Ghana - Second Urban Environmental Sanitation Project : environmental and social assessment executive summary

GOVERNMENT OF GHANA MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVE MENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT SEC0 RBAN ENVIRON NTAL SANITATION P (UESP II) NVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESS VOLUME 1 December 2003 `TTH FLOOR, TRUST TOWERS, ACCRA, GHANA TEL.: 233-23540314, FAX: 233-21-235403  AIDS Acquired lmmuno Deficiency Syndrome AMA Accra Metropolitan Assembly BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CPPR Country Procurement Proficiency Review DA District Assembly DEMCs District Environmental Management Committees EA Environmental Assessment EEMC Environ Engineering and EHD Environmental Health De El Executive Instrument IA Environmental Impact Assessment IS EMP EOP End of Project EPA Environmental Protection Agency GCL Geosynthetic Clay Liner GDA Ga District Assembly GPRS Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy HIV/AIDS efi~ienGyViruslA~quired Im unodefi~ien~y Syn KMA IDA ILGS Institute of Local Government Studies LGPSU Local Government Project Support Unit of LI Legislative Instrument MDAs Ministry Depa~ment and Agencies MDG Millennium Development Goals Minist~ of Environment and Science MLGRD Government and Rural Development MOF MOU Memorandum of Understanding MSW MTR NDF NEP NEAP National Environmental Action Plan RAP Resettlement Action Plan RCC Regional Coordinating Council Resettlement Policy Shama Ahanta East Assembly Statement of Expenditures Tamale Metropolitan Assembly TEPZ Tema Export Processin TDC Tema Development Co TMA Tema Municipal Assembly TOR Terms of Reference TOT Training of Trainers  Write M~~~ge~ent Dependent of the Urban E~vi~on~~nt~l Sanitation Projec UESP II Second Urban cc United Nations Conventions on Climate Change Write Management Dep~~~e~t   1I THE PROPOSEDPROJECT 1I The Government of Ghana, through the inistry of Local Govern LGRD),intendsto carry out a projectto improve environmentalsanitationin the five largest towns in Ghana, namely Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, Tamale and Tema. The Governmentproposes to seek assistancefor this purpose from the InternationalDevelopment Association(IDA)of the WorldBank Group, 2I The proposedSecond UrbanEnvironmentalSanitationProject the ongoingUrbanEnvironmentalSa (UESP, IDA Credit implementedwith assistancefrom the DFandAFD sinceSeptember1996, 3 Present environmentalconditions in the project towns are characterizedby a lack of sanitary and socially acceptablelatri e service, accumulationof soli wastes, lack of all-year vehicular access to poor neighborhoods~flooding, and inadequatewater supply. The proposed Project is intendedto furtherimpr e sanitation,solidwaste managementsd access in a sustainablefashion, is on the poor. The orks under UESP II rventionssuccessfu UESP. Preliminarydesignsalreadyexist for most of the proposedsubcompo inistryof LocalGovernmentand ural Development(MLGRD),in complyin the EnvironmentalAssessment egulationsas well as the World Bank policies, have contracted Messrs Environ Engineering and conductan Environmentaland SocialAssess Completionof the EnvironmentalAssessmentof the KwabenyaLandfillin Accra, Preparationof an Environmental Management Plan for the Project and Development of Resettlement Policy Framework.Othersub~omponentswhichthis study coversare:new la fill in Tema;improveduse, closure, and rehabilitatio of existing landfills and du I Djanman, Oblogo)~ Tema (Kpone)and Seko i-Takoradi;liningof drainsand erosioncontrol;infrastructureupgrading in loo-income communiti ; latrines;sewerageand sewagetreatment;and malariavectorcontrol. itutional strengtheningaspects of t refore reportson the studies unde and recommendationsin accordancewit theTermsof Referencein Annex I. 2I DESCRIPTIONOF PROJECTAREA OF INFLUENCE 5 I project of influe Sekondi oradi,T e and Te a District, in which one of the two proposedsanitarylandfills, is overall expanse, the actual area of influencedepends gr ent, as explainedin Section 2.2, lying areas most of which are inhabitedby lob-incomepeopleand/orused by them for small-scale commercialactivities,  6I The Projectis co same five componentsas UESP: . Storm Drainage; n Sanitation; n Solid WasteMana n Communitylnfrast w InstitutionalStren 3I DESCRIPTIONOF POLICIES,LEGAL, AND INSTITUTIONALF ORKS 7* Ghana'sNationalEnvironmentPolicy (NEP) is containedin the broaderframeworkof the National EnvironmentalAction Plan (NEAP), Vol. 1I which was adopted in 1991, The principal objectiveof the is to improvethe surroun ings,living conditionsandqualityof life of the entire citizenry of presentand future generations, It seeks to ensure reconciliationbetweeneconomic developmentand naturalresourceconservation,to makea high qualityenvironmenta key element in supposing the country'seconomic and social developmentand natural resourceconservation and to make a high qualityenvironmenta key element in supportingthe country'seconomicand social development. 