Mozambique - Decentralized, Planning and Financing : Environmental Assessment

DPFP: Environmental Analysis, Executive SummarylAvaliag5o Ambiental, Sumbrio Executivo E760 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY May 2003 This report presents the findings of an Environmental Analysis (EA) of the Decentralized Planning and Finance Project (DPFP), a five year program funded by the World Bank. The project concept shares much in common with the Bank-funded Municipal Development Project (MDP) regarding EA focus on small-scale civil works. The DPFP concept document identifies the environment as requiring special attention within the overall framework of the project. A critical assumption is that in general the project will bring about improved infrastructures and services in rural areas and improved capacity of District Administrations to manage all aspects of small-scale civil works. The DPFP is divided into two components; ), Decentralized Planning, Finance and Investment This component of the project aims to (i) develop public sector capacity for district planning and plan implementation that is accountable, and (ii) develop capacity among rural communities to effectively participate in district planning and ensure local administration accountability for plan implementation. > Local Investment Grants in capacity building activities for financial and works management This component will build the capacity for decentralized management of district level infrastructure investments and will finance a gradually expanding program of such investments across the four target provinces. The objective is to develop a mechanism whereby the GoM intergovernmental transfer system can be extended to finance territorially determined annual investment plans at the district level. This component will develop procedures and capacity for district administrations to determine and allocate budget for small infrastructure investments as well as build capacity for basic financial and works management. In the first instance the DPFP will be implemented in selected districts of the four central provinces viz., Zambezia, Tete, Sofala and Manica Provinces. The overall focus of the present analysis is technical capacity building to ensure effective environmental monitoring of the civil works component of the DPFP, and specifically to: * Assess district level capacity to conduct environmental assessments of the proposed range of civil works sub-projects component of the DPFP. * Make recommendations concerning the level of capacity building required to ensure appropriate environmental assessment of civil works. * Develop screening guidelines for pre-defined civil works sub-project categories that can be used to establish the environmental assessment requirements of individual sub projects.  DPFP: Environmental Analysis, Executive Summary/Avalia go Ambierntal, SumArio Executivo Develop a framework environmental management plan encompassing all LIG projects and define the scope of monitoring related aci:ivities. This analysis generated the following major outputs: 1. According to World Bank operational guidelines for environmental assessment (EA), the construction envisaged for the civil works program are best provisionally classified as category B projects, which typically have reversible site specific impacts that can be prevented or mitigated. Consequently a mechanism for screening sub projects to determine the level of Environmental Assessment required has been developed (for example, road and bridge construct on and small-scale irrigation schemes may require environmental impact assessment according to both Mozambican legislation and Bank policy). Any project not captured by the screening process will be expected to adhere to the Environmental Assessment guidelines and the environmental management plan framework (ino luding monitoring protocols) developed in this report. 2. In our opinion this initial environmental analysis estabiishes that the majority of LIG projects will not require mandatory environmental assessment and that the contents of this report should be sufficient to implement sound environmental management at an acceptable level (as per defined environmental standards). Irrigation projects and possibly road and bridge construction are exceptions to this generalization and may require mandatory EA. Guidelines are provided to facilitate this process. 3. The impacts and prevention/mitigation measures< associated with each LIG sub- category of projects are summarized in chapter 5 aind presented together with costed monitoring requirements as more detailed matrices in Annex Ill. This information together with detailed design documents for LIG sub project will be sufficient to complete the screening process outlined in Chapter 6 and further elaborated in Annex V. The screening process captures projects that may require some level of mandatory EA (e.g. small scale irrigation schemes, roads and bridges) and identifies environmental and social issues that require incorporation in sub project design according to the environmental assessrnent guidelines cleveloped in this report. 4. A framework environmental management plan is preserted in chapter 7 while Annex VI provides a comprehensive list of specifications that may warrant inclusion in a sub project EMP. The first part of the framework EMAP describes the protocol to be followed for project approval and the roles and responsibilities of District and Provincial level DPFP personnel in this process. Given the lack of capacity for environmental management at both Provincial and especially District level, the Technical Advisor recommended for appointment to the project (see section 9.2.3) is envisaged as playing a key backstopping role in this critically important process. 5. Chapter 8 elaborates the monitoring plan and defines roles and responsibilities distinguishing between the routine monitoring of LIC sub projects and annual monitoring (audit) of the framework EMP. Routine monitoring focuses mainly on construction supervision and awareness raising in the contexts of human health and safety and environmental protection. Annual audits will evaluate a sample of sub- projects to determine overall performance and to improve future environmental management. Routine monitoring requirements are defined according to potential impacts and recommended mitigation rneasures and are presented as a series of ii  DPFP: Environmental Analysis, Executive Summary/Avalia,co Ambiental, Sumario Executivo matrices in annex Ill. Where applicable monitoring costs are estimated and roles and responsibilities for monitoring are also defined as precisely as possible (project personnel, government departments, NGOs, local communities etc). 6. The capacity to conduct environmental assessments is discussed in chapter 9. It is concluded that capacity is weak at Provincial level and almost non-existent at district level. This is regardless of between province and district variation in technical staff complement, and range and level of academic qualifications. However, these are not considered to be critical selection criteria for training in EA. The knowledge required is more of a practical nature (common sense), and the most suitable candidates are those that have a working knowledge of civil works and/or have a management role during construction (as well as new appointments at district level under the DPFP). 7. A one-week training workshop is recommended as the best approach to developing district-level capacity to ensure effective EA of the civil works program. The workshop will include training of trainers to work at community level with the same objective of building capacity for EA. Biannual refresher workshops are also recommended where trained personnel can reflect on lessons learned and share experiences. The workshop curriculum will encompass: > Case studies (where possible developed by the workshop participants) based on the scope of work of the civil works program that can be used to demonstrate the basic principles of EA. > Workshopping the screening guidelines developed and presented in section 7 > An overview of environmental assessment (scoping, screening, EA methodologies, impacts and mitigation measures, public participation, monitoring and evaluation) > Review of relevant environmental legislation > Review of MICOA regulations regarding EIA > Designing effective public awareness campaigns > Training of trainers to work with EA at community-level The appointment of a part-time Technical Advisor for the duration of the project is also recommended. His/her main responsibilities would include but not be limited to technical backstopping during all stages of LIG sub project development (from design to approval), providing further guidance and additional training for DA technical staff, and assisting with the routine monitoring of LIG projects.  DPFP: Environmental Analysis, Executive Summary/A valiag5o Ambient9l, Sumnrio Executivo SUMARIO EXECUTIVO Este relat6rio apresenta os resultados de uma Analise Ambiental (AA) do Projecto de Planeamento e Financiamento Descentralizado (DPFP), um programa de cinco anos financiado pelo Banco Mundial. 0 projecto partlilha urn conceito comum ao Projecto de Desenvolvimento Municipal (MDP) financiado pelo Banco Mundial em rela,ao ao foco da AA nos trabalhos de engenharia civil de pequena escala. O documento de concep,co do DPFP identifica o meio ambiente como necessitando cle uma aten,co especial dentro do quadro geral do projecto. Uma suposi,co critica 6 que, no geral, o projecto trar6 infrastruturas melhoradas, seri,cos nas 6reas rurais e urm melhoramento da capacidade das administrag6es distritais em gerir todos os aspectos dos trabalhos de engenharia civil de pequena escala. O DPFP esta dividido em duas componentes; ); Planeamento, Financiamento e Investimento Descentralizado Esta componente do projecto tem como objectivos (i) desenvolver a capacidade do sector publico para o planeamento distrital e planificar a implernentac,o de forma responsavel, e (ii) desenvolver a capacidade das comunidades rurais para participarern efectivamente no planeamento distrital e assegurarern a responsabilidade da administra,co local na implementa,co do plano. > Investimentos Locais por Ernpr6stirno (LIG) em actividades de capacita,ao para gestao dos trabalhos e financeira Esta componente ira desenvolver a capacidade para a gestao descentralizada dos investimentos em infra-estruturas a nivel distrital e ira financiar um programa de expansao gradual de tais investimentos atrav6s clas quatro provincias. 