Haiti - Urban sector survey

Report No. 2152-HA t I Haiti rA~~FLE COpy Haiti Urban Sector Survey April 19, 1979 Country Programs Department I Latin America and the Caribbean FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Document of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  This report is based on findings of an urban sector mission which visited Haiti in November 1977. The mission was led by Friedrich Kahnert and included World Bank staff members Ulrich Thumm and Charles Goldfinger and consultants Luther Bourne, Jean Damico and Simon Fass. Currency equivalence: US$1.00 = Gourdes 5.00 Fiscal year: October 1 - September 30  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY HAITI URBAN SECTOR SURVEY TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET MAP IBRD 13769 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . ................................ . ...........* * i-ii MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................... iii-xi Chapter I: THE SPATIAL DIMENSION OF HAITI's SOCIOECONOMIC SYSTEM 1 A. Demographic Features ................. s**............. 1 B. Spatial Difficulties in Socioeconomic Conditions ........ 3 C. The Spatial Impact of Government - Past Trends in Major Policy Areas ........ .. ....................... . 7 D. Regional Decentralization in the Second Plan Period ..... 14 E. Summary and Conclusions ... .. ............. ......... 16 Chapter II: URBAN EMPLOYMENT ........................................ 19 A. Overview of Employment and Unemployment ................. 19 B. Manufacturing Industry .............................. 21 C. Handicrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27 D. Construction .. . . . *. . . . . . . . . .. .0. . . . . 29 E. The Informal Sector . .................. ..........30 F. Summary and Conclusions ........... . ..... ....... 33 Chapter III: URBAN SERVICES ................................................. 35 A. Shelter - Port-au-Prince ... .. ... . ..... .. 35 B. Environmental Management - Port-au-Prince c.............c 46 C. Water - Port-au-Prince ................................. 56 D. Transport - Port-au-Prince ........ ................ 64 E. Urban Services in Three Provincial Towns ................ 71 F. Summary and Conclusions ................. . ........ 82 Chapter IV: URBAN MANAGEMENT ..... ........ . ........ ............. 89 A. Some General Factors Affecting Institutional Performance 89 B. Regulatory Powers and Instruments ....... 92 C. General Institutional Structure and Overall Urban Management ................. .. ..... .. 94 D. Urban Employment Promotion Institutions 101 E. Urban Service Delivery Institutions 106 F. Summary and Conclusions .115 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  -2- Page No. Chapter V: URBAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND OPPORTUNITIES ......... . 119 A. Alternative Spatial Development Strategies ............. . 119 B. Overall Economic and Financial Implications ...... ....... 122 C. Some Factors Conditioning World Bank Involvement ........ 130 D. Urban Project Opportunities ............................. 133 E. Summary and Conclusions ....................... ........... 141 TEXT TABLES Tables Relating to Chapter I I-1 AVERAGE NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPUT, BY REGION, HAITI 1976 .. 4 I-2 INDUSTRIAL LABOR FORCE BY DEPARTEMENTS, HAITI 1950 AND 1971 ....................................... 10 I-3 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT, POPULATION AND INCOME-PERCENTAGES ............. ........................... 15 Tables Relating to Chapter II II-1 POPULATION AND LABOR FORCE, HAITI 1971 .................... 20 II-2 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTORS, HAITI 1950 and 1971 .... ............ 21 Tables Relating to Chapter III III-1 GROSS RESIDENTIAL DENSITIES IN PORT-AU-PRINCE, 1976 ....... 36 III-2 ESTIMATED HOUSING INVESTMENTS IN PORT-AU-PRINCE, 1976-1981 42 III-3 PUBLIC HOUSING PROJECTS MANAGED BY THE ONL ................. 