounds~· ~a r~p$ymGnt of thi.$ ad.w:r.tc(~ is p:vovided f'o~ :b1 the r~esnt Allglo-lr-~qi £h~n~inl1~¢)ement ot July: '19.t...7e Unde~ tha s~e.u; ~~J.St, the et~lh1.g ~els~tK~f:l included e. etm1 of.~ 4(J24 Eillion to cover tl1e reJ)~Jm~nt. ln Ve~1b~r 1948, i't was :r$po~ted that an !gypt£an lo~n of 3 mill~.on Eg1itbia.n pounds (o;t> itd.2 h"'dllion) w.s being ~~$d.. ttJKWl 'b;r the both gov~~t~1ants for • titlanciag thi& irrigation 140rks in Ir:aq9 But tha cont~miltio11 or tilis 1\)an has ncrtq • ... Th$ outlook of I~C\(1 •s 0~tenml :f:!:nanei~,l po~d:tit;;)a't is f'~vora.blc~a. nrs$etat .Iraq ha$ p~aotically no exta:rnal d\\tbt'~. "' The it"npor\ at~lue is rumning a'b ,1. )HatAt{~tf At $tl ~nual rata or In 10 tnillioll and is eo~:red by. ll~it.i~h milj:tiaf"'Y .$xpenditurea, A / " ~ 8 lX.:J,J.~.~ .(; ~·-(,!{': ~t,. ·oil ro~lties~ ail companies' looal ~~l:ndittwes ~·uj<J;,b7 dra.wing on !raq•s aterlin.& bslfUlo~lilo :aut t~v the war situation in ~·alest~1} the amount or ail royalties coulrl ha.ve 00$11 <:orutiderabl:f. in~~nasad aa a result of the oompletiotl ot nell pipe• lines and thus ina.raase in. oil G%p<>rtu~ Utlder the finazaci~l ag:reemant \dth tbe llo!\o ~ !raq 1 $ official stwling l:>alst1oes of some it 60 milliol1 ar~ to 'L~ $ntirely relaa~d lfithin tbe ~~iod l947-l952o ~he b~ C\trreney ~itu$tion of !raq at pre:Ye~t is also .str-ong$ As Qf woomoor 19~$, the tU!U~~ amount of ~$01attt hard ~enc_r rsleasGa totalf.ld. ~- $28 Iaillion '*'hieh QO\.\ld well eove:r !t-aq • a ht.:n"d ltj~4l!fner Mqtd.re~nt- in 1949& • •  ~~e l~aqi aco.nonvr is. h:~sEHi on oil atld a~~1ottl ture. 'Tll({ ~il i11.d:u.~t~, thou~h a:n.tirely fo:rei~n-ot1Md &'1fi controlled. ba.s e~ntriln.ttGtd 1t~ ~h¥J..t¥e to th~ :tll~O~irfMH~ tPt Xr$q 1 s econontr. !aoe:lpt from oil ~jr-o1oittl-tion is a. ~jo~ sonroe o! gOV$r.nment .reven-ue and. plqs. ~~ 1mport~t pl~C$ in the oount:ry• s b!\lt?:):~ce of .k)~m~n·ta. A,gricu.ltttte !n Il...a.rq h~s ~r~~t~r l1t'oa:pact of d.avelopT!taU.t than in a~ oimr ~%iddl~ ·~:astern eountrie~h ~he ~i¢1lltural devel()ptn~nt dep~nd.