Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 23 October 2025.#Proceedings brought by A Oy.#Request for a preliminary ruling from the Korkein hallinto-oikeus.#Reference for a preliminary ruling – Taxation – Common system of value added tax (VAT) – Directive 2006/112/EC – Taxable transactions – Exemption relating to the granting of credit – Article 135(1)(b) – Exemption relating to financial transactions – Debt collection – Article 135(1)(d) – Trade factoring – Invoice factoring.#Case C-232/24.