Case C-27/22, Volkswagen Group Italia and Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft: Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 14 September 2023 (request for a preliminary ruling from the Consiglio di Stato — Italy) — Volkswagen Group Italia SpA, Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft v Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Principle ne bis in idem — Penalty imposed concerning unfair commercial practices — Criminal nature of the penalty — Criminal penalty imposed in a Member State after the adoption of a penalty concerning unfair commercial practices in another Member State but which became final before the latter penalty — Article 52(1) — Limitations to the principle ne bis in idem — Conditions — Coordination of proceedings and penalties)