8 The policy seeksto g ide developmentin accordant reduceandas far as possibleeliminatepollutionandnuisances. . Integrate environmental considerations in sectoral, structural and socio-economic planningat the national,regional,districtandgrassrootslevels; q Seek commonsolutionsto environmentalproblemsin WestAfrica, Africaand t largeI Ghana Landfill Guidelines 9. The Guidelineswhich are the result of collaboration Governmentand Rural Development,Environ and Science Agency cover landfill classification,site identificationsdesign, upgradingof existing dump sites operationand maintenance,closure,restorationandaftercare. anual for the Preparation of District Waste a~agern~~tPlans IO The purpose of t anual is to assist the District Assemblies and other relevant stakeholdersin the planningand managementof waste,throughthe preparationof integratedand systematic,StrategicWaste ManagementPlans. ental Sanitation Polic 11I inistry of Local Governmentpublishedan Environ ental SanitationPolicy. This Policy was preparedlong afterthe NEAP. Sanitationis construedto have a broadermeaning than waste. The Policy o are developinga clean,safe and ple nt physicalenviron in all humansettlements, te the social,economicand physical II-beingof all sectionsof the population. It comprises various activities includin the constructionan maintenanceof 2  rupture,the provisionof services,publiceducatio communityand indivi Environmental Assess ent Regulations 12 L.I. 1562 follows in broad terms, the proceduresfor the preparationof an environmental assessmentreport.It providesa graduatedsyste for determiningwhat will be demandedfrom a proponenton the ba ' of the size and likely impacts of a pa~i~ular project. On rece of an applicationsincluding ch informationas may be required;the Agency will carry out initial screeningexercisetakingintoconsiderationfactorssuchas: m Location,size, andlikely outputof the unde~aking; . Technologyintendedto be used; n Concernsof t e general public, if any, and in pa~icularconcerns of immediate residentsif any; n Land use and otherfactorsof relevanceto the particularundertakingto which the applicationrelates. l~~tit~tio~al Framework Ministryof EnvironmentandScience 13 The Ministryof Environmentand Science(MES)was es lished in 1994. Itscreative in responseto a nationaldevelopmentneedto integrateenviron ntal, scientificandtechnolo iderationsinto the ~ountry'ssectoral,structuraland socio-economicplanningprocessesat all 14I The Local Government Act (Act 462) seeks to give a fresh legal ex government~scommitmentto the conceptof decentralization, It is a practicaldemonstrationof a bold attempt to bring the processof governanceto the doorstepof the populaceat the Regional and more impo~antly,the District level, The DistrictAssemblies createdunderthe lack constitute the highestpoliticalauthorityin eachdistrict,municipalityand metropolis. 15I Among the functionsof the DistrictAssem . Formulateand executeplans, programmesand strategiesfor the effective mobilizationof the resourcesnecessaryfor the overalldevelopmentof the district; n Initiate programmesfor the developmentof basic infrastructureand provide municipalworks and servicesin the district;and 9 Be responsiblefor the development,improvementand managementof hu the environment. 3  INGAND ANALYSING T PACTS Background Information Gathering and Literature Review e commencement of act al consultancy activities EEMC o 0 Proposedlandfillsfeasi 0 Technicaldesignsof majorprojectsandtheir sub-components; 0 Landfillssite selectionand investigationreportsand relevantpreliminarypermits (e,g.the EnvironmentalPermitfor the proposedK~abenyaLandfill)and licenses; iminary EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentreportson UESP; act studyreportson UESP; rationalGuidelinesfor NevvSanitaryLandfillsin Kumasi,TakoradiandTamale. Field Work 17 As part of the methodologyand approachfor the st e consultantshave unde~akena series of consultativemeetingswith various groupsof sta ers and conductedfield visits to major projectsites. Summa~ of the SafeguardWork Done so far and Included in this Report, and Work to be Done Later Note: The preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). N/A: Not A~~l~ca~~e 4  e a needto resettlefamilies~ ttlementswill have tru~turedprocessof consultationand consensusbuildin of availableresettlementoptions could be a ted. Landcould be acquiredat lot reedwith those who would be resettled, ouses built for them that would containthe same those that would b ndoned. Another option could te to enablepeopleto be resettledfind landson theirown a the attendantrisks of the money being misapplied).A t combinefeatures e two whereland will be acquiredanddevelopedup to som id for the peopleto completethem.All activitiestriggering le above)will requirea ResettlementAction Plan (RAP),the preparationof which will be guidedby the provisionsof the ResettlementPolicy Framework(RPF),which as beenpreparedfor this projectin parallelwith the presentreport. 