Response by the Delegation of Portugal to the Questionnaire on the Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security

The OSCE Secretariat bears no responsibility for the content of this document FSC.EMI/60/25 and circulates it without altering its content. The distribution by OSCE 15 April 2025 Conference Services of this document is without prejudice to OSCE decisions, as set out in documents agreed by OSCE participating States. ENGLISH only  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only

PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC

ANNUAL EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON THE CODE OF CONDUCT ON POLITICO-MILITARY ASPECTS OF SECURITY

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH DATE TO BE EXCHANGED: APR. 2025

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CONTENTS

3-4 List of Acronyms 4-45 Answers to the Questionnaire

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ACT Authority for Working Conditions AF Armed Forces AM/PM Maritime Authority/Maritime Police AT Tax and Customs Authority UCAT Anti-Terrorism Co-ordination Unit CCOS Council of Chiefs of Staff CHOD Chief of the General Staff CHODPD Chief of General Staff Force Planning Directive CIESS /GNR Centre of Explosive Inactivation and Underground Security CMS Compulsory Military Service COS Chiefs of Staff of Services - Navy, Army and Air Force CPC OSCE Conflict Prevention Centre CSP Private Security Council DGRM General Directorate for Natural Resources, Safety and Maritime Services EU European Union FPU Formed Police Units GIOE /GNR Special Operations Intervention Group GIOP /GNR Public Order Intervention Group GOE/PSP Special Operations Group GDND Governmental Directive for National Defence GNR National Republican Guard IAW In Accordance With IGAI Inspectorate-General of Home Affairs IPU Integrated Police Unit ISCPSI PSP Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security ISSC Intelligence Services Oversight Council LMS Law for the Military Service LOIC Law for the Organization of the Criminal Investigation MP Public Prosecution Service (Ministério Público) MoD Ministry of Defence MPL Military Procurement Law MoDDMD Ministry of Defence Directive for Military Defence MHA Ministry of Home Affairs MSC Military Strategic Concept MSCl Military Superior Council MSU Military Special Unit NATO SOFA Force Status Agreement of NATO parties NATO SOFA(PfP) Force Status Agreement of NATO PfP parties

3  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only NCO´s Non-commissioned Officers NDAFL National Defence and Armed Force Law NDL National Defence Law NDSC National Defence Strategic Concept NDSCl National Defence Superior Council OL Organic Law OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PM Prime Minister PJ Judiciary Police PR President of Republic CRP Portuguese Republic Constitution PSP Public Security Police CISMIL Portuguese Military Intelligence and Security Center SEPNA/GNR Environment and Nature Protection Service SIED Defence Strategic Intelligence Service SIRP Portuguese Republic´s Intelligence System SIS Intelligence Security Service SMAF Specific Missions for the Armed Forces SP Services Proposals UAF /GNR Fiscal Action Unit UCCF /GNR Borders and Coastal Control Unit UEPS /GNR Emergency Protection and Relief Unit UN United Nations UEP/PSP Special Police Unit

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QUESTIONNAIR ON THE CODE OF CONDUCT ON POLITICO-MILITARY ASPECTS OF SECURITY

Section 1: Inter-State elements

1. Account of measures to prevent and combat terrorism.

1.1. To which agreements and arrangements (universal, regional, sub regional and bilateral) related to preventing and combating terrorism is your State a party?

Answer: Portugal has been strongly co-operating in all the initiatives adopted by the United Nations, the European Council, and the European Union, with the objective of preventing and fighting radicalization, violent extremism and terrorist acts and terrorist organizations, in all its ways and forms, by adopting to the Portuguese legal framework the international treaties, decisions, directives and regulations.

After the 5th Constitutional revision, of December 2001, the Portuguese Constitution safeguards the application of criminal judiciary co-operation norms, as established within the European Union scope.

In the field of bilateral relations, Portugal has signed cooperation agreements with several countries.

The fundamental principles laid down by the legal instruments administered by the European Council were followed by the Portuguese legislators, not only in the revisions of the penal and prosecuting legislation, but also in the preparation of several legislation regarding, in particular, the protection of terrorism victims and the laundering of money or other assets, resulting from criminal activities, namely from terrorism.

Portugal is a party to the following conventions and agreements related to terrorism:

a) European Convention against Terrorism (Law 19/81 of the Portuguese Parliament);

b) European Convention on Extradition and additional Protocols (Resolution 23/89 of the Portuguese Parliament).

c) Europol Convention – which created the European Police Services, signed in 26JUL95;

d) Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism, (Resolution 51/2002 of the Portuguese Parliament).

5  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Concerning the UN anti-terrorism conventions and protocols, Portugal has signed and ratified all of them, and they have all entered into force as the table below shows:

Date of entering Conventions and Protocols into effect 1. Offences and certain acts committed on board aircraft (1963) 04DEC1969 2. Suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft (1970) 27DEC1972 3. Suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil 14FEB1973 aviation (1971) 4. Prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally 11OCT1995 protected persons (1973) 5. Against the taking of hostages (1979) 06AUG1984 6. Physical protection of nuclear material (1980) 06OCT1991 7. Suppression of unlawful acts of violence at airports 17JAN2002 serving international civil aviation, supp. To 1971 Convention (1988) 8. Suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime 04APR1996 navigation (1988) 9. Suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed 04APR1996 platforms located on the continental shelf (1988) 10. Marking of plastic explosives for the purpose of detection (1991) 08DEC2002 11. Suppression of terrorist bombings (1997) 09DEC2001 12. Resolution 1373 from UN Security Council 28SET2001 13. Suppression of the financing of terrorism (1999) 17NOV2002 14. Resolution 1624 from UN Security Council 15. Suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime 30JUN2015 navigation (2005 Protocol)

Since 31MAY2003 Portugal has officially joined the “Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI)” created to control the development and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction between states and non-governmental actors.

As a State-Member of the European Union, Portugal has adopted instruments in the legal framework of the European Union concerning the prevention and the fight against terrorism, in the field of police and judiciary cooperation:

- Decision 2003/48/JAI from the Council, of 19th December 2002, concerning the application of specific measures of police and judiciary cooperation in the fight against terrorism, under the terms of article 4º of Common Position of 2001/931/PESC. - Decision 2002/996/JAI from the Council, of 28th November 2002, which establishes a mechanism of evaluation of legal national regimes and their application at national level in the fight against terrorism.

6  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only - Framework-Decision from the Council, of 13th June 2002, concerning the fight against terrorism. - Framework-Decision from the Council, of 13th June 2002, concerning joint teams for investigation. - Decision 2002/187/JAI from the Council, of 28th February 2002, concerning the creation of Eurojust, aiming at strengthening the fight against all serious forms of crimes. - Decision from the Council, of 6th December 2001, which spreads the mandate of Europol to serious forms international crimes as they are listed in the annex of the Europol Convention. - Decision 2008/617/JHA from the Council, of 23 June 2008 on the improvement of cooperation between the special intervention units of the Member States of the European Union in crisis situations; - Directive (EU) 2017/541, dated 15 of March, from European Parliament and Council, regarding to fight against terrorism, which replaced the Decision 2002/475/JAI, from the Council, and modified the Decision 2005/671JAI from Council too. The Directive (UE) 2017/541 was already transposed to the internal legal system in Portugal under the law 16/2019, from 14 of February, causing a significant number of improvements into the CT Law (law 52/2003, dated 22 of August). - COM (2020) 795 (9th of December 2020) final. Communication from the Commission to European Parliament, the European Council, the European Social and economic Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Counter-Terrorism agenda for the EU: Anticipate, Prevent, Protect, Respond. - COM (2020) 605 (24th of July 2020). Communication from the Commission to European Parliament, the European Council, the European Social and economic Committee and the Committee of the Regions – On the EU Security Union Strategy.

Portugal has also signed several bilateral agreements related to terrorism:

a) Agreement with the Kingdom of Morocco, on cooperation in the fight against terrorism and organized criminality, signed 28APR1992; b) Agreement with the Russian Federation concerning the fight against crime, signed 29MAY2000; c) Agreement with Ukraine concerning friendship and cooperation, signed 25OCT2000; d) Agreement with Tunisia concerning friendship, neighbourhood and cooperation, signed 17JUN2003; e) Agreement with Algeria concerning friendship, neighbourhood and cooperation, signed 8JAN2005; f) Agreement with Argentina concerning judicial cooperation, signed 07APR2003; g) Instrument Between The United States Of America And The Portuguese Republic As Contemplated By Article 3(3) Of The Agreement On Mutual Legal Assistance Between The United States Of America And The European Union Signed 25 June 2003, signed 14JUL2005; h) Co-Operation Agreement Between the Portuguese Republic and Ukraine in the Fight Against Crime, signed 24JUL2008;

7  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only i) Agreement between the Portuguese Republic and the United States of America on enhancing Cooperation in Preventing and Combating Crime, signed 30JUN2009.

1.2. What national legislation has been adopted in your State to implement the above-mentioned agreements and arrangements?

In its fundamental nature, the Portuguese legislation regarding the terrorism prevention and repression matters falls under the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure.

The Decree Law 48/95, of March 15 that had made some changes on the Decree Law 400/82 of September 23, specifically in what concerns the Articles 297 to 301- which determine and inflict the penalty to crimes, criminal associations, terrorist organizations and terrorism - was after amended through Law 65/98 of September 2, which led to a change in Article 240 (racial or religious discrimination), Article 275 (explosive substances or similar substances and weaponry) and Article 287 (hijack or alteration of course of an aircraft, ship, train or passenger vehicles). Articles 300 and 301 were revoked by Law 52/2003 August 22 (Fight Against Terrorism Law in compliance with UE Council Decision n.º 2002/475/JAI), Article 275 was revoked by Law 5/2006 February 22 (Legal Regime of Weapons and Ammunition) and Article 240 was amended by Law 19/2013 February 21.

In 1998, the Prosecuting Penal Legislation underwent its last amendment of the regulations regarding prevention and repression of terrorism (Article 139, which defines the special conditions of protection of terrorism witnesses), after the review process of the terrorism victims’ compensations, which took place in 1996, as per Law 10/96 of March 23, updated by Law 48/2007 of August 29.

It should also be pointed out the Decree 324/85, of August 6, which concedes indemnities to the State servants, both civilian and military, who suffered losses and/or damages, provoked by criminal associations and terrorist organizations, as a retaliation or intimidation process, because of their official duties.

Terrorism and other sort of crimes are also expressed under Paragraph 3 of Article 1 of the Internal Security Law (Law 53/2008 August 29) which describes the purposes of the internal security services and establishes the main guidelines and responsibilities for each Institution, Police Force and Security Service.: “(...) to protect life and integrity of the citizens and to enforce law and democratic order against violent criminality or highly organized criminality, namely sabotage, espionage or terrorism".

From a political point of view, it should be mentioned that until the 31st March of each year the Government must submit a Report to the Parliament, concerning the country’s situation (its internal security) and concerning the activity of the Security Forces and Services developed in the previous year (Article 7 – number 3 of the Internal Security Law). In what concerns the intelligence field, the Organic Law of the Portuguese Republic´s intelligence System (SIRP) - Law 30/84, 5th September, amended by the organic Law 4/2004, 6th November, determines that both intelligence services, SIED and SIS, are

8  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only entitle to collect information with the propose of ensuring external and internal security. In case of SIS (the internal intelligence service) and according to the article 25º/2/e) of the Law 53/2008 of 29th August, the Portuguese Intelligence Security Service exercises security functions, being responsible for producing intelligence that contributes for the prevention of terrorism, by virtue of article 21º of the Law 30/84 of 5th September, altered and republished by the Organic Law 4/2004 of 6th November. Also SIED (the external intelligence service), in the vast spectrum of is work, gathers and disseminates several information referent to terrorism.