0 objectivo 6 de desenvolver um mecanismo pelo qual o sistema de transfer6ncia inter-governamental do Governo de Mocambique possa ser expandido para financiar planos de investimento anuais de determinados territ6rios a nivel distrital. Esta componente ira desenvolver procedimentos e capacidades para as administrag6es distritais serem capazes de determinar e alocar or,amentos para investimentos de pequenas infra-estruturas assim como desenvolver capacidades para a gestao dos trabalhos e de financiamento basico. Na primeira circunstancia o DPFP sera implementado enm distritos seleccionados das quatro provincias do centro do Pais, Zarnb6zia, Tete, Sofala e Manica. O foco geral da presente analise 6 o de desenvolver as capacidades t6cnicas para assegurarem um monitoramento ambiental eficiente da componente dos trabalhos de engenharia civil do DPFP, e especificamente para: * Avaliar o nivel das capacidades do distrito de orientar avaliac6es ambientais da proposta s6rie de trabalhos de engenharia civil dos ccmponentes sub-projectos do DPFP. iv  DPf:P: Environmental Analysis, Executive Summary/Avaliag5o Ambiental, Sumario Executivo * Dar recomenda,6es a respeito do nivel de desenvolvimento das capacidades necessaria para assegurar uma avalia,co ambiental apropriada/adequada dos trabalhos de engenharia civil. * Desenvolver directivas de avalia,co para categorias dos sub-projectos de trabalhos de engenharia civil pre-definidas que possam ser usadas para estabelecer os requisitos das avalia,6es ambientais dos sub-projectos individuais. * Desenvolver um esquema de plano de gestao ambiental envolvendo todos os projectos LIG e definir o ambito das actividades relacionadas com o monitoramento. Esia analise gerou os seguintes principais resultados: 1. Segundo as directivas operacionais para avalia,co ambiental (AA), a construcao prevista para o programa dos trabalhos de engenharia civil s3o provisoriamente melhor classificados como projectos de categoria B, que tipicamente possuem impactos reversiveis que podem ser prevenidos ou mitigados. Consequentemente, o mecanismo para a avalia,co dos sub-projectos para determinar o nivel de Avalia,co Ambiental exigida foi ja desenvolvido (por exemplo, a constru,co de estradas e pontes e m6todos de irriga,co de pequena escala podem exigir estudos de impacto ambiental de acordo com ambas a Legisla,co Mo,cambicana e Politica do Banco Mundial). Espera-se que qualquer projecto n3o identificado pelo processo de avalia,co, adira as directivas de Avalia,co Ambiental e um esquema de plano de gestao ambiental (incluindo protocolos de monitoramento) desenvolvidos neste relat6rio. 2. Na nossa opiniao esta analise ambiental inicial estabelece que a maioria dos projectos LIG nao exigirao uma avalia,co ambiental obrigat6ria e que o conteudo deste relat6rio deve ser suficiente para implementar uma gestao ambiental segura num nivel aceitavel (conforme padr6es ambientais definidos). Projectos de regadio e possivelmente construc6es de estradas e pontes sao excep,oes a esta generaliza,co e poderao necessitar de uma Avaliaq,o Ambiental. As directivas sao fornecidas para facilitar este processo. 3. Os impactos e medidas de preven,co/mitiga,co associados com cada subcategoria LIG dos projectos encontram-se sumarizados no capitulo 5, e matrizes detalhadas no Anexo 111. Esta informa,co juntamente com documentos detalhados do projecto serao suficientes para completar o processo de pr6- avalia,ao destacado no capitulo 6 e posteriormente elaborado no Anexo V. 0 processo de triagem apreende projectos que podem necessitar algum nivel de EA obrigat6rio (p.ex. sistemas de rega de pequena escala, estradas e pontes) e identifica aspectos ambientais e sociais que precisam ser incorporados na concep,co de sub-projectos de acordo com as directivas de avalia,ao ambiental desenvolvidas neste relat6rio. 4. Capitulo 7 6 apresentado um esquema de piano de gestao ambiental enquanto o Anexo VI fornece uma lista abrangente de especificag6es que podem justificar serem incluidas no PGA de sub-projectos. A primeira parte do esquema de PGA descreve os passos que devem ser seguidos para a aprovar,co de projectos e as fun,6es e responsabilidades dos quadros das DPFP, ao nivel distrital e provincial, neste processo. Dada a falta de capacidade de gestao ambiental, V  DPFP: Environmental Analysis, Executive Summary/Avaliagao AmbientE 1, Sum6do Executivo tanto a nivel provincial como, especialmerite, a nivel distrital, 6 esperado que o Assessor T6cnico recomendado para ser afecto ac projecto (veja seccao 9.2.3) preste apoio t6cnico neste critico e importante processo. 5. 0 Capitulo 8 elabora o piano de monitoria e define fun,6es e responsabilidades, distinguindo entre monitoria de rotina dos sub-projectos LIG e monitoria anual (auditoria) do esquema de PGA. A monitoria de rotina foca principalmente a supervisao de constru,6es e a consciencializaccio no contexto da saude e seguranga das pessoas e da protec,co ambiental. As auditorias anuais avaliarao uma amostra de sub-projectos para determinar o seu desempenho global e para melhorar a gestao ambiental no fLuturo. As necessidades de monitoria de rotina sao definidas de acordo com os impactos potencia s e as medidas de mitigacao recomendadas e sao apresentadas como uma s6rie de matrizes no anexo 111. Onde aplicavel, sao estimados os custos da monitoria e tamb6m sao definidas, com a precisao possivel, as fun,6es e responsabilidades da actividade (funcion6rios do projecto, departamentos governarmentais, ONG's, comunidades locais, etc.). 6. A capacidade para conduzir estudos ambientais 6 discutido no capitulo 9. Conclui-se que a capacidade a nivel Provincial 6 fraca e quase inexistente a nivel distrital. Isto existe independentemente das varia,6es entre as provincias e os distritos na totalidade de pessoal t6cnico, e nivel das classifica,6es acad6micas. Contudo, estas nao sao consideradas como crit6rios de selec,co criticos para um treino num Estudo Ambiental. A sabedoria necessaria 6 mais de uma natureza pr6tica (bom senso), e os candidatos mais apropriados sao aqueles que no seu trabalho adquiriram um ccnhecimento de trabalho de engenharia civil e/ou possuem um papel de gestao durante a construcao (assim como novas nomea,6es ao nivel distrital dentro da DPFP). 7. Um workshop de treino de uma semana 6 recomendado como a melhor forma de desenvolver as capacidades a nivel distrital para assegurar um EA eficaz do programa de trabalho civil. 0 workshop incluir6 a instrucao de treinadores para trabalharem ao nivel das comunidades com o mes,mo objectivo de desenvolver as capacidades para um EA. Workshops bi-anuais de revisao, sao tamb6m recomendados, aonde o pessoal treinado poder6 reflectir nas lic6es aprendidas e partilhar experi6ncias. 0 curriculo do workshop envolver6: > Estudos de caso (aonde possivel, desenvolvidos pelos participantes dos workshops) baseados nos limites de trabalho do programa de trabalho civil que poder6 ser usado para demonstrar o principios b6sicos do EA. > Discuss6es a cerca dos padr6es de pr6-avaliac;5o desenvolvidos e apresentados na sec,co 7. > Uma visao geral do Estudo Ambiental (campo de accao, pr6-avaliacao, metodologias do EA, impactos e medidas de mitigacao, consulta publica, monitoramento e avaliacao) > Revisao de legisla,ao ambiental relevante > Revisao dos regulamentos do MICOA relativos a EIA > Desenhar campanhas eficazes de consciencia pOblica > Instruir os treinadores para trabalharem com EA a niveis comunit6rios vi  DPFP: Environmental Analysis, Executive Summary/Avalia,co Ambiental, Sumario Executivo E tambem recomendada a afectag,co em part-time de um assessor t6cnico para toda a dura,co do projecto. As suas responsabilidades principais incluirao, mas nao se limitarao a, apoio tecnico durante todas os estagios de desenvolvimento do sub-projecto LIG (desde a concep,co a aprova,co), fornecendo orienta,co posterior e treino adicional para o quadro tecnico do DA e apoiando na monitoria de rotina. vii  I .  DPFP: Environmental Analysis LIST OF ACRONYMS ANE National Roads Administration BD Building Department CBNRM Community-Based Natural Resource Management CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSP DPFP Provincial Steering Committee (Comite de Supervisao Provincial) DA District Administration DA Department of Assistance to Districts DCC District Consultative Council DDADER District Directorate of Agriculture and Rural development DEP Provincial Department of Roads and Bridges DNA National Directorate for Water DNAH National Directorate for Agricultural Hydraulics DNAL Directorate of Local Administration DNE National Directorate for Energy DNDR Directorate of Rural Development DNFFB National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife DNPO National Directorate for Planning and Budgeting DNOT National Directorate for Land Planning DNPA National Directorate for Environmental Promotion and Education DNPF National Directorate for Physical Planning DPAC Directorate of "Support and Control" DPADER Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Development DPAIA Provincial Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment DPCOA Provincial Directorate for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs DPF Department of Planning and Budget DPFP Decentralized Planning and Finance Project DPPF Provincial Directorates of Planning and Finance DPO Department of Public Buildings DPOT Department of Territorial Planning and Organisation DPOPH Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing DR Rural Development "Sector" DRH Department for Human Resources EA Environmental Assessment EA TA Local Environmental Assessment Specialist Technical Advisor (recommended for appointment to the DPFP EDM Electricidade de Mocambique EIA Environmental impact assessment EMP Environmental management plan FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GOM Government of Mozambique GT DPFP Technical Group HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country IDA International Development Association INPF National Institute of Physical Planning LIG Local Investment Grant MADER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MAE Ministry of State Administration MDP Municipal Development Project MICOA Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs MISAU Ministry of Health MPF Ministry of Planning and Finance MOPH Ministry of Public Works and Housing  DPFP. Environmental Analysis NCSD National Commission for Sustainab e Development NEMP National Environmental Management Programme NGO Non governmental organization NSC DPFP National Steering Committee (Comite de Supervisao or CS) ORAM Rural Organisation for MutLial Assistance PARPA action plan for the reduction of absolute poverty PDD District Development Plans (Plano Distrital de Desenvolvimento) PDPF Provincial Directorate of Planning and Finance PEPA Environmental Quality Standards of Mozambique Projects PLPP Provincial level project personnel (with monitoring responsibilities) PPU Provincial Project Unit PROAGRI National Agricultural Sector Prograrnme PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy PTIP Three Year Investment Plan (Plano Trienal de Investmentos) SPFFB Provincial Services of Forestry and Wildlife ToR Terms of Reference TFCA Transfrontier Conservation Area UCA Coordination and Support Unit WHO World Health Organization ZVSDI Zambezi Valley Spatial Development Initiative  DPFP: Environmental Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS I PROJECT CONCEPT ........................................................6 1.1 BACKGROUND ...................................6 1.2 NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION ...................................9 1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................. 