19 The provisionof storm drainagewas part of the Urban EnvironmentalSanitationProject beingcarriedin five main cities of Ghanaandwill be part of UESP Il. Secondaryandsome tertiary drains will be lined with concrete or stone pitching, which may involve deepening,~idening~ narro~ing~and realigning,as the casemay be, Applicable Safeguard Policies 20, The World Bank Safeguard Policies that are triggered are OP 4.01 and BP 4.0% EnvironmentalAssessment,OP 4.01AnnexesA, B, andC on EnvironmentalAssessment,OP 4.12 and BP 4.12.InvoluntaryResettlement, and OP 4.12 and BP 4.12.InvoluntaryResettlement Instruments. Identification of Potentially Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts 21. There is a risk thatthe liningof moresecondarydrainsmay causefloodin Disruption of Utility Services 22 The excavation for the lining of storm drains will cause te services such as electricity and water. Such disruptions will be communitiesin the area. 23, The drainageim rovementprojectwill impacton peo les' livelihooddue to t the drains, and the provision of maintenance ccess reserve along the secondaryand tertia drainsas barbers,kiosksoperatorsandvegetab growersmay losesome land.  e resourcesrequiredfor implementingt e environmentalmanag ment programmeare rsonneland finance, The key environmentalmanagementactivitie ineer, the Contractor, nistry of Local Government,EPA an to some extent,the Public. onitoring 25 The aim of the monitoringis to ascertainto what extentthe predictedimpactof the project is ~aterialized~to detect any unforeseenimpacts and to allow for an adjustmentof the mitigation measuresat an earlystage. Appropriatemonitoringcriteriaareestablished,and the monitoringwill keep relevantrecordsto ensurecompliancewith soundenvironmentalprocedures.The monitoring plan will e e that mitigating measures an pacts of the project d ring constructionand operational ses are implemented, Safeguard Work Doneso far and Included in this Report, and Work to be Done Later Note: The preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). 6. SANITATION Household, Schools and Public Latrines ost urbanresidentsin eciallythe poor,lackadequatesanitaryfacilities A lation pays to u rines that are unclean,inadequate,in~onvenient~ ucket latrines have been banned an being phased out because of the health hazardsto both usersand conservancyworkers.As a resultof thesefactors at both the domestic and community levels, the situation has led some people, especially children to defecate indiscriminatelyin bushes,open spacesanddrains. Tema SewageSystem Improvement PresentStatusof the TemaSewageSystem 27 Investigationsandfield visits conductedrevealedthat in spite of t the Tema SewerageSystem is still not functioning.The three pumpin treatmentplant at community3 are all not beingrunas resultof a corn The pumping stations have either some of the pumps not working or the relays in the control panelshave beenstolen,Anotherproblemisthe issueof non-paymentof accruedelectricitybillsto the ElectricityCompanyof Ghanafor which reasonpowersupplyto the seweragetreatmentpla has beendisconnected,There are other issuessuch as the lack of a propermanagementsystem 6  s, insufficientfunding fro he Tema Municipal Authority and the ees by residentsin the Tern e communitieswhosereticulationsystemswere not re ing as a resultof either colla An ejector station at Tema Manhean has also broken down completely and may need to be replaced. Applicationof SafeguardPolicies 29I The World Bank Safeguard Policies that are triggered are OP 4.01 and BP 4.01- EnvironmentalAssessment,OP 4.01AnnexesA, B, andC on EnvironmentalAssessment,OP 4.12 volunta~ Resettlement, and OP 4.12 and BP 4.12-lnvolunta~ Resettle Instruments, 30 The potentialnegativeimpacts of the constructionof householdlatrines,school latrines public latrinesand the rehabilitationof t e system improvements,mainly in Temawill both negativeand positiveimpactson t nment.The negativeimpactswill occurdurin construction/rehabilitationandoperationof the latrinesandthe