The Law 5/2002, of January 11 establishes measures to fight organized crime and economic and financial crime. This Law establishes a special regime for the collection of proofs, for the breach of professional secrecy and for the loss of assets in favour of the State in relation to several crimes, especially arms smuggling, terrorism and terrorist organization, money laundering.

The Law 10/2002, of January 11 establishes measures to prevent and punish money laundering from criminal activities concerning crimes of terrorism.

According to the Criminal Politics Law (Law 17/2006, of May 23), terrorist organisations and terrorism are considered priority prevention crimes by the Portuguese Parliament.

Also, the Cyber law (Law 109/2009, of September 15) waivers the need for a court mandate for searches of digital data in cases of terrorism, as an exception to the general rule. Following the implementation of NATO´s Renegade concept (the mischievous use of civilian airplanes as weapons of terror), the Air Force developed procedures and arrangements to adapt the air command and control system and immediate implementation of the political decisions. Additionally, procedures between the military air defence and the civilian air traffic control have been developed and exercised in accordance with NATO and EUROCONTROL guidance. This all lead to the approval in parliament of a Law (nº 28/2013) establishing the Portuguese National Air Authority, inherent to the Air Force Chief-of-Staff’s responsibilities, in a role distinct from his merely military tasks. This law defines the National concept of “Air Policing”, which foresees the use of military air assets, during peace time, in order to ensure the exercise of state authority over the territorial air and maritime space, as well as the airspace over the maritime strategic area of interest.

On February 2015 the Portuguese Government approved a Council of Ministers’ Resolution (7-A/2015) defining the Portuguese Counter-Terrorism National Strategy (ENCT). The ENCT represents a mobilization of commitment, coordination and cooperation of all national authorities and agencies, with direct and indirect responsibility in the prevention and fight against the terrorist threat. It is grounded and structured around five main pillars: • Detect: As the early identification of potential terrorist threats, through the acquisition of essential knowledge for effective combat. This pillar is or can be executed by intelligence services or law enforcement agencies.

9  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only • Prevent: Seeks to know and identify the causes that determine the emergence of processes of radicalization, recruitment and terrorist acts. Law Enforcement agencies, particularly Public Security Police, have an important role in this pillar, through Police Intelligence or Community Police; • Protect: To strengthen the security of the priority targets, in order to reduce both their vulnerability and mitigate the risk, despite the impact of potential terrorist threats; • Pursue: The action to dismantle or neutralize terrorist initiatives designed or running and their support networks, preventing the movement, communications and access to finance and usable materials in the terrorist attacks, as well to submit events to the action of justice and answer to possible terrorist attacks; • Respond: the operational management of all means to be used in response to terrorist incidents. Responsiveness to limit the consequences of a terrorist act, whether at the human level and in terms of infrastructure.

In 2017, within the scope of ENCT, it was approved the Action Plan for the Prevention of Radicalization, Violent Extremism, Recruitment and Terrorism (PAPREVRT), to put in practice the major guidelines of ENCT.

1.3. What are the roles and missions of military, paramilitary and security forces and the police in preventing and combating terrorism in your State?

It should be mentioned that the National Defence Strategic Concept (NDSC), revised in 2013 per Resolution of the Council of Ministries 19/2013, of 5th April, maintains in the top of the list of most sensible threats and risks to global and national security “[transnational] terrorism and other forms of violent extremism” along with “cyberterrorism and cybercriminality” (Point 8 of the referred Resolution).

The Defence Strategic Concept/NDSC was implemented in 2003. Adjusting to new threats and changes in the world since 2001, the new concept considers the combat against weapons of mass destruction, terrorist threats and organized crime to be one of the competences of the Armed Forces.

The Portuguese Armed Forces are entitled, by the Minister of Defence Resolution Nr. 22 749/2001, dated October 22, to intervene in those kinds of situations that imply, at a military level, the prevention and repression of terrorism. The prevention and repression of terrorism has been seen as an “external threat”, performed by a non-state actor, and constitutionally the Armed Forces are responsible, as one of its major tasks, for “the military defence of the Republic from any aggression or external threat”, while security forces focus on non-state actors.

The defence measures against maritime terrorism have been implemented nationally IAW correspondent declared alert state. They are part of general measures and foresee the surveillance of suspected vessels crossing Portuguese areas of interest in territorial waters as well as the safety of shipping entering ports alongside in harbours.

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In the context of the fight against terrorism (CEM 2014), with direct involvement of the Armed Forces, the following are characterized as threats and risks: (i) the actions of transnational terrorism in National Territory (through “classic” methods or via weapons of mass destruction); and (ii) the activities of transnational terrorism organizations against the interests of allied or partner countries.

Within this framework, it is important to highlight the following Armed Forces’ Missions (MIFA 2014): (i) security and defense of the National Territory (NT) and its citizens; (ii) collective defense; (iii) exercise of the national sovereignty, jurisdiction and responsibilities; (iv) cooperative security; (v) support to the development and well-being; and (vi) military cooperation and assistance.

The Navy carries out multiple tasks of law enforcement and State authority at sea to which it assigns permanently one Coastal Patrol Vessel (CPV), four Fast Patrol Boats (FPB), one Riverine Patrol Vessel and two corvettes or Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPV), which support other agencies and combat illegal maritime activities, such as drug trafficking, illegal immigration, weapons proliferation, piracy and, naturally, terrorism. Diver Detachments and the Navy Marine Corps are also organized to support this effort, employing these last ones on dedicated special operations teams and security teams in support of ship’s boarding parties. To cope with the threat of terrorism at sea, there are several agencies. For this purpose, the Navy operates daily in close cooperation with competent agencies.

The Chief of Portuguese Navy is also the National Maritime Authority (AMN) with the duties of a Coastal Guard. The Maritime Authority General Directorate and the National Command for Maritime Police duties fall under AMN authority, and these duties are conducted by a Vice-Admiral that runs the Maritime Police (PM), that possesses a special SWAT unit to conduct special operations at sea. The PM also provides pier security for military allied ships in Portuguese ports. The PM works in close coordination with National Republican Guard (GNR), and the Public Security Police (PSP).

Portugal also adopts a posture of useful service to the community of nations, especially within the framework of the EU, NATO, OSCE and UN, participating in operations dedicated to the prevention / fight against terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

In order to tackle terrorism, the Army developed a set of capabilities, translated to force and means, of which, due to their specificity and characteristics in combating this type of threat, two Paratrooper Infantry Battalions, one Commandos Battalion, one Special Operations Force, one Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance Group, one Emergency Military Support Engineering Company, one Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Group of Teams, one CBRN Defence Company, one Army Police Group, one Anti-Aircraft Artillery Group, one Field Sanitation Tak Force and one Emergency Military Support Unit. In addition to this availability of forces and resources, the Army annually maintains a significant international commitment (with permanent status), with land troops, bilaterally

11  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only (with partner countries) and on a multilateral context (with the EU, NATO and UN), and contributes in educational, training and executive missions in the fight against terrorism. The security efforts on the Sahel and sub-Saharan African regions stand out in 2024, especially in Mali (EUTM Mali), CAR (MINUSCA and EUTM CAR), Somalia (EUTM Somalia) and Mozambique (EUTM MOZ and EUMAM).

The Air Force cooperates with international and other national agencies in providing air support in the fight against terrorism and other threats. In this role, the Air Force also maintains 24/7 response teams in the technical areas of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN) defence.

The Air Force is also the main provider for the National Air Authority, enabling the State authorities to execute peace time Air Policing tasks. These normally include: a) Providing air surveillance over illegal activities connected to organized crime and terrorist activities, operating the available assets. Portugal also participates regularly in the European Union (Frontex Agency) initiative regarding the control of its external southern borders, as well as the participation in NATO´s counter-terrorism operation “Sea Guardian” (ex-Active Endeavour).

b) Defensive measures against the mischievous use of civilian aircraft to perpetrate terrorist attacks (Renegade). The Air Force maintains a 24/7 air surveillance command and control system, including a Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) of fighter aircrafts. c) Ensure the airspace security over National and International High Visibility Events.

The National Republican Guard (GNR), which is a military security force, helps fighting terrorism by enforcing several rules. The organism in charge of this mission is an Infantry Regiment Special Unit, the Special Operations Intervention Group.

The remaining GNR Units also contribute to fight terrorism in the fulfilment of their duties because regular patrols gather information from the population.

The GNR, through the Intelligence Directorate, of the Operational Command, maintains conscious knowledge of the situation through the identification, analysis and assessment of specific risks associated with the fulfilment of the Guard's mission, nationally or internationally, namely in terms of radicalization, violent extremism and terrorism, also having competences in Critical Infrastructure Protection. It has promoted a formation plan for its staff in interest for the Information Activity “Terrorism, Violent Extremism and Radicalization” which has been addressed in initial, promotion or specialization courses, or even in actions of awareness. Within the scope of Terrorism and Violent Extremism, the GNR is member of the “Anti- terrorism Coordination Unit” (UCAT).

The Fiscal Action Unit, Unit (UAF /GNR) has the specific competence to fulfill the tax, fiscal and customs mission entrusted to the GNR, working together with the Criminal Police and the Ministry of Finance – and the criminal investigation teams, play a major role in fighting financial and economic organized crime.

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To develop the necessary criminal intelligence, the GNR counts on the nationally distributed criminal investigation teams, technically guided by the Criminal Investigation Directorate.

In this plan, the GNR, through his Borders and Coastal Control Unit (UCCF), carries out tasks of law enforcement or Internal Security in Territorial Sea and along the coast to which it assigns Coast Patrol Boats (CPB) and a Coast Patrol Vessel (CPV), which support of other agencies and combat illegal maritime activities, such as drug trafficking, illegal immigration, weapons proliferation, and, naturally, terrorism, in close cooperation with competent agencies.

Due to the restructuring of the Portuguese border system, this is also the specialized unit responsible for carrying out the Guard's mission concerning the maritime and land borders of the continent and the autonomous regions, also being responsible for monitoring the regularity of foreign citizens' (non-member state) stay in Portuguese territory.

The Coastal Control Unit also operates with the SIVICC (Integrated Command and Control Surveillance System), which 24/7 monitors the territorial sea, using surveillance systems with radar and cameras, in a constant monitoring of observation of the coast, territorial sea and islands. In the context of surveillance, this Unit is also responsible for accommodating the EUROSUR National Coordination Centre, which allows information exchange and operational cooperation, between member states, national authorities and EU Agencies.

The GNR also encompasses the Intervention Unit, which is specialized in intervening in tactical missions, violent and dangerous situations and/or those considered of high complexity and risk, such as terrorist incidents, among others.

The Intervention Units is constituted by the GIOP (Public Order Intervention Group), , the GIOE (Special Operations Intervention Group), the GIC (K-9 Intervention Group), and the CIESS (Centre of Explosive Inactivation and Underground Security), which can be deployed to any mission and task in the fight against terrorism and tactical incidents, such as high-jacking or kidnapping.

The GIOE integrates the European ATLAS Network.

Finally, it is important to highlight the special action of the GNR Emergency Protection and Relief Unit (UEPS), that is dedicated to the security & safety response (civil protection). Within the scope of terrorism attack related with CBRN threats, this Unit has a special group very well prepared and equipped to perform the detection, monitoring, search and rescue, and mass decontamination in CBRN conditions. This group are certified and formed part of EU response in the Union Civil Protection Mechanism and could be projected to all over the world in any case of CBRN conditions as a European response.

The Public Security Police (PSP) has a Special Police Unit constituted by 5 Subunits. The “Special Operations Group” (GOE) is part of the European Network ATLAS since its

13  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only creation in 2001 and is exclusively in charge of carrying out anti-terrorist actions. GOE is called into action whenever there is any terrorist or tactical incident.

