Zambia - Water supply and sewerage sector study (Vol. 1 of 2) : Main text

Report. No. 559a-ZA and Sewerage Sector Study (In Two Volumes) Volume 1: Text February 25, 1975 WHO/IBRD Cooperative Program Eastern Africa Regional Office Not for Public Use Document of the World Health Organization International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Development Asociation This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report.  CURRNCY -EUIVALENTS (October 1974) Currency Unit - Zambian Kiacha (K) US$ 1 K 0.61L K i - us$ 1.56 K 1 - 100 Nnwee MEASURES AND EQUIVALENTS Kilometer (Km) - 0.62 mile sqare rilnmat&r (Ki2) - 0.3K6 squnlare milm Moter (m) - 3.28 feet flnhin M.I,. t3) - 3 hie feet - 264 gallons (US) - 220 wn"lT nn ( T,wnv4 sl) Hectare (ha) _ 2.471 acres - 10,000 in LT-4+8P p-r efand% (l/8ec) - 19,900 Imperial Gal/bay AP'0t'1VVWIQ AUIL A121QDMv7TAf'TfWC GRZ - Government of the Republic of Zambia MDPNG - Ministry of Development, Planning and National Guidance NEC - Ministry of Education and Culture HF - Ministry of Finance NH Ministry of Health MLNR - Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MLGH - Ministry of Local Government and Housing MPTW - Ministry of Power, Transport and Works PSC - Public Service Comdiasion MRD - Ministry of Rural Development DWA - Department of Water Affairs (MRD) ZESCO - Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited BB - Buildings Branch (MPTW) PSC - Public Service Cownission IPF - Indicative Planning Figure NDP - National Development Plan  TAlRT v OF r TS1.rrm aTTha(ADV . .3wlJrUDaL.t1au *******... , ...* t * * *.*.. * .*........................ A 1L1... I .Jf .... ,M. Problems ardl Contstrair.to t.* . ... . . . .................. *@ B. Proposals and Recommendations ...ses.... ii C. Progrm Proposals ...... . ............. s. iv D. Technical Assistance vi E. Operation and Maintenance .....vi F. Composite Program .......... ..... ..... vi . Firnance * .................................. vii A. Motivation i........ ...... ....... 1 B. Setting ......s ... es... ... 1 C. Administration ....i0*-0066.. * D. Water Resources ........ ......... . 2 E. Population .....2 F. Economy 3 II. PRESENT SITUATION ..... ............. ... .3 A. Water Supply .... . . ..... . 3 B. Urban Situation .. ....... 3 C. Wastage and Leakage 3 D. System Characteristics 4 E. Rural Situation . 5 F. Hydrogeology ... ... o .... .. ... ........ . 5 G. Driliing 6 H. Sewerage . 6 I. Operation and Maintenance. 7 J. Institutional Characteristics 9........ 9 K. Manpower and Training ........ 10 L. Health I .................................... 12 M. Finance ... soooes........ 13 N. External Assistance .... 15 This report is based on the findings of a WHO mission consisting of Messrs. P. Bierstein, G. Bachman,lB. Fisher, D. Sieber and T. Jacobi. Bank observers/ advisers included Messrs. C. Morse and E. Bolte. R.R. Gupta of DWA provided liaison assistance.  Table of Contents (Continued) Page No. III. CONSTRAINTS, ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........ 16 A. Manpower ...................*e...... 16 B. Materials and Equipment ....* .............. 17 C. Technical Shortcomings ............ ........ 18 D. Organization and Management ............... 20 E. Legtislation ...... -.9........ ,, .,, .."... 23 IV. DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS . ................ - ..... . 24 A. General Setting . ......... . .. ................ . 24 B. Program Proposals .... ... .0.-... .... . ... ..... 24 - Water Supply ....**....****........ *... 25 - Sewerage - Excreta Disposal .......... . 28 C. Technical Assistance ................... 31 D. Operation and Maintenance Cost ....... ....... 31 E. Composite Program .. ....................... 32  PRE-INVESTMENT PROGRAM - STUDY DATA SHEETS 01. Training Program for Operations and Maintenance Staff of Water Supply and Sewerage Facilities 02. Provision of Professional Staff see 02 03. Water Supply and Sewerage - Lusaka 04. Pre-Tnvestment Studies for Urban Centers of Conner Belt 05. Rural Water Supnlv Proxeet 0i6 Srengthening nf HydvrnoPn1nolvra1 Artivitv in the Dlepartmentp of Water Affairs 07. Introduction of Drinking Water Quality Standards and Origins of Sur..1eillarc ne Sy,stem 08. StuCd- of Leaka- ard Waag ia- 4. TTUrban WTate Svuppyt Cyta no Strengther.ig of Activit n.. ..l Health 10%). WIn&atter cSupply an.d Sewerage Dat.a ar T- -.ora*..i SySt- 1I. Strengthening the WLater AcL. L Zmbuia Volume Two contains Annexes and Maps.   ANNEXES 1. Administrative Subdivisions, 1973 2. Population Projections by Province, 1969-1986 3. Population Growth - Historical and Prolected. 1963-1990 4. Historical and Projected Population Growth (Chart). 1963-1990 5. Characteristics of the Lusaka Water Supply System. 1973 6. Organization of the National Government. 