43 III-4 STRUCTURE OF PORT-AU-PRINCE RESIDENTIAL WATER DISTRIBUTION FROM THE CAMEP SYSTEM, 1976 ..... .......................... 59 III-5 ESTIMATED STRUCTURE OF DAILY TRANSPORTATION DEMAND FOR WORK-RELATED TRIPS IN PORT-AU-PRINCE, 1975 and 1986 ....... 65 III-6 INCREASE IN MOTORIZED VEHICLES IN PORT-AU-PRINCE, 1971-1975 67 III-7 FORECAST INCREASE IN VEHICLES IN PORT-AU-PRINCE, 1975-1986 68 III-8 STRUCTURE OF FAMILY HOUSING EXPENDITURES IN PORT-AU-PRINCE AND OTHER TOWNS IN 1970 ........... ........................ 73 III-9 INVESTMENT IN THE BUILDING SUB-SECTOR, 1976 - CAP HAITIEN, GONAIVES AND LES CAYES (US$) .............................. 73 III-10 FORECAST OF SHELTER CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY IN CAP HAITIEN, GONAIVES, AND LES CAYES, 1976-1981 .............. .......... 74  -3- Page No. Tables Relating to Chapter IV IV-1 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES IN 1975/76 ................ * *.......... . .................... 100 Tables Relating to Chapter V V-1 SUMMARY RESULTS OF POPULATION PROJECTIONS BY SPATIAL STRATEGY, HAITI 1986 and 2001 ............................. 121 V-2 TOTAL ANNUAL CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS BY REGION AND BY STRATEGY ............................*.............**.*. 124 V-3 VOLUME AND GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF DISCRIMINATORY SPATIAL INVESTMENT PROGRAM COMPARED TO PLANNED PATTERN OF INVESTMENT, HAITI 1976-1986 ................ o......... ... 126 V-4 PRIORITY RANKING OF SLUM-UPGRADING IN PORT-AU-PRINCE ...... 140 ANNEX TECHNICAL NOTE ON THE COMPILATION OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION STATISTICS ..................................................... 148 TECHNICAL NOTE ON ESTIMATING THE REGIONAL INCIDENCE OF THE FISCAL SYSTEM (tax revenues and fiscal expenditures) AND OF PLANNED GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES ................. 151 A. Tax Revenues .............. *........ ..... .0........................... 151 B. Fiscal Expenditures ......... . . . . . . . . . . . .............. ........ .... 152 C. Planned Government Development Expenditures ............ 153 Table: 1.1 POPULATION BY DEPARTEMENT AND ARRONDISSEMENT, HAITI, 1950 and 1971 .*........ a........*.......... 155 1.2 POPULATION BY DEPARTEMENT AND ARRONDISSEMENT, HAITI, 1950 and 1971 . . ..... ............... *..... 156 1.3 SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN POPULATION BY ARRONDISEMENT, HAITI, 1950, 1971, 1975 .......... 157 1.4 RESIDENT POPULATION OF DEPARTMENTAL CAPITALS, HAITI, 1976 ..................................... 158 1.5 (a) NET MIGRATION (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL) BY DEPARTEMENT, HAITI 1973 ......................... 159 1.5 (b) CUMULATED NET MIGRATION BY DEPARTEMENT AND AREA OF RESIDENCE, HAITI 1971 ........................ 160 1.6 DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR INCOME BY INCOME CLASSES AND GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, HAITI 1976 .............. 161 1.7 DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONAL INCOME BY CLASSES AND GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, HAITI 1976 .................. 162  -4- Page No. Table: 1.8 MINIMUM PER-CAPITA CONSUMERS EXPENDITURE BY TOWNS AND REGIONS, HAITI 1976 ..... .............. 163 1.9 PEOPLE LIVING UNDER CONDITIONS OF ABSOLUTE POVERTY, HAITI, 1976 ....... ..................... 164 1.10 NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN AGED 0-6 BY REGION, HAITI 1974/77 ...... ..................... 165 1.11 REGIONAL INCIDENCE OF FISCAL SYSTEM, HAITI 1975/76 . 166 1.12 AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY PRICES, HAITI 1970 AND 1974 (MARKET PRICES AT DIFFERENT PLACES IN US$ PER METRIC TON) ...... ............. 167 1.13 AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY PRICES, HAITI 1968/74 (MARKET PRICES AT DIFFERENT PLACES, ANNUAL AVERAGES, 1968=100) ....... ....................... 168 1.14 IDAI LOANS BY DEPARTEMENT, 1972/75 (PERCENTAGES). 