se e system improvements, MitigationMeasuresof EnvironmentalImpacts 31 The mitigatingmeasuresproposedbelow providean efficient of the constructionand sustainabilityof the latrines as well as the s The mitigation measures have been proposed for the impacts identified under both the constructionaland operationalphaseof the project. The aim is to identifythe mitigationmeasures to be taken for noise, vibration, water quality, dust, air quality and public safety using visual assessmentby the managementandfeedbackfrom the otherstakeholders Monitoring 32 This monitoring covers rehabilitationand constructionof householdspublic and school lat;ines, as well as improvementof sewage systems, The issues to be monitoredinclude noise, ater quality, dust, ai ity an blic safety. The nature an extent of pollution observedwill be determinedby laboratoryanalysesof samples taken from the site, Appropriate measuresshouldthen be takento rectifythe problem. N/A: Not Applicable 7  7I KWABENYA LAN At present,all the collectedrefuseof Accra and partsof Ga D ion IO, Oblogo Dump, belo ). The Accra MetropolitanAsse ers in the region identifie he urgent need for a nevvlandfills. Subsequentto site studies carried out by A and local consultants several years ago, the Advisory Committee of the Accra MetropolitanAssemblyWaste ManagementDepartmentadvocateda site at Kwabenyafor the proposedlandfill, 34I An EnvironmentalImpactStudy(Governmentof GhanaandAccra MetropolitanAssembly: K~abenya Landfill)on the proposedsite was preparedin 1999(herereferredto as 1999EIS) with fundingfrom an externalassistanceagency,So e aspectsof this reporthave been reviewedand updatedin the presentreport,A s ightly revisedversionifthe reportwas issue 35 The 1999EIS proposesa designdesignatedas OptionAl Al'comprises a void spacefor waste disposalof approximately23 volume that would m the landfill needs of Accra for about 30 OptionBl (a fu~her 1 illion m3)could be takenat a laterdate, At the presenttime it is proposed at landfill is situated in Valley A only. Further investigationof Valley B is required before developmentin this areacould be considered. 36I Phase 1 of the plannedconstructionof the landfil was carried out in 2001 wit from an externaldonoragency.This includeda tarredacce s roadanda 250 meter long the bottom of the valley for storm water evacuation,A partial compensationwas paid to land owners and users. No further constructiontook place due to rsistent oppositionfro e inabilityof the loca authoritiesto sett s and othercorn in a satisfactorymanner.The donor's agreedlendingprogramchanged,and the assistancewas withdrawn, Applicable World Bank SafeguardPolicies 37 The constructionof the new sanitary landfill in K~abenya-Accracould have irreversible environmental impacts unless mitigating measures recommen ed are carried out during the constructionand operationstages,Some of the potentialadv rse impactsthat may occur relating to the physicalenvironmentare: Ily the Gao lagoon)pollution; H Lossof topsoil; moke andparticulatelevels. 38 Arising from the potential adverse environmental impacts enumerated a significanceof the impacts~the extentof encroachmentboth in the bufferzone and the for the proposedlandfi e the needto resettlefamilieswhosesettlementswill haveto 8  give bay for the proje scenariospe~ainingto the propose (OP4.01, BP 4.01f GP 4.01)and lnvolunt Socio-Economic Impacts 39 The loss of 194 hectaresof land may look insi e context of the larger Accra MetropolitanArea. Neverthelessany loss of land in an area whose populationdensity is alreadyover 5~000personsper sq km, can only increasethe density and hencethe pressureon the land. Given the general Ghanaian cultural traditions, which are characterizedby a strong attachmentof lineage groupsto their ancestrallands,the project may not only be traumatic,but could be a sourceof conflictwithinthe lineagegroupthatowns the land,This may happenunlessa propermechanismisworkedout to ensurethat: o havea stakein the landare identified, mpensation due to the is assessed in accordance with t ResettlementPolicyFramework,and q There is transparencyabout the amount of compensationpaymentand equity in its distributionamongall legitimatestakeholders. Resettlement 40 There is boundto be a needto resettlefamilies whoseprope~ieswill haveto give day for the project.Througha well-structuredprocessof consultationa of availableresettlementoptionscould be adopted.Landcoul agreedwith those who would be resettled,and ouses built for them number of rooms as those that would be a ndoned, Another o compensationadequateto enablepeopleto be resettledfind landso own houses (with all the attendantrisks of the money being mis combinefeaturesof t two wherelandw be acquiredand developedup to some point andsome cash compensationp for the peopleto Design and Co~st~~ctio~ Phasing 41 The selectedphasingplan comprisess 1 and developingthe next phasesin a series o The advantagesof this p q The collectionpointfor leachateis in the lowestsouthernpart,and will be constructed directlyfrom the startof t e developmentof t e site. Meaningno leachatehindrancein constructingthe nextphases; . Access to the depositionsite is easyfrom the highernortherngrounds. 