The Special Police Unit includes also the Anti-Riot Unit, Close Protection Unit (CSP), K9 Unit (GOC) and Explosive Deactivation and Underground Security Centre (CIEXSS – EOD/CBRN teams) which assures 24/7 response teams in the technical areas of Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN) defence.

The Firearms and Explosives Department (DAE) has also an important role on fight against terrorism by taking the exclusive mission of control non – military guns and explosives in national territory.

The Private Security Department (DSP) has an important role on preventing terrorism by taking the exclusive mission of licencing all the private security companies, and the private security personnel, stablishing the supervise control of this national activity that constitutes a complementary man work for police effort in sensitive areas like airports, ports, critical infrastructures. Also, by collecting intel and managing to maintain a regular proximity with the security directors and owners is able to gather preventive data about threats in national territory. It is important to realise that there is 60960 of security personnel all over the country in different areas of private security intervention.

PSP has also an Intelligence Police Department (DIP), which is responsible for collect and analyse indicators or threats, particularly regarding to Extremism, Terrorism, Urban Violence, Violence in Sport, in order to mitigate the risk against police assets (mission, human resources and material), sensitive/critical structures (through risk assessment) and public order, helping, this way, the strategic, operational ant tactical decision making.

Furthermore, regarding to Extremism and Terrorism issue, PSP, through DIP, is also member of the Anti-Terrorism Coordination Unit (UCAT).

Since PSP is the Police Force responsible for the policing of major cities, where the high value target for terrorist organizations are based, it develops a permanent effort or information gathering on detecting suspicious behaviour in places of worship, embassies, public transportation interfaces and crowed places. PSP, through its community programs is also focused on detection signs of radicalization in order to signalize those individuals to UCAT.

PSP also participate in some working group related with prevention against Terrorism acts, namely Law Enforcement Working Party (LEWP), AIRPOL Network, RAILPOL Network, Terrorism Working Party, High-Level Commission Expert Group on Radicalization, to straight the cooperation and information exchange between international law enforcement agencies. The remaining staffs of the PSP, especially those dedicated to criminal investigation, also develop preventive measures on counterterrorism.

14  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only In Portugal there is a Security Service – the Judiciary Police – which investigates the crimes of “terrorist organizations and terrorism” as well as the “crimes committed with bombs, grenades, explosive materials or devices, prohibited firearms and booby-traps”.

The Article 7 of the Decree-Law 42/2009 February 12 (Competences of Criminal Police Departments) assigns the tasks of prevention, criminal investigation and co-operation between police authorities regarding the crimes as stated in the previous paragraph to a specific department of this police – “National Counter-Terrorism Unit”.

1.4. Provide any additional relevant information on national efforts to prevent and combat terrorism.

The Portuguese counter-terrorism legal framework is previewed under a specific legal Act (i.e. it is not comprised under the Portuguese Penal Code), the 52/2003 Act (approved on the 22nd August 2003), the Counter-terrorism Act – which corresponds to the transposition of the Council Framework Decision number 2002/475/JHA dated 13th of June 2002 on Combating Terrorism. This Act has already been submitted to three major amendments, namely the following Legal Acts:

a) The 59/2007 Act, dated 4th September – this Act changes the penal responsibility of the legal persons, and similar, that from then on are also addressed under the general regime.

b) The 25/2008 Act, dated 5th June (which corresponds to the transposition of the Council and Parliament Framework Decision number 2005/60/CE, dated 26th of October, and the Commission Directive number 2006/70/CE, dated 1st of October, on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing). This Act established both preventive and repressive measures with the purpose of combating money laundering. It introduced a new article into the Counter-terrorism Act – specifically regarding terrorist financing.

c) The 17/2011 Act, dated 3rd of May – transposes the Framework Decision number 2008/475/JAI, which is an amendment to the previous Framework Decision number 2002/475/JAI on combating terrorism. This Act introduces the criminalization of the “public provocation to commit a terrorist act, recruitment and training for terrorism”. “Along with the Portuguese legal framework in force, since October 2010, a National Counter-Terrorism Strategy was established. The competence for implementing this strategy is held by the Portuguese Government.”

The fight against terrorism is a recurrent thematic for investigation work and studies at the Armed Forces and Security Forces education establishments. These studies range from intellectual effort to field work, dealing with software or hardware.

Armed Forces and Security Forces staffs earmarked to deploy to areas of operation with potential terrorist activity, have a dedicated pre-deployment formation emphasizing special precautions such as (but not only) the Counter Improvised Explosive Devise (C- IED) course.

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2. Stationing of armed forces on foreign territory

2.1. Provide information on stationing of your States armed forces on the territory of other participating States in accordance with freely negotiated agreements as well as in accordance with international law.

Portugal does not have, by its own initiative, any armed forces stationed in any territory outside the country. It has forces and means participating in international missions (NATO, EU and UN) and participating in international military staffs.

Portugal is a party to the following agreements, which rule the status of forces: • Agreement between the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty regarding the Status of their Forces (NATO SOFA) signed in London on the 19th June 1951; • Agreement among the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and other States participating in the Partnership for Peace regarding the Status of their Forces (PfP SOFA), concluded in Brussels on the 19th June 1995; • Agreement on Cooperation and Defence between Portugal and the United States of America, signed in Lisbon on the 1st June 1995; • Agreement between the Government of the Portuguese Republic and the Government of Federal Republic of Germany regarding the Portuguese Armed Forces status during temporary stays in the Federal Republic of Germany signed in Bonn on 29th April 1998 and entered into force on 25th June 2001.

The Armed Forces participate in Combined and Joint deployments, stationing units and/or small technical staff contingents abroad for limited periods of time. During 2024 the Armed Forces deployed contingents, in support of the United Nations to the Central African Republic (CAR) and Colombia; in support of the North Atlantic Alliance’s joint effort to enhance deterrence and defence posture in the Eastern Flank against Russia “Tailored Forward Presence” and “enhanced Vigilance Activity” (eVA) to Romania, Multinational Battle Group to Slovakia, “Assurance Measures” and “enhanced Air Policing” to Lithuania, covering all three Baltic States, as well as “Brilliant Shield” to North Atlantic, “NATO Mission Iraq” (NMI) and “Kosovo Force” (KFOR); in support of the European Union’s to Somalia, CAR, Mali, Ukraine and Mozambique (MOZ), Frontex program to Italy and Spain; and to fulfil bilateral agreements under the “Proliferation Security Initiative”, to Cabo Verde and to São Tomé e Príncipe.

In the Bilateral-Multilateral level, the national participation in the following missions: (i) São Tomé and Príncipe and Republic of Guinea-Bissau’s Maritime Defense Capacity Building; (ii) the National Intelligence Unit in CAR and Lithuania, supporting the national contingent in the operations theatre; (iii) the National Intelligence Unit in Operation Gallant Phoenix, in Jordan. Additionally, the continuity of the Open Seas Initiative and (iv) Africa Maritime Law Enforcement Partnership (AMLEP) in Gulf of Guinea.

MHA security forces (PSP/GNR) also participates in Combined and Joint deployments, stationing units and/or small technical staff contingents abroad for limited periods of time.

16  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only 3. Implementation of other international commitments related to the Code of Conduct

3.1. Provide information on how your State ensures that commitments in the field of arms control, disarmament and confidence and security-building as an element of indivisible security are implemented in good faith.

According to the Portuguese legal Framework, namely according to the Act on the organization of the Criminal investigation (Lei de organização da Investigação Criminal) – the 49/2008 Act, dated 27th August – the prevention and the investigation of terrorism offenses and terrorist organizations falls under the reserved competence of the Judiciary Police (Polícia Judiciária – PJ), meaning that it cannot be assigned to other criminal investigation police or body.

According to the internal organic of PJ - previewed under the Decree Law 42/2009, that regulates the 37/2008 Act, dated 6th of August, which approved the Organic Law of PJ – the department that holds the competence to prevent and investigate such crimes is the National Counter-Terrorism Unit (UNCT – Unidade Nacional de Contra-Terrorismo).

PJ is a law-enforcement agency specialized in criminal investigation, legally depending on the Ministry of Justice. PJ is endowed of tactical and technical autonomy and operates within the criminal inquiries, according to the Portuguese legal framework and under the guidance of the General Public Prosecution Service (Ministério Público - MP), who is the legal body responsible for the direction of the criminal investigation in Portugal.

PJ holds legal mandate to investigate the most serious, complex, transnational and organized crimes as previewed on the abovementioned Act on the organization of the criminal investigation. According to the PJ’s internal organic, the department UNCT is also competent in what regards the prevention, detection, criminal investigation and also in assisting the Judiciary Authorities, in a vast number of illicits such as: terrorism and terrorist organizations; crimes against national security (with the exception of those regarding the electoral process); high-jacking or attempting against the air, maritime, railroad or terrestrial transportation, that may correspond in abstract to a penalty of 8 years, or more, of imprisonment; crimes executed with bombs, grenades, explosive devices or materials, fire arms, booby traps, nuclear, chemical or radioactive weapons; crimes against the President of the Republic, the President of the National Parliament, the Prime-Minister, the presidents of the Superior Courts or the Republic General Prosecutor, while in their institutional functions or as a consequence of such functions.

National cooperation structures: UCAT – Anti-Terrorist Co-ordination Unit

On 25th February 2003, a Prime Minister’s Decision created the Anti-Terrorist Co- ordination Unit (UCAT – Unidade de Coordenação Anti-Terrorismo). UCAT is a legal forum aiming the exchange of counter-terrorism information, composed by law enforcement and intelligence services, namely: PJ, Intelligence and Security Service (SIS), Defence Strategic Intelligence Service (SIED), Immigration and Border Service (SEF) - in accordance with Law No. 73/2021, of 12 November, approving the restructure

17  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only of the Portuguese system of border control, reshaping the regime of the forces and services responsible for internal security and establishing other rules for the redistribution of competences and resources of SEF, which would be extinct. Decree no. 41/2023, of June 2, determined that the restructure would come into effect on October 29, 2023), Public Security Police (PSP), National Republican Guard (GNR) and the Maritime Authority (AM). The Secretary General of the Internal Security System (SG SSI) also participates as an observer.

After its creation, during a period comprised from 15th March to 15th July 2004, the UCAT meetings were held on a daily basis, as a direct result of the Islamist terrorist attack in Madrid on the 11th March 2004 (11M) and to prepare the European Football Championship (EURO 2004). Additionally, but still under the dependency of the UCAT, an operational room was set up on 15th March 2004, which worked within UNCT’s premises, on a 24/7 basis, comprising representatives pertaining to the abovementioned services/agencies, channelling information from detected suspicious situations, deciding on the spot the appropriate measures were to be put in practice, thus coordinating the determined course of actions with the forces on the ground. The operational room was later extinguished by December 2004, long after the EURO 2004 ended.

From 2004 until 2015, UCAT meetings have a weekly schedule (whenever there is the need, any service/agency may call an extraordinary meeting). Those meetings are hosted and chaired by the Technical Team of UCAT, based on the Internal Security System and are aimed at the exchange of relevant operational information related to the terrorist threat in terms of prevention. The UCAT members communicate permanently via a closed and protected Virtual Private Network (VPN).” On 2015, the law nº59/2015 publish by the Regulatory decree nº 2/2016 from 23 august establish the new composition of the UCAT.

International Cooperation on Counterterrorism

Also regarding counter-terrorism, PJ’s UNCT represents Portugal in various international cooperation fora, either bilateral or multilateral. There are numerous police international cooperation structures with responsibilities in the counter-terrorism field that are PJ’s counterpart in the fight against terrorism, namely Interpol, Europol, Police Working Group on Terrorism (PWGT), Schengen Information System and specialized Liaison Officers.