~ ~illly. on G~.tti:fi¢i~l il"rig~tion which ia inadeque..te e.t the pttesGnt ti.:ma. Asi(l$ £jj:tt.1m lQcl' of deve-loped i:.r:rigation ~ysta~ms, short~.ga ttf tarxn la:b~:r nnd confusion of land. tfuleye are the othe't t>b~t~«:l$s to too deV&lol">taent of ~i~ul:~ural potel'l.t~ttl~lties in the countr11. Ttl&· outlook of dom$~t!c f1n&ncis.l. ~.! t~J.ation i~ ft.tcvorable. Tha • wart:b~ in.f'lntion 8.!Jl111Nlr~ to ltte:v~ ba~tt a.~t~~t~d,. !fhe etdQ\tnt o£ out~tancling t)ubl1r; d0bt i~ insignl.:f1oant. 1'ha prqn1ent fi~neial eriai~ of tb:~o:t'ea.~ine lntdc~at tleficit, resulting ftt"Pm "War ~.n vel~~~tina 11 is .~ tempornt7 onet a~ tl1.e pea~el'1U. settlement '4! P~l~~'ftina ~~ro'blenl iJ~ i~ prnApectl' .t\£1ter thee re·~ent 'ftt.a.~ I-raq h~~· "'acoma a st~:rlin~ oreditoX' c~untey .. Although Iraq h~o liD f$Old :r~s~:tr\tes, it~ p:re$e~lt d.t1ll8l" sitl.t$tion i~ l•ela- t:tvaly at:~QU~l .~a a result of' raoent, :Qritiah h(:).rd currancy ~lA.ases .. Ir~ • a po~twn.r trntJe de:t!eit, though su.bst~tial; is set ~:t>gG:ly '1\v rQaoip·t~ from. oil e:xploita.tian, :Bl.. it1sh milit:ttey expend.:tt1wsg, a~d, to e less ext~11t 1 'by dro;ir1itt~ on the C.Qun:tl"'¥' s .foraigt1 excha.~e bD..la~c~~ eJ;)tt~tlll~~ • . - •  l A~r~oul tu~~ . . . . A~1ctt11ru:r~ Prod:u,etion, l9'Ji~.... l947 Are~ under ~!a.1n O~()Jnt~, l93ti<.-.191.J.7 Tle·ld ot Main Crops,. 1934-1947 Indumtt,t Cruds Petl'Ql.eum Production, 1934-1947 6 7 '[~.n9!tcean.d Price~ a Iraqi. lll?.dget~ 19;38-1949 9 Gove:cnment lle-renua, 1938/39 and 19l~?/4a 10 Govel'"nman.t. Sxpend.itt~re~ .1.<)38/39 and 1947/48 11 I•!one:; Suppl.f aw! Prii)~. tnd~lt, 1939-1948 :forei.rm·ll'tt&!A~ • 12 · ~o:t&.l '~rrid$, ·by V~l:na, 19;;6-1948 13 Msia ~xprntta, by ~nti ty and 11~ltt$, l938 a;nd 1946~4? 14 t~1atll Imports, by ;~tity ®d. V~lua, 1938 Md 1946-47 l$. iA.1JOl'te by Principal t~~kets, 1938 and 1946 16 lm,po~ts. bt ~rineipal SUppl:i~ra., 19,38 and 1946 . 17 rJsti1mated Otl Exports by Oonoesmiona.iras, by Vt\lue. 19.36.,..1947 ~sele!~P~al~ Fin.m§tial •. ~~~:i.t~on 18 Jelstnce nt ~~mtnta,. 