9  42 The cons f this phasingis t at provisionsare necessaryto collect cl water and runoff the flanks and to lead it aroundor underneathth existingpathof the eater streamin the baseof the valley. ity and settling of the subsoil has not been addressedin the 1999 EIS and t General Design Criteria LeachateContainment 44I The most impo~ant landfill design issue was consideredt ate. Containmentof leachatehas beena key featureof the threedesignsthatweredevelopedin the 1999EIS. Threedesignphilosophiesare presentedin the 1999EIS(section1.4and4.3.2).Inview of risk to groundwater resourcesDesign Philosophy3 was selected as the proposed design. This design gives the best oppo~unity contain leachate within the landfill site and incorporatesa low permeability(1O-9mlsec) land liner comprisedof eit er clay or on-site soils mixed with bentonite. A properlyengineeredlow permeabilityliner would providethe most secure containment for leachate. The success of a clay lining scheme would be dependenton t availabilityof sufficientquantitiesof suitablematerialswithin a reasonabledistanceof the proposed landfill site, the availability of funding to support lining throughoutthe life of the landfill, and adequatetechnicalsupportandqualityassurance. Ground~aterTable undvvatermeasurementscarried out for the 1999 EIS could no loweredparts of the base of the valley stan roposed in the 1999 EIS includes installedunderthe linerto lowerthe ground~atertable in t valleybelowthe liner, 47 With continuouslining the infiltrationof waterwill decrease,and it is very unlikelythat the standingwater under the liner will reachthe bottom of the liner, Accordingto the Ghana Landfill Guidelinesthe bottomof the fill shouldbe at least 2 m ater table. Taking into accountthat a ground~atertable is und level, and higherta les occur afterrainfallevents,in ti ct of rainfallwill be reduced,and the averagegroundlevel is acceptablefor the bottomof the waste.To lowerthe ground~atertable of standingwater in the first years of operation,drains will be installedat a depth of 2 m below groundlevel, Bottom Liners 48* Threetypesof linersare proposedin the 1999EIS,dependingof t 10  Discussion 49. Using only a GCL for Type 1 Liner as reco betterthan a sing1 y liner. Forthat reasonitwoul and clay. Liner is in orderto achievea high imp ugh the spelling propertiesof the bentonite.In c ct with high concentrationsof a higherpositivevalue than the properties of the bentonite will decrease, with a consequent increase of the ility. Generally,leachatecontainshigh concentrationsof chloridesamongstother anions and cationssuch as potassium,calcium and iron. In the leachateof the MallamLandfill,vv be a referencefor the quality,theseconcentrationsare not extremelyhigh,but high enoughto get ion exchangein the bentonite, 50I The Ghana Landfill Guidelinesspecify the use of a geo-mem bottom liner, if the availability of clay is limited. The principle of membraneand mineral liner is standardin the Guidelinesof the EU countriesand USEPA. For Kwabenya Landfill this suggests the use of a liner of 600 mm clay (standardGhana Landfill Guidelines)and2 mm HDPEgeo-membrane. 51 Type 2 Linerin the Specificationis an improvementof the 1999EIS. It is more expensive than the standard 600 mm clay mentioned in the Ghana Landfill Guidelines. Under normal circumstancesthere is no specific reason to choose a design with a higher pe~ormancethan specifiedin the GhanaLandfillGuidelines, 52 Type 3 Liner in the Specificationsis 500 mm clay with k c 1 * IO-9m thickness as comprised in the 1999 EIS should e regardedto the Ghana La nessof 300~00 mm, For a reliableconstructions40 53 Another alternativefor the GCL or the clay * 1 and for the clay in type 2 an mixtureof polymer modifiedbentoniteand sand wit and chemicalre in a layerof 50 -70 mm. The outside slopes from the restorationcontourshave a maximumof 1 horizontalto 3.5 is shouldgive no stabilitypro lemsfor the outsideslopesif some conditionsaretakenin account. 