Tanzania - River Basin Management and Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project : environmental assessment (Vol. 7 of 11) : Smallholder irrigation improvement component-Lemkuna irrigation scheme

E968 Volume 7 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD-SECURITY RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (RBMSIIP) SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IMPROVEMENT COMPONENT LEMKUNA IRRIGATION SCHEME ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT DRAFT REPORT November 2003 Environmental Resources Consultancy Consulting environmental conservation, natural resources management and capacity building FILE COPY  Table of content ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY V LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES IX 1. BACKGROUND 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................1 1.2 UNDERSTANDING OF THE STUDY ......................................................1 1.2.1 Objective of the Study . .....................................................I 1.3 STRATEGIC APPROACH ......................................................2 1.3.1 Ecosystem Approach ......................................................2 1.3.2 Farming System Approach ......................................................2 1.3.3 Participatory Approach ......................................................2 1.4 METHODOLOGY ......................................................4 1.4.1 Consultation .......................................................4 1.4.2 A4nalytical Tools .....................................................4 1.5 LIMITATIONS .....................................................5 2. BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEME AREA6 2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .....................................................6 2.1.1 Location ......................................................6 2.1.2 History of the scheme ......................................................8 2.1.3 Existing land use ......................................................8 2.1.4 Farming Systems .....................................................8 2.2 THE BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .....................................................8 2.2.1 Climate ......................................................8 2.2.2 Topography and Soils ... ..................................................9 2.2.3 Water Resources .............9.........................................9 2.2.4 Soil ..................................................... 10 2.3 THE ECO SOCIO -CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ... 14 2.3.1 Flora andfauna ..................................................... 14 2.3.2 Eco-climate ..................................................... 14 2.3.3 Vegetation ..................................................... 14 2.4 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT . ........................................... 15 2.4.1 Population ..................................................... 15 2.4 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS ..... 16 3. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AND STAKEHOLDER 17 -3.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................... 17 3.1.1 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) ....................................... 17 3.2 WATER USERS ASSOCIATION . ...................................... 17 3.3 STAK-EHOLDER'S ROLE . ...................................... . 17 3.3.1 Identified stakeholders ....................................... 17 3.3.2 Analysis ofstakeholders ....................................... 18 3.3.3 Involvement ofstakeholders in environmental audit and implementation of ESMP 18 3.3.4 Ensuring incorporation of concern of stakeholders in ESMP . 18  4. COMPLIANCE WITH TANZANIA'S POLICIES, LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND WITH WORLD BANK'S SAFE GUARD POLICIES 20 4.1 NATIONAL POLICIES ...................... 20 4.1.1 National Environment Policy of 1997 .20 4.1.2 Land Policy of 1995 .20 4.1.3 Water Policy of2002 .20 4.1.4 Forest Policy of 1998 .21 4.1.5 Wildlife Policy of 1998 .21 4.1.6 Energy Policy of 2002 (Draft) .21 4.2 LEGALFRAMEWORK . . . ................... 21 4.2.1 Environment Legislation ................. 21 4.2.2 NEMC Act no. 19 of 1983 .22 4.2.3 Land Act no. 4 and Village Land Act no. 5 of 1999 .22 4.2.3 Wildlife Act 1974 (with amendments of 1978) .22 4.2.4 Water Acts of 1974 .22 4.2.5 Forest Act 1974 .22 4.2.6 The Town and Country Planning Ordinance, Cap 378 of 1956 . 23 4.2.7 Local Government Act (District and Urban Authorities) Acts of 198223 4.2.8 Land Use Planning Commission Act of 1984 .23 4.2.9 The Land Acquisitions Act of 1967 .23 4.2.10 By-Laws .23 4.3 NATIONAL STRATEGIES . ..................................................... 23 4.3.1 Government Development Vision 2025 ............................................... 23 4.3.2 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 2000 ............................. 24 4.3.3 Rural Sector Development Strategy (RDS) of 2000 ............................. 24 4.3.4 Agricultural Sector Developmenit Strategy (ASDS) of 2001 ................ 24 4.4 COMPLIANCE WITH WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ..... 24 5.0 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 26 5.1 INTRODUCTION .26 5.2 IMPACT ASSESSMENT .26 6.0 CONSULTATIONS WITH COMMUNITY AND FARMERS 27 6.1 INTRODUCTION .27 6.