Mali - Economic development in Mali : evolution, problems and prospects (Vol. 2 of 5) : Notes on agriculture, livestock and fisheries

R E ST R i cTrE D FILE COPY Report No. AW- 14a This report was prepared for use within the Bank and its aiffiliated organizations. They do not accept responsibility for its accuracy or completeness. The report r not be published nor may it be quoted as representing their views. INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVE1 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPME.NT ASSOCIATION ECONOMIC DEVELOPM:ENT IN MALI EVOLUTION, PROBLEMS AtND PROSPECTS (in five volumes) VOLUME 1I NOTES ON AGRICIJLTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FTISHERIES May 20, 1970 Western Africa Department  EXCHANGE RATES Prior to May 4, 1967 MF 246.853 = U.S. $1.00 MFl = aFAF May 4, 1967 to August 11, 1969 tD? 493.706 = U.S. $1.00 NT 1 = C:FAF 0.50 After August 11, 1969 MF 555.419 = U.S. $1.00 ME 1 = CFAF 0.50 iNote: Cost and investment figures given in thiJs report in Mali francs have not been adjusted for the partial devaluation which took place on August I1, 1969, Any dollar equivalents cited are at the previous rate of exchange unless otherwise noted.  AALI NOTES ON AGRICULTURE, LTVESTOCK ANrD FISHERIES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. THE COTTON PRODUCTION PROGRAM . ............................. I. Introduction ........ .................... .. . 1 II. FaLetors of Production ....................... 2 Improved Seed ............ 2 Plows and Animal-Traction.... ........, 3 Insecticides and Sprayers . 3 Fertilizer ... 4 Manlure Pits and Carts . ............ 5 Grouping of Fields , . . I*.. 6 Early Sowing... 6 Sowing Density and Sowing in Line . . . 7 Extension, Credit and urchasing. .. 7 SulDsidies ....................................... 9 III. Export Proceeds in Relation to Costs ................. 11 C ottonseed ............................ ........... 12 IV. Prospects and Investment Needs ........................ 12 Existing Proposals .. . 13 Some Alternatives . ................., 14 Financing ....................................... 15 GROUNDNUTS . ...... ............ 17 I. Development of Production, Marketing and Prices...... 17 The Aarket Situation ..................... . 18 II. Efforts to Increase Production ........................ 19 The Marketing Progran . . .......................... 21 Inproved Seeds , , . . ....... 21 TIproved Crop Husbandry... .......... . 22 Farm Decortication of Groundnuts . ............ 24 Appraisal of the Operation ........ ..... , 25  Page No. III. Prospects. ....... ............ . 26 Groundnuts and Cotton.. 27 RICE .. . ..... .. ... . ... 29 DIVERSIFICATION NTO OTHEROCRSP..... ............. 33 Sugar cane .................... .... 33 "European' Vegetables . . .................. . 34 Mangoes and Cashews . ...................... 35 Tea .. .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . ......... 36 DahL ,........ 37 Tobacco .. . .. ..*.* ...... .... . 38 Essential Oil of Orange ......................... 38 PRODUCTS DF WILD TREES AND PLANTS ......... ............ ... . 40 AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND THE PURCHASE AND DISTRIBUTIOU OF AGRICULTURAL INPUTS . . . ..... .. ......... 41 Agricultural equipment.L. . Fertiiizer .............. 42 Reorganization of Credit and Procurementt . 43 HMNAN DISEASE PND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ........... 45 THE SPECI]AL PROBLEM OF THE OFFICE DU NIGER . ...... 47 Output and Yieds ................................ 147 Financial Position of the Office ...... ........ t48 Principal Problems. .... . I ........ , 48 Proposals for a Study ... 49 LIVESTOCIK .... ..... 51 Beef Cattle ................... 51 Avrailable Statistics ................. 52 Cattle Marketing and Governmenl; Policy 52 Approaches to Development of the Cattle Industry 55 Genetic Improvement ......................... 56 Pasture Improvement ............................. 56 Ranches ..57 Disease Control . .57 Watering Points in GrazIng Areas . .58  Page No. LIVESTOCK con,t 'd Livestock Routes ........................... . 58 Policies and Administration ...................... 59 Other Animal Resources. . ......... 59 Animal By-Products . . ... ... 60 FISHING ........................ 61  VOLUME I1 iNOTES ON AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOWX ( A FISHERIES THE COTTON PRODUCTION PROGRAM I. Introduction 1. Table 1 gives figures on the development of cotton cultivation in Mali. The total amount of seed cotton mnarketed rose from 4,452 tons in 1954/55 to 44,939 tons in 1968/69.1/ Although a low-yielding, short- staple type of n;ative cotton has been grown in Mali since the Middle Ages, the cultivation of higher-yielding varieties suitable for industrial pro- cessing ha's developed only in recent decades. Modern cotton culture was first introduced in the irrigated area of the Office du Niger. The pro- duction of irrigated cotton reached a peak of 9,373 tons in 1963/64, but the area umder cultivation has since dropped steadily and output has been disappointing largely due to poor drainage conditions. Mealwhile, however, the output of rain-fed cotton has gone up markedly, under a program directed since 1952 by the CFDT (Compagnie Francaise pour 1le Developpement des Fibres Textiles) under contracts with successive governments. 2. This program has shown continuous progress in terns not only of the area under cultivation but also of yields, despite an economic situa- tion unfavorable to the expansion of market agriculture, which caused Malian farmers l:o reduce their involvement in market agriculture in general and which undoubtedly slowed the growth of cotton culture too. Progress was only briefly interrupted in 1965/66 and 1966/67 when the Government's concern about food crop production led to a temporary de-emphasis of cotton cultivation. In the last two years - 1967/6G and 1968/69 - non-irrigated cotton accounted for over 90 percent of total output. It is with the CFDT program that this memorandum is concerned. 3. Under this program, the CFDT has had a variety of responsibilities including the organization of the extensicn work, the supply of improved seed, the distribution of implements, fertilizers and insecLicides, the collection and purchase and, finally, the ginning of cotton. It has shared the marketing of cotton fiber abroad with SOMIEX (Societef Malienne d'Impor- tation et d'Exportation), the state trading corporation. SCAER (Service du Credit Agricole et de l'Equipement AgricoJe, an autonomous agricultural credit organization operating within the E,anque de Developpement du Mali) has handlead the foreign procurement of implements and other supplies which are sold against cash or seasonal credits reimbursed by deductions from amounts paid by CFDT for the farmers' cotton. 1/ The figures in Table 1 refer to seed cotton processed by established ginneries. Some seed cotton, variouslyr estimated at between 1,000 and 4,500 tons per year, is manually ginnedl and spun by artisans.  