169 1.15 TEACHERS AND SCHOOL-AGE POPULATION PER TEACHER BY DEPARTEMENT, HAITI 1975/76 ..... .............. 170 1.16 PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES BY SECTORS, HAITI 1972-1981 ......... ........................ 171 1.17 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES, HAITI 1976/81 (PERCENTAGES) .... ... 172 2.1 EMPLOYMENT AND SALARIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES OF THE MODERN SECTOR IN HAITI BY INDUSTRIAL BRANCH AND ACCORDING TO REGISTRATIONS IN THE INSURANCE SYSTEM (OFATMA) IN NINE URBAN CENTERS IN 1975/76 .173 2.2 EMPLOYMENT IN PORT-AU-PRINCE, 1975 .174 2.3 EMPLOYMENT IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY, PORT-AU- PRINCE 1976 ......... 175 3.1 COST OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN PORT-AU-PRINCE (US$1976) . ....................................... 176 3.2 WAGES IN HOUSING CONSTRUCTION (US$1976 per day) 177 3.3 STRUCTURE OF HOUSING CONSTRUCTION COSTS (US$1976 per m ) . .... 178 3.4 EVOLUTION OF COSTS OF ST. MARTIN UPGRADING PROGRAM ..... 179 3.5 EVOLUTION OF COSTS OF DROUILLARD SITES AND SERVICES PROJECT ............... 180  -5- Page No. ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING ............. ......................... 181 ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS ......... ................. 182 Table: 4.1 TAX RECEIPTS OF SELECTED MUNICIPALITIES AFTER DEDUCTIONS - GOURDES .183 5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS BY REGIONS AND SPATIAL STRATEGY, HAITI 1976-2001 ....................... 184 5.2 POPULATION GROWTH AND STRUCTURE BY URBAN AND RURAL AREAS BY SPATIAL STRATEGY, HAITI 1950-2001 .185 5.3 LABOR FORCE BY REGIONS, HAITI 1976, 1986 and 2001 .186 5.4 INCREASES IN POPULATION AND LABOR FORCE BY REGION, HAITI 1976-1986-2001 ..... ............... 187 5.5 CAPITAL STOCK, HAITI 1976 ...... ................. 188 5.6 CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ALTERNATIVE SPATIAL STRATEGIES, HAITI 1976-1986-2001 .189 MAPS IBRD 13652 IBRD 13680 IBRD 13663  PaRe I TABLE 3A HAITI - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET HAITI REFERENCE GROUPS (ADJUSTED AVERAGES /a LAND AREA (THOUSAND SQ. KM.) M- OST RECENT ESTIMATE) TOTAL 27.8 SAME SAME NEXT HIGHER AGRICULTURAL 14.7 MDST RECENT GEOGRAPHIC INCOME INCOME 1960 Lb 1970 Lb ESTIMATE Lb REGION /c GROUP /d GROUP Le GNP PER C P_TfA (US$) 110.0 130.0 230.0 1066.7 182.9 432.3 ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA (KILOGRAMS OF COAL EQUIVALENT) 36.0 34.0 30.0 911.1 88.9 251.7 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS TOTAL POPULATION, MID-YEAR (MILLIONS) 3.6 4.2 4.7 URBAN POPULATION (PERCENT OF TOTAL) 15.0 18.7 23.1 57.9 15.0 24.2 POPULATION DENSITY PER SQ. KM. 131.0 153.0 168.0 25.6 46.8 42.7 PER SQ. KM. AGRICULTURAL LAND 303.0 306.0 319.0 77.6 254.1 95.0 POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE (PERCENT) 0-14 YRS. 42.0 41.5 41.3 42.0 43.6 44.9 15-64 YRS. 54.9 54.0 54.7 52.2 53.3 52.8 65 YRS. AND ABOVE 3.1 4.5 4.0 3.7 2.9 3.0 POPULATION GROWTH RATE (PERCENT) TOTAL 1.6 1.6 1.6 /f 2.7 2.4 2.7 URBAN 2.6 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.0 8.8 CRUDE BIRTH RATE (PER THOUSAND) 39.9 37.6 35.8 /R 35.8 44.3 42.2 CRUDE DEATH RATE (PER THOUSAND) 21.8 17.8 16.3 /g 9.1 19.7 12.4 GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE .. 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.9 3.2 FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS, ANNUAL (THOUSANDS) .. .. .. USERS <PERCENT OF MARRIED WOMEN) .. .. .. 15.1 14.6 14.2 FOOD AND NUTRITION INDEX OF FOOD PRODUCTION PER CAPITA (1970-100) 102.0 100.0 102.9 102.1 96.4 104.3 PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF CALORIES (PERCENT OF REQUIREMENTS) .. .. .. 103.9 92.3 99.5 PROTEINS (GRAMS PER DAY) .. .. .. 60.3 50.0 56.8 OF WHICH ANIMAL AND PULSE .. .. .. 26.7 13.9 17.5 CHILD (AGES 1-4) MORTALITY RATE 27.0 33.0 .. 8.7 .. 7.5 HEALTH LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (YEARS) 43.2 47.7 50.0 /a 62.6 45.8 53.3 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (PER THOUSAND) 200.0 .. 