PJ’s UNCT participates in various Interpol projects aiming at developing the cooperation exchange between different countries, establishing programs on a regional basis, such as the Regional Project Kalkan (Central Asia) or the Regional Project Nexus (Europe). The cooperation with Europol is developed through a National Europol Unit (also established under the PJ’s organic), through: the regular participation and contribution to the Europol Analytical Work Files (AWF) dedicated to counter-terrorism, the participation in the regular meetings of the AWFs and the High-Level Expert meetings on Terrorism, through the contribution to specific reports, namely to the annual public report TE-SAT, an analysis strategic report.

The PWGT is a formal group which comprises 31 European States (27 of them belonging to the European Union). This group, which is available on a 24/7 basis, through an

18  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only encrypted communication system, is a police network dedicated to the exchange of information regarding counterterrorism.

PJ’s UNCT is also present in non-police fora dedicated to counter-terrorism issues, namely in the Council of the European Union (namely the Terrorist Working Group – TWG), the European Commission and the Council of Europe.”

Portugal is one of the 32 members of NATO who have signed the “Open Skies” treaty, designed to enhance mutual understanding and confidence among its participants, by giving a direct role in gathering information about areas of concern to them, hence promoting openness and transparency of military forces and activities.

Under the Decree-Law nº. 49/2017, of May 24, created, within the scope of the Internal Security System, under the coordination of the Secretary General of the Internal Security System, the Single Point of Contact for Police Cooperation PUC-CPI, thus responding to the need to improve the organization of the system concerning international police cooperation and to meet Portugal's commitments within the framework of the European Union.

The Air Force is engaged in the regular visits of other countries inspectors/aircraft to Portugal, providing the necessary logistical, escort and technical information support to their activity.

3.2. Provide information on how your State pursues arms control, disarmament and confidence and security-building measures with a view to enhancing security and stability in the OSCE area.

See information below.

Section II: Intra-State elements

1. National planning and decision-making process

1.1. What is the national planning and decision-making process in determining/approving military posture and defence expenditures in your State?

The Portuguese Parliament also decides on the defence budget. The proposal on the defence budget is prepared under the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence. It is discussed and approved at the level of Council of Ministers, and then submitted to Parliament, for approval, as a part of the overall State budget. Other Important issue is the LPM (Military Procurement law).

1.2. How does your State ensure that its military capabilities take into account the legitimate security concerns of other States as well as the need to contribute to international security and stability?

19  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Yearly, Portugal contributes with one frigate to the Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG 1), in order to provide the Alliance with a continuous naval presence in the Atlantic, and Baltic and Red Seas, and gather a better maritime situational awareness on these areas of strategic interest to the Alliance, contributing to adds to NATO’s collective efforts, designed to the Alliance´s northeastern.

Also each year, Portugal participates in NATO Operation Sea Guardian and supports EU Operation Irini, collecting information on maritime situational awareness in the Mediterranean. This effort contributed to fight maritime terrorism and the proliferation of the weapons of mass destruction, protecting critical infrastructure, defending freedom of navigation, supporting maritime awareness, and supporting interdiction tasks.

Twice a year, Portugal sends a CPV to Operation Indalo, between Spain and Morocco, in the framework of European Agency FRONTEX, contributing to support the Spanish authorities with border control and surveillance, and to search and rescue operations.

The European Union has been carrying out a naval presence mission since December of 2008 to protect maritime traffic through the Gulf of Aden and the Somali Basin, preventing and stopping acts of piracy. Portugal has been commanding Operation Atalanta annually, for three months. It also provided personnel to the Operational HQ (OHQ) located in Rota, Spain, and to the Maritime Security Centre Horn of Africa, located in Brest, France.

Portugal is carrying out a long-term capacity-building mission of the STP and the Republic of Guinea-Bissau Coast Guard, to provide an autonomous capability to safeguard their own area of sovereignty. Besides education, operational training and exercises, the mission also includes support to the development of national legislation and maritime courts, to ensure that illicit activities detected at sea could then be brought to justice.

Concerning the efforts to enhance maritime security with particular emphasis on Portuguese-speaking friendly countries Portugal deploys, on a yearly basis, two navy assets into the Gulf of Guinea. These assets contribute, cumulatively, to the national Initiative MAR ABERTO, and to the European Union concept of Coordinated Maritime Presences.

Additionally, the Portuguese Navy provides personnel in support of different Operations and Missions under different frameworks. In Colombia, United Nations Verification Mission, and in Central African Republic, Mali and Mozambique EU Training Missions. Since September 2024 the EUTM MOZ was replaced by European Union Military Assistance Mission Mozambique (EUMAM).

The Army continues to be an acting member in other organizations like UN, NATO, and EU. In this regard, the Army has an active role with a company QRF in MINUSCA at disposal of the MINUSCA Force Commander. Regarding the EU, the focus is on contributing to the Security Sector Reform of different countries like Somalia, Mali, and Central African Republic (CAR) to support the capacity building of the units of the MOZ armed forces and support Ukraine against Russia. Portugal was the Lead Nation in 2019/20 for European Union Training Mission (EUTM) Mali, during 2018 and 2020/23 for the EUTM in the CAR and since 2021 for the EUTM in MOZ and EUMAM. In NATO, the

20  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Army also has an important role with the Coy Unit and the Main Battle Tank Platoon in the Eastern Flank as part of the Alliance’s joint effort to enhance deterrence and defence posture against Russia. Last but not the least, the Army is also contributing to the rapid reaction mechanisms of NATO and EU, like the NATO Force Model and the European Union Battle Group. The Air Force plans its capabilities considering not only Portugal’s National Military Defence, but the several political agreements and alliances, where Portugal contributes to the collective security. In this line, the Air Force regularly deploys abroad forces (air assets and manning), staff and equipment to contribute to the international security and stability (e.g. Mali, Baltic States, Mediterranean Sea, Guinea’s Gulf)).

In this framework, the main participations during the year 2024 were on the SEA GUARDIAN operation in the Mediterranean Sea; the Enhanced Air Policing with F-16’s detachment in Lithuania, assurance measures in Lithuania with a marines coy; as well as contribution to the safety and security of the maritime environment with the participation of P-3C in various missions (operations and exercises).

2. Existing structures and processes

2.1. What are the constitutionally established procedures for ensuring democratic political control of military, paramilitary and internal security forces, intelligence services and the police?

Military:

The Portuguese Republic Constitution states that Armed Forces obey to the competent sovereignty organs, in constitutional and legal terms. Our Constitution states that the Armed Forces are strictly neutral in politic terms and forbids its members to take any political measures. A more detailed description of applicable legislation / process can be found in answer to question 2 a).

In 1982, with the National Defence and Armed Force Law (NDAFL), the goal to insert the Armed Forces in the State’s direct administration, through the National Defence Minister, was achieved.

In 1989, with the creation of the National Defence Ministry as a body of the Central Portuguese Public Administration, that process was reinforced.

Ever since, the political guidelines concerning national defence policy, Armed Forces personnel, infrastructures, armament and equipment policies, and budget remain under the competency of the Defence Minister.

The Armed Forces organs are responsible for the operational issues related to the forces employment.

Paramilitary:

21  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only There are no paramilitary forces.

Internal Security Forces:

The binding rules of the performance of the Portuguese Police Forces that ensure its political and democratic character are of the exclusive legislative competence of the Parliament, as set forth in Article 164, Paragraph “u” of the Portuguese Republic Constitution.

One of our Parliament’s most important functions consists of supervising the execution of the Constitution, as well as the bills and the action of the government and administration (Article 162).

The Parliament is, therefore, entitled to supervise the action of the Police Security Forces as clearly stated in the Article 272 of the Portuguese Republic Constitution.

There are two main Security Forces within the MHA, the National Republican Guard (GNR) and the Public Security Police (PSP).

- The GNR is a security force of a military nature, composed of military personnel organized into a special troop corps and endowed with administrative autonomy.

- The GNR's mission is, within the scope of the national security and protection systems, to ensure the democracy, guarantee internal security and citizens' rights, as well as to collaborate in the execution of national defence policy, under the terms of the Constitution and the law. - The PSP is a police force, armed and uniformed, that provides a public service with administrative autonomy. - The PSP mission is to ensure the democracy, ensure the internal security and the citizen's rights, according to the Constitution and the Law. - GNR and PSP, depends on the MHA and is organization is unique for all the national territory. However, in special circumstances, the GNR could be dependent of Defence Ministry (in the states of siege and emergency). - Both are organized on a hierarchical basis at all levels, with the due differences between the police roles and the administrative roles. The people with police roles must obey the chain of command. The people with general administration and management respond according to the public rules’ hierarchy. - In situations of normality, its activities are developed according to the goals and objectives of the internal security policy, with respect of the bounds of the organic guidelines. - Both activities are developed according to the interests and demands of the society. - The generic mission of those two Security Forces is devoted on the Constitution, as well as in the Law of Organization and Acting, and both explain clearly that the police actions are always on behalf of the public security and that the citizens’ rights are simultaneously a "limit" and a "purpose", properly framed on the following legislation: • Constitution of the Portuguese Republic (CRP) 22  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only • Internal Security Law (Law nº 53/2008, August 29th) • Law on Organization of Criminal Investigation (Law nº 49/2008, August 27th) • Penal Code • Procedure Penal Code • Organic Law (PSP) • Statute Law (PSP) • Organic Law (GNR) • Statute Law (GNR)

All these laws appoint the defence of the democracy core values and the assurance of the internal security and the citizens' rights as police roles. The police actions must not be used beyond the strictly necessary.

Crime prevention, including crimes against the State Security, can only be done according to the general rules on police and respecting the rights, freedom and guarantees of all citizens.

Furthermore, there is an autonomous entity – Inspectorate-General of Home Affairs (IGAI) - which has the mission to assure the auditing, inspection, and supervision at the highest levels, on the matters of Police Forces.

Thus, there were created procedures to assure a more effective control of the legality, defence of citizens' rights a reinstatement of the violated integrity.

This allows us to assure, effectively, the human and fundamental rights in order to enhance the quality of the police actions on a Democratic State.

Members of Parliament can exercise parliamentary control over the government by making use of the right of interpellation as stated in the Constitution. They can also call upon ministers to account for the various parts of their policies, which the ministers must then provide with a reasonable notice, unless it is not in the State’s interests to do so (paragraph d) of Article 156). They also have the right to debate the Report of Internal Security that is issued until March 31st concerning every year’s activity of the police and security forces, as set forth in the Internal Security Law.

It should also be mentioned the control that can be exercised by the Ombudsman (CRP, Article 23), who acts independently and is appointed by the Parliament.

This institution, foreseen by the Constitution, is similar to those existing in other countries and to which the citizens have the right to address to, in case of claims of any nature related to public administration, including those related to police or security forces. Ombudsman can intervene on his own initiative, after direct acknowledgement or indictment. Ombudsman has no decisive power and can institute his own informal inquiry, after which he submits his own recommendations to prevent or repair injustices, most of the times by means of releasing his conclusions for public information.

Intelligence Services:

23  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only

The Information System of the Portuguese Republic (SIRP) is the public body that has the responsibility to provide support to the political decision-maker, anticipating and evaluating the different threats to Portugal and its interests: internal and external security, independence, the integrity of the unity of the State.

The SIRP, with the information it produces, contributes to the safeguarding, security and defence of those same interests. It does so in an internal way, by the action of the Security Information Service and, in an external area, where it has the Strategic Defence Information Service.

Police:

Answer already included in answer to question concerning Internal Security Forces.