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES IDENTIFIED BY STAKEHOLDERS 27 7.0 IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 28 7.1 INTRODUCTION . . .28 7.2 UPSTREAMAND DOWNSTREAMIMPACTS .30 7.1.1 Demographic trend (population changes) ......................................... 30 7.2.3 Socio economic impacts on downstream users .................................... 33 7.3 IRRIGATION SCHEME LEVEL IMPACTS . ............................. 33 7.3.1 Wildlife Impacts: Past and Present Trends ......................................... 33 7.3.2 Fuel Wood ......................................... 35 7.3.3 Soil erosion ......................................... 36 7.3.4 Weeds (Water Hyacinth) ......................................... 36 7.4 SOIL QUALITY .......................................... 36 7.4.1 Water quality ........................................... 37 ii  7.4.2 Waterborne diseases ..................................... 37 7.4.4 Drinking water quality and sanitation ....................... .............. 38 7.4.5 Socio-economic: positive and negative impacts of villages within the scheme 38 8. IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES 39 8.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 39 8.2 UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM ......................................... 39 8.2.1 Environmental Management ....................................... 39 8.2.2 Enhancement of Social Economic Activities . .......................... 39 8.3 IRRIGATION LEVEL ......................................... 40 8.3.1 Environmental Management . .40 8.3.2 Control of wildlife, birds and rodents . .41 8.3.3 Improving health situation ..43 8.3.4 Reduction use ofagro-chemicals . .44 8.3.5 Revisiting engineering designs, construction activities .. 44 9. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 45 __ (ESMP) 45 9.1 INTRODUCTION .45 9.2 OBJECTIVES .45 9.3 SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AN D . 46 IDENTIFIED MITIGATION MEASURES . .............................. 46 9.4 DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS OF MONITORING PROGRAM . 48 9.5 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY .53 9.6 INPUTS REQUIREMENTS AND EXPECTED OUTPUTS .53 9.7 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE FOR MITIGATION MEASURES .54 10. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59 10.1 CONCLUSION ....................... 59 10.1.1. General concltusion ....................................,,...... 59 10.1.2 Specific conclusions ...................... 59 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................... 60 REFERENCES 62 iii  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The team wishes to acknowledge with thanks the contributions of various staff members of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security's Directorate of Irrigation and Technical Services, during the different stages of the preparation of this report: the Project Coordinator of Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Project, Mr. Masija; the Head of Environmental Unit Cell, Mr. Simukanga, and other staff. The team also extends its appreciation to the District Officers, in particularly the irrigation technicians who are in charge of the eight schemes, at Arumeru, Moshi Rural, Simanjiro, Korogwe, Iringa Rural and Mbarali Districts. Thanks also go to the scheme management committees, farmers and other stakeholders of the eight schemes and the community members who actively participated in the discussions and helped to provide information that was very u seful during the preparation of the Environmental Audit. The team a ppreciates to m ore t han 5 0 p eople who p articipated in d ata c ollection a nd analysis, e specially t he f acilitators, research assistants, enumerators, water and soil staff, data analysts, etc. Last but not least, our appreciations go to ERC's internal staffs who directly or indirectly contributed with enthusiasm to the EA reports. iv  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Tanzania (GoT) through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) has taken various initiatives to improve agricultural sector in the country. One of these initiatives is undertaking the River Basin Management and Smaliholder Irrigation Improvement Project (RBMSIIP); in context with which, is the Smallholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC). Among others, the need to undertake the RBMSIIP arose out of a nation-wide realisation that the ecosystems of country's river basins (especially those of the Rufiji and the Pangani Rivers) are not being properly managed, leading to extensive environmental degradation and loss of potentialities of these vital ecosystems. Moreover, it was also realised that in view of the above-mentioned loss of potentiality, smallholder traditional irrigation schemes are the worst affected; hence the need arose to undertake also the SIIC. Support to smallholder traditional irrigation improvement and rehabilitation is, therefore, one of the major components of this RBMSIIP programme. The SIIC component focuses on improving management of water resources and crop husbandry practices in existing smallholder irrigation schemes. This can be achieved, among others, through improvement of natural resources, land and water, during implementation of the rehabilitation and upgrading of irrigation schemes.) SIIC is geared at improvement of water management in smallholder irrigation schemes to ensure sustainable use of land and water resources and ultimately yield increase with minimal environmental degradation. Under the auspices of the SIIC both the Scheme Environmental Assessment (SEA) as well as an Environmental Audit (EA) were carried out for the