149.1 56.9 102.7 82.5 ACCESS TO SAFE WATER (PERCENT OF POPULATION) TOTAL .. .. 12.0 60.7 26.4 31.1 URBAN .. .. 46.0 78.0 63.5 68.5 RURAL .. .. 3.0 34.9 14.1 18.2 ACCESS TO EXCRETA DISPOSAL (PERCENT OF POPULATION) TOTAL .. .. .. 61.1 16.1 37.5 URBAN .. .. .. 80.3 65.9 69.5 RURAL .. .. .. 25.4 3.4 25.4 POPULATION PER PHYSICIAN 10600.0 11730.0 8510.0 1899.3 13432.7 9359.2 POPULATION PER NURSING PERSON 10310.0 7460.0 5550.0 1220.1 6983.3 2762.5 POPULATION PER HOSPITAL BED TOTAL 1790.0 1370.0 1450.0 /h 422.3 1157.6 786.5 URBAN .. .. 290.0 /h 258.2 183.3 278.4 RURAL .. .. 5270.0 /h 2281.6 1348.8 1358.4 ADMISSIONS PER HOSPITAL BED .. .. .. 25.6 19.5 19.2 HOUSING AVERAGE SIZE OF HOUSEHOLD TOTAL .. 4.6 .. 5.2 5.2 URBAN .. 4.8 .. .. 4.8 RURAL .. 4.5 .. .. 5.3 AVERAGE NUMBER OF PERSONS PER ROOM TOTAL .. 2.1 .. 2.0 URBAN .. 2.2 .. 2.1 1.8 2.3 RURAL .. 2.1 .. 2.7 ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY (PERCENT OF DWELLINGS) TOTAL .. .. 2.9 51.2 25.9 28.3 URBAN .. .. .. 77.3 RURAL .. .. .. 12.8 .. 10.3  Page 2 TABLE 3A HAITI - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET HAITI REFERENCE GROUPS (ADJUSTED AVERAGES /a - HOST RECENT ESTIMATE) SAME SAME NEXT HIGHER HOST RECENT GEOGRAPHIC INCOME INCOME 1960 /b 1970 /b ESTIMATE /b REGION /c GROUP /d GROUP /e EDUCATION ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIO! PRIMARY: TOTAL 46.0 50.0 70.0 103.5 62.9 75.8 FEMALE 42.0 43.0 .. 102.9 45.9 67.9 SECONDARY: TOTAL 4.0 6.0 8.0 37.2 14.4 17.7 FEMALE 2.0 4.0 .. 37.9 8.8 12.9 VOCATIONAL (PERCENT OF SECONDARY) 21.0 19.0 8.0 14.7 6.6 7.4 PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO PRIMARY 43.0 45.0 .. 32.8 38.5 34.3 SECONDARY 13.0 18.0 *- 17.8 19.8 23.5 ADULT LITERACY RATE (PERCENT) 10.0 20.0 .. 74.9 36.7 O3.7 CONSUMPTION PASSENGER CARS PER THOUSAND POPULATION 2.0 3.0 3.2 26.9 3.1 7.2 RADIO RECEIVERS PER THOUSAND POPULATION 5.0 17.0 20.0 173.5 31.1 71.1 TV RECEIVERS PER THOUSAND POPULATION 0.5 2.0 2.9 69.4 2.8 14.1 NEWSPAPER ("DAILY GENERAL INTEREST") CIRCULATION PER THOUSAND POPULATION 11.0 19.0 21.0 72.8 6.0 16.3 CINEMA ANNUAL ATTENDANCE PER CAPITA .. .. .. 4.3 1.4 1.6 EHPLOYMENT TOTAL LABOR FORCE (THOUSANDS) 2100.0 2150.0 2357.0 FEHALE (PERCENT) 47.4 47.4 47.2 21.4 24.2 28.0 AGRICULTURE (PERCENT) 83.0 73.7 .. 37.8 60.7 54.1 INDUSTRY (PERCENT) 6.4 7.2 .. PARTICIPATION RATE (PERCENT) TOTAL 55.8 50.6 50.5 30.8 39.8 37.8 MALE 59.7 55.2 55.1 47.2 53.3 50.3 FEMALE 52.1 46.4 46.2 13.2 19.6 20.9 ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO 0.8 0.8 .. 1.7 1.3 1.3 INCOME DISTRIBUTION PERCENT OF PRIVATE INCOME RECEIVED BY HIGHEST 5 PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. 28.9 20.3 19.5 HIGHEST 20 PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. 57.7 45.1 48.9 LOWEST 20 PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. 3.2 5.7 5.9 LOWEST 40 PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS .. .. .. 10.7 16.8 15.7 POVERTY TARGET GROUPS ESTIMATED ABSOLUTE POVERTY INCOME LEVEL (US5 PER CAPITA) URBAN .. .. 159.0 251.9 88.5 155.9 RURAL .. .. 135.0 200.6 71.9 97.9 ESTIMATED RELATIVE POVERTY INCOME LEVEL (US$ PER CAPITA) URBAN .. .. 189.0 403.1 100.8 143.7 RURAL .. .. 34.0 258.0 42.0 87.3 ESTIMATED POPULATION BELOW POVERTY INCOME LEVEL (PERCENT) URBAN .. .. 55.0 24.8 46.0 22.9 RURAL .. .. 78.0 65.2 48.0 36.7 Not available Not applicable. NOTES La The adjusted group averages for each indicator are population-weighted geometric means, excluding the extreme values of the indicator and the most populated country in each group. Coverage of countries among the indicators depends on availability of data and is not uniform. /b Unless otherwise noted, data for 1960 refer to any year between 1959 and 1961; for 1970, between 1969 and 1971; and for Most Recent Estimate, between 1973 and 1977. /c Latin America 6 Caribbean; /d Low Income ($280 or less per capita, 1978); /e Lower Middle Income ($281-550 per capita, 1976); /f 1970-76 growth rate is 1.8 