2.2. How is the fulfilment of these procedures ensured, and which constitutionally established authorities/institutions are responsible for exercising these procedures?

See answer 2.3.

2.3 What are the roles and missions of military, paramilitary and security forces, and how does your state control that such forces act solely within the constitutional framework?

About roles and missions of the following types of forces:

Military:

The Portuguese Republic Constitution defines the purview of the Armed Forces. The main role of the Armed Forces is the military defence of our territory against any external aggression or threat. The Constitution also states that it is possible by law for the Armed Forces to cooperate in civil protection, population basic needs and welfare missions. Based on the Constitution, the National Defence Law establishes the main control provisions for the operation of the Armed Forces in what concerns its main commitments and prerogatives of the national sovereignty. The National Defence Law also states the limits for the involvement of the Armed Forces in accordance with the international Law and other international commitments to which Portugal is signatory, inside or outside the national territory, including the territorial waters and the air space under the Portuguese responsibility.

Also, as a direct consequence of the constitutional framework, the Armed Forces contribute to actions in support of national foreign policy, specifically for crisis management, peace support and humanitarian operations within UN and OSCE responsibility, emphasizing Portugal’s commitment for overall peace and international security and resorting to war only in case of self-defence against any effective or eminent aggression.

24  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only The execution of operations for safekeeping of Portuguese nationals abroad and other public interest missions, like civil protection during natural catastrophes, represent also one important role of the Armed Forces, and MHA security forces (GNR and PSP) are also integrated the National Plan for Portuguese Civilian Evacuation from another country (NEO operations).

Over the last 10 years, Portuguese military participation in the United Nations has seen a significant increase in personnel, from only 2 soldiers in 2013 to 233 in 2023 (231 in CAR and 2 in Colombia). Portugal is 48th country (out of 121 contributing countries) in terms of representation in 2023.

The Armed Forces Organic Law, states that the Service’s primary mission is to participate in the joint military defence of the country. It also legislates on the following roles: Participation in combine/joint international missions, in accordance with Portugal’s international responsibilities (e.g. UN, OSCE, NATO, EU, CPLP, etc.); Plan and execute missions outside the national territory, autonomously or in combine/joint, multilateral or bilateral (cohesion) environment, in order to preserve the safeguard of national citizens outside the country; Execute bilateral military-technical cooperation

missions; Cooperate with the security forces/services, within the legislative framework; Cooperate with the Portuguese Civil Protection Agency, acting as responders for natural or manmade disaster relief, as well as other politically defined tasks of public interest.

All the material and human resources needed for the full accomplishment of The National Air Authority’s (NAA’s) jurisdiction are provided by the Air Force, according to its Organic Law.

According to the above law and to the Navy Organic Law, those Services are responsible to assure the Search and Rescue Services (Air and Maritime, respectively) in the Search and Rescue Regions (SRR) of Lisbon and Santa Maria (Azores).

Paramilitary:

There are no paramilitary forces.

Security Forces:

As to the National Republican Guard (GNR):

- To guarantee, within its strict scope of action, the maintenance of public order, by ensuring the citizens' rights, freedom and welfare, as well as the proper running of democratic institutions by respecting the legality and the principles of the State of Right; - To guarantee public order and tranquillity, as well as the security and protection of citizens and goods;

25  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only - To prevent crime in general, in co-ordination with the other security forces and services; - To prevent that acts be committed against the law and the regulations; - To carry out all criminal investigation and offence activities attributed by law, delegated by the judiciary authorities or requested by the administrative authorities; - To veil for the execution of the laws and regulations pertaining to road traffic and transports, as well as promote and assure road safety, namely through traffic surveillance, planning and discipline; - To guarantee the execution of administrative actions emanated by the competent authority that aim to prevent the breach or continuous violation of laws; - To participate in the control of persons and goods entering and exiting the national territory; - To protect, rescue and help citizens, as well as defend and preserve goods which are found to be in a dangerous situation, due to causes of human actions or those caused by nature; - To observe and protect hot points, namely road, railway, airport and port infrastructures, public buildings and other critical facilities; - To guarantee safety during shows, including sports activities, and other leisure activities; - To prevent and detect situations of drug and other illegal substance trafficking and consumption, through the surveillance and patrolling of areas referenced as trafficking or consumption locations; - To participate in the surveillance of the use and transportation of weapons, ammunition and explosive substances that do not belong to security forces and services or to the Armed Forces, without prejudice to the competences attributed to other entities; - To participate, under the terms of the law and commitments resulting from agreements, namely in international humanitarian, peace-keeping and civilian crisis management operations, within the police and civil protection scope, as well as in international police co-operation missions and within the compass of the European Union and in representation of the country in international organisms and institutions; - To contribute to the training and information in what regards to the security of the citizens; - To pursue other attributions with which it may be entrusted by law. - The GNR provides collaboration in State Honours; - Accomplish according to the execution of the national defence policy in collaboration with the Armed Forces all the military missions assigned. - Prosecute all attributions defined by law;

The GNR is solely accountable for the nature and environment protection throughout all national territory.

Special competences:

26  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only International Missions: FPU (Formed Police Units), IPU (Integrated Police Unit), MSU (Military Special Unit), UN, EGF, OSCE, EU and other missions.

In addition to the above-mentioned duties, the National Republican Guard (GNR) performs regular and permanent police duties throughout the territory, namely in areas considered of high risk and by direct contact with the populations. The way they act is totally autonomous, but they also operate in collaboration with other public and private investigation agencies, when required to assist and help investigations.

When acting as a criminal police force, the National Republican Guard (GNR) who is under the supervision of the Ministry of Justice - Prosecuting Counsel - performs their duties in compliance with judicial orders or the Penal Prosecuting Code. They use all the means they have available in order to attain the best results regarding any investigation assigned or delegated to them by the Prosecuting Counsel.

The Law for the Organization of the Criminal Investigation (LOIC) extended the competence of the National Republican Guard (GNR) to the medium level criminality investigation. Furthermore, it modernized the co-ordination system, covering the strategic coordination mechanisms - through a new organ, the Co-ordination Council, in which the GNR has a seat. It also covers the criminal operational investigation at territorial and hierarchical levels. Within this scope, the GNR depends functionally on the competent judiciary authority although observing the hierarchical organization.

The GNR carries out missions on both the mainland, lands and territorial waters, and is responsible for approximately 94% of the national territory in which reside more than 53.8% of the overall population. In addition to these daily duties, the GNR still dedicates part of its time to crimes against children and victims of violence. Nowadays, it is deeply involved in implementing projects launched by the Ministry of Internal Affairs on domestic violence, school safety, elderly safety, and trade safety, among others designed in the Project - Special Programmes.

The GNR contributes to the good work and implementation of the Police and Customs Co- operation Centres, whose personnel is provided by the Territorial Headquarters of that area, and at sea the Maritime Service, by way of the Coastal Control Unit, oversees yachts, fishing boats and container ships.

In 2001, within the compass of its competences, the GNR created and implemented the Environment and Nature Protection Service, known as SEPNA. Its general mission is to enforce legal arrangements and regulations concerning the protection and conservation of Nature and Protection, regarding rivers, protected species, fishing, forestry, and other related matters.

GNR/SEPNA as environmental police, with powers to monitor, supervise, report and investigate all breaches of legislation aimed at protecting nature, the environment and the natural heritage, throughout the national territory, in addition to routine monitoring and investigation actions, has a number of thematic operations relating to the environment and

27  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only nature conservation planned in order to address the most problematic spectrum of illicit environmental offences. GNR/SEPNA as national environmental police legally established as a law enforcement and inspection authority, being in this sense the entity with the highest number of administrative offenses and environmental crimes recorded in Portugal, has contributed to a greater effectiveness of the final decisions that culminate in sanctions for violators, even though it is believed that there may be more administrative convictions. Among LEA’s, GNR/SEPNA plays the most important role in the field of environmental crime. This entity operates throughout the country and has more than 1 000 officers dedicated exclusively to matters relating to nature and the environment. GNR/SEPNA is also responsible for a dedicated hotline (phone or website) which all citizens can use to report damage to the environment. Furthermore, the GNR raises awareness among schoolchildren by conducting almost 10 000 special educational campaigns related to environmental issues in primary and secondary schools throughout the country every year.

As a National Contact Point for environmental crime, GNR will continue to play an important role in the coordination of EMPACT activities (EUROPOL), during the next cycle and will maintain its action of coordination and organization of international operations aimed at combating environmental crime. At the same time, the centralization of several requests related to environmental crime in the GNR has been increased with the other Security Forces. Due to the fact that Portugal shares a huge part of its border with Spain, it has built up impressive collaboration with the Spanish authorities, especially between the GNR / SEPNA and the Guardia Civil/SEPRONA. Portugal and Spain exchange information daily, and undertake frequent joint training and action in the field of waste crime. This excellence in cooperation exceeds the EU framework and is also demonstrated by Portugal's, through GNR, membership of the International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status (FIEP), its participation in the Portuguese Speaking Countries Community (CPLP), and the agreement concluded with Brazil in 2008, as is currently done by the GNR.

GNR Crime Prevention and Community Policing

GNR Crime Prevention and Community Policing strategy is based on the Special Proximity Policing Programmes which are police intervention strategies developed to solve concrete problems of insecurity at local or national level based on Community Policing models.

Besides the active demonstration of close and preventive presence, the Special Proximity Policing Programmes also aim at bringing police and citizens closer together, improving the relations between them and orientating police action towards the resolution of community problems, making the GNR an integral and fundamental part of the community, and the citizens themselves active elements in crime prevention and community security.

The Community Policing model is developed by specialized military personnel that implement and are part of the Special Proximity Policing Programmes that aim the citizens specific problems, whether those related to the social groups most vulnerable to insecurity phenomena (e.g. children, the elderly, people with disabilities, domestic violence victims)

28  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only or those aimed at fully corresponding to the exercise of the State's authority (intensive policing in Sensitive Urban Areas which are more fragile from the security point of view).

Special Proximity Policing Programmes: • Secure School; • Support 65 - Elderly people in Security; • Investigation and Support for Specific Victims Project; • Secure Field; • Secure Tourism; • Secure Commerce; • Secure Summer; • Secure Home; • Support for People with Disabilities; • Secure Pharmacy; • Secure Taxi; • Secure Supply; • SOS Tile Project; • Secure Church. • Sport in safety – Grow with fair play The Special Proximity Policing Programmes also work to assist and respond to various Strategies and Plans, in line with the GNR Framework for Assessment and Accountability and the Guard Strategic Plan, namely: • National Disability Strategy; • National Strategy for the Integration of Roma Communities; • National Plan for Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings; • National Plan to Prevent and Combat Domestic and Gender Violence; • National Plan for the Reduction of Addictive Behaviours; • Strategic Plan for Migrations; • Plan to Combat Violation of Copyright and Related Rights; • National Plan for Equality, Gender, Citizenship and Non-Discrimination; • Plan of Action for the Prevention of Violence in the Health Sector.

The GNR GIOE is a very specialized group, well prepared to intervene in major and critical circumstances, endowed with the latest tactics, weaponry and equipment which can be engaged when necessary, in fighting against terrorist incidents.

The GNR has been involved in several International Peacekeeping Operations and Civil Crisis Management.

The Public Security Police (PSP) has as main mission and goals, without interference with other entities, and regarding the rules on police matters, respecting the human rights and guarantees: - Promote the security terms that assure the regular functioning of the democratic institutions, as well as the prosecution of human rights and guarantees.