Lemkuna Irrigation Scheme. Among others, both the assessment and the audit were based on the Initial Environmental Assessments (IEE) studies carried out by the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the Irrigation Section of the MAFS. This report presents the findings of the study. The objective of the study was identifying changes that have taken place before/after scheme improvement, assessing and quantifying thereto environmental and social impacts, also duly preparing an environmental and social management plan as well as developing an environmental and social management and monitoring system. A ccording to the ToR the expected outputs o f t his s tudy a re two i n o ne i nterrelated reports i.e. c overing both Environmental Audit (EA) a s w ell as S cheme Environmental Assessment (SEA), analysing e.g. socio-economic, socio-cultural and engineering factors in order to provide quantitative information. Furthermore, the report incorporates an assessment of compliance of the scheme's improvement to the Tanzanian policy and legislation framework, as well as the World Bank's relevant environmental safe guard policies (especially on OP 4.01). The study team has demonstrated that the Lemkuna irrigation scheme is in compliance with the Tanzanian legislation and policies, and the World Bank Safeguard Policies, but the scheme triggers Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37. In line with this a safety dam report should be prepared by relevant authorities. Different methodologies were employed to carry out the task, including the following: * Desk review of recommended documents * Questionnaire administration to key stakeholders * Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) At different stages of the study the following approaches and analytical tools were applied * Participatory data collection * Key informant interview * Trend analysis * Geographical information system Describing the location of the scheme, the study found that the Lemkuna irrigation scheme lies down-stream of the Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir about 128 km south east of Arusha municipality .It is located at a village of Lemkuna. Its coordinates are latitude 030 47' South and longitude 370 26' East, and are at an altitude of about 700m above mean sea level. It comprises the following villages: Lemkuna "A" and "B" The villages around the Lemkuna irrigation scheme have a total population of about 1700 people. The main ethnic groups in the scheme area are Wapare, Wasambaa, Waarusha Wameru, and other smaller groups. The majority of these are agriculturalists. Few are livestock keepers. v  The land use in the adjacent villages of Lemkuna is mainly irrigation as well as rain-fed cultivation and grazing. The only available source for the Lemkuna scheme is the Pangani River as it continues its way to the coast of Tanzania and after it generates electricity at the Nyumba ya Mungu reservoir. Average discharge from the Nyumba ya Mungu is estimated at 24.6 cumecs. The scheme has been granted a water right to abstract 500 litres/sec; however this depends on operational requirements of the hydro-power station. Water abstractions by upstream users for domestic purposes, irrigation and livestock are likely to impact on the quality and quantity of water available to the scheme. Poor farming practices, especially cultivation of crops close to the riverbanks, is increasing silt load in the river and causing siltation of the irrigation structures. The availability of good domestic water supply, coupled with good sanitation at Lemkuna will considerably reduce downstream water pollution from domestic uses. Drained waterfrom the scheme area is likely to be contaminated from activities carried out in the scheme area, including application of agro-chemicals, and sharing irrigation water with livestock. The on-farm activities will thus form the main source of pollution downstream. In the past say 10 years, fuel wood was obtained in the nearby forests. Deforestation for firewood, opening of new farms and uncontrolled wild fires have led a much decrease in forest areas. With the irrigation structures improvement and prospects for higher income earnings from irrigated agriculture, there is greater loyalty to the leadership of Water Associations. Since most of the people are irrigators and members of the associations, the latter has greater influence beyond irrigation matters. The following are some of the positive effects: * Crop production has improved a great deal * Strengthened existing Water Users Association. * Temporary employment opportunities were created during the construction phase. * Some farmers have attended on farm training and exchange visits to other areas to share experience with other farmers as well as learning new skills. * Crop production has improved a great deal vi  A summary of identified impacts differentiated at up-stream, down-stream and within scheme levels for resulting from Chapter 7 and appropriate mitigation measures are summarized in the Environmental and Social Management Plan as follows:------- ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS MITIGATION MEASURES Up-stream impacts: Category :Environmental Management - Demographic changes (Population trends) Strengthening/ establishing appropriate, nati - Changes of hydraulic regime pollution control and prevention of the rivers - Pollution of the Pangani River. * Strengthening enforcement of water ab - Catchment degradation regulations, * Promotion of soil and water conservatio protection Category: Enhancement of social-economi * Promoting irrigation agriculture as