11 1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION .................................. 14 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS .................................. 16 2 BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TARGET PROVINCES .............. 18 2.1 TOPOGRAPHY ....................................................... 18 2.2 GEOLOGY AND SOILS ....................................................... 18 2.2.1 Geology ....................................................... 18 2.2.2 Soils ....................................................... 19 2.3 CLIMATE ................................. . 19 2.4 HYDROLOGY ................................. . 19 2.5 VEGETATION TYPES ................................. 20 2.6 INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION FOREST/WOODLAND . ............................. 20 2.7 FAUNA .................................. . 22 2.7.1 Terrestrial Mammals .22 2.7.2 Birds .22 2.8 PROTECTED AREAS ..22 2.8.1 Gazetted Protected Areas .22 2.8.2 Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) .23 2.8.3 Areas of Outstanding Biological Value .23 2.9 SUMMARY ..24 2.10 CURRENT LAND USE PATTERNS . . . 25 2.10.1 Small-scale family farming sector .26 2.10.2 Commercial Sector .27 2.10.3 Other Land Uses .27 2.11 MAIN LAND USES IN EACH PROVINCE . . . 27 2.11.1 Sofala Province .27 2.11.2 Manica Province .28 2.11.3 Tete Province. 28 2.11.4 Zambezia Province .28 2.12 LAND USE SUMMARY . . .29 2.13 POTENTIAL CONSTRAINTS FOR PROJECT PREPARATION ...29 3 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE .31 3.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (NEMP) ... 31 3.2 THE FRAMEWORK ENVIRONMENT LAW .32 3.3 THE LAND POLICY . . .33 3.4 MINISTRY FOR THE COORDINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS - MICOA ...34 3.4.1 Central level .34 3.4.2 Provincial level .38 3.5 INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS . . . 41 4 REVIEW OF SELECTED WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES .................. 43 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (OP AND BP 4.01) ......................................... 43 4.2 FORESTRY (OP 4.36) .............................................. 45 4.3 NATURAL HABITATS (OP & BP 4.04) .............................................. 45 4.4 INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT (OP & BP 4.12) .............................................. 46 4.5 SAFETY OF DAMS (OP & BP 4.37) .............................................. 46 4.6 RECOMMENDED APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ......................... 47 3  DPFP: Environmental Analysis 5 THE CIVIL WORKS PROGRAM ........................................................ 48 5.1 IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ........................................ 48 5.2 OVERVIEW OF SUB PROJECTS ........................................... 48 5.3 DESCRIPTION OF LOCAL INVESTMENT GRANTS (LIG) . ...................................... 49 5.4 DESCRIPTION OF SUBPROJECT CIVIL WORKS, IMPACI S AND MITIGATION ... 50 5.4.1 Basic infrastructures in urban and peri urban environments ..................... 51 5.4.2 Buildings (including markets) ......... ............................................... 52 5.4.3 Roads and bridges ........................................................ 53 5.4.4 Water utilization and management ........................................................ 54 5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 59 6 SCREENING ......................................................... 60 6.1 THE SCREENING FRAMEWORK ........................................... 60 6.2 CASE-BY-CASE SCREENING TOOLS ....................................... 61 6.2.1 The Checklist ........................................................ 61 6.2.2 Interpreting the Results ........................................................ 61 7 FRAMEWORK ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................... 62 7.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING, REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF SUB PROJECTS ......... 62 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF SUB PROJECT INIPLEMENTATION ................ 63 7.3 PROPONENT COMMITMENT ..................................................... 64 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENT AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT ............................. 65 7.5 USING THE EMP AS A MONITORING TOOL .................................................... 66 7.6 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 66 8 MONITORING ............................ 67 8.1 OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING . . .......................... 67 8.1.1 Monitoring sub project EMPs ............................ 67 8.1.2 Monitoring the framework EMP for the DPFP .67 8.2 MONITORING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . . . 67 8.3 MONITORING RELATED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE DPFP ...69 8.3.1 Monitoring the Framework EMP for the DPFP .69 8.3.2 Monitoring sub project EMPs .70 8.4 IMPLEMENTING ROUTINE MONITORING PROGRAMS . . . 71 8.5 RECOMMENDATIONS ................... 71 9 CAPACITY AND ACTIONS OF DISTRICT ADMINISTRATIONS TO ADDRESS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS .72 9.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL CAPACITY . .72 9.2 TECHNICAL SUPPORT TO THE DPFP ..72 9.2.1 Project planning, implementation and managernent responsibilities . 72 9.2.2 Technical support .72 9.2.3 Additional recommended technical support .73 9.3 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT ..73 9.3.1 Community-level training needs assessment .74 9.4 WORKSHOP DESIGN ..74 9.4. 1 Follow-up training .75 9.5 COSTING ..75 10 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..77 11 ANNEXES . .79 ANNEX I MOZAMBIQUE DECENTRALIZED PLANNING AND FINANCE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS TERMS OF REFERENCE .80 ANNEX Il A SUMMARY ANALYSIS OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN MOZAMBIQUE 83 4  DPFP: Environmental Analysis ANNEX IlIl SUMMARY OF KNOWN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES, COSTED MONITORING REQUIREMENTS, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR LIG PROJECTS ................................................................................................................................ 84 ANNEX IV FICHA DE PRE-AVALIAQAO ........................................................... 100 ANNEX V ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM .......................................... 105 ANNEX VI A SUMMARY CHECKLIST OF POSSIBLE COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPING SUB PROJECT EMPS ........................................................... 111 5  DPFP: Environmental Analysis 1 Project Concept 1.1 Background The Decentralized Planning and Finance Project (DPFP) is a five-year World Bank project funded by the International Development Association (IDA) and has been formulated as a contribution to the National Decentralized Planning and Finance Program under policies defined in the PRSP/PARPA and Public Sector Reform Strategy'. At present, the National Program consists of a DPFP strategy and a common methodological framework which are being gradually developed and approved as guidance to field implementation. In the first instance the DPFP will be implemented in selected districts of the four central provinces viz., Zambezia (16 districts), Tete (11 districts), Sofala (12 districts) and Mlanica (9 districts) - see Figures 1.1 and 1.2. The project contributes, therefore, to the continuing development of the National Program and to its implementation in the provinces and districts of the central 2 region . MPF 2001. Action Plan for the reduction of absoiute poverty (2001-2005) (PARPA). Final Version Approved by the Council of Ministers, April 2001, Ministry of Planning and Finance. Maputo, 2 Mocambique. DPFP implementation arrangements. Draft Report  DPFP: Environmental Analysis j 0 ~~~~~~~~NIASSA t AODELGADOX V-- 'i^M:^ ^ v-; R 9 8 ~~NAMPULA _ | l l l m ZA MBEI 1 l rSOFALAv . l t ~ ~ ~~~0 16SO Km INHAMBANE GAZA A Figure 1.1 Location of the four target provinces 7  DPFP: EnvironmentalAnalysis C GAO-It < C UOOCU A ARlNOU. CAIA AUPETA MAWR j t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SUEQ\.SUOE t 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Distrlcts 0 160 Km Figure 1.2 The Districts of the four target provinces As a decentralization project, the fundamental principal of DPFP implementation is local responsibility. The province is the key level foir DPFP operational organization, resource management capacity building and reporting while the district is the operational level at which participatory planning and decentralized investment management will be carried out. Project supported relorm and capacity building activities based in each province will strengthen district administration and, in their relation to district planned and managed initiatives, rLIral community institutions. Central-level structures, both conventional and project-specific, provide guidance, technical support, and monitoring for the provincial structures and activities which in turn provide the institutional base for promoting change at local level via district planning and management3. In the context of environmental assessment, the project concept shares much in common with the Bank-funded Municipal Developrnent Project (MDP), which was developed as a possible remedial intervention mechanism for the widespread inadequacies of urban infrastructures and services throughout Mozambique. This intervention serves to tackle the widespread decay of urban infrastructure systems and the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, notably fuel wood, in peri-urban environments. The government launched the Municipal Development Project (MDP), a long-term (10-15 years) program of urban/nnunicipal government strengthening; targeting policy, legal, financial and institutional issues affecting three key areas: a Municipal governance and management 3 IBID 8  DPFP: Environmental Analysis * Municipal provision of infrastructures and services * Municipal finance and fiscal decentralisation Here the goal is empowerment of municipal administrations thus reducing their reliance on central government for decision-making. In common with the MDP, the empowerment of provincial and district administrations requires a similar transition from the traditional thinking that is largely reliant on central government for decision-making. Hence, the DPFP is similarly targeting policy, legal, financial, and institutional issues and has the overall of objectives of: * Financing sustainable small public investments in rural areas; and * Starting a long-term effort to build capacity of the district administrations in planning, public finance, and works. To achieve these objectives requires capacity building and support towards: * Strengthening the capacities of district and provincial administrations to: o Plan and manage the provision of rural infrastructures, and o Assist central government ministries and agencies to develop national laws, regulations and guidelines for the decentralised management of infrastructure investment programs, and * Mobilising the participation of civil society and communities in the planning and implementation of rural infrastructures and services. The types of investments envisaged would include but not be limited to: * Public and semi public infrastructures such as primary schools, health posts, rural water supply and sanitation, small-scale irrigation, feeder roads, bridges, electrification, and rural markets. * Social and cultural sub-projects such as sanitation for schools and health posts, community centres, day care centres, houses for teachers and health workers, and sports facilities. * Special investments targeting poor and vulnerable groups (victims of mines and HIV/AIDS-affected populations) 1.2 National strategy for poverty alleviation4 In 1995, Mozambique for the first time defined specific poverty reduction policies by formulating the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS). The Strategy's main objectives were to improve living conditions in rural areas; to invest in human capital; to improve social protection networks; to formulate a population policy and to improve national capacity for analysing and monitoring poverty. However the strategy was limited by two main factors. First, the objectives were of a global nature and did not contain specific activities for the co-ordination and collaboration of the key people involved in poverty alleviation, and second, poverty estimates were based on extrapolations thus allowing for great inaccuracy. 4 Adapted from: Common Ground Consulting and Impacto 2002. Poverty and the environment: an analysis of the linkages and driving forces in Mozambique. On behalf of DIFD 9  DPFP: Environmental Analysis In 1996-1997, the first national survey called Household Survey of Living Conditions (HS 96/97) provided the necessary database to define and measure poverty thus overcoming the latter limitation. The first limitation was overcome by the development of an action plan for the reduction of absolute poverty 2001 -2005 (PARPA). This action plan emphasises measures that benefit the poor in the short, medium and long term through policies that sustain rapid and broad based economic growth. According to PARPA 2001, "rapid growth is an essential and powerful tool for poverty reduction ... without growth, the objective of increasing the capacities and expanding the opportunities for the poor will continue to be severely constrained by the lack of public and private resources". In tackling the objectives of the PRS, the action plan specified six fundamental areas of action that have both deep and broad impacts: Education; Health; Agriculture and rural development; Basic infrastructure; Good governance End; Macro economic and Financial management. * Education The main objective in this area is to guarantee access lo primary education for all children with special emphasis on higher enrolment by girls and in the rural areas. This will therefore increase employment opportunities and promote greater social, regional and gender equity. * Health The main objectives are the promotion and provision of good quality and sustainable health care making it accessible to the population, especially the less privileged groups such as women and infants and in rural areas. Furthermore, the objectives include the prevention of the main endemic diseases affecting children through immunization and the improvement of health and health knowledge of young people. * Agriculture and Rural Development The main objective is to increase income-generating opportunities through agronomic advances and access to markets, especially for the family sector. Rural extension programmes based on specific crops and technologies as well as improvements in the financial system will aid this expansion in the production of agricultural produces. * Basic Infrastructure Lack of basic infrastructure throughout the whole country is one of the major factors hindering development and poverty alleviation. The main priorities regarding basic infrastructures improvement are the road network, which will permit better access to markets thus decreasing transportation costs and provision of water and energy. Areas with highest population levels and largest levels of poverty will be given priority regarding development of infrastructures. * Good Governance State Institutions provide public services that benefit the poor thus being a critical factor in achieving sustainable economic growth. Good governance of these institutions is therefore essential for the success of the PRS. To achieve this the action plans proposes policies promoting decentralization and devolution of public administration thus bringing government closer to the people, reforms of public institution including the 10  DPFP: Environmental Analysis simplification of bureaucratic procedures, strengthening of the capacity and efficiency of the legal and judicial system and reduction of corruption at all levels. * Macro-economic and Financial management To obtain a stable economic growth, an economy needs financial and macro-economic management with policies such as fiscal, monetary and exchange rate that stabilize low inflation rates, that improve management of public expenditure and mobilize additional budgetary resources equitably and efficiently, that promote international trade and strengthen the management of domestic and foreign debts, among others. Complementary activities were also included in the action plan to target the less fundamental but still important areas of intervention. These included policies that increase income generating activities and job opportunities, programmes that reduce vulnerability to natural disasters, policies on housing and policies that support sustainable growth such as environmental management. Clearly, the objectives of the DPFP compliment those of Mozambique's poverty reduction strategy both of which recognise the critical importance of establishing linkages between economic development and decentralised planning and management as the key to achieving poverty reduction through focused economic growth and social development in the country's historically marginalised rural areas. 1.3 Project description5 The DPFP is divided into two components; Project Component 1 - Decentralized Planning, Finance and Investment This component of the project aims to (i) develop public sector capacity for district planning and plan implementation that is accountable, and (ii) develop capacity among rural communities to effectively participate in district planning and ensure local administration accountability for plan implementation. The rationale is to support the district administrations to prepare and implement territorial and multi-sectoral development plans with full participation of civil society and rural communities. This process will enable district administrations to combine different sources of funding (Government, non-government organizations and donors) available and mobilize resources for the district to implement an agreed district development plan that is owned by the district. This component will focus on capacity building of district administrations and communities in Mozambique to engage in participatory planning while component two provides the learning-by-doing mechanism of district investment grants for strengthening financial management and works management capacity (see below). District plans that result from planning activities are: (i) District Development Plans (Plano Distrital de Desenvolvimento or PDD) - a five-year strategic plan setting out an agreement by stakeholders in the district on the vision for the future and the long term development strategy. The GOM has published guidelines for the development of these PDDs. SAdapted from: World Bank 2002. PAD Project Description (DRAFT): Mozambique: Decentralized Planning and Finance Project  DPFP: Environmental Analysis (ii) Three Year Investment Plan (Piano Trienal de Investmentos or PTIP) - made on the basis of the PDD and consists oF a list of public investment initiatives with or without approved funding for a period of three years. PTIPs are currently undertaken for mediuin term expenditure purposes by the GOM. (iii) Annual Investment Plans (Plaino Annual) -- provides details on investment projects to be implemented in current year. Prepared one year in advance to enable inclusion in government budgeting proce'ss. Items to be financed by sector and provincial discretionary budgel: funcis as well as DPFP district investment grants. Districts to be included in the planning component will be determined through a combination of demand and supply, with all districts eligible by end of project. District Administrations programmed by the provinces to qualify for the District Investment Grants will receive priority attention for training in Annual Plan development under this component. Other District Administrations requesting support but not yet eligible for grant funding, will be accommodated as far as pcssible. All districts will be provided the opportunity to attend provincial training in the development of PDDs. This component of the DPFP has three subcomponents: (i) capacity building of district administrations to undertake participatory planning and accountable plan implementation This subcomponent will result in a better undersianding and ownership of the planning process by the District Administrators and key sector colleagues at district level. It will also support the District Administrator and Conselho Executivo in selecting the Technical Team (Grupo Tecnico or GT) and train this team to prepare PDDs and Annual plans according to the district planning manual and government budget timetable. (ii) capacity building for civil society and rural communities to effectively participate in planning and ensure local administratior accountability for plan implementation. This subcomponent will provide non-government organizations and communities with guidelines and training needed to catalyze the establishme!nt and functioning of district structures for consultations between district administrationis and their constituents. It should result in the facilitation of forums at the locality level where community representatives can discuss priorities for their economic development. (iii) establishment and support for effective use of accountability mechanisms in the district This subcomponent will result in greater public awareness of and access to, information regarding