55 Saturatedwaste or sludge must not be deposited near the edge of t e fill. This could create horizontalsaturatedlayers of fine materialthat can be pressedaway underheavy load. A safe distancefrom the edgeis 50 m, 56I cover can be placedonce most of the ex place, by loading and decompositionof the organicmaterial.This can take severalyears afterr the final height,This processwill be monitoredthroughperiodicmeasurements,Until 11  that momentan inter ediatecoverof soil, rocksor other inertmaterial,with a thi~knes , shouldbe appliedto reducelitter,contactwith thewaste, andodouremission. Ground Water Monitoring Points 57 The 1999 EIS specifiesthat ground~atermonitoringpointsshall be insta downstream anb aroundthe perimeterof the site in the order of 25 m deep (13.2.2).The Specificationgives further details of the location and the method of constru tion, There is a potential ris groundwatercontaminationto the south of the landfill if leac ate leaks throughthe liner system (2.2.3 of this document and 5.4.2.2 and 10.5.1.2of 1999 EIS). The monitoring points should thereforebe more denselyplacedon this side, while on the other side the monitoringpointscould be less frequentthanshownin the specifications. The Landfillis to be built by progressivelyfilling in a no~h~arddirection.This hasthe effect a dam in the valley. Runoff generatedfrom intense rainfall must be preventedfrom e landfill because of the potential to generate additional leachate, It is therefore proposedto controlrunofffrom the valley by passingit rougha main culvertfor the e ationof storm water under the landfill, A 250 meter long se ion of such a culvert has a y been constructedas part of t e Phase 1 constructionthat was done in 2001 ith financingfrom an externalassistanceagency. 59I The 1999EIScalculationof the maximumleachategenerationis basedon realisticstartin points. It results in 113.000 s/yearand a worst-caseestimation in the wet s predictionof timeto maximu generationdid not considerthe effectof preferentialpathwaysanda reducedinfiltrationin the wet seasonafterfinal covering.This meansthat the maximumproduction of leachatewill be reachedat the endof the operationalperiod. 60 For leachate treatmentthe 1999 EIS proposedrecirculationover the landfill (4.3.2 an 10:5.2.2).This methodcould be feasiblein the localclimate. e componentsin the leachatewill be absorbedor decomposedin the waste dependingon the mica1conditionsand biochemical processes,but severalcomponentswill accumulatein the leachate,The dischargeof leachatei to surfacewaterdownstreamshouldbe avoidedeven if it is only slightlypolluted.It is unaccept if the leachatecontainsaccu 61. Proposed criteria for downstream discharge are shown in Table 14 of the 1999 EIS (10.5.2.2). For a discharge to small surface water bodies, which is the situation here, the nitude of several of these compone ts are in our opinion too hi accordingto standards. Landfill Gas Management 62I In the 1999EIS the generationof landfillgas isdescribedas significant t an estimationor calculationof quantities,With this capacityand high percentageof organics(average of 50 %), passive venting as proposedin the 1999 EIS (4.3.2) will result in a high emission of 12  tions mentionedare flarin or even conversionto other for shouldbe providedfor. Construction And Quality Assurance 63I In order to achieve a reliable design and ruction of the landfill at various stag processcertain quality requirementsshould be sp and monitored,After completionof constructionworks the contractorshould submit f the quality log with all certificates, results, etc,, to the owner, As-built drawings a specificationsshould also be included in documentation. Analysis of Alternatives And Their Potential Environmental Impacts 64 OptionBl makes it possibleto divertthe stormwaterfrom the highernorthernpartaround the boundary. Starting with Bl makes the culvert under the bottom-lining unnecessary,The disadvantageof this option is that the works to be constructedin the southerndirection during subsequentphasesare lower than t ose of the existing p at hold leachatein each phaseshould be excavatedafter extensionwith the next phase,and leachatecan be a hindrance to the constructionworks.Thisalternativeisthereforerejected. AlternativeBottomLiner 65 Using a polymermodifiedbentonitesand mixtureor a geomembraneinsteadof GCL,or a polymer-modifiedbentonitesand mixtureinsteadof clay, gives a layer pe~ormance.Usingit insteadof clay requiresless naturalmaterials,7-h the resultsof furtherseismic studies,which were not availablefor re the presentreport. AlternativeSite Development 66 Substantialhousesare at variousstagesof constructionin the bufferzone, most of whit are not authorised.In Section7.4.1a smallerbufferzoneis proposed.Alternativesare: the easternboun e west and partly co sating for the decrease capacitywith a higherlandfill; q Incorporatingvalley B in the developmentsandstartingthe wasteboundaryat the west side of the stream in the valley.Therewouldbe less diversionof storm waterrequired, and the culvert underthe bottom liner would not be necessary.This culvert has been constructedrecentlyandcan remainandis usedfor the diversionof stormwater, 67 These alternativeswill need new permitsfrom the EPA. In the meantimeconstructionand operation could start according to the existing permit ithin the bounda development. 