Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 14 September 2023.#Volkswagen Group Italia SpA and Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft v Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Principle ne bis in idem – Penalty imposed concerning unfair commercial practices – Criminal nature of the penalty – Criminal penalty imposed in a Member State after the adoption of a penalty concerning unfair commercial practices in another Member State but which became final before the latter penalty – Article 52(1) – Limitations to the principle ne bis in idem – Conditions – Coordination of proceedings and penalties.#Case C-27/22.