percent: a Haitian Institute of Statistics data for crude birth and death rates and for life expectancy at birth are 36.8, 14.5 and 52.2 respectively; /h 1972. September, 1978  DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL INDICATORS P.gei 3 5~.:The adjusted group averages fot each indicator are population-weighted geometric means, excluding the extrene values of the inuicacor ana the most populated country in each group. Coverage of countries amang the indicatora dapenda on availability of data and is not uniform. Due to lack of data, group avetages fat Capital Sutplua Oil Exporters end indicatots of accesa to watet and excrete disposal, houaing, incone distribution and povetty aet simple population-weighted geometric neana withaut the excluaion af extteme values. LAND AREA (thousand sq. kmn) Population pet hospital bed - total, urban, and total - Population (total. Total - Total surface area comprising land area and inland watara. urban, and rural) divided by their respective number of hospital beds Agricultural - Most recent estisate of agricultural area used tenporarily available in public and private general and specialized hospital and te- or permanently for crops, pastures, market and kitchen gardens or to habilitation centers. Hospitals are establishments permanently staffed by lie fallow, at least one physician. Establishments providing principally custodial care are not included. Rural hospitals, however, include health and eodi- CGN' PER CAPITA (US$) - CN4P per capita estinates at current market prices, cal centers not permanently staffed by a physician (but by a medical as- calculaetd by same conversion method as World Bank Atlas (1975-77 basis); sistant, nurse. midwife, etc.) which offer in-patient accommodation and 1960, 1970, and 1977 date, provide a limited range of medical facilities. Admissions per hospital bed - Total number of admigsions to or discharges ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA - Annual consumption of commercial energy from hospitals divided by the number of beds. (coal and lignite, petroleum, natural gas sod hydra-, nuclear and geo- thermal electricity) in kilograms of coal equivalent per capita. HOUSING Average sine of household (persons per household) - total, urban, and rural - POPUILATION AND VITAL STATISTICS A household consists of a group of individuals who share living quarters To tal population, mid-year (millions) - As of July 1; if not available, and their main meals. A boarder or lodger may or may not be Included in average, of two end-yost estimates; 1960, 1970, and 1977 data, the household for statistical purposes. Statistical definitions of house- Urban population (percent of total) - Ratio of urban to total popula- hold vary. tion; different definitions of urban areas may affect comparability Average number of persons per room - total, urban. and rural - Average num- of data umong countries, ber of persons per room in all, urban, and rural occupied conventional Population density dwellings, respectively. Dwellings exclude non-permanent structures and Per sq. km. - Mid-year population per square kilometer (100 bectares) unoccupied parts. of total area. Access to electricity (percent of dwellings) - total, urban. and rural - Par sq. km. agriculture land - Computed as above for agricultural land Conventional dwellings with electricity in living quarters as percentage only. of total. urban, and rural dwellings respectively. Population age structure (percent) - Children (0-li years), working-ago (15-64 years). and retired (65 years and over) as percentages of mid- EDUCATION year population. Adjusted enrollment ratios Population growth rate (percent) - total. and urban - Compound annual Primary school - total, and female - Total and female enrollment of all ages growth rates of total and urban mid-year populations for 1950-60. at the primsry level as percentages of respectively primary school-age 1960-70, and 1970-75. populations; normally includes children aged 6-11 years but adjusted for Crude birth rate (per thousand) - Annual live births per thousand of different lengths of primary education; for countries with universal edu- mid-year population; ten-year arithmetic aversges ending in 1960 and cation enrollment may exceed 100 percent since some pupils are below or l'9-O and five-year average ending in 1975 for most recent estimate, above the official school age. (rude death rate (per thousand) - Annual deaths par thousand of mid- Secondary school - total, and female - Computed as above; secondary educa- year population; tan-year arithmetic averages ending in 1960 and 1970 tion requires at least four years of approved primary instruction; pro- and five-year average ending in 1975 for most recent estimate. vides general vocational, or teacher training instructions for pupils Groan reproduction rate - Average number of daughters a woman will bear usually of 12 to 17 years of age; correspondence courses are generally in her normal reproductive period if she experiences present age- excluded. specific fertility rates; usually five-year averages ending in 1960, Vocational enrollment (percent of secondary) - Vocational institutions in- 1970, and 1975. clude technical, industrial, or other programs which operate independently Family planning - acceptors, annual (thousands) - Annual number of or as departments of secondary institutions. acceptors of birth-control devices under auspices of national family Pupil-teacher ratio - primary, and secondary - Total students enrolled in planning program. primary end secondary levels divided by numbers of teachers in the torte- Family planning - users (percent of married women) - Percentage of spending levels. married women of child-besting age (15-44 years) who use birth-control Adult literacy rate (percent) - Literate adults (able to read and write) as devices to all married women in same age group. a percentage of total adult population aged 15 years and over. FOOD AND NUTRITION CONSUMPTION Index of food production per capita (1970-100) - index number of per Passenger cars (per thousand population) - Passenger cars comprise motor cars capita annual production of all food commodities, seating less than eight parsons; excludes ambulances, hearses and military Per capita supply of calories (percent of requirements), - Computed from vehicles. energy equivalent of net food supplies available in country per capita Radio receivers (per thousand population) - All types of receivers for radio per day. Available supplies comprise domestic production, imports less broadcasts to general public per thousand of population; excludes unlicensed exports, and changes in stock. Net supplies exclude animal feed, seeds, receivers in countries and in years when registration of radio sets was in quantities used in food processing, and losses in distribution. Re- effect; data for recent years may not be comparable since most countries quirements were estimated by FAO based on physiological needs for nor- abolished licensing. sal activity and health considering environmental temperature, body TV receivers (per thousand population) - TV receivers for broadcast to geneald weights, age and sex distributions of population, and allowing 10 per- public per thousand population; excludes unlicensed TV receivers in coon- cent for waste at household level. tries and in years when registration of TV sets was in effect. Per capita supply ofoprotein (grZms.per day) - Protein content of per Newspaper circulation (per thousand population) - Shows the average circula- capita oar supply of food par dy Net supply of food is defined as tion of "daily general interest newspaper", defined as a periodical publi- above Requirements for all countries established by USDA provide for uation devoted primarily to recording general news. It is considered to a minimum allowance of 60 grams of total protein per day and 20 grams be "daily" if it appears at least four tines a week. of animal and pulse protein, of which 10 grams should be animal protein. Cinema