13  68I Recirculationis proposedin the 2000 EISfor leachatehandling.The risksof operatingt treatment are described in 7.9. In the beginning no problems for recirculationare expected. Alternativesduringthe operationphaseare: . On-sitetreatmentin an anaerobicor aerobicpondanddischargeto surfacewater.The designand efficiencyof thesesystemsdependon thetype and rangeof contaminants. 9 Dischargeto a sewer. The closest sewer is in Accra at a distance of IO km. For incidentalsituationsleachatecould be transportedto the sewer by truck. Othervvisea pipecould be laid to transportthe leachateto the sewer, 69 The risks and alternativemeasuresrelatedto ea~hquakesof severemagnitude- and low probabilityof occurrence- areanalysedin a conceptualscheme. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 70 The EnvironmentalManagementand MonitoringPlan containsthe environmentalimpacts and risks, the mitigatingprovisionsan managementactions,the Environmental itoring Plan, enhancement or corrective actions nd training and institutional measures protect the environmentcontrol provisionsand gement are integratedin the design, the operationand the Rehabilitation,In the 1999 EIS can be found in the chapters4.3 "Landfill Design", 10 "AdverseEnvironmentalImpactsand Mitigati ' and Chapter12 ~~Environm Training".The monitoringhas beendescribe chapter13~~Monitoring"of t 71 The EnvironmentalManagementPlanpresentedin Section7.16 in the text gives an updatedview of relevantimpactsand risksfor the above-mentionedpoints.This planshouldbe seen as a dynamicreportandwill e updatedandfurtherela oratedbasedon t e ongoingprocess of preparation,constructionandoperation. N/A: Not Applicable 8l 72 The presently used disposal site is partly located in the ly-created Tema Expo ProcessingZone (TEPZ). Furthermore,the operationof the site not been satisfactory. should thereforebe closed as early as possible,after a disposalsite has been constructed. Investigationsindicatethat if the wastes are sufficiently acted to allow the furtheruse of the existing site for some time, albeit with improved ma nt, until that time that ne 14  n completed.At that ti e the existingdum would be closed and rehabilitated(se ne Dump,below). 73 The continuous use of the present du environment,humanhealth,qualityof life, andecon also neededto accept ustrialnon-hazardoussolid waste from the TEPZ and from the existing industriesin the Tema icipality. Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies 74 The constructionof the newsanitarylandfillin Temacould have irreversi le environmental impacts unless mitigating measures are taken during the design and operation. Some of the potentialadverseimpactson the physicalenvironmentthat may occur are: Ground~aterpollut Surfacewaterpollution(especiallythe Gaolagoon); Lossof top soil; of usefulsubsoil(quarrystones); nge in the drainageof soils; Changein the runoffcharacteristics; Gasemission;and oke andparticulatelevels. 75 Other receivingenvironmentsthat may be affectedare the ecologicalenvironmentsland use,humanhealthand economicissues. 76I The Environmental Assess ent (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) a Resettlementpolicies (OPIBP 4.12) II be triggereddue to the potential advers impacts enumeratedabove,the significanceof these imp requireabout44 acresof la d. The developmentof the Ian in involuntarysettlement,but a compensationfor loss of livelihoodfr quarryingwould haveto be made,An a reementin principlehas been DevelopmentCorporation(TDC) andth unicipalAssembly ( site for the constructionof the landfill. Site Selection 77 Three possible sites were consider-e by a team of officia Preliminarysurveysof thesesites were conductedto determinethe most suitablesite to be used for the developmentof the landfill. The team visited Shai Hills,Afienya and Kponeand selected less than 1 km from the existingdump and a out 500 m from the water tower of the EPZ, The site is part of an area of severalsquarekm that has been seriously degradedby the mining of laterite and stones to the extent that it is can be used neither for buildingconstructionnor agriculture. 