participatory planning for district plans and accountable plan implementation. Project component 2 - Local Investment Grants in capacity building activities for financial and works management This component will build the capacity for decentralized rnanagement of district level infrastructure investments and will finance a gradually expanding program of such investments across the four target provinces. The objective of this financing is to develop a mechanism whereby the GOM's intergovernmental transfer system can be 12  DPFP: Environmental Analysis extended to finance territorially determined annual investment plans at the district level. This component will develop procedures and capacity for district administrations to determine and allocate budget for small infrastructure investments as well as build capacity for basic financial and works management. A grants mechanism will provide learning-by-doing opportunities in respect of financial management and works management by district and provincial administrations. It will provide funds for infrastructure investments in districts, determined through a participatory planning process, whilst using and strengthening the GOM procedures for financial management and works management by line administrative institutions at provincial and district levels. The component comprises two subcomponents: (i) the Local Investment Grants (LIG) Mechanism (ii) Works Management and Supervision > Local Investment Grants Mechanism The Grants mechanism will finance three types of LI Grants, based on the type of investments and the respective responsibilities of the district and provinces in the management of their execution. LIG 1 will finance District Administrative Infrastructure. This refers to offices and other administrative buildings in the districts as well as housing for District Administrators and key district staff identified as necessary for carrying out district responsibilities under the project. This may include housing, where necessary, for the District Financial Manager and for the District Technician. This facility is separated from other facilities in order to ensure that funds used for administrative infrastructure do not detract from those available for social infrastructure as prioritized by the communities through a participatory planning process. In addition, administrative planning is a public planning function and the province will be responsible for determining how funds should be allocated, in consultation with the Project. A ceiling will be established for this Facility per province and a clear set of criteria elaborated as the basis for decision-making in respect of funds allocation to each district. Criteria will include an analysis of existing infrastructure, staffing and identified needs. This Facility will be the responsibility of the province to plan, finance and manage. LIG 2 will finance Socio-Economic Infrastructure in the districts and will constitute the bulk of grant funds under the component. Investments under this facility will be selected based upon the operational plans resulting from the participatory planning processes supported under component 1. The menu of eligible investments has been determined through a consultative process and will be finite in scope. At the end of each year MPF, representing the Steering Committee, will propose any amendments to the menu. It will include primary schools, health posts, rural water supply and sanitation, small scale irrigations, feeder roads and bridges and rural markets. Works funded by LIG 2 will be undertaken by small private construction contractors. Ceilings will be established per district per annum and per type of work. All districts could qualify for access to this Facility provided they meet the eligibility criteria. However participation will be extended gradually based on capacity availability. Eligibility criteria will include the existence of an annual work plan developed through a participatory process and the existence of human resource capacity in the district to undertake the financial and technical responsibilities for execution. 13  DPFP: Environmental Analysis LIG 3 will finance Community Infrastructure Improvements for very small scale investments (micro-projects) in public infrastructure expansion or improvements. This will include items such as latrines, improvements to existing infrastructure, durable goods for use in public facilities etc. A manual of "standard micro-projects" will be prepared and will be updated yearly to reflect additional types of micro-projects. Community artisans will be contracted by the District Administration to undertake these micro-projects. LIG 3 will be managed at district level in order to, build capacity in basic financial and works management by District Administrations through learning-by-doing. The amounts of grants will be under a modest ceiling per district per annum to limit risks of misuse of funds given weak capacity in the districts. A rigorous monihly reporting process would be enforced in order to monitor the district's use of funds and capacity to produce the requirement documentation. In the first year, the amount will be limited to $10,000 per district per annum and subject to increases depending on performance. Eligibility for accessing this facility will include an acceptable plan and existence of the district financial and technical management capacity in the district. It will only be available from the second year of the project to districts that have been through a participatory planning process supported under component 1. LIG Allocation The provinces will program which districts will have access to LIGs based on assessed needs, basic management capacity and planning experience. The four provinces will be phased in over the five years of the project, starting with the provinces of Manica and Zambezia and expanding to cover Sofala and Tete in years 2 and 3, sequenced depending on local conditions. This gradual expansion is in order to ensure management capacity is built in both the provincial governments and project coordination units to support the districts sufficiently. Approximately six districts will enter the project in year one and each province will add approximately three districts each year, leading to all 46 districts in the four provinces being potentially eligible by year 5. > Works Management and Supervision This subcomponent will support the construction of small scale public sector and community infrastructure improvements financed by the Lccal Investment Grants to an adequate level of transparency, quality and efficiency. Once annual plans are approved and financing is made available through the Local Investment Grants, the process of works management and supervision follows. This component provides support for the Public Works Directorates and District Administration in contracting and managing small scale district works. The division of labor between the private and public sector is based on government policy that states that all works should be executed by private contractors with private inspectors while the public sector plans, finances and supervises these works. The subcomponent will also provide capacity building activities for private works contractors and community artisans. 1.4 Project implementation6 The project encompasses the organization of structures and functions at three governmental levels - central, provincial and district - each of which is briefly described below. 6Adapted from: DPFP implementation arrangements. Draft report 14  DPFP. Environmental Analysis CENTRAL LEVEL The Implementing Agency for the DPFP is the Ministry of Planning and Finance (MPF). Within the MPF, line responsibility for the DPFP is delegated to the National Directorate for Planning and Budgeting (DNPO) which assumes the following roles: 1. allocate and manage project resources via the central-level Coordination and Support Unit (see below) it has established via contracted staff 2. oversee provincial level management of project activities undertaken by the Provincial Directorates of Planning and Finance (DPPF) 3. represent government vis-a-vis the World Bank and all reporting and fiduciary responsibilities related to the IDA-financed Project Broad areas of responsibility are: > Project Governance: DPFP National Steering Committee > Substantive Oversight: DPFP Technical Group > Policy Related Technical Assistance: Decentralization Technical Advisory Group (GAT) > Project Management: DPFP Coordination and Support Unit (UCA) PROVINCIAL LEVEL At provincial level the Implementing Agency for the DPFP is the Provincial Directorate of Planning and Finance (DPPF). Under the direct authority of the Provincial Director, the DPPF will: 1. Plan and coordinate all project activities within provincial government as well as those undertaken by District Administration and local communities with project support. 2. Manage the allocation of and oversee the use of all project resources and report on their use to the DPPF/DPO and the Steering Committee via the UCA 3. Supervise project supported technical assistance activities and assure that they adequate meet the needs of relevant target institutions at provincial, district and community levels. Broad areas of responsibility are: > Implementation Management: DPFP Coordination and Support Unit (UCA) > Implementation Coordination: DPFP Provincial Steering Committee > Technical Support for District Planning: Provincial Planning Support Team > Project Technical Operations: Provincial Line Department Responsibilities involving * Provincial Planning and Finance Directorate, Department of Planning and Budget * Provincial Directorate of "Support and Control," Department of Assistance to Districts * Provincial Directorate of "Support and Control," Department of Human Resources 15  DPFP: Environmental Analysis * Provincial Directorate of Public Works, Department of Public Buildings * Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Rural Development, Rural Development "Sector" * Provincial Directorate of Environnmental Coordinaticin, Department of Territorial Planning and Organization District Level The District Administration is the key operational instituticn in DPFP implementation, directly responsible for the organization of consultative processes, for preparation of district plans, both strategic and operation, for the programnming and control of Local Investment Grants at local level, and for the reporting of DPFP supported activities, resource flows and results both "upward" to government and project structures and "downward" to community representatives and participants. The key role players in the districts will be: > District Administrator Executive responsible for all DPFP supported activities within the district, for the preparation of all plans and budgets, for liaison with both provincial and community institutions and actors, and for reporting resource flows and resultant outcomes. > District Consultative Council (DCC) Body responsible for representing community interests with respect to all DPFP supported activities in the district, based on participation and information flows between the DA and more local councils and/or fora at administrative post and locality levels. The DCC will approve district plans and review reports relating to LIG. > District Technical Team (DTT) This will be a multisectoral group working with the DA, loca communities and other civil society institutions in preparing district plans. The IDTT comprises not only of local administration staff but also by individuals selected from sectoral directorates based on their personal technical capacities and, in some cases, also of local NGO staff or other notable citizens available to contribute to planning processes. > District Manager and District Works Technician Two local administration personnel (civil servants under MAE/DPAC management) to be added to the Distinct Administration's staffing table in order to meet the increased demands on financial management and construction planning and management engendered by DPFD processes. The District Manager will have specific responsibilities for resource management, especially financial administration and reporting, and will work under the technical supervision of the DPPF. Similarly, the District Works Technical will benefit from technical suppcrt and supervision from the DPOPH. Specific "Description of Functions" are being developed by MAE, MPF and MOPH and will be approved for inclusion inn DPFP implementation manuals. 