a po activity for all age groups and for both s Downstream impacts: Category: Environmental Management: Water quality Waterborne diseases * Promoting or providing education on ap on proper uses of water resources, soil a of agro-chemicals, IPM, ISFM, etc. * Establishment of mechanism for resoluti Category: Enhancement of social-economi * Promoting irrigation agriculture as a pot activity for all age groups and gender * Preparing and implementing a particip Category: Improving health situation * Promoting awareness on waterbome dis * Improving availability of health, water a Irrigation scheme impacts. Category: Environment - Ineffective water use - Sporadic increases of destructive birds * Establishing effective water managemen and wildlife allocation and distribution of water - Water hyacinth * Controlling destructive activities of wil - - Poor soil and water quality * Eradication of undesirable plant species Deforestation * Promoting afforestation/reforestation act - Erosion of river banks fuel wood species should help to alleviat - Increased incidences of waterbome diseases * Combating weeds infestation. Category: Improving health situation * Promoting awareness on waterborne dis * Improving availability of health, water a vii  Category :Revisiting engineering designs a * Redesigning intake weir * Embarking on construction program to a * Construction of culverts * Establishing modalities for rehabilitation The monitoring program comprises the following attributes: water quality, groundwater, soil conservation, biodiversity, crop diseases, afforestation, socio-economic and health indicators Additionally, the environmental audit main conclusions and recommendations are: It is evident that wild animals are still not a serious threat to the Lemkuna irrigation scheme and farmers are able to control them. Rodents, Quelea quelea and green locust's cases have not occurred since 1996/7 and also no serious destruction of crops has occurred and there are capabilities to control them at the community level when they occur in small scale. The Lemkuna irrigation scheme has an active interaction with environment through wildlife biodiversity (wild animals, insects, rodents, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish). Wildlife isan essential componentofa living environmentand its presence or absence indicates the quality of the environment. The scheme should therefore seek to maintain a balance between these two essential interactions. It is recommended that most of pest control methods should not use chemical methods except where there are intensive outbreaks of birds, like quelea quelea and pests like Army- worms, Green locusts and cases of Rodents. Wild animals will for a long time be effectively controlled using community-based interventions supported by stakeholder institutions. viii  List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 2.1 Agro-meteorology parameter for Lemkuna irrigation Table 2.2 Soil data Table 2.3 Biological features of the area Table 2.4 Monthly mean and dependable discharges at Igomelo site Table 7.1: Summary of key environmental and social/impacts for Lemkuna Table 7.2: Population distributions in Lemkuna irrigation scheme Table 7.3: Changed water quality on downstream users Table 7.4: Estimated destruction per cropping season per hectare of paddy Table 7.5: Table 7.5: Soil Sites and Results Table 7.6: Disease Prevalence at Nyumba ya Mungu dispensary Table 7.7: Disease Prevalence at Nyumba ya Mungu dispensary Table 9.1: Environmental and social impacts mitigation measures Table 9.2: Monitoring Plan Table 9.3: The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Table 9.4: Implementation plan time schedule Figures Figure 1. I Basic Approach to the Study Maps Map 2.1: Lemkuna irrigation scheme: Location map Map 2.2: Map of analysed water sample locations Map 7.1: Lemkuna catchments area land use/vegetation maps Map 7.2: Lemkuna soil sample locations Digital Elevation Models DEM 2.1: Digital elevation model 2D DEM 2.2: Digital elevation model 3D Plates Plate 7.1: Picture Plate 7.2: Picture ix  1. BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Govemment of Tanzania, through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS), has undertaken various initi improve the agriculture sector in the country. One of these initiatives is the River Basin Management and Smallholder I Improvement Project (RBMSIIP). The Smaliholder Irrigation Improvement Component (SIIC) is included within the scope of R RBMSIIP was developed in response to a water shortage crisis prevalent in many parts of the country. Water demands ofte available resources; this is especially true in the Pangani and Rufiji basins. Support to smallholder traditional irrigation improvement and rehabilitation is one of the major components of this project. SIIC fc improving the management of water resources and crop husbandry practices in existing smallholder irrigation schemes. This is through, among other things, the improvement of natural resources (land and water) during implementation of the rehabilitz upgrading of irrigation schemes. The SIIC undertaking supports the objectives of the National Irrigation Development Plan (NIDP) which was formulated and a( 1994. The plan includes a management and decision-making framework that is based on the comprehensive ranking of schemi each management unit (river or drainage basin). Under NIDP the order of priority for irrigation development is as follows: * Improvement/rehabilitation of Traditional Smallholder Irrigation Schemes; * Water Harvesting Technology; * Opening of New Smallholder Schemes; * Large Scale