Table 1: COTTON PRODUCTION Tableau 1: PRODUCTION DU COTON Non-Irrigated Culture Irrigated Culture Total Mali Production Year Marketed &inned by CFDT Area Yield Production Area Yield Production of &ins Irrigated as 7 of Total (r1 of seed cotton) (MT 0o 110cr) (HecUares) (kg/ha) (MT of seed cotton) (Nectares) (kg/na) (iT cf fiber) Culture non-irriguee Culture irrigue_ dunCe Cormerotalisea Egrend par CFDT Superficie Rendement Production Superficie Rendemaent Production des Bgren. Irrigue'% du Total (Tm de coton graine) (TM de fibre) (Hectares) (kg/ha) (TN de coton graine) (Hectares) (kg/ha) (TM de fibre) 1949-50 1402 1 934 725 1950-51 1 365 2 122 643 1951-52 2 570 2 616 982 1952-53 2 391 2 831 845 1953-54 3 459 3 532 979 1954-55 1 127 3325 4 109 809 1 600 75 1955-56 1 538 3323 4 836 687 1 750 69 1956-57 2 603 3100 4 529 684 2 100 55 1957-58 2 884 3296 5 281 624 2 250 53 1958-59 3 825 3105 5 172 600 2 500 45 1959-60 2 653 4304 6 589 653 2 550 62 1960-61 6 393 5075 5 679 894 4 250 45 1961-62 5 894 1 376 42 503 138 6 990 6 817 1 025 3 900 54 1962-63 12 282 ) j30 5o 706 235 7 706 7 996 964 6 100 39 1963-64 15 763 4 545 57 049 268 9373 7 372 1 271 7 200 38 1964-65 21 772 7 700 67 633 314 6 411 5 481 1 170 10 000 23 1965-66 16 184 5 846 56 228 282 2 275 5 404 421 6 650 13 1966-67 21 731 8 074 44 540 45o 6 235 4 191 1 1488 10 300 23 1967-68 29 888 11 307 58 832 496 2 730 3 926 695 12 300 8 1968-69 40 889 15 300 eat. 71 500 est. 572 est. 4 050 est. 3 208 1 260 est. 16 800 9 1969-70 2 680 exp.  4. liThe CMD7t s ownm cotton purcIhases are financed 1by seasonal credits extended by the i3anoue de DeveloppeTie-nt cLi hall (mLE). Contributions to the cost of the pro&arwa have been made by various orfanizationls. FAC has financed the costL of part of 0D CZDT ' ez-patriate stafjf and the construction of some ginneries and storage faciliti-es. :ED has pard for t:ae operation's vehicles. Furthermore, the prograaa benefite indirectly from "'TC subsidies to the prico, of' ag:ricultural impl1ements and froim PE) suLbsidies to the prices of fertilizers and1 insecticides (to be extended to :Lmple:aents in 1969/70). of After `innirE;, in.wl-hichl is fiaancially se12-b> e;,-oorting, CFDT sells part of the cinned cotton to ndfor eprt to both cleari:q,-zone and hard curreniZyr counitries, maprkets solme abroad itself, and sells a srll31 amount tco COJAn-STE- (Conrbinat `%alienne de ?eictiles) to cov7-er the difference betwreen its needs and 7That the Office duli 1'iEer can deli-ver. IT. Factors of Froc.uction 6. G-.:rowth of non-irrigated cotto prodict on is obviously closely related to the effectiveness of the CThDP 4-n introducing new- cultural tech- nLicues. ,Thile production has increased duLe to an e,nansion of the culti- vated area as wTelrl as to higher yields, the latter accounts for most of tlhie gro.th. Mields have risen fourfold since independence, as more and .nore famners began to use improved seeds, iisectici des, m.aure and ferti- lizer and adopted culturalr techniques in accordance w.ith CFD? recormnxenda- tions. The area sown to co-1tot increased ablou-t 70 percent duringE the saxae period. The dependabilitiy of the niarket uro- ided l- CFDT 2and the wi der use of plovws aznd anima-l traction are lard ely respa 2sibole .for increase in the cultivated area. The use o-f addit- onal inputs and i eplem.rents has increased the farner' s returns per unit of h]is llabcr. 7. iarmers. have been highly selective in adopting C.TDT-advocatued -practices. T'ablea2 show.rs ado-)tion rates for some cf the :ore -pooular ones. Improved Seed 8. i'irballv al^11 farwers in the 02D,10 zonLe mase ii-auarmved seed. CFD1' distribute;s enough for -tieir needs and more for farmers out,side its zone. Traitio-m aJ haliaan varieties do not yield fliber of industrial quality. The varietT; now7 ir use, llle;n 333-52, an Imerican -_land tse weith medium-lone fibers, haa a yield 25-30 percent hi-her Uhma the improved variety u.sed 10 years aL,o. .his year, CD'' will start replacing it; wTith BJA 592, ^thich is eppected to increase -,ields another 5-10 perc cnt, ceteris paribns. 