1938/39 Slld 1946 •  I -~·~ " b,1A .~~· .!if ' • S!£9d of .~m:mJ.a!B / (in 1930-1947 thouaand~) 1930 2,824 32 2,857 35 3,,6o l9 :3$700 lJ) 3/14, 4l ~.aoo 42 3g8;6 43 3,991 41-> 4,300 • 4S 46 47 4~600 4,f;oo 4;gc)3 • • j. Ast~o~lmf~~ !!.;to~J:ta~t1B 1934•1947 . (Tltouu~nds of i'-tett'iQ Tons) . . /...,../' ~. ~h'-ii ~ $l.o.i~in Ootton..- :f!lba~SQ. Ds,tas ~ ... ,,0 11!'1~ (Gin~sd) ... Et!~L 1934 :38' 03 40 57$ 1,000 478 478 zos 3rA1 l11S 4-3 ll.O $"'1 4,2 -- ....... 4-fl 41 950 4SO ,g;o 3o7 f\~; J'f>e ....... 42' 6!$S 42G 350 0.9 2.0 4o9 ~...,, 43 !}t'.ti )SO 242 Q"7 1~5 4·1 ..,._ """ 44 37$! lS2 245 1~0 ~~o 9o0 - 4S 650 400 R45 l¢10 2o.l - *- • 46 620 400 290 c>9 ~o4 6.8 ~Qj 47 1~7!$ 215 260 ........ -· 4.0 28S ' :--' ~.J'>l!t Fooo and ltr.tioult~. Organi~ation, h'~PRk~!?f~ l~!}JO liBr!!fl!l•J!! .st1~f1~'-.r?:t~oJ., ~l~sh!~gton, 1947. 19/+6 and 1947: 1J .s .. 11ep •tOe <>f Cotrt"11e~o~~~ l~!~O.~l~~l~l:.S~P~nii ·~elJ&~... 1!.!!~~~~ !nternat!o:n~l 'R~f'erence Sel'vice; Deq. l94S.  ,-. .... Ti.b~~L ' . . ' ~.J..Jlt~UlJElt ~taip _· P!!Ont!' ' 19.34-1947 (Thousand a of heote~El's) ~m;l~x blheat. J1r 1,TI'II'f ,.,!!;;toe C.a~lw To~~ooo •=<il 4 . .•~"" (Ginned_ l934-3fJ 661 743 132 16 4. §./ ~J:' ~- 1/J 911 seo 1~2 60 '1 1.1 923 771 189 9J. 7 aso 42 J._) 410 728 6SO 199 205 lJ. 11 1' l4 44 4S ?77 e:66 777 128 194 - lS l94 .~ow -.... -46 (~ -- s • 47 670 3SO - ••  ',: <t •• ~l ~ ll:too ~ .. ~ (gP.:~!1Ql!) Tobeooo ~·~ ~.;rinnerl 7o7€J 7.20 l:S.; l~l 824 if 10.)0 .~ .. 20 lbo$ o.e 5'75 10~30 6o20 l8o5 Oo4 S7l l6o00 4~90 18()5 0/)~, 371 t'J$20 tt6Q ,<'10 lloa 046 2~5 4e90 ,2e;'O l2e6 tl1l 7o90 5.10 l2e6 _ --· ·- -- ...... ..... - eoo • 600 600 ~- ~ Not~,u .D.s.sb :rstl#Ws to d.atei. not availablo., tJ} tva~ap of tW() yeareC! :f~atb.o.sll~JLi.~o~. . ~&LA:w!..~iv~:t.. §.~...t~~~ l9Jl7. Amual iconolllio S'l.Wfey ""' ,Ir~u~t 1947• •  !) ..1.~11~~1!. ;· ' ... • Gl!Hdft~P~B;:O~SW!Jl.f1'»~~.19!i;;m . 193,(-.•47 (mdllions of ba~r$lsli) 1931tw 7.7 35 Zlo4 36 30.1~ Jl1 ·3lc.S· 3S 32116 39 )OoS 40 24.2 4l. l2o7 • 4~ 42 A4 19.7 24e$ ;Oo9 45 32-3 IJi ' 32l)S 47 36~~ • ... I .p;-.l!ebl$ 8 .. • o; .. ~llSPJU! in ta wwk ~~~U.