Irrigation Schemes for Private Sector. SIIC focuses on the improvement of water management in smaliholder irrigation schemes to ensure the sustainable use of land a resources. Ultimately, SIIC aims to facilitate increases in crop yields while minimizing environmental degradation. According Bank guidelines, the irrigation schemes in the Rufiji and Pangani basins are classified as Category B. Under this category. X adverse environmental impacts are permitted and mitigation measures must be incorporated into the scheme design. implement; operation. Under the auspices of the SIIC, a feasibility study was carried out that resulted in the preparation of the Project Implementation 1996/97 - 2001/02. This plan, produced in October 1996, contains an assessment of environmental issues together with environmental mitigation measures. Under World Bank advisement, the Environmental Cell Unit (ECU) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food SecuritN conducted Environmental Examination (IEE) of the irrigation schemes. The IEEs were used as the basis for the Scheme Improvement As Studies. The consultants, in collaboration with ECU, have been charged to conduct environmental audits in seven Category B sites Majenje, Igomelo. Mangalali, Nyamahana, Soko, Kambi ya Tanga, and Mahenge. An additional site, Lemkuna. only reqi development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan. This report is focused on presenting the findings of the envir audit that was conducted for the Mahenge Irrigation Scheme. This report draws heavily on intensive field observations by the study team. Discussions were held with farmers and other loca village and district officials, and project staff. A review of various existing documents was also conducted in the preparation of thi! 1.2 UNDERSTANDING OF THE STUDY 1.2.1 Objective of the Study The objective of the study is to get a better understanding of the present environmental conditions and relevant impact areas (envir audit) within the scheme. Increased awareness will allow for improved monitoring of both negative and positive changes over will assist in the formulation of more effective mitigation measures. The environmental audit will also be the basis for the preparat environmental and social management plan and monitoring system.  Specifically, the study will undertake the following: * Assess and quantify baseline environmental and social conditions . Assess and quantify environmental and social impacts . Conduct environmental audits in order to comply with existing Government of Tanzania and World Bank environmental and s policies . Prepare an environmental and social management plan . Develop an environmental and social management and monitoring system * Conduct public consultations 1.3 STRATEGIC APPROACH The consultant's environmental audit of the Mahenge irrigation scheme was characterized by three approaches: ecosystem, farmir and participatory. The basic approach of the study is illustrated in Figure 1. 1.3.1 Ecosystem Approach In view of the fact that the project activities are wholly based in a rural area, potential conflicts between the project and the env are likely to arise. Thus, issues pertaining to the use of natural resources (e.g. livestock grazing, agriculture, irrigation. wati protection, agro-forestry, etc.) have to be studied. In applying the ecosystem approach, the consultant not only focused on the Mahenge irrigation scheme but also on all the ec upstream and down stream that impact the environmental and social characteristics of the area. To accomplish this. the stud) s understanding of all activities taking place within the irrigation scheme's water catchment area. River pollution, sedimentati floods, deforestation, destabilization of riverbanks, erosion, salinity, land degradation, and waterbome diseases (among other! contributing to degradation of the catchment area. In suggesting mitigation measures, sustainable practices for the use of water resources must be adopted to prevent and control environmental and social problems. 1.3.2 Farming System Approach On the irrigation scheme level, a farming system approach was used to describe and analyse environmental and socio-economic cc Issues related to soil contamination, water pollution, the use and dangers of pesticides and fertilizers. health, and others h; identified. It is clear that the irrigation activities will transform village life and the whole farming system in the Mahenge area. The success of the proposed mitigating measures will, therefore, depend on community involvement, improvement of the socio-t situation, capacity building, and proper upgrading, maintenance and operation of the irrigation infrastructure. The latter should account the local environment as well as the prevailing institutional, economic and social conditions. 1.3.3 Participatory Approach A participatory approach was adopted in preparation for the environmental audit. This entailed seeking informatioll/experiel stakeholders (i.e. farmers, district and regional officers, RBMSIIP and other institutions who have been involved in the project). Ir ensure effective participation and cooperation it was necessary to inform stakeholders prior to the audit of the environmental ai economic problems to be addressed. Their inputs have contributed to the development of more realistic and appropriate n measures. 