1.5 Environmental Analysis The DPFP concept document identifies the environment ais requiring special attention within the overall framework of the project. A critical assumnption is that in general the project will bring about an improvement in environmental conditions in urban centres of rural areas because one of its key development objectives is the provision of infrastructures such as schools, health posts, water supply and sanitation etc. This can 16  DPFP: Environmental Analysis only be achieved through the successful implementation of civil works programs, and hence with a prior knowledge of the general nature of the development activity, key potential environmental impacts can be predicted. Where civil works proposals equate to large-scale development, environmental impact assessment may be required. This issue cannot be resolved until more information is available regarding the scale of civil works of certain civil works sub-projects, e.g. road and bridge construction and small scale irrigation schemes. Here close liaison with MICOA (EIA personnel) is essential to ensure compliance with current EIA legislation. It is reasonable to assume that the proposed scope of civil works envisaged for the DPFP will in general result in localised environmental impact of minor significance. However, there are many causal factors linked to the environmental degradation that characterises urban and peri-urban areas, and it would be short-sighted to assume that the simple process of upgrading and rehabilitation of infrastructures will automatically result in environmental remediation. The history of failure to withstand the impact of human pressure per se on existing infrastructures and services in the informal settlements surrounding the country's major urban centres highlights the need to adopt a cautionary approach to the provision of new infrastructures and services as in the absence of adequate management; history is likely to repeat itself. In this context there exists a fundamental need to raise human awareness to enable the people to better understand the consequences of their actions and to be better able to manage any newly provided facilities. For example, under the high-density living conditions that characterise the informal settlements of the urban environment, conditions are optimal for the rapid spread of the range of water-borne transmissible diseases typically associated with poor hygienic conditions (e.g. dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera etc). This example highlights the importance of conducting environmental education campaigns in parallel with the proposed civil works program to ensure that appropriate levels of awareness are achieved. This in fact may be the key to ensuring that the urban infrastructures essential to both human and environmental health are not allowed to decay or are misused in the same way again. 17  DPFP: Environmental Analysis 2 BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TARGET PROVINCES 2.1 Topography Mozambique can be divided into three broad topographic regions: north, central and southern. The target provinces (Zambezia, Tete, Manica and Sofala Provinces) of the DPFP form a cluster in the central region of Mozambique and are dominated by the Zambezi Valley and Delta. In the interior, in Tete Province, the rims of the Valley are mountainous, reaching elevations of 2,095m at Mt. Domue on the border with Malawi. The Rift Valley bisects the Zambezi River in a north-south direction near Caia and continues south to Nova Sofala. The Rift Valley is still experiencing tectonic movement causing seismic events that mainly affect central and north-western Mozambique. The southern part of the target area, south of Beira, comprises a broad coastal plain mostly below a height of 200m backed by mountains along the western national border. Along the western border with Zimbabwe, the land rises up sharply to form the Chimanimani Mountains where the highest elevation in rvlozambique is attained (Mt. Binga at 2,436m). 2.2 Geology and Soils 2.2.1 Geology The following brief summary describes the basic geology in age sequence. A Pre-Cambrian basement complex (about 600 million ye!ars old) comprising granitic and migmatic gneisses covers almost the entire northern and central western areas of Mozambique, including Zambezia, Tete and parts of Manica. In Tete, towering outcrops of granite rock (known as inselbergs), rise sharply above the plains. The oldest rocks are Pre-Cambrian granites, quartzites and schists (more than 1,600 million years old) of the Chimanimani Mountains along the Zimbabwe border in Manica Province. In the centre of the country the Karroo system (350 - 130 million years old) is represented by basalts that run north-east between Espungabera (on the border with Zimbabwe) and the Zambezi River. Cretaceous red sandstones and mudstones run approximately northwards from Gorongosa Mountain (Sofala Province) to the Zambezi River. Red sandy clays and clays are produced from the weathered products with a calcium rich sub-soil. To the south-west of Beira and to the west of the sandy p ains are Marine Cretaceous sandstones. These are the source of hydrocarbon minerals. Late Tertiary sandstones (7-26 million years) occur on the Cheringoma Plateau (Sofala Province). Quaternary to Recent non-sedimentary sands and alluviurns, occur south of Beira and the Zambezi Delta. 18  DPFP: Environmental Analysis 2.2.2 Soils The northern and some parts of the central and western areas have red soils of varying texture (from light sandy soils to clay loams). These are associated with the Pre- Cambrian granitic basement complex. Low fertility red soils occur in Sofala province north of Beira (Cheringoma Plateau). Alluvial soils occur in the Zambezi river basin. Though prone to salinisation, particularly in delta areas, these soils have a high potential for agriculture. Lithic soils are associated with montane areas (e.g., the Chimanimani Mountains and the granitic inselbergs of northern and central Mozambique. Due to slope, shallowness of soil ands high rainfall there is a high potential for soil erosion in these areas. 2.3 Climate There is great variation in mean annual rainfall across the target area. Most of the coastline receives 750 to 1,000 mm of rain per year. The interior of the Zambezi Valley, in Tete province, is semi arid, receiving less than 600 mm average annual rainfall. There are a series of very humid pockets associated with montane areas e.g., Mt. Binga (Manica Province), Mt. Gorongosa (Sofala Province) and Mt. Namuli (Zambezia Province) which receive more than 2,000mm of rainfall per year. Although mean annual rainfall varies markedly at different locations, there is a striking similarity in rainfall patterns during the year. There is a distinct rainy season between November to March followed by a distinct dry season between April and October. This rainfall pattern is characteristic of savanna biomes in general. Cyclones are generated in the south-west Indian Ocean some of which reach the Mozambican coast especially in February and March. Over the last forty-five years, there were 24 cyclones that strongly affected the north-central sector of the Mozambican coast. 2.4 Hydrology Thirty-nine major rivers drain into to the Indian Ocean along the country's 2,700 km coastline. Those traversing the target provinces are briefly described below. The major perennial rivers of Zambezia province are the Licungo (Lugela), Raraga, M'lela, Molocue, Ligonha and Meluli. The largest, the Licungo has a catchment of 22,726 km2 and is 336 km long. The other rivers are significantly smaller. The most important River in Mozambique is the Zambezi. The Zambezi River enters Mozambique at Zumbo where it immediately swells into the impoundment of Lake Cahora Bassa. For much of its course between Tete and the delta, the bed of the Zambezi is between one and five kilometres wide. At Chupanga the Zambezi begins to spread over a vast triangular area known as the Zambezi Delta which covers an area of about 18,000 km2. The most important tributary of the Zambezi is the Shire River, which drains Lake Malawi via the Rift Valley. The Pungue River rises in Zimbabwe and discharges into the Indian Ocean south of Beira, collecting numerous tributaries en route. The most important of these is the Urema River which flows southwards through the Gorongosa National Park. The Pungue River forms the southern boundary of Park. 19  DPFP: Environmental Analysis The Buzi River rises in Zimbabwe and receives several rriajor tributaries in the upper catchment most notably the Lucite and Revue Rivers. It shares a common estuary with the Pungue River south of Beira. The Gorongose River (not to be confusecl with Gorongosa lqational Park) drains 13,150 km2 of lowland flowing through swampy lands for 100 km tc the coast south of Beira. The Save River forms the common boundary between Sofala and Inhambane provinces. The River is impounded in Zimbabwe and is now seasonal. 