9. ,'borL oL, the tcstPLnc, and- a-,^-iDtaticn of new- varieties is carried ou-t loy MI:C" (Ins-titute for CotVon-Te?-tile Yesearch) at ogoni in the Office  Table 2: COTTON: AL)O"T1iON OU' fRODLICTION INPUTS AND FARM EQUIPMENT IN CFDT ZONE Tableau 2: COTON: Uh.LTISATI )1 DFS !PROLU_T3 GHIMIQUES ET DU M4TERTkL AG0.COL EN ZONE CFDT 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66 1966-67 1967-68 1968-69 Improved Seed/Semences Selectionnees Tons distributed/Distributions en tonnes 1 204 1 714 2 158 2 307 2 574 2 462 2 382 Percent of non-irrigated cotton area covered/ Partie des surfaces emblavees couvertes 105 125 140 126 169 204 150 Insecticides Hectares treated at least 3 times/ Hectares traites au moins 3 fois 1 187 2 708 6 429 10 440 10 178 18 793 28 895 Percent of total area/ 2.3 4.7 9.6 18.6 22.8 31.9 40.5 Pourcentage de superficie totale 2,3 4,7 9,6 18,6 22,8 31,9 40,5 Hectares treated at least 4 times/ Hectares traites au moins 4 fois 4 802 4 564 7 881 Fertilizer/Engrais Hectares receiving recommended dose/ / Hectares ayant recus le, dosage recommande 228 893 1 824 4 119 6 42 10 229 15 373 21 739 Percent of total area/ 0.5 1.7 3.2 6.1 11.4 23 26 30.4 P5'srcentage de aiperficto totale 0,5 1,7 3,2 6,1 11,4 23 26 30,4 Manure Hectares receiving significant application/ Nectares ayant recus des quantites appreciables 5 420 9 921 11 594 Percent of total area 8 22.2 19.7 Pourcentage de superficte totale 8 22,2 19,7 Farm Equipment/Mate'riel Agricole Number bought in year X and still in use No. bought Total no. in Percent of families in 1968 use in 1967 in CFDT zone now plus those owning usable sold in 1968 equipment Quantite achete'e pendant -'annee et encore utilisable Achats en Tot ..1 +f;.. Pour,er+ , ai f- 1968 sable en 1967 milles en zone en plus les possedant du ventes en materiel en bon 1968 e'tat 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Insecticide sprayers/Pulverisateurs 540 1 810 1 012 924 1 000 2 196 6 710 7 Plows and Multicultivators/Charrues et multiculteurs 2 907 1 505 1 577 1 655 750 1 366 17 934 19 Carts and cart axles/Charettes et essieuxr 130 104 36 630 1 061 5 710 6  du l,ir,er, and at Ki1farla, nor-thwest of lHoutviala. FJCL has financed the foreign cost of thi s operation. In vi e-l of t:o e obvio-us pay-ofi' for the samall suns spent oi rese.rch, it is surprising that t,he Kosoni center may have to be closed in 1970 for lack of woney to pay three foreign research suecialists. PloiTs and Animal.-Tr action 10. Tab1:e 2 shows t1he rate at whicL C?PT-zone fari.mers have been acquiriL-c plows des-pite cer-tain supp y problems. it present, one faniJily- irn five owns a -lowr (and -presumably the oxen to pull it), but -he CFDT reports that two-thirds used plows for cotton tilling. Plow t:Lllage is more wides-read for C-cotton than for othier crcds, and a fa-iliy ,ithout a plolo often borro-ws one to cultivate -its cot,,ton, paying, in hand la-bor on the ouner1 s f.ar>,i. On an Thimou-n but much sy.leler portion of th.ae cotton land, plows are used to cultivate betwTeen the rows and redce hand-weecing needed. 11. ',dortion of ani-_oi-traction cultiva.tion defirite7-,)- enables fa=rmners to cultirsate more land. Preparatoryr tillage, lonig the priincipal labor bottlen.eck., talkes one-fourth ttlhe tiuic by -lo'