2  BASIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY Figure 1-1 E n v ir o n m e nta l iro i e na l A u d it_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Manag ~EmEt Plan h shee t Ecosystem togSysrmin s yst owns__ n- Su g nvironnment & Wter quality, soi & ( Vocsf ) 9 ocio-economic J socio-econornic )famr Environmental & Social Management Plan 3  1.4 METHODOLOGY The methodology follows Tanzanian policy and legislation and the World Bank's policies on environmiental assessment (OP/BP related policies and guidance documents). Available reference documents were reviewed for purposes of identifying pertinent environmental and social issues. Informa obtained on the Lemkuna irrigation scheme before and after construction as well as during operation. Several meetings were held I project staff, In particular, the ECU team, which was involved in the Scheme Environmental Assessment, was consulted u background and potential issues. Subsequently, a ten-day field mission was conducted in August by the study team and members The team was used to: I) complete further fieldwork at various Sites in the Lemkuna irrigation scheme, 2) collect additional ilnfor work with the irrigation scheme management team, and 4) to liaise with the various stakeholders including the district officials. D field visits, the Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan for disseminating the results of the Draft Environmental Audit were d with the ECU staff. 1.4.1 Consultation Public consultations took place in two phases. The first phase took place during the Environmental Audit (EA) preparation proc initial stage allowed for the identification of the key environmental issues and involved the gathering of information on sta concerns and views of potential environmental and social impacts. During the secondly phase, consultations allowed stakeholders I findings and give their comments. 1.4.2 Analytical Tools The following methodologies were applied in the process of the study: * Participatory data collection * Key informant interviews * Socio-economic and environmental analysis * Trend analysis of river flow and rainfall * Water and soil quality analysis * Geographical information systems (GIS) Participatory Data Collection Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) involves problem analysis, ranking, proposal planning, role assigning and timing. The roh consisted of a facilitator who played the role of an advisor on the different matters raised during the workshop (those which the I not informed about or aware of). In the final analysis, a Logical Framework Approach workshop (also known as ZOPP) prod Environmental Action Plan for the irrigation scheme. Key Informant Interview In addition to group discussions, information was also obtained from key informants. These were generally staff from the Zonal I Office (ZIO), the District Executive Director (DED), farmers of the Igomelo scheme, village officials (including village lead others (agriculture and irrigation officers who are residents in the comiunity) 7Any inconsistent infomiation was cross-checked accuracy. Various officials conducted the crosschecking of inforniation while members of the study team facilitated the group disc Socio-economic and Environment A total of 70 household questionnaires (sample size) have been administered using the random sampling method. This represents 2 Percent of households of the study area (upstream, down stream and scheme level) 80 percent approximately (50 questionnaires) o selected sample size has been administered at Igomelo village (scheme level), where as 10 percent (10 questionnaires) has been administered at Nyumba ya Mungu village (upstream village) and 10 percent (10 questionnaires) have been administered at Kwera (downstream village). Quantitative data related to socio-economic and environmenit fromn the scheme was collected and analysed using Statistical Packag, Social Science (SPSS) software. 4  Trend Analysis of River Flow and Rainfall Qualitative/Quantitative data relating to the socio-economic and environmental conditions of the scheme was collected and analyse Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Water and Soil Analysis Water and soil samples were analysed at the laboratory of the Department of Environmental Engineering, University College of L Architectural Studies (UCLAS) and Mlingano Soil Laboratory. Procedures and analysis were done according to the International of Water and Soil Analysis. Geographical Information System (GIS) Overlay maps and IS were used to analyse sensitive/significant/relevant features of the irrigation scheme area. Attributes and fea were mapped and analysed included water bodies, land use pattems, vegetation cover, and cultural structures. The technique inv, physical overlaying of individual topographic maps to provide a composite picture of the overall environmental and social situatio ArcView 3. 1, analysis was carried out to link spatial and non-spatial data. 1.5 LIMITATIONS Data quantification proved a difficult exercise due to the following reasons: (i) There was insufficient baseline data related to environmental and socio-economic parameters. (ii) Updated meteorological and hydrological data were not available. 5  2. BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE IRRIGATION SCHEME AREA 2.1 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 2.1.1 Location This scheme is located in Simanjiro district Manyara region. Lemkuna village is one of the villages in Msitu wa Tembo word i division. It lies at about 128 km South East of Arusha minicipal and about 6 km south of Nyumba ya Mungu dam. The scheme accessible through Mwanga district to Nyumba ya Mungu dam. The village is bordered by Nyumba ya Mungu village (spillway km in the North and Ngage village about 40 km in the East It is on the northern part of Tanzania under Pangani river b; coordinates are 030 47