Cameroon - Water supply and sewerage sector study (Vol. 2 of 2) : Annexes and maps

Report No. 902-CM FLE Cameroon: Water Supply and Sewerage Sector Study (In Two Volumes) Volume II: Annexes and Maps June 30, 1975 WHO/IBRD Cooperative Program Western Africa Regional Office Noft for PubiHc Use Document of the World Health Organization/World Bank This documenit has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Monetary Unit = CFA Franc (CFAF) 1 CFA Franc = US$0.0044 1 US$ = CFAF 225.00 FIVE-YEAR PLANS Third 1971-1976 Fourth 1976-1981 Fifth 1981-1986  TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I - TEXT SUMMARY AND INITIAL GOVERNMENT REACTIONS i -iv I. INTRODUCTION Page 1 The Study Definition of "Urban" and "Rural" Population Background Information II. PRESENT SITUATION Page 5 General Organization Staffing Population Served and Standards of Service Legislation Costs, Tariffs and Finances III. ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS Page 10 General Sector Objectives and Proposed Investment Programme Organization Recruitment, Training and Conditions of Employment Tariffs Studies STUDY DATA SHEFTS 001 to 007 VOLUME II - ANNEXES ANNEX I - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Geography and Climate Economy Water Resources Public Health Population Forecasts Map I : Rainfall and Relief Map II : Administrative Divisions Map III : Population Density (1971) Table I : Urban, Rural and Total Population Table II : Population of Small Administrative Centres, Table III: Regional Distribution of Population and Income Table IV : Rainfall at Selected Stations Table V : Waterborne Diseases ANNEX II - PRESENT SITUATION (Not included but available as a working paper) General Legislation Organization of Urban Water Supply Urban Water Consumption and Population Served Projections of Urban Water Consumption and Population Served Finance and Tariffs Current Development Programme in Urban Water Supply Urban Sewerage and Drainage Rural Water Supply  ANNEX II (Cont'd) Map I - Urban Water Supply Table I - Summary of the Third Five-Year Plan (1971-1976) Table II - Present Water Service for Towns with a System (30 June 1973) Table III - Projected Urban Water Demand (1976-1996) Table IV - Organization Chart of the Ministry of Mines and Energy Table V - SNEC - Organization Chart Table VI - SNEC - Staffing Situation and Regional Distribution of Manpower Table VII - Cost of Water Operations Table VIII - Water Tariffs and Cost of Water Sold Table IX - SNEC - Income Statements (1971, 1972, 1973) Table X - SNEC - Balance Sheets (1971, 1972, 1973) ANNEX III - URBAN AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMNT PROGRAMMES Urban Water Supply Rural Water Supply Chart I - Urban Water Supply Development Programme Table I - Urban Characteristics Related to Water Supply Table II - Urban Population Served at the End of Each Five-Year Plan Table III - Investment Needed to Serve 100% of the Urban Population by 1986 Table IV - Summary of Development Programme for Urban Water Supply Table V - Rural Water Supply Development Programme  ANNEX I TEXT BACKGROUND INFORMATION Geography and Climate 1. Regional differentiation is an essential feature of Cameroon. Since 20 May 1972, when French-speaking East Cameroon and English-speaking West Cameroon were merged into the United Republic of Cameroon, and central authorities were entrusted with the responsibilities of the two former governing bodies, attempts have been made to reconcile policies and practices which had differed mainly for historical reasons. Large differences, for instance in the urban water supply sector, continue to exist between the practices in the two former federated States. More important are those differences which result from natural and human, rather than political, conditions. 2. With an area of about 475,000 sq. km., Cameroon is the size of a large European country. Because of its longitudinal extension from the Equatorial zone to Lake Tchad, and of a high mountain range extending from West to central East, with elevations from sea-level to more than 4,000 m, it offers more climatic variety than is commonly found in other African countries. The East has ecological zones ranging from the wet southern equatorial forest to the central savannah and to the dry northern sahelian plains. The West and North-West provinces and the Department of Adamaoua (known as the "water castle" of Cameroon) are mostly the site of highlands and have abundant rainfalls, which increase in the plains towards the Gulf of Guinea, where the largest city, Douala, is located. The capital of the country, Yaounde, is in the South Central province, where elevations vary from sea-level to 1,000 m, with abundant rainfalls. 