2.5 Vegetation Types In Mozambique the main broad vegetation type, based on structure, is savanna woodland. The most common woodland type is miombo covering much of Niassa, Cabo Delgado, Nampula, Zambezia, Sofala, Manica and Inhambane provinces. There are several different types of miombo de!termined by variations in rainfall and soils. The second most extensive woodland is mopane woodland occurring in the Limpopo- Save area and in the mid-Zambezi Valley. Together these two types of woodland cover approximately 70% of Mozambique. Other vegetation types include: o Acacia woodland. There are two extensive areas of Acacia woodland, a southern formation (in the area of Moamba, Magude and Guija) and a central formation running approximately in a north-east direction through Manica and Sofala provinces; o Lowland palm savanna in coastal areas containing badly drained soils of Sofala province; o Vegetation on alluviums in the Zambezi Delta. A seasonally-inundated lowland formation (the Gorongosa "tandos") links the Zambezi Valley with the Pungue River in the south via the Urema trough (Rift Valley); and o Mangroves are well developed in coastal Zambeziia and Sofala. 2.6 Indigenous Production ForestlWoodland Several of the Mozambique woodland forest types contain valuable hardwood tree species. Around 19,000 square kilometres has been identified as high and medium potential for forest production. These areas occur mainly in the northern and central provinces. One of the densest forest formations occurs on the Cheringoma Plateau, between Beira and Caia, in Sofala province. Table 1 below summarises forest production potential in the target provinces. 20  DPFP: Environmental Analysis Table 1: Zambezi basin productive forest parameters FOREST AREA AND MANICA SOFALA TETE ZAMBEZIA COVER UNIT VOLUME ESTIMATES Evergreen Area(ha) 15,570.63 5,493.00 Forest Standing 95.00 95.00 Biomass (m3/ha) Standing Com. 16.90 8.45 Timber (m3/ha) Total allowed 692.26 244.21 cut(m3) Lowland Forest Area (ha) 322,193.80 1,538,886.22 4,148,678.33 1,695,275.13 (40<cc%<70) Standing 39.67 54.00 39.99 51.00 Biomass (m3/ha) Standing 4.20 6.00 4.20 4.99 Timber tm3/ha) Total allowed 7,272.38 40,121.51 46,154.02 38,562.18 cut (m3) Lowland Forest Area (ha) 1,291.74 286,951.53 6,277.11 91,426.02 (cc%>70) Standing 44.09 54.00 53.98 73.00 Biomass (m3/ha) Standing 0.00 14.10 7.41 7.75 Timber (m3/ha) Total allowed 44.55 15,860.41 176.81 2,024.19 cut (m3) Thicket Area (ha) 220,101.49 290,276.98 1,800.67 1,199,416.22 vegetation Standing 36.81 31.00 17.42 17.42 Biomass (m3/ha) Standing 1.93 6.20 3.36 2.46 Timber(m3/ha) Total allowed 1,043.84 6,327.86 4.07 28,693.11 cut (m3) Total Area(ha)/province 1,486,886.85 452,136.31 11,579,314.5 4,553,372.27 6 Average 38.57 46.31 39.99 35.75 Biomass(m3/ha)/province Average Standing 3.28 6.91 4.21 3.90 Timber(m3/ha)/province I_I Total allowed 8,360.77 63,002.04 46,334.90 69,523.69 cut(m3)1province 21  DPFP: Environmental Analysis 2.7 Fauna 2.7.1 Terrestrial Mammals7 Mozambique has rich diversity of mammal fauna; 211 terrestrial mammal species and 11 marine mammals have been recorded. Only one mammal species is considered endem c to Mozambique, a white-bellied red squirrel confined to Namuli Mountain (Zarnbezia provirice). Although the mammal species diversity is high, the populations of these species, especially the larger mammals, have been significantly reduced both inside and outside of protected areas due to lack of enforcement during the armed conflict (1981 - 1992). Gorongosa National Park (Sofala) and Marromeu Reserve (Zambezia) suffered massive declines in large mammal such as elephant, buffalo and waterbuck. 2.7.2 Birds Approximately 900 species have been recorded for southern Africa; of these 581 have been recorded in Mozambique. There are a number of near endemic and restricted range species, mostly associated with isolated montane habitats such as Gorongosa (Sofala), Chimanimani (Manica), Chiperone and Namrrli (Zambezia) Mountains. The freshwater and marine wetlands of Mozambique are important sites for migratory and resident aquatic bird species. One of the nmost important wetland sites in Mozambique is the Zambezi Delta where over 50 species of aquatic birds have been recorded. The Delta supports numerous vulnerable and threatened bird species of global concern. 2.8 Protected Areas 2.8.1 Gazetted Protected Areas Mozambique possesses a number of protected areas in different categories; National Parks (4), Game Reserves (5), Controlled Hunting Areas or Coutadas (13), Vigilance Areas (2) and Forest Reserves (16). The new Forestry and Wildlife Law (1999) recognises three categories of protected areas o National Parks o National Reserves o Historical - Cultural Use Zones In addition, the Law recognizes designated area lor controlled hunting (Coutadas). The current protected areas will be reviewed and where necessary reclassified according to the new law. Table 2 and Figure 2.1 below summarise the distribution of these protected areas in the target provinces. 7 Adapted from: Smithers, R.H.N. and Tello, J.L.P.L. 1970. Check list and Atlas of the Mammals of Mo,ambique. Museum Memoir, Number 8. 184pp and Smithers RN and Tello JLP. 1976. Checklist and Atlas of the Mammals of Mozambique. National Museums and Mcnuments. Salisbury. 22  DPFP: Environmental Analysis 2.8.2 Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) The Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCA) Project is being implemented by the National Directorate for Conservation Areas in the Ministry of Tourism. The project is developing conservation areas that will straddle national boundaries. A TFCA is defined as a relatively large region of land incorporating one or more recognised conservation areas. The idea is to develop these areas in an integrated fashion for both conservation and also the economic benefit of local communities without loss of biodiversity. The Chimanimani TFCA is located in western Manica province. This area is contiguous with the Chimanimani National Park in Zimbabwe. The area is recognised for its high biological value. 2.8.3 Areas of Outstanding Biological Value Eight areas of outstanding ecosystem, biological and/or scenic value were identified as part of the environmental investigations. Six of these are located in the project area, namely: Gorongosa Mountain - Rift Valley Complex (Sofala) This area encompasses the isolated massif of Gorongosa Mountain and the southern- most section of the African Rift Valley. The mountain supports montane forests and heath grasslands on its summits. Several endemic and near-endemic plants and animals occur within the mountain's habitats. The Rift Valley in Mozambique is a floodplain ecosystem comprising a variety of wetlands habitats. The diversity of habitats in the Rift Valley makes it one of the finest wildlife grazing ecosystems in Africa. The southern portion of the Rift Valley is protected within the Gorongosa National Park. The Cheringoma Plateau (Sofala) The Cheringoma Plateau comprises tropical forests containing a mixture of local endemics with Equatorial and southern African flora. The forest on the Plateau contains several commercially important hardwood species. Zambezi Delta Grasslands and Swamps (Zambezia) The Zambezi Delta covers an area of about 18,000 km2. The Delta is of great socio- economic and cultural value. Marromeu Buffalo Reserve is located on the southern portion of the Delta. In addition to buffalo, elephants, water buck and reedbuck are found in the Delta although their numbers have been much reduced by hunting. The Zambezi Delta represents an important wetland for resident and migratory bird species. Wetland scientists believe that the Zambezi Delta qualifies as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention. The Chimanimani Massif (Manica) The Chimanimani Massif although relatively small in area is characterized by an exceptionally high diversity of habitats and species. The Massif supports a rich endemic flora. Endemic fauna are two frogs and one reptile. Large mammals are well represented in the area and include: buffalo, eland and sable. Over 160 bird species 23  DPFP: Environmental Analysis have been recorded for the Chimanimani Massif some which are considered endemic to the Afro-montane regions of eastern Africa. The Great Inselberg Archipelago (Zambezia/NampLla) This series of habitats occurs south of the Lurio River occupying a rectangular area approximately 500km by 160km. This Inselberg archipelago presents a remarkable landscape of tall granite core remnants in a savanna plain. Several of the montane areas have high biodiversity moist forests Pebane Evergreen Coastal Forests (Zambezia) The Evergreen Coastal Forests in northern coastal Zambezia province are of high biological importance. A new (and possibly endemic) tree species was discovered in these forests in 1998. A rich and diverse reptile fauna occurs in the coastal forests of Pebane. In 1998 two new reptile species were discovered; a new snake and a new dwarf day gecko. The two new reptile species are, at present, endemic to the area. 2.9 Summary Table 2 below summarises key ecological factors or sites within each of the target provinces in Mozambique. The distribution of protected areas is shown in Figure 2.1. Table 2: Key Ecological Features and Sites in the target provinces of the DPFP Province Area Protected Areas Areas of Outstanding (kin2) Type sq km _ Value Zambezia 105,008 Gile GR 2,100 Pebane Coastal Forest Derre FR 1,700 Zambezi Delta Great Inselberg Archipelago Tete 100,724 Manica 61,656 Three FR 167 Chimanimani Massif Three Coutadas 16,616 Sofala 68,018 Gorongosa NP 5,370 Cheringoma Plateau Marromeu GR 1,500 Gorongosa Rift Valley Three FR 1,327 System Eight Coutadas 25,400 Note: NP=National Park, GR=Game Reserve, FR=Fcrest Reserve 24  DPFP: Environmental Analysis I < r ZAMS~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~EZIA ,J A d , B~erre Forest Reserve se C/t ;40J /+~~a F Res/ Goorlo sa Nabot P 10\2* f MA.'.A ), A Forest reserves Manbane ii serve A arrorMa eu Reserve Game reserve l I SoFALA \ / _ National park V Village areas [ Zomba F Resl A,q * ) * h./ z Coutadas Mrongna F Res re, Se 10K Figure 2.1 Location of protected areas in the target provinces 2.10 Current land use patterns In comparison with neighbouring countries, the population density of Mozambique is relatively low (19 individuals per kM2). Population density for most of the districts within the four target provinces is low (less than 15 individuals per kM2) except for Zambezia Province (Figure 2.2). Most of the country still comprises natural/semi-natural vegetation. The major land use is agriculture. Agricultural production comprises two main socio-economic sectors: the small-scale family sector (the majority of the rural population) and the commercial sector (mainly large companies). 