29  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only - Ensure the maintenance of public order and tranquillity. - Crime prevention and prevention of actions contrary to the law. - Prevention of organized crime and terrorism, in coordination with other police forces and services. - Ensure the administrative actions enacted by qualified authority that aim to prevent crime. - Ensure people and assets safety. - Ensure the attributions on penal matters. - Ensure the road safety, namely on planning, supervision and regularization of traffic. - Ensure the security of sports events and similar - Ensure the general attributions on administrative licensing. - Participate on port security, namely on sea and river shores, on the terms defined by the law. - Ensure the security of rail roads. - Aid the populations, assist the victims and support the risk groups. - Participate in international missions, defined by the government. - Cooperate with other entities that have the same purposes. - Gather crime information, find its agents, stop the consequences and develop related actions. - Give contributions to training and information in matters of citizen ‘safety and security.

The PSP has the exclusive attribution, in all territory, of controlling the fabrication, storage, commerce, use and transportation of firearms, ammunitions, and explosive substances and similar that doesn't belong to the Armed Forces and other security services.

The PSP has the exclusive attribution, in all territory, of the assurance of personal security of government members, high rank entities, Portuguese or foreign, as well as other citizens when in serious threat situations.

The PSP has the special attribution, in matters of airport security, to adopt measures of prevention and repression of illegal actions against civil aviation.

The PSP has the exclusive attribution, in all territory, to license control and supervising the activities of private security and the respective training in cooperation with other police forces and services and with the General Inspection of the Internal Administration.

As set out in article 55 of Act 34/2013, version in force, the supervision of the activities regulated by that Act is carried out by the National Directorate of the Public Security Police in conjunction with the Authority for Working Conditions and the Tax and Customs Authority, without prejudice to the powers of the other security forces and services and the Inspectorate-General of Home Affairs.

30  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only The coordination provided as stipulated in the same article 55 is intended to favour inspection activities carried out by multidisciplinary teams, and for this purpose the aforementioned authorities shall appoint liaison officers to speed up their creation.

The community Policing model it was implemented in PSP to be developed by all police officers with those specific tasks and also to all police officers. The implementation of these special policing programs aimed at concrete security challenges, whether those related to the social groups most vulnerable to insecurity phenomena (children, the elderly, victims of crime) or in specific situation, where security is important (intensive policing in Sensitive Urban Areas which are more fragile from the security point of view).

Special Programmes in PSP:

Secure School Programme, “Support 65” Programme - Safe Elderly, Safe Commerce Programme, Safe Summer - Direct Key; Safe Tobacco Transport, Safe Taxi System, Safe Supply, Safe Pharmacy Programme, Safe Field Program.

The PSP has the attribution to ensure a permanent contact point to exchange intelligence related to any sports activities with other countries.

PSP has also the Special Operations Group (GOE/PSP), a single nation-wide unit that specializes in anti-terrorist and tactical actions.

As a criminal force, PSP acts under the control of the competent judicial authority, as set forth in the Code of criminal Procedure.

PSP is also involved in International Peacekeeping Operations. namely Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), United Nations (UN) and Organization for Security and Co- operation in Europe (OSCE)Public Security Police is an active member of the “Anti- terrorism Unit (UCAT).

In 2024, MHA maintained its presence in of 56 countries across all continents, where the agencies, institutions and missions of the European Union and the United Nations are based, as well as in other international organizations and governmental bodies or structures, which highlights the skills and competences of its members. Among the civilian CSDP missions, notable mentions include the European Union Advisory Mission in Ukraine (10 personnel), European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia (7 personnel), the European Union Training Mission / Military Assistance in Mozambique (4+2 personnel) and the European Union Advisory Mission in the Central African Republic (4). It is also important to highlight MHA’s presence in the European Union Police Mission for the Palestinian Territories (3). Withing the European Union (excluding FRONTEX), MHA security forces were deployed in 26 countries. At the United Nations, MHA continued to contribute to regional and global security and stability by deploying 43 personnel across 13 countries, including 7 female elements. In UN Missions, national presence was predominantly in MINUSCA (Central African Republic) and UNMISS (South Sudan) with 13 and 7 personnel respectively.

31  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only The existing controls to make sure that police and security forces act solely within the constitutional framework:

It is important to stress that the Portuguese Police Forces are managed and controlled in a strong hierarchical system. Their members are, therefore, under the supervision of the managing directors, inspectors, and superintendents and under the disciplinary powers in which their superiors are vested when commanding a unit. Commanding officers are entitled, therefore, to take disciplinary proceedings and to inflict punishment in compliance with the post and function regulations. The disciplinary proceedings can be taken after direct acknowledgement or any claims or indictment of an infraction.

Disciplinary proceedings are only initiated by senior officers. Justice and Disciplinary Committees comprising skilled personnel have been set up for this purpose (this kind of committee is more developed in the Public Security Police).

The Military Disciplinary Rule was replaced by the National Republican Guard and the PSP Code of conduct (discipline Regulation).

There is also a Directorate General of Internal Investigation for each police force:

- In the National Republican Guard (GNR), there is an Office composed of Inspectors and Administrators, accountable for the inspections to be conducted in units and services, namely in what concerns safety, inspection and operational, administrative, logistic and financial activities. - In the Public Security Police (PSP), there is a National Inspector and Inspection Teams, who are entrusted to manage, co-ordinate and supervise the investigations and internal inspections as well as to take proceedings of disciplinary nature.

We may say that internal control is made on a permanent and regular basis; it is exercised by the different echelons of the command chain to the subordinated elements, either through patrols, or through examination of personal management and operational conducts.

Besides this internal control and the control exercised at a parliamentary level and by the Ombudsman as already mentioned in answer 4, there are still other forms of external control, such as the judicial control, which is exercised over the active members of the Force.

In Portugal, with the exception of crimes of military nature, the criminal and disciplinary proceedings are fully different. So, whenever an act constitutes a crime and a disciplinary infraction, two independent lawsuits are brought in different courts, the results of which are equally independent from each other. The judicial power is independent and in Portugal it is the Prosecuting Counsel who runs the investigation, even when the latter is conducted by members of the Police Force.

The criminal suit is public after the investigation phase and can be triggered by the Prosecuting Counsel who has the power to do so by itself or after being informed by indictment or claim. 32  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Within this framework, it should be referred the external control exercised by the Inspectorate-General of Home Affairs (IGAI), that supervises all the services depending on or under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the agencies that perform private security. However, the essence of this General-Inspection’s action is mainly the control of the police forces.

Within the scope of its inspection, supervision and investigation actions, this Department is entrusted with the execution of ordinary and extraordinary inspections, audits for the appraisal of personal performance, valuation of claims, protests and indictments caused by violation of law, making official inquiries, regular inspections and expert inspections. On its own initiative or by ministerial decision, it can hold judicial inquiries or take disciplinary proceedings against police and security forces’ behaviours that violate the essential rights of the citizens.

The IGAI intervenes on a selective basis, since it directly investigates the most serious cases and its way of acting comprehends two control modalities – direct and indirect ones: the 1st, when it is investigating the facts by its own; and the 2nd, when it is only aiding the internal police investigations within the scope, if needed, to propose to a higher level the revision of the disciplinary decision considered illegal by IGAI. It acts after direct or official acknowledgement and indictment brought by other authorities and by identified sources' indictment or claim.

Lastly, it should be stressed the informal control of the police and security forces that is exercised through different non-governmental organizations and media, namely through public indictment of situations that frequently require the intervention and investigation of the competent authorities.

3. Procedures related to different forces personnel

3.1. What kind of procedures for recruitment and call-up of personnel for service in your military, paramilitary and internal security forces does your State have? Military:

The Portuguese Armed Forces completed its transition period, from the Conscript System to the Professionalization Process of the Armed Forces, in September 2004. Since 19 November 2004, Portugal has reached the goal of fully professionalized Armed Forces.

The Law for the Military Service (LMS) (Nr.174/99), regulated since November 2000, defines that the military service is now, in peacetime, on a voluntary basis, with the possibility of exceptional recruitment in situations where volunteering proves to be inadequate to meet the needs of the Armed Forces. For non-permanent personnel, the law foresees two forms of rendering military service, between which citizens may freely choose: voluntary regimen, for a fixed period of one year, and contract regimen, for a minimum of two and a maximum of six years, or fourteen to eighteen years, pending ranks, for the most technical specialities (according to the Special Contract Regimen approved by the Law 130/2010, of December 14th.

33  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only

The military service was compulsory for male citizens until 2004.

Between 1999 and 2004 there was a transitory period, and in 2004 the regime based on conscription ended and a new one began, based, in peacetime, on a voluntary basis for a military career or short-term service, to all eligible citizens. Nevertheless, in case of exceptional necessity, citizens – both men and women – can be called up to serve as conscripts. Reservists may be called-up for refreshment, training or exercise until the last day of the year they complete thirty-five years of age and during the six years following the end of their effective military service, for a maximum of two months. On May 11th, 2023, the Council of Ministers has approved the proposed decree law amending the statute of the military of the armed forces, for the creation of the soldier’s permanent category of the army, which was published in decree law no. 77/2023, of September 4th. The main aim of this type of service is to retain military personnel in the operational component, through a wider universe of military personnel, from contractual backgrounds, thus guaranteeing the stability of the workforce.

The recruitment of personnel for service in the Armed Forces is the result of a global and consistent policy, based on four pillars:

- The National Defence Day

This military obligation for all eighteen years old citizens, male or female, under the principle of gender equality, which requires men and women to have the same military rights and duties, (Decree Law no. 52/2009 of March 2nd, alters the Regulation of the Law for the Military Service -LMS) has been contributing to inform young citizens about the aims of National Defence and the Armed Forces role and, consequently, to motivate the ones potentially interested in a military service. At the end of the National Defence Day, the citizens can, if they wish, fill a pre-candidateship form to the contractual or volunteer regimens.

- Systematic Public Information Campaigns The professionalization process of the Armed Forces is supported by promotional and informational events, which comprehends schools, fairs and other appearances, concerning essentially recruitment and military obligations. Furthermore, information concerning Portuguese Armed Forces and MOD can be accessed true the respective websites.

- The improvement of the Military Recruitment Structure

Regarding the improvement of the present military recruitment centres, it was created the Centre for Information and Guidance for Training and Employment (CIOFE), in July 2008, in the capital, the first integrated military information centre, intended to support the military and former military personnel in their transition to civilian.

- Gender balance

34  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Regarding Gender Equality, the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic enshrines the principle of gender equality and the promotion of equality between men and women as a fundamental task of the State. The main policy instruments regarding political and military aspects are the National Plan for Equality - Gender, Citizenship and Non-Discrimination, currently in its fifth edition (2014-2017), approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers no. 103/2013, 31 December, and the National Action Plan for the Implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security (II NAP 1325), in its second edition (2014-2018), approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers no. 50/2014, 26 August. The II NAP 1325 is also in accordance with the Strategic Concept for Portuguese Development Cooperation 2014-2020, as it reaffirms the promotion of the concept of human security, which considers the individual as a fundamental value. In this sense, the aim is to protect the individual against threats like poverty, hunger, disease, human rights’ violations, sexual violence and human trafficking.

Strategic Goals

Strategic area 1 – Encouraging the participation of women in the processes of promotion and maintenance of peace and security

Measures Goals Developing campaigns targeting young people 1. To promote the increase of women serving in the to strengthen women’s participation in the military and security forces. military and security forces.