1973 7. Water Supply Schemes Operated by DWA and BB- 1973 8. Organization of the Ministry of Rural Development; 1973 9. Organization of the Denartment of Water Affairsj 1973 10. Typical Organization of the Prnvinriia Water E.gineer, Department of Water Affairs, 1973 11. Organization of the Ministry of Power, Transport and Works, 1973 12. Water Supply and Sewerage Responsibilities by Function, 1973 13. Report of the Working Party Appointed to Review the Systems of Decentralized Admin4stratIon, Cabinet Ofce, Lus a May 1972 (Summary) 14. Authorized Positions and Vacancies, Water Affairs Department, October 1973 15 a Outputs of TechnI4a1 _A AAInIstratcon Institutions in, Zam b_, 1972 and 1974 16. Government Loans for Water Schemes, 1968-1973 17. Government Loans for Sewerage Schemes 1968-1973 18. Government Loans to City and Municipal Councils for Housing, 'Water Supply a,d Se-erage Purposes, 18- 19. Approximate I.-vesuent'LI- I 'water Supply and Sewerage Systems, i973 20. UTVrbL Waaer Supply System income and Expenditures, i972  21. Urban Sewerage System Income and Expenaitures, 1972 22. Rural Council Water Supply System Income and Expenditures, 1972 23. Urban Water Charges, 1973 24. Water Supply and Sewerage Operation and Maintenance Costs in Selected Places, 1973 25. Bilateral Assistance 26. Proposed Organization of the Department of Water Affairs, 1973 27. Second National Development Plan Allocations for Water Supply, 1972-1976 28. Capital Provisions for Water Supply and Sewerage, 1973 29. Central Government Revenues by Type, 1968-1973 30. Proposed Urban Water Supply Development Plan, 1974-1986 (Table and Chart) 31. Minimum Urban Water Supply Development Plan, 1974-1986 (Table and Chart) 32. Proposed Investment Program for Urban Water Supply, 1974-1986 (2 Tables and 1 Chart) 33. Minimum Investment Program for Urban Water Supply, 1974-1986 (2 Tables and 1 Chart) 34. Rural Water Supply Development Plan, 1974-1986 (2 Tables and 2 Charts) 35. Urban Sewerage Development Plans, 1974-1986 (3 Tables and 3 Charts) 36. Urban Sewerage Investment Program, 1974-1986 (3 Tables and 1 Chart) 37. Rural Sewerage Development Plan. 1974-1986 (2 Tables and 2 Charts) 38. Estimated Future Oneration and Maintenance Costs. 1974-1986 39. Reference Materials 40. Princinal Contacts  MAPS OF ZAMBIA A. Administrative B. Rainfall C. Water Courses D. Population Distribution, 1969 E. Water Supply and Sewerage, 1973 F. Copper Belt Cities and Municipalities   SUMMARY 0.0 Zobl' -Aul ao of loll mili- ---- 193i-Apc t ec I. '.' -=U&AUJ.La a jJWFjA.La L16.L%J& %J.. 't. LLL.LA.A.4.LL L &L 1.?1 J 4 .1 L Jj0 L UL Lr c1LLL 6.7 million in 1985 (50-50% urban-rural, compared to 35-65% in 1973). The of1 f'cia d1rL .L';i o L urban" irU.U L .La U ir,LcdLudes a-.ll coUu. Lri,iUbes J.11 LLte following categories: three cities, five municipalities and eleven townships. All other aggregates, iwnUcluding rural counciLs, are considered aS "rural". These definitions have been used in this study. In 1973, an estimated 75 percent o' its 1.6 m;'ilon urban population and 10 percent of its three million rural population had access to piped water systems. The 1969 census indicated that almOst 60 percent of urban dwelilers and between three and four percent of rural dwellers had flush toilets. 0.02 The Government is in its Second National Development Plan (1972- 1976) wnicn provides for some urban and rural water supply expansion, but there are no long-range goals for either water supply or sewerage. In this report it is suggested that Dy 1986 (ena or Fourtn NDP) 9U percent ot urban and 36 percent of rural populations will have access to piped water supply (house connections and stand pipes) and 60 percent urban and 15 percent of rural population will have access to water-borne sewerage. These targets have been determined on the basis of manpower and financial constraints. A. Problems and Constraints 0.03 The principal difficulties to be overcome in accomplishing these objectives relate to technical manpower, technical deficiencies, and insti- tutional and management weaknesses. Finance of development programs may constitute a problem in the future, although in recent years the GRZ has not called for outside assistance in support of water supply and sewerage activity. 0.04 The technical manpower problem is the principal constraint in the sector, it effectively inhibits an expansion in the development program, and even thereafter its effective continuation. It is characterized by: (i) the absence of Zambian Engineers in the sector, and consequent reliance on expatriates; (ii) dissatisfaction on the part of expatriates with working arrangements; (iii) inadequately trained sub-professional nationals, with resultant use of expatriates even in some of these positions; and (iv) the small number of secondary school leavers and students enrolling in science courses and the consequent low Droduction of engineers and sub-professionals.  - ii - O n05 T,.h-.c4al oh ,.,tcn&ifra nv4ar frem: ()the- l'ack of rainlpa.frwtrspl dswrg development; (ii) inadequate hydrogeological and hydrological data; (iii) incomplete plans and records; (iv) non-uniform and expensive designs resulting from the lack of appropriate Ues