~~U!i "' =h bat t•ttte~ Standard f.!etar Standa:ra ~ ~£1C Q.l~§m 19.38 54 11 67 2543 1939 198 2$92 375 1940 14 212 1.3 25.84 15 .2o6 ;a 2SS6 6;::; 1942 J:l 197 61 270.5 72) 1943 15 168 S2 7$6 1941{- l7 177 2:1S7 719 1945 1' 176 2700 • 1946 15 194 74 709 • • Iii~~~ .f.r.fi.!IJ!ljt, ttat:t!s 1936 - 1946 (millions ot ton milo$) l93S· jJ!l1.6 1939 lB3.S 1940 l;S.6 1941 1$5el 1942 253·o.9 1943 ;o.s~s. l944 566.:>5 1945 4{:J4.tt6 • 1946 324~0 • .. .l ••• .... lt~91. ~~­ l93{t•l949 ('millions of' Il11~qi Jlbl$r~) .I'-!1!! itQvetrua ..-e; _. . . , ...... E;sp$~itm~ .<Q. ' '"~ P~r"P.i-!:lP ot,. r.~f!gj& (-) l9.3S/1J9 7~fl 8.1 .... el 39/40 9Q2 84)6 .6 40/4! 9Q7 9oS ...... .,1 4.1/4~ 10.0 8~6 l~tl~ 42/4l l3c8 u.6 2~2 4"3/44 lS~l lS~S 2.6 44/45 lS~9 l9ci0 - .l 45/1~ 19.6 20<»/f. - lt3 • 46/4? 47/48 48/Jti t.Je~1) ntt6 24.$ n.a. :a)ol 26.,0 -.l.S -lQS -1.. 2 §f'bati~~1~~l,. 4b!~U~t-~ r.tJ. 'fimeeJ f~agbdfld,li Il11aq 1 ·Qetob~w ljl 1948~ • • li~ioult.ural ttmea l~eom$ ani ~~C(lhJS \!r.ofii.\tl tax.~'~ Propart;r t~x~s lJ:'otul direct ~)t~$ Otastoms 2.6 Otb.ers ~_.L Tota1 indi~ot te~e' ~-4 So\S Total tcx "venua: 4./1 1;.o l}o&t tl ~l~gr~pb ~) .,9 ifob.ao® ~onapol~ 2~0 Oth~rs ~·~··~~·!- • Total nott-t&tt i~ceil)ti! fatal &om f)M!nGl.T r~43UU¢t <l:U reven~ rm.\1 Gl.tlWency ·aaara. l.l SoS Oth~ -- ~ct$\1. ~~ao~d1tl~t'f re~tt~ :a.o Gr.n;n(l wtsl 7.8 ,. ... "' E h tmetc 19/ll 48 Ordi)J~li"F a~ndttvetu D$)f~»e~ 1.6 Police .6 !~ducat !on 1!17 Pu'blioWorks Ql F$.terge~(J;t e~ditttte~J G~h~l~S . Extr&ordinatr $~endit\Ui'Gs; ~!Uita~~y inst~llatlon~ Irrigation t-10rks. LoSll$ .7· .2 -- • l·l Others ~ fotal ~OUPC~s,: $!:~!,~~1111\t;~l. ,A)?§.1f:fap.'t;, 1939~ I~~F Document lW-.!Jfll, ~~~t.. t.lte ,l;e~nsa~ ~4¢ll7• 10;; l94S..: • .... • 1939 - 1948 ---~-- ·~··· ~·iilJ.!fJns of 7t~9!.'i1rtLlf/J . ~1J C~Jren~ji7 l.lepo'*it ~fona;1 ~' ~ W"W .. .... .·. . (Ormes) (f'~tH;s) fot&l $,.9 1.2 100 lOG .S9 4fJ ttl !¢, 6$S lloO 21.9 lo7 6.0 6.4 7cl a~2 17-0 na 3 138 179 )~ - ......... "-~·. . 