2. To promote the increase of women’s participation Creating conditions to achieve a more equal in international missions for the promotion and participation of women and men in international maintenance of peace and security, for missions for the promotion and maintenance of humanitarian aid and for crisis management. peace. 3. To regularly publish the vacant positions in international bodies, in order to encourage the Encouraging the appointment of women to appointment of more women to key positions, positions in the international bodies that decision-making and other positions, in the support the promotion of peace and security. international bodies that support the promotion of peace and security. Increasing the number of women appointed to 4. To promote the appointment of women to EU, EU, OSCE and CPLP election observation OSCE and CPLP election observation missions. missions. 5. To promote the integration of issues regarding Appointing a gender focal point within the gender equality and all forms of violence against deployed forces. women, young women and girls into the deployed Ensuring the incorporation of a gender forces, including in conflict and post-conflict perspective into all the activities of the

35  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only settings, and into international missions for the international missions and providing appropriate maintenance of peace and security. support to field operations. Acknowledging the possible traumatic effects on 6. To ensure access to psychological support for the family relationships caused by the participation staff and the respective families before, during in situations of armed conflict and preventing the and after their participation in peace and technical possible occurrence of family violence cases. and military cooperation missions. Reducing the cases of post-traumatic stress disorder and family violence.

36  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only

Statistical Data

Military Personnel 2024 - Active Duty and Reserve Personnel

2024 % dof % of Male Female Total Navy Male Female Officers 1535 477 2012 76,29% 23,70% Sargeants 1741 184 1925 90,44% 9,56% Soldiers 2505 246 2751 91,06% 8,94% Total 5781 907 6688 85,93% 14,07%

2024 % of Male Female Total % of Male Army Female Offcers 2538 426 2964 85,63% 14,37% Sargeants 3317 259 3576 92,76% 7,24% Soldiers 3712 768 4480 82,86% 17,14% Total 9567 1453 11020 86,81% 13,18%

2024 % of Male Female Total % of Male Air Force Female Officers 1557 553 2110 73,79% 26,21% Sargeants 2264 431 2695 84,01% 15,99% Soldiers 923 242 1165 79,23% 20,77% Total 4744 1226 5970 79,46% 20,53%

2024 Total % of Male Female Total % of Male AFs Female Officers 5630 1456 7086 79,45% 20,55% Sargeants 7322 874 8196 89,33% 10,66% Soldiers 7140 1256 8396 85,04% 14,96% Total 20070 3573 23678 84.61% 15,39%

37  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Strategic area 2 – Ensuring training for the people involved in processes for the promotion and maintenance of peace and security

Measures Goals Capacity building of professionals for the 7. To conduct training programmes on gender identification and criminal investigation of equality and violence against women and young human rights violations committed against women, including sexual violence, gender-based women, including sexual abuse, domestic violence and trafficking in human beings, for violence, gender-based violence and trafficking executive and technical staff in the fields of in human beings, in conflict and post-conflict justice, armed forces and security forces. situations. 8. To conduct training programmes on gender equality and violence against women and girls, Raising awareness among personnel deployed including sexual violence, gender-based violence for peace and security missions about the issues and trafficking in human beings, for personnel in addressed by the resolutions on women, peace the fields of justice, armed forces and security and security, before and during the missions. forces assigned to international missions for the promotion and maintenance of peace and security. 9. To promote the exchange and dissemination of Exchange of experiences among deployed lived experiences among the personnel assigned to personnel. international missions for the promotion and Promoting women’s participation in maintenance of peace and security. international missions. 10. To elaborate a report on women’s participation in the armed forces in peace missions between Contributing to the knowledge about women’s 2008/2013 and to promote the dissemination of the participation in peace missions. findings. Ensuring, within the framework of UNSCR 11. To develop a Code of Conduct for personnel 1820, a zero-tolerance policy regarding sexual involved in crisis management tasks and in peace- abuse within the (national and international) keeping operations, as well as the respective peacekeeping contingent and between monitoring mechanisms. peacekeepers and local populations supported in the operational environment.

38  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Strategic area 3 – Promoting the goals of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) in the external action of Portugal

Measures Goals Contributing to the understanding of the 12. To integrate the «women, peace and security» relationship between gender issues, including theme into the bilateral and multilateral technical women’s needs and perspectives in and military cooperation actions. conflict/post-conflict situations, and the defence structures. 13. To include the «women, peace and security» Ensuring that measures are taken so that theme in the cooperation in matters of justice and women, young women, and girls’ victims of security with others States, namely aiming to the violence, including sexual violence, have the implementation of Resolution 2106, adopted by right to protection and reparation, and that the the UNSC. perpetrators are punished. 14. To integrate the issues regarding gender and violence against women and girls, including do- mestic violence, harmful traditional practices and Strengthening the guidance to partner countries trafficking in human beings, as well as the issues on their obligations under UNSCR 1325, regarding the need to protect the victims and the international humanitarian law and the human punishment of the perpetrators, into the context of rights, including supporting the elaboration and the technical and legal cooperation with the enforcement of gender-sensitive legislation. ministries of the justice, courts and criminal inves- tigation entities of the partner countries. Introduction of the perspective (mainstreaming) 15. To promote the integration of the «women, peace of the women, peace and security theme into the and security» theme into the United Nations, EU, United Nations, EU, CPLP, OSCE and NATO CPLP, OSCE and NATO documents. systems. Contributing to stimulate the task force and the 16. To actively participate in the EU task force for the implementation of UNSCR 1325 at the EU implementation of UNSCR 1325. level. 17. To promote the goals of UNSCR 1325 in CSDP missions of the European Union, namely, to Increasing the number of women in CSDP increase women’s participation and to conduct missions. training on UNSCR 1325, including on sexual Ensuring training on UNSCR 1325 for violence in conflict situations, on HIV/AIDS and personnel involved in CSDP missions. on women’s health. 18. To make recommendations to other States on the implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the national Promoting the implementation of UNSCR 1325 reports submitted to the Universal Periodic in other States. Review of the United Nations Human Rights Council. 19. To regularly contribute to the United Nations Contributing to measure the implementation of Indicators to Track Implementation of UNSCR UNSCR 1325 at the international level. 1325.

39  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only 20. To support the strengthening of the participation Supporting projects that promote the of women, young women and girls and the defence participation and empowerment of women, of their human rights, power and influence in young women, and girls in the development development cooperation projects. process.

Strategic area 4 – Deepening and dissemination of knowledge about the «women, peace and security» theme, and raising awareness among decision-making stakeholders and the community

Measures Goals Dissemination among national and international partners, and the general public, of the III PNA 21. To disseminate the II PNA 1325. 1325 (2019-2022). Involving the major sectors in the execution of the III PNA 1325 (2019-2022). 22. To include the subject of «women, peace and Deepening the knowledge about the women, security» in courses conducted by the IDN. peace and security theme. Improving access to information and 23. To manage and update the women, peace and disseminating among the general public the security website. main national and international initiatives regarding matters of women, peace and security. 24. To conduct debates on the «women peace and 4 debates. security» theme. 25. To disclose documents and international Making known to the general public the guidelines regarding matters of women, peace and international guidelines regarding matters of security. women, peace and security. 26. To promote awareness raising programmes on health and human rights issues, including on sexual violence and gender-based violence, 1 awareness raising programme per year. according to the goals set out in the plan, for higher education students.

40  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Strategic area 5 – Promoting the participation of the civil society in the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security (2014-2018)

Measures Goals 27. To promote meetings with representatives of the civil society for the implementation, follow-up, 2 meetings per year. and assessment of the III PNA 1325 (2019-2022). 28. To cooperate with civil society organizations in the exchange of expertise within the framework of gender-based issues, in the operational Enhancing the work of all stakeholders in this environment and international missions for the field, through facilitating dialogue between the maintenance of peace, civil crisis management various stakeholders operating in the field. and emergency management within civil protection. Contributing to improve and enhance the work of civil society organizations in this field. 29. To support cooperation projects promoted by civil Promoting gender equality, women’s society organizations within the intervention empowerment and participation and the combat scope of this plan. of all forms of violence against women, young women and girls in third countries.

Paramilitary:

There are no paramilitary forces.

Security Forces:

In Portugal, concepts such as “mobilization” or “duty calls” do not apply. Members of the police forces are volunteers.

Due to the Law for the Military Services (Nr. 174/99), the general conditions for admittance to the National Republican Guard were enlarged, in two fields: the recruitment is no longer based exclusively on the personnel who have done the military compulsory service; and, consequently, the inclusion of Volunteer Military Service and feminine personnel. The number of vacancies is determined every year by the Ministry of Internal Administration (MAI) and published on the II series of the Republic Diary. The applications are made by public announcement on the II series of the Republic Diary and in a national paper.

The initial training of National Republican Guard (GNR) elements covers a wide range of subjects with special focus on laws and technical police duties, on military training in general and on vocational and physical training.

Officers’ initial training is more demanding and takes place in the Military Academy - a college offering a master’s degree in military sciences. 41  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only Besides their initial training, they periodically attend several training courses aimed to develop know-how and skills in the field of human rights, liberties and guaranties of the citizens, in police and professional ethics and in issues regarding immigrants and ethnic minorities.

In what concerns admissions in the Public Security Police (PSP), candidates may apply to the Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security / ISCPSI or to the Police Training College (for categories below). The ISCPSI was created in 1982. Back then it was called Superior School of Police. It started the curricular activities in 1984. In matters of training, the Institute provides, since then, the senior police officers course, based on 5 fundamental areas: - Ethics - Humanist - Scientific - Technical - Technological

The Higher Institute of Police Sciences and Internal Security (ISCPSI) is a higher institute on police matters that has the mission of training the senior police officers, promote the permanent improvement, coordinate, and collaborate in investigation projects and development in the homeland security issues. The Institute provides the academic degrees of a master, according to the law, in areas that are relevant to the Homeland security.

The applications are made by public announcement. The number of vacancies is determined every year by the MHA and published on the II series of the Republic Diary.

Training of police officers (beat/patrol Officers) and mid-rank police officers (sergeant):

- The Police Training College is an academy of police training on the dependence of the PSP National Director; and has the mission to provide all kinds of training (basic, specialization and improvement) to police officers and mid-rank police officers. - The PSP organizes internships and promotion courses of police officers since 1977, granting the students: • A technical and humanist training that allows them to fulfil their duties with efficiency and civility. • A high sense of duty and honour, integrity, discipline and responsibility necessary to their role. • A physical training that allows them to face all kind of adversities with vigour.

- The applications are made by public announcement. - The number of vacancies is determined every year by the Internal Affairs Ministry, and published on the II series of the Republic Diary. After the initial training, police officers must take regular tests and specific training courses, according to the areas they intend to work in.

42  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only 3.2. What kind of exemptions or alternatives to military service does your State have?

The Law for objectors as a matter of conscience (Law 7/92, May 12, ruled by Decree 191/92, Sep 8) no longer deals with the alternative to the compulsory military service, that ended in 2004. However, the objectors can use it in case of exceptional recruitment and to justify their absence to the National Defence Day. For that purpose, they must present to the National Committee for Objectors a declaration stating that condition. Therefore, after confirmation by that committee, the name of the objector is included in an objector's list, registered in the Cabinet of Civic Service for Objectors of Conscience, making him eligible for the community service instead of the exceptional military service with equivalent duration. The educational level and professional ability are taken into consideration, once the educational training is completed, with a view to deciding upon the proper assignment.

The article 38 of Law 174/99 of September 26 (Law for the Military Service) exempts the descendants of killed or deficient militaries from Armed Forces.

3.3. What are the legal and administrative procedures to protect the rights of all forces personnel as well as conscripts?

In Portugal, the military personnel are ruled by special statutory legislation, but in specific subjects, as maternity, holidays, they follow civilian rules, although their military status may impose certain restrictions to such rights.