78I er studiesand analysisof a ternativesto coverthe following: 15  w Detailedsite investi ationcoveringthe geological,geoate~hni~ala ical aspectsof the site; m EnvironmentalImpactAssessment;and n Seismic(liquefaction)regime/impact. Safeguard Work Done and Included in this Report, and Work to be Done Later l~ple~e~t- Status of Safeguard Work Sub-component Location ation EA RPF RAP Analysis/ Scoping Sanitarylandfill Terna Construction To be done Done To be done later Done later Note: The preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan ( P) will be guided by the resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). 9. REHABILITATIONOF MALLA 79 The solid waste agementdisposalsite of the Accra was usedfrom 1995to 2 It was filled in a somewhatsystematicf and terracingto reducethe chanceof landslides.In 2001 local residents who had in the meantime encroachedall aroundand right up to the site, protestedvigorouslyagainst its further use, Yielding to this pressure, the site was closed and now requires rehabilitationin accordancewith the EPAguidelines. 80 Followingthe closureof the MallamLandfillSite, the disposalactivitieswere transferredto 0 Djanmanfor a fe s andthen to Oblo Applicable World ank Safeguard policies EnvironmentalAssessment(OP4.01 and BP4.01) Yes InvoluntaryResettleme Yes Leachategeneration 81 At Mallam there is an uncontrolledflo of leachatefrom the site, and rains. There are housesbuilt at the foot of the waste dump and at times the I residents'compounds.The leachateis likely to contain pathogensand toxic materials.There is bothgroundwaterandsurfacewatercontamination. Odour s Odoursfrom decomposin waste are offensivea d pose a health ris havebeenbuilt at the foot of the mountainof waste,andodournuisanceis prevalent. itigation measures 83 It is noted that the closure, reha essentialto protestingthe environment.This will also allowfor it to be usedfor other purposes,as well as fit intothe immediateenvirons. 16  84I For the rehabilitation,the proposedscopesof vvor B Defensevvatl, H Drainage, ementof leachate, 9 Ventingof gases q Capping,and 1 Landscapingandotherconstructionalworks. SafeguardWork Done and Included in this Report, and Work to be Done Later Note: The preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). IO. OBLOGODUM 85 The principaloperationalsite for the disposalof solid waste from the Accra metr areais currentlyat Oblogo,which is situatedin the westernpart of Accra andvvasformerly rockquarry, The Oblogosite can be appropriatelydescribedas a controlledwastedump, The site has no engineeredcontainmentof leachate,but has a provisionalbottomliner of clay. The wastes are partiallycompactedthroughthe use of bulldozers,A compactoris on site, but is out of order most of the time, For hospitalwastesa hole is usuallydug in the wastefill, into w wastes are placed.The hole is then coveredw refuse. This is a dangerousa ractice,especiallysince scavengersareallowe o operateon the site. 86 The dumping of an in January 2002. Sine redeivingan averagedai t 1200 tons. The tip at capacitythat could permitits usewith the currentope an urgentneedfor the evelopmentof a new site,whl as to protectpubliche h andminimizethe damageto the environment. Applicable Safeguard Policies EnvironmentalAssessment(OP4.01 and BP4.01) Yes InvoluntaryResettlement(OPIBP4.12) Yes 17  Environmental and Social Impact Assess 87 The open waste dump at Oblogo has environmentaland social i acts or implications since it is not a properlyengineeredand operated.The impactsidentifiedand analyzedare: Leachateproblems; Landfillgas; Dust; Vermin; Unaestheticimpacts; Scavenging; Roadtraffic; Social impacts; Healthandsafetyhazards. 88 The mitigating measures and improvementsare included in section 10.4 ~~lmprovement and DecommissioningPlan". Leachate Problems 89 The site has leachateproblems,which becomemore severeafter a rainfal appearsto be confinedto one outflowto the site, whereit f into a naturalstor residentialareas,and ultimatelyintothe coastalwetlandso DansuRiver,Thi receptors(drinkingwaterwells, streams).It is likely to alsocontaminateground~aterandto contain pathogensandtoxins. 90 Storm water is not captured and diverted. It flows from higher grounds into t accumulated waste, increa ing the leachate volume. Further detailed information the hydrogeologyof the site, t e existing and maximal calculated leachate generation not available,and shouldbe studiedto determinethe impacts. Improvement, Closure, and ilitation Plan, Including ating Measures 91 The OblogoWaste Dump is the only waste dump cu rentlybeing used by of &a District.After it is full, the dump has to be closedand re abilitated~Howeverbet no immediatealternativesite available,it will be necessaryto improvethe managementpractices at the site to prