Case C- 666 /23, Volkswagen (Right to Adequate Compensation): Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 1 August 2025 (request for a preliminary ruling from the Landgericht Ravensburg – Germany) – CM, DS v Volkswagen AG (Reference for a preliminary ruling – Approximation of laws – Approval of motor vehicles – Directive 2007/46/EC – Article 18(1) – Article 26(1) – Article 46 – Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 – Article 5(2) – Motor vehicles – Diesel engine – Pollutant emissions – Reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions limited by a temperature window – Defeat device – Protection of the interests of an individual purchaser of a vehicle equipped with an unlawful defeat device – Installation of that device after the vehicle’s entry into service – Right to compensation from the vehicle manufacturer on the basis of tortious liability – Ground for exemption – Unavoidable error on the part of the manufacturer as regards the unlawfulness of the defeat device – Principle of effectiveness – Adequate compensation for the loss or damage – Method of calculating compensation