annual attendance per capita per year - Based on the number of tickets These standards are lower than those of 75 grams of total protein and sold during the year, including admissions to drive-in cioemas and mobile 23 grams of aninal protein as an average for the world, proposed by units. FAO in the Third World Food Survey. Per capita protein supply from animal and pulse - Protein supply of food EMPLOYMENT derived from animals and pulses in gr-am per day. Total labor force (thousands) - Economically active parsons, including armed Child (ages 1-4) mortality rate (per thousand) - Annual deaths per thous- forces and unemployed bat excluding housewives, students. etc. Defini- and in age group 1-4 years, to children in this age group. tions in various countries are not comparable. Female (percent) - Female labor force as percentage of total labor force. HEALTH Agriculture (portent) - Labor forte in farming, forestry. hunting and fishing Life expectancy at birth (years) - Average number of years of life as percentage of total labor force. remaining at birth; usually five-year averages ending in 1960, 1970, Industry (percent) - Labor force in mining, construction, manufacturing and and 1975. electricity, water and gas as percentage of total labor force. Infant mortality rate (per thousand) - Annual deaths of infants under Participation rate (percent) - total, male, and female - Total, male, and one year of age per thousand live birhts. female labor force as percentages of their respective populations. Access to safe water (percent of population) - total, urban. end rural - These are TLO's adjusted participation rates reflecting .,,e-se. Number of people (total, urban, and rural) with reasonable access to structure of the population, and long tine trend. safe water supply (includes treated surface waters or untreated but Economic dependency ratio - Ratio of population under 15 and 61 and ovr to uncontaminated water such as that from protected borsholes, springs, the labor force in ago group of 15-64 years. and sanitary wells) as percentages of their respective populations. Sn an urban area a public fountsin or standpost located not more INCOME DISTRIBUTION than 200 meters from a house may be considered as being within tea- Percentage of private income (both in cash and kind) received by richest 5 sonable access of that house. In rural areas reasonable access would percent, richest 20 percent, poorest 20 percent. and poorest 40 percent imply that the housewife or members of the household do not have to of households. spend a disproportionate part of the day in fetching the family's water needs. POVERTY TARGET GROUPS ACcess to excreta disposal (percent of population) - total, urban, and Estimated absolute poverty income level (US$ per capita) - urban and ru,ai - rurol - Number of people (total, urban, and rural) served by exireta Absolute poverty income level is that income level below which a minimal disposal as percentages of their respective populations. Excrete nutritionally adequate diet plus essential non-food requiramenta is not disposal may include the collection and disposal, with or without affordable. treatmenL, of human excrete and waste-water by water-borne systems Estimated relative poverty income level (US$ per capita) - urban and rural - or tho use of pit privies and similar installations. Relative poverty income level is that Income level less than one-third Population per physician - Population divided by number of practicing per capita peronal income of the country. physicians qualified from a medical school at university level. Estimated population below poverty income level (percent) - urban and rural Population per nursing person - Population divided by number of Percent of Dopulation (urban and rural) who are either "absolute poor" or practicing male and female graduate nurses, practical nurses, and "rela.tive Poor' whichever is greater. assistetnt nurses. Economic and Social Data Division Economic Analysis and Projections Dep,rt-nct  (4D t Do 70