1~3 35~4 l2.S 481!2 590 ....,.. 44 40~8 l5o5 56.2 ''" -""'~' " .45 41~5 l3ta3 54&3 503 584 46 ;9.S 1)$? 5.,o$ 482 S6? 47 ;3!)~2 l2eS 47oS 522 602 1st Qua:rt~:rr, 194$ 34~9 !2ctS. lr{/.7 62~ 7.3; 2nd Qututt~, l94S 3J~~s l2o4 464)9 5/,;}!t 644 3rd Qtt&t.'>tG'tt 1948 ,,.9 lloft 4;ft7 492 636 • .!1 Gr.os~ no·~~ anr:'l oo:tn W C\trrallt ac;:cov.nt depo~1t$ cl~cttlatio!l. of c~~rc1;1 bankS:,. !V Dec~ 1938 - ~ug~ 1939. lxl;t~~tu~tiontal ~tonetQry Furld ~ In't$rnat:i.otle.1 FinetlJl.d.~l Sta.tiatioa.~ Dee~ l9/*S9 • •• ~ .~ltt-. . ).,_ - ~ ' 193o 1\la .~· '~s ~ :3~7 $1.~6; ~~4. ,.; ~ • o~:a tt ~1 4 ;)I:).' .,)'fit. - 'f#jl ·~~ ~\i'~ !i~7 Q ·. 6~$ ~ .~ ;;<q : .~ ~ V•'+ ,.1 l;i&i· l~'lilg, e~v, ~$!> o~a ~~f.l1. 4(1116 - -~, to:• .. ~Ill< 6.tt:~ o~) ~~i.l! 2·? '·~ ~~2 ~$ lit ' Ot~! 4~1 ~ 7~5 ii·QJ: .~. ~¢~9 ,42 :0~'3; 9.~5 ~ 6~1 ~; ~ .,~Q~. o~~ 9~5 ~"' 4~tl a • to~J., ~(!)·a G~:1 1f#i !\l Cf< ~,,Q !?·'~" ;;ot: r ... 0;~. 1:;~1. ~ 14~tt· 19~ ~~~: 13~8 o~6 1~'l.fi. ~~ ·~ as·(Js . "*! letj~E~• ~~;;~l&rr~w·~ e. - '~s 1tlc.::S' •  ., ... J • il~tkin~h P'~~£1liitt $1m,~ 259~0 ,·~?J • ·D.' ,f..;t 2~] :~. ''(!:I· 0 ·... ,. 'I;} ~~It,);. ~, ~·· s~? liJrt '6w~ ·*' ~~s V~t@Q, ~fr.s. J.~ii·' ' t;t.o 1203:~.o ~el~ ·~~. .,{;' 0·. ·' ~ (t.,. ~~ ~ ·1:~(),4 ,Z~· lh~? ~~ ~; .. · It1t\1 Otlti~l- Sfilt? «v' n~o.~. .2 5 al ~ ~~ ...:a•• .Wf, . 0~ a .4 ~,a 1t 1<1?0 ' 'I' ~t~! 't.if~!. h ., ~· ·"$ 'Pot '1.~ e) til' Q4 ~a 1 ~1~~ r~& 514~~· tl~~ {~l~t~11 lt.t1 M litf.l¥ ~ t~o ¢i oZ ~2 $ 5 ·~ ~·4Jf ',. ~.g. ·I}' ~~ OthfW:I' ~l~lli)"~ f1/JIIf· ·@; ;~ ill~ :us '"'\)'l l-~6 ~~1 ~~~~~!<i~..~ ~hl~~\1 ~· ~ ~ ~, !b.~ ~~J ~411 10.0 t~~l! 100 • ""'\')I ~~~'.r!~ft!JI'~·.-~··t~:.~4~~~.~~1{6;t~~~ • • Cttttti:Oli l~~l~®tl~ ( t~l!!tl:io~g ~~ ~rJ!i~tQt-~) ~ 4~ 4? .a ·!;1 l,t.~!J 15 6.$ !tG Stl.., !$lett! Pf.M st~~(~l ~~' llSt.? :t~a ~ ::t.t$. 9 ~~.e 11 f;t~·1.t%~~~')} . '' ·"" ... , '*' ~~~4l4t~\U.tt 'till""· . . ·... ~ ~-~~l~a"~ • • "'# l~a •.1$ ~1/)-lt o. ~.o 10 m'J.tm}~tlv~ ~l~1t~~ ,.a 0 ~ ~ .~~ .,, l~ ~' - ~1: t~? 4 (i, ~Q~ lf& !5~3 ' Qlf. .