25  DPFP: Environmental Analysis .40~~~~4 Population Density (InhablKm2) 10 .14 15 - 51 152 -119 120 - 635 > 636 0 150 Km Figure 2.2 Population density per district of the four target provinces 2.10.1 Small-scale family farming sector The planting of crops in small plots (1 to 5ha) derived from secondary or primary woodland by slash and burn is the most common agriCLIltural practice amongst the family sector in mostly rural areas of the country. It is estimTated that approximately five percent of Mozambique is under active cultivation by the small-scale sector. Although the percentage under active cultivation at any one time is low, the area of natural habitat affected by small-scale farming is signifcantly higher. After several years of cultivation soil fertility declines and a new cropping area, is derived from natural or secondary vegetation. The small-scale farming system cornprises an arable (cropping) area as well as fallow fields of varying ages. In the medium altitude (200 to I OOm above sea level) regions of Zambezia and Tete, provinces cassava is widely cultivated. In semi-arid regions (e.g., Central Tete pr-ovince) maize is replaced by drought resistant crops such as sorghum and millet. Cotton is an important cash crop for the small-scale sector in medium altitude regions of Sofala and Zambezia province. Cashews and coconuts are also important cash crops in these areas as well as coastal areas of Zambezia forovince. In low-lying wetland areas rice is grown. This is especially important in the floodplains of the Buzi-Pungue floodplains and the Zambezi Delta. 26  DPFP: Environmental Analysis 2.10.2 Commercial Sector This sector is traditionally associated with large companies dedicated to intensive large-scale agricultural production e.g. coconut plantations, orchards, tea, cotton, sisal, sugar cane and livestock production. Several of these companies have a long history in Mozambique including MADAL, Sena Sugar Estates, and Companhia da Zambezia (Zambezia province), Marromeu Sugar Estate, Buzi Sugar Estate (Sofala province). The total land area occupied by the commercial sector is relatively low (144,550 ha or about 0.2% of Mozambique). However, private sector farms occupy some of the country's most fertile soils most notably the alluvial soils of the project area. 2.10.3 Other Land Uses Exotic commercial forest plantations (mainly pines and eucalyptus) occupy approximately 8,000ha in high altitude areas of Manica province. MADAL has a 10,000ha forest concession in Nicoadala district, Zambezia Province. Several large forest concessions are proposed for the Cheringoma plateau in Sofala province. The commercial harvesting of firewood and production of charcoal (illegal and legal) for sale in major urban areas is common in woodland and forests closer to major cities and towns. Cattle numbers were severely depleted during the armed conflict. Cattle ranching is being increasingly practiced in Tsetse fly free areas especially in the grasslands of the Zambezi Delta. In semi-arid areas, especially central Tete province, goat rearing is an important economic activity. Goat grazing and browsing has had a severe impact on the natural vegetation in Changara district, near the town of Tete. 2.11 Main Land Uses in Each Province 2.11.1 Sofala Province The coastal region of Sofala extends from the Save River in the south to Zambezia River in the north. The soils are generally sandy except in the Buzi/Pungue estuary and Zambezi Delta where heavy textured alluviums occur. In the regions with better drained soils crops of maize, sorghum, millet, cassava and cowpea are found in association. Cashew and cotton are important cash crops in the farming systems. In the heavy, seasonally inundated soils of the Buzi/Pungue floodplain and Zambezi Delta areas the cultivation of rain-fed rice predominates. There are large private sector sugar cane plantations in the Buzi/Pungue floodplain (Buzi Sugar Estate which is currently being rehabilitated) and the Zambezi Delta (Marromeu Sugar Estate. This was recently privatised and is currently being rehabilitated). The mid-altitude region of Sofala (200 and 1000m above sea level) comprises mainly light textured soils with some occurrence of heavy soils. Maize, sorghum, cassava and cowpea predominate. In seasonal wetlands farmers cultivate sweet potato and rice. In 27  DPFP: Environmental Analysis this region there is good potential to produce colton. It is a region with a moderate to high population density. 2.11.2 Manica Province Land use for the mid-altitude region of Manica province is similar to that in Sofala province, namely the cultivation of maize, sorghum, millet and cassava. Cotton is an important cash crop. In the more elevated areas of the province heavier textured soils occur and rainfall is higher. Maize is the main crop. There are large areas of pine plantation on the slopes of the western mountains. 2.11.3 Tete Province The central portion of Tete province (Zambezi valley) is semi-arid. Sorghum and millet predominate. The medium altitude region comprises land between 200 eind 1,000 meters above sea level. The main crops are cassava, maize, coApea and pigeon pea inter-cropped in furrows. Farms vary between 1.5 and 3.0 ha. In the high altitude region of Tete province (Angonia district) the soils are principally ferrasols of heavy texture. In this region maize is the iominant crop, with a high production potential. Beans and potato are also important. 2.11.4 Zambezia Province The soils of coastal Zambezia are mainly sandy, except in the Zambezi Delta where heavy textured alluviums occur. In the coastal sandy soils the agricultural system is characterized by the production of cassava and millet. Cashew is an important source of incomne for family farmers. Rice and coconuts dominate agricultural product on in the .Zambezi Delta. This area is characterized by the occurrence of narrow, elongated slightly elevated dunes, locally called "morrundas", separated by depressions, locally called "baixas", which are inundated and lie parallel to the coast. In the morrundas the dominant crops are cassava, maize and nhemba beans. In the baixas rice is the dominant crop during the rainy season and sweet potato and second season maize during the dry season. Cultivation of coconuts on the "morrundas" is important. The private sector has large areas of land in the Zambezi Delta regions e.g., Madal, Sena Sugar Estates, and Companhia da Zambezia. Of the three companies, Madal is the only one fully operational. It has operations in the disiricts of Quelimane (coconut and livestock), Chinde, Inhassunge, Maganja da Costa and Namacurra and Nicoadala. The Madal palm plantation areas for each district are, 2,460 ha, 2,601 ha 12,053 ha, 2,204 ha and 4,057 ha, respectively. Sena Sugar Estates (SSE) operates in Chinde district at the village of Luabo. Here SSE has 10,000 ha of sugar cane and 3,000 ha of coconut palm plantation. At present, these areas are being rehabilitated. Mid altitude Zambezia province is characterized by red sandy soils. The main crops are maize, sorghum and cassava. 28  DPFP: Environmental Analysis In the high altitude region of Zambezia (land above 1,000 meters) soils types are principally heavy textured ferrasols. Maize is the dominant crop, with a high production potential. Private sector tea plantations have long been established in the highlands of Zambezia province. 2.12 Land Use Summary The areas under cultivation by the small-scale sector and private sector and forest area per target province is given in Table 3 below. Table 3: Summary of Land Use in the target provinces Province Small-scale Private Sector Potential Area of cultivation Cultivation Production- Province km2 - km2 Forest km2 km2 Sofala 2,122 (3) 133 (0.2) 17,900 (26) 68,018 Manica 2,300 (4) 64 0.1) 15,600 (24) 61,656 Tete 2,803 (3) 22 (0.02) 13,900 (14) 100,724 Zambezia 7,439 (7) 589 (0.6) 33,250(31) 105,008 *Figures in brackets indicate the percentage of the area of the province with this farming activity or forest potential The data in the summary table indicate that: o Small scale cultivation ranges from a low of 3% (Sofala) up to 7% (Zambezia); o Private sector farming is a minor land use, ranging from 0.1-0.6%; and o There is substantial potential for commercial forestry ranging from a low of 14% in Tete province up to 31 % in Zambezia province. 2.13 Potential constraints for project preparation The target provinces for project implementation are clustered in the central region of the country and also form the core of the Zambezi Valley Spatial Development Initiative (ZVSDI) and consequently form a focal area for fast-tracking sustainable development. Environmental issues can be classified in relation to either land degradation or the erosion of biodiversity, both of which should be taken into consideration during both the preparation and implementation on the project. A summary of major environmental issues in Mozambique is given in Annex II. Land degradation8 > loss of soil fertility - intrinsically linked to itinerant agriculture and it's shifting cultivation system and prevalent across all provinces > soil erosion - the area of great risk covers the central provinces of Manica, Tete and Zambezia > soil salinisation - a problem common to major river basins e.g. the Zambezi 8 Adapted from Menete, M.Z.L. 1999. Current status of land degradation in Mozambique and the need for indigenous knowledge in natural resource management practices. Paper Presented at the Workshop on Integrated Analysis and Management of Renewable Natural Resources in Mozambique, Maputo, 7-11 June 1999, (Proceedings edited by P.V. Desanker and L. Santos). 29  DPFP: Environmental Analysis > soil acidification - typically a consequence of intensificaJ:ion of agriculture production; an anticipated development in the ZVSDI > loss of vegetation cover - the driving forces are: o forest clearings for agriculture purposes (i'tinerant agriculture and it's shifting cultivation system for regeneration of soil productivity, were the prime cause of the damages to forest, natural vegetation and ecosystems) o uncontrolled forest fires, o wood-fuel and building material extractions, and o timber harvesting and hand-crafting. Land productivity symptoms resulting from these situations may be the following: > Reduced crop yields, because of the lower nutrient and organic matter content, reduced soil depth, salinity, poor structure and aeration, etc; > Great need for agriculture inputs, e.g. more fertilizers to compensate for nutrients losses; > Reduced land value, and eventually loss of land due to salinisation, sodification, desertification, etc; > Increased frequency and seriousness of floods; > Loss of water resources due to siltation with consequences to loss of hydropower and fish stocks; > Effects on health and quality of life caused by soil and water pollution. Erosion of Biodiversity Of the country's entire protected areas network, 50% of the national parks, 40% of the game reserves, 77% of the hunting Coutadas and all of the forest reserves are situated in the target provinces, along with 75% of the country's areas of outstanding biological value and one TFCA. Loss of biodiversity through a broad spectrum of development- related activities remains a critical threat and is of special significance to the target provinces which contain a disproportionate share of the country's flagship areas of conservation significance. The same is also true for forest production as collectively the target provinces comprise one of the country's most important forestry production regions. In Zambezia available data suggests that resources are heavily depleted. The forest resources within the Zambezi valley cover an area of