3. Generally, the country can be divided into five physical regions: the western highlands and the western and coastal lowlands with good cLimatic conditions and high population densities (culminating at 60 persons per sq. km. in the western highlands), and the North (north of isohyet 600 mm), the central savannah and the southern forest. While the southern forest has difficult climatic conditions and low population density (9 persons per sq. km.), the central savannah has good climatic conditions, but less than 4 persons per sq. km., due to the prevalence of tsetse infestation and the lack of a transportation network. These difficulties are currently dealt with by governmental action in order to promote this region. Due to histo- rical factors of ethnic and religious origins, the barren north-western hills of the northern province have higher population densities, despite the scarcity of their resources, than the adjacent plains to their south, which have good agricultural potential. These large, and sometimes paradoxical regional differences, are illustrated in Maps I, II and III, showing rain- fall and relief, administrative divisions and population densities. Economy 4. Another essential,feature of Cameroon is the predominance of agriculture over other sectors of the economy. Despite the current urban- ization process (the 28% of the population who live in cities are projected to increase to 43% by 1986), the country is still essentially rural  ANNEX I TEXT -2- (agriculture accounts for 40% of GDP), and most urban centres have population densities of less than 100 persons per hectare (as the outskirts of the administrative and commercial centres are sparsely populated villages). In the water supply, sewerage and drainage sector, population aggregates can be divided into three main categories (Table I): the 60 urban centres with populations of more than 6,000 in January 1974, totalling about 1,700,000 inhabitants; the 75 small administrative centres (Table II), which are mostly large villages which the Government intends to provide with water, electricity and other basic services, and which total about 170,000 inhabi- tants (1974); and the rural areas which often have high population density, but nearly always scattered dwellings, currently totalling some 4,400,000 people. The total population of Cameroon in 1974was around 6,300,000, with an average density of 13 persons per sq. km. The overall annual population growth rate is 2.2% and more than 50% of the population is less than 20 years old. Migration of the younger people from rural areas to cities has been a cause of official concern, as reflected in comments of the current five-year plan. While the creation of new job opportunities in cities is encouraged, the plan includes a number of projects for development of market gardening around large centres and creation of resettlement zones. Currently, nine re-settlement projects, concerning more than 200,000 people, are under way. However, the first results seem to indicate that migration takes place not from the large cities (such as Douala), but from densely-populated rural areas (such as the Bamileke country). Thus, it can be expected that the present urbanization trend will not decline until saturation of opportunities and infrastructure discourage it. In view of the general projections of the plan, it is estimated that this will not occur before at least 8 or 10 years. 5. Real per capita gross domestic product has been rising by approximately 4% per annum since 1964, and is currently about US$200 per year; the national target is to double the real per capita income between 1960 and 1980. There is very little data available on the regional distribution of income. Rural areas have a per capita income of about US$75, varying from US$40 in the North to US$70 in the densely populated western highlands and to US$100 in the rest of the country (Table III). There is practically no data on the regional distribution of urban income. With some exceptions (Douala, Yaounde, Ngadoundere, etc.), the wealth of urban communities is directly related to that of adjacent rural areas, which illustrates the important contribution of the agricultural sector to the economy. Water Resources 6. Water resources in Cameroon must be considered from two viewpoints; availability and accessibility. While there is abundant rainfall, and problems of availability only exist north of isohyet 1250 mm (Map I and Table IV), where the only perennial rivers are the Logone and the Benoue, accessibility seems to be a country-wide problem despite the dense network of surface water which exists south of the Department of Benoue, and the existence of underground water in most of the country. This problem is particularly serious for urban areas, where shallow underground water does not give the needed yields and the access to deep water is often difficult. In many places, urban centres were built close to roads rather than near lmportant streams, and the initial capacity of water sources cannot cope witb. the needs of present fast-growing populations. Generally the cost of water for cities is high, and important investments must be contemplated, evjen for centres with comparatively small populations.  