~ ·- S) ''~a w5 $: ~~e ' ·~ "S:~~~ '~~o 2l~~~·t ~q.f Cl~t~..~ ... l.dJ' - G') ' ll;l~l l.tt: ~sr 1 • ·~· ""'~ ~· • ....... • ,., ~' ~~!m ~~ ·t).9 1e:a lO 0·.,($ l. f:;{lj., il~ g fli o~~ ., ~i ~· ,~~~. ·.lit:~~\ 2~.~' ~t) ~)r.lttt ~ !{f.' & ttn& t$b~~~ lt.~l e, ~~~~~!lt.~a ~tl ~~~e~~J~~~ o~! o~·G s • 111 c~v $ atw~ of~tt.~,~~$ fot,~ IJ}· itt.t~~l~~ll);~~ ~~~~ ~i CQ~ ttla1~~~ •(tr' vtlwtt ·~~'trJ:~"~· ••• • (~ ·l'~ s ~~·j> ·~·· ~~ u~t~ itlt .e 9 ttl~ -~ ·. ? (Jt)J~.!t;~~· .? ·? ~ • ~Y:tl,~t'!~ a.• :t$i W' • (¥~· ~· ~' ltl$1 Q~ If lt>'S e ' ~~11!.\~ t:~ :t~~~n~~ ,.a 2 1~9 ? t~~t~~b~.tt~ c~1 ~~~!~fit~ N ·• cl • • ~l a ttte 1 '!!t ~... ~. It~ !N!!t.· ,..,.~, ~~~ ~~.. •. ·~ •• • 1938 a~fl 1 • ll3 :t!., . !!L e.,~J 19~, ;.,'itt,' e~s· ~· 1~0 s~' ,~ (If. tf.~)~ $f.l~. s~o l9£l4- ,.~ • 'lo itdF,J it. ·. :tg~ 10'& f:\.. ~1~-Q 'l~O •  1-1~~P~}?! f~a~! .81 • 1938/39 ·~ 1946 (mhousmncl~J of Iraqi Dina~~) ~·~ar0dit·~.,_.,..,...~~r~~~~ ...,. ca·· ~ ifA~Jlv.J.l ~~-;..; £¥rt:tln..U~J1~st~'?lll lo '~ta f'oO·Ti)be~ mtld .~~o.rts Oo!c~fl!). 3~S37 ~4o4'..4 lS~l7l 2449~2 -9.SJ.l, ~. y 1lon-».loXt~t~7 gold .u6 -- qll6 ..... l.Sft8 w...l.,as 3. lie~!pts &o-J1 oU ~ompl!ltd.as 2~493 2.493 4·291 ·-- 4-291 4,. ~. l~ili:tar~ 0ltp~ndi- tur$S ltU other Q'ltrr~.nt - \i\610 ;.coo 2.010 41990 1:tQ..~il 1.215 1~178 8.504 ,.,50 2~954 • 9oJ/l6 .,.,. .OZ'I .30~966 J(ulJO -)al6,4 i!l¢'.oto~~t\1Jc:~ Not 'O.ttn~~~~~Jl!~~ ~tese!§ 1~~~sktl~:h~~! U.~~il Q 6.,. irivat~ d!~Qt. and oth~ itrve$tnl~nt ~ili-6 a0$0 ~098 7·. Oftioiel and 'Mnlting institution$ -~22S -((303 o075 · ~::~667 ~4S5 ~3~112 -o.lOti -tt120 -2~S19 .;,; . . .,.,.0$4 if iat.1tittit do1n~ Jl()t inolud~ e~rt$ at oU and blpOl'ta, of equipmm1t ''br the oil cQmparrill$ • n~ thiO~ inWffl~~t cor:teilJpo:tldillS to tho h'ltt~Q: W Ap~U l:1 l9)S .Q> ld~)\'(h' l, j~9391) • t'W 1¢1 ~~rls Rolulle f.?.xport~ ot oil~ but innl.ude Qontr~band e~tpol?ta plus • anJust~nt tot' tmdervnluation ot axp()rts. Impo:t'ts exel. .ude '\t&lu~ or ~o~ts tw oil eompanieaJ but inoltlda co:ntra.band ilnpo:rt~. minus $(1-. jus-hm~nt i~fltries rep~esent net ~xp,~rtn tl938/39 and rtet, im!'O:t1.o {19t~6) of goldm for ·OVe~-V~}l\Ultion Of ;lmpo~ts'Ot Including ro,~$lti.