The democratic political control is exercised through a set of appropriate legislative documents that includes: - The Portuguese Republic Constitution; - The National Defence Law; - The Law on Organizational Aspects of the Armed Forces; - The Internal Security Law; - The Decrees related to the organization of each Service and for the General Staff. - The Military Personnel Statute altered by the Decrees Law 90/2015 of May 29, which is subject to Parliament approval, regulates (art. 18 through 25) the civic capacity of the military personnel including the right to vote and the right to participate in activities of political nature, while not in active duty. By the Organic Law 3/2001, of August 29, the Parliament consecrated, with restrictions, the “right of professional association” concerning the military. The rights of the military associations are clearly stated in the Law and from the exercise of the related rights cannot result any kind of harm to the duties and the tasks legally conferred to the military. - The Legal Regime for the Ombudsman (elected by the Parliament) covers his prerogatives related to the National Defence and Armed Forces;

- The Military Code of Justice, which is applicable at the court level (it requires parliamentary approval);

43  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only - The Military Disciplinary Rule governs at civilian and military level the behaviour of military personnel in active duty, reserve or retired situation. It includes a chapter related to rights and guarantees; - The Law for the Military Service addresses the management of the human resources for the Armed Forces and the recruitment/call up of personnel for active duty; - The Law for objectors as a matter of conscience no longer deals with the alternative to the compulsory military service that ended in 2004. However the objectors can use it in case of exceptional recruitment and to justify their absence to the National Defence Day. - Both GNR and PSP Disciplinary Rules are applicable to all their police officers. Civilians working for both GNR and PSP are governed by the Civil Servants Rules.

4. Implementation of other political norms, principles, decisions and international humanitarian law

4.1. How does your State ensure that International Humanitarian Law and Law of Wars are made widely available, e.g., through military training programmes and regulations?

The translation and publication of the Code was carried out to make possible a rather wide circulation. It was decided to recommend, to the three services of the Armed Forces, the inclusion of the Code of Conduct in the curricula of the several courses which are taking place in the Navy, Army and Air Force, not only at the level of Military Academies but also of staff Courses.

It has also been decided that, besides the Institutes and Academies, the Code of Conduct should also circulate within the several Commands, mainly through its introduction in the teaching/military training programmes.

The GNR also includes in their courses – from the category of privates to officers – a training in the area of the international law: the Conventions of Human Rights, the Conventions adopted by the United Nations and to which Portugal is committed, as well as the Conventions within the framework of the European Union and European Council.

The PSP, in its various Training and promotion courses (Agents, Chiefs and officers), includes Constitutional Law Subjects, Ethics, International Law and Human Rights, including the study of their Standards, Regulations and Conventions; In addition and in obedience to the framework defined by UN, the PSP created a Training Centre for International Missions, where the following courses are provided, with the highest international standards of international humanitarian law as frame of reference: • Joint Training Course for International Missions – provided to all police officers who are to integrate an international mission; • International Mission Command Course – directed to senior police who aim to perform key position within the missions; • Preparation Course for International Missions (PCIM) – addressed to police officers already appointed for a specific IM, standing by for deployment.

44  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only 4.2. What has been done to ensure that armed forces personnel are aware of being individually accountable under national and international law for their actions?

The system implies that almost every decision on defence issues is to be taken with the participation of more than one body. The main purpose of that system is to have defence issues or defence policy out of the political struggle. Once objectives of defence policy have higher national dimension, that policy should not be subjected to instability. The Portuguese system considered that the better way to assure stability to defence policy was to share responsibilities and competences between State bodies, calling all of them to participate on it.

The Armed Forces military personnel receive instruction/formation aiming to provide awareness of the limits and caveats of their area of activity, regarding potential violations of the Human Rights, the Humanitarian Law, and the Law of Armed Conflicts. This awareness is further increased and refreshed each time any military goes on an overseas mission, during the specific training and preparation program prior to deploy. Commanders are accountable for the actions of their staff and exercise supervision to ensure no disrespectful actions occur.

4.3. How does your State ensure that armed forces are not used to limit the peaceful and lawful exercise of human and civil rights by persons as individuals or as representatives of groups nor to deprive them of national, religious, cultural, linguistic, or ethnic identity?

All the doctrinaire references applicable to the Armed Forces in the field of Policy, Rights and International Relations rules, War and Humanitarian Laws, are included in the training and educational programmes in a proportion ranging from 10 to 15% for the higher educational levels.

4.4. What has been done to provide for the individual service member’s exercise of his or her civil rights and how does your State ensure that the country’s armed forces are politically neutral?

Very specific actions were taken to assure the implementation process of the Code of Conduct, in conformity with the traditional Portuguese military training related with the legal aspects involving armed conflicts.

4.5. How does your State ensure that its defence policy and doctrine are consistent with international law?

In general, the school programmes aim at acquainting the officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) with a set of generic concepts regarding the Code of Conduct. These are viewed within the context of the new conditions of the international political scenario, which is currently favourable for initiatives of multilateral co-operation with the purpose of achieving an improved security environment in an increasing democratic space.

45  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only The efforts that the Portuguese police and security forces under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs have been making to enhance training of their regular personnel should be stressed out. For the Public Security Police, the main concern has been the education on “Human Rights" matters, - both at training centres and in operational units - on doctrines specifying the limits of police power in the context of international law-abiding texts Portugal is committed to.

Resulting from Portugal’s membership of the North Atlantic Alliance, the Armed Forces follows NATO’s operational doctrine. The Alliance discusses all its operational doctrine among the 29 independent member countries, before national ratification, ensuring its consistency with the international Law.

Section III: Public access and contact information

1. Public access

1.1. How is the public informed about the provisions of the Code of Conduct?

The main entity responsible for the promotion of the Code of Conduct is the National Defence Institute, through the annual National Defence Course, the Defence Course for Young People, and the Defence Course for Journalists’. . 1.2. What additional information related to the Code of Conduct, e.g., replies to the Questionnaire on the Code of Conduct, is made publicly available in your State?

The Government promotes the dissemination of information related to the Code of Conduct through the OSCE website, and references on academic papers and conferences.

1.3. How does your State ensure public access to information related to your State’s armed forces?

The Portuguese Government aims to keep the general public informed about the Portuguese Armed Forces in several aspects. This dissemination of information is made mainly through the Armed Forces websites, through conferences and courses – especially the ones offered by the National Defence Institute: The National Defence Course, the Defence Course for Young People, the Defence Course for Journalists’, among others), through participation in exhibitions and through the National Defence Day (the latter aiming at reaching the younger population). The Armed Forces maintain a proactive Public Information posture, using the electronic media platforms, to keep the wide public informed of its activities. Furthermore, the Armed Forces promote: Military Units facilities Open Days to the local community; embedded conventional media (journalists) opportunities; Aviation Spotter events; visits to schools (together with the recruitment branch) and youth events; etc. All these planned events aim to ensure the public support of Armed Forces activities, both internally and abroad.

46  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only The Air Force has a military radio station (Radio Lajes) transmitting from Lajes Air Base in the Azores, but available on the internet. The station has a strong audience among the Portuguese/Azorean diaspora (especially in the United States) via internet.

Radio Lajes is also used to promote the moral and welfare for deployed Air Force personnel, when in mission in other parts of world.

2. Contact information

2.1. Provide information on the national point of contact for the implementation of the Code of Conduct.

The coordinating entity of the contact procedures with the departments responsible for filling out the Code of Conduct questionnaire is the National Defence Policy Directorate of the Ministry of National Defence, who, after receiving all the contributions, forwards them to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Section IV: Information Sharing on Private Military and Security Companies

1. What are your state’s policies, legislations, and regulations relevant for PMSCs that operate domestically and internationally and how are PMSCs contracted, registered, licensed and monitored?

Portugal private sector on Military and Security Companies are properly framed on the national legislation: Act 34/2013, of 16 May, amended and republished by Act 46/2019 of 8 July, regulates the regime for the exercise of private security activities, the organisation of self-protection services, the security measures to be adopted by public or private entities, with a view to protecting people and property and preventing crimes. Private security and self-protection may only be exercised under the terms of the aforementioned law and its regulations and have a complementary function to the activity of the Security Forces and Services.

The licensing process for obtaining a permit takes place in two sequential phases. The first is provided for in article 43 of Act 34/2013 and aims to assess the entity's general requirements for carrying out private security activities. The second phase, provided for in Article 47, certifies that the entity meets a set of requirements necessary for the performance of the services associated with the license requested.

The procedures provided in the aforementioned Law are carried out electronically, using a specific database (SIGESP) for registration, control, licensing and supervision of the exercise of private security activities, which is the responsibility of the National Directorate of the PSP. The personal data registered are regulated and subject to the rules provided in the Personal Data Protection Law.

47  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only As set out in article 55 of Act 34/2013, version in force, the supervision of the activities regulated by that Act is carried out by the National Directorate of the Public Security Police in conjunction with the Authority for Working Conditions (ACT) and the Tax and Customs Authority (AT), without prejudice to the powers of the other security forces and services and the Inspectorate-General of Home Affairs. The coordination provided as stipulated in the same article 55 is intended to favour inspection activities carried out by multidisciplinary teams, and for this purpose the aforementioned authorities shall appoint liaison officers to speed up their creation.

Annually the PSP produces a public report on private security. However, the last report that the PSP has available on its website is the 2021 report (dated 2022), link below: https://www.psp.pt/depsegurancaprivada/Pages/documentos/espaco- publico.aspx?filter=Conselho+de+Seguranca+Privada

2. How does your State ensure that your use of PMSCs is consistent with obligations under international law?

Based on the legislative authorization granted by Parliament with Act 54/2019, of August 5, the Government approved Decree-Law 159/2019, of October 24, establishing the legal framework for armed private security on board ships flying the Portuguese flag and passing through high-risk piracy areas. The purpose of on-board security is to protect ships from acts of piracy, as defined in Article 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the same Convention, approved by the Parliament’s Resolution 60-B/97 of October 14. It is uncontentious that piracy has an impact on the safety of people and goods on board ships and on the costs to the global economy. In this context, ways of combating piracy have been considered and put into practice at international level, including armed security on board. Faced with this trend, international organizations, including the International Maritime Organization, and international forums specializing in maritime protection have issued recommendations on best practices for states that decide to use and regulate private security on board ships flying their flag. The legal framework provided for in Decree-Law 159/2019 is based on the need to ensure the effective protection capacity of ships, in conjunction with the adequate guarantee of public safety, taking into account the subsidiarity of the activities, actions and mechanisms provided for and the proportionality of means and resources. To this end, owners of ships flying the Portuguese flag are able to hire private security companies to provide on-board security services, using weapons and ammunition that are considered technically adequate for the purpose of protection, without neglecting the necessary public security mechanisms, as long as they are passing through areas with a high risk of piracy. This establishes a legal framework that guarantees control of the private armed security activity on board, subjecting it to the approval of plans against acts of piracy 48  MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE DEFENCE POLICY DIRECTORATE YEAR 2024 ENGLISH Only and the security of arms transportation, and providing for the monitoring and inspection of the activity by the competent authorities. As set out in article 49 of Decree-Law 159/2019, the supervision of the activities regulated by that Decree-Law is carried out, within the scope of their respective powers, by the PSP, the DGRM, the AMN and the GNR, without prejudice to the powers of the other security forces and services, the Inspectorate-General of Home Affairs and the Navy. The PSP, DGRM, AMN and GNR are responsible for drawing up the administrative offense notices provided for in this decree-law, without prejudice to the powers of the other security forces and services, the Inspectorate-General for Internal Administration and the Navy. In this regard, it is possible to check the latest private security report available for consultation on the PSP website, the report for 2021, where, in the chapter dedicated to various licenses, is provided some data on armed private security activity on board ships flying the Portuguese flag and passing through areas of high risk of piracy, as in page 51 and following: https://www.psp.pt/depsegurancaprivada/Pages/documentos/espaco- publico.aspx?filter=Conselho+de+Seguranca+Privada

DGPDN, YEAR 2025

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