ANNEX I TEXT _.3- Public Health 7. Public health data related to waterborne diseases, although scarce, indicate poor basic hygienic conditions, resulting in a high level of morbidity and mortality (Table V). Many water systems, particularly in the western provinces, supply untreated water. Where there have been cases of cholera, chlorination has been introduced. The population relies on the quality of the service since the water is generally clear. In centres like Bali, Tombel, Wum, Tiko (where only three thousand people have treated water), Kumba or Nkambe, the water is not treated at all; this has been responsible for endemic typhoid and other waterborne diseases. In Bamenda, only water for the hospital is chlorinated. In other systems like Foumban or Bafang, it was not until the occurrence of serious epidemic diseases that chlorination became compulsory. More serious is the case of the largest part of the population, which does not have piped water at all, particularly in the rural areas, in the outskirts of large cities, and in more than 50% of the centres identified as "urban". In cities which have piped water systems, there is generally a lack of sewerage. Where this exists, the effluent is discharged into nearby streams, resulting in contamination of sources, on which a large part of the population still rely for their water supply. Besides damage to property, the lack of drainage in cities like Douala, Victoria and Maroua causes periodic creation of ponds, and these areas of stagnating water further contribute to the insalubrity of these cities, where, because of the flatness of the soil, the cost of drainage is high. Population Forecasts 8. Table I contains projections of urban, rural and total population. In this table, overall estimated growth rates of 2.0% (until 1981) and 2.5% (1982-1996) have been used for the whole of Cameroon. The result of this projection does not affect urban water demand, but it maximises rural water demand, which is calculated by difference from the total.This allows for conservative projections of rural water demand, which are warranted at this stage, particularly in view of the rural migrations from the Sahelian countries to the North, the net recent immigration in the western regions, and the fact that rural emigration out of Cameroon is negligible. In these projections, the rural population is visualized as stabilizing between 1990 and 1996 at a level of less than 5 million. The urban population grows at a declining rate, and is projected to be more than 50% of total population in 1996. However this population will probably continue to live in centres which are a combination of urban and rural dwelling patterns, with gene- rally low population densities causing the cost of basic services, parti- cularly water supply, to be quite high.   N I G E R C C HAD I ; \KE CHAD K K. I ~ \ _ _ _ _ - r,Q rSUDAN ____ UPPER(. M-. - VOLTA s\ 2--~t :ENTRALAFRICAN . 4,< / \ ~~~~~~~YI r . REFU LIC,\.. INA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ z -: ., ENTAti5E rot- . RALUAFRCICAN A -1 Gu/S .- ;, ' , N I G E R I A Gei S . ', ~~~ J E :rl . , /' '4Ci *s! 8 ~~~C H A D -rzA^,r/s I CHAD : e:, : ,% ATlA UNITE REULCO7AEOO< -t P RAINFALL AND RELIEF i.'!Ju - 600 Isohyets In millimeters L . ar ElevatIonstri ' - - L 10 ........ .below 600 meters 600 - 900 meters _ . . . OtS 900 -1500 meters ...... . over 1500 meters j- Rivers Y - .-International boundaries K :N, l Xf .,, , .~~~~~~~~~~~~... .' /,, wS. ................ '''\.....| r 5 ~~~< Wr l______/_d_ls _ _5___ ___ 9/ it 7 t ; % = ' = . > { ,4,0 L._ r 1,2 ......... NIGERIA Vrzrz * I 6'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~KLMTR 6:: ~~~~~ .IEo p1 Merotn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . , - /~~~~~~~~~~~~,h INSULARGOINEA P IU B L / ~ ATAQNT C AL OCAN QAORATNA0AORINC N O A GUINEA10j ? I   MA A L I i4 1- ,N G e R / C H A D sA are A_ttSh. 5 5UDAN 1 ;4tE H CHAD MEMROO4d,,7 VOLTA ofd ,1 v\\ *v - na fsrtFourerJu12. ' -. .Go," e e . t z CCNGOg Z Ax I R E3 - ( AtZ,4,1atRte - .- S GABON j / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . (7\> ~@ AaAyVfil / CNTAAARIA UNITED REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON -rou ADMIlNISTRCTIVE DIVISIONS MAONS C AD ............... Province boundaries 4 _, ,;_ O l .Prvinion boundariesKet International boundaries Soider0 r - '-.-r YAOUNDE 6 Nationol copital BERTOUA O Province capitols Botvui 0 Division capitals GAROU Tib,li o Subdivisicn capitals Diq-rko District capitols _ ivers iEv O ' o 20 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 04 0iC,0 ]250 , 0b N IG E R I \ JrA DA M A O UA IJ , i N 0 H B5lryo WyJoaakn,4!i oitow 0v- rnr,f vy 0W E N' '' RoL Fuld