~s~ df.tlsi!. :cant, taxes e.l'Ad l.oo$.ll e~andi'hure~o Or®dit Qni:.l•i(I'S rapx.~e~E)nt Brit1eh milit~q e~enditu.res in Iraq; tl1e t1ob1t ont:t~Jf <!t~·tvare Ir~C!' s military expenai:tttrea ebt,(Mtd and purcb.ases o£ 'F.¢'lit1sh Eruarplus property., lnoludmg to.xtoign tA:avsl (e ~a o , touvtats, pilgt.•inla P stu~Ients At ~ta.) ~ tranapcrts.ticfh (e~ge.j port fe(9a 1 etc~) 9 (11plo~~rt,ie ex;~ndittWfJ$:r and inv®s.it."l:Jant irs~~o Imports \'>if oiLl companies -w-a,..~ daduot(td from the repo~ted figure for £11reat irt.vea~b10:nt ~ - IJ@o~a~ in ;nt:J~~t~~ I~er;ros®::rr~a ·~he net devn_wease in ft)X'SifZrl exoh~lige l~lanc~s. abro&dQ • \. ' •  ~h$ tollet.,,!;n~ ~~e tna ''~!.t\td.p€t1 stH,)Ur4~~ u.~tl1d ltl tb~ ·prc11e~:re.ti(Jn $£ tld.$ ~~~o~t t t~vet>um~nt ot lrartt A Go~~:ttt$a of Offie1lttlr!it ~ ,!11~tq~~~~~.n....tt Jfla.~$~~~. ~!rsti!~ . t .9£ "tll!~,J11~~8;fin) ,.~~ lt~IJ:s., 191+6. t~~Pt~ PubliQiltion Ltf!l. ~f~(J?. ria~. :~~nfh !~.lf.f!fj f~(!>:tldcn.f l9!~ .. ~oruM~t A... !11~ .t7~n6na l)e.x~tJl~~¥1i~~-f ,t}.\r! 1~!4~11®· j.~~f};.t., tow.l.on 3.q4; .. !.c~;.aJ A. .~t~.te ~\.tl-4., ;~eott~~te.m ,in, ,tbe, J·11!'ld.i~ E~tit tot>.don 194!* tn:t-al?lt.(~tiont..ll ~l)n~tat'f z•und Docwnent~t ~1d•:369· £ne.~.t~JJ.t*,. ~:l~!~.... 'O~tftl9~~tJli>,, ltWt.lt O~tt11l!e~ 8, l(IA~?. 1U~~SS7 ~~V.:~! o~ t,h~. l11g@~OJS~Jl.t.~ir~,n. ~~~h 10, 1948 .. Ar!1~1'i~~~. rlmbltt~~tt. l:1~(~hd.ad:o I~af!, ~t1Jl;Ut:tl J~ct>n,t:n~d.tl-:~'taz ~:t:. 1~.ail•~ .J~~~z~~ q)"a!itm~ 11~. J.9!;t·S. Z.ll~rtj.lill~~lm, .ll~t t;;:tl1!!1.t~ In t.:.t.:l~tt.-tion to cu:r~nt 1:n.:to.a.':'mation c"bt;ain~d from n~~!1ar,Jtef'l!i5~ ~~-r~.~tli;otJ..l~t nffi£>1$';1 Y'~ltt!!'!tt~H1. StUd ~tlnl tCJ:r~d brotad.Ct'.\sia\ 1 tht\ toll.owin!,£ ~o~ao~ ~1:9:te eo~­ stJlte'ti fr.'J~ t~ in4i"V"idu~l oh~lJl't~v.~ ()f' this r~Ol"ia &~l~~~l. .~~9!)lUo;n. l:nte·)":nt!t1onnl x-t~n~ttliey .5tuatt Doct~U:l!entst Rt~J;)e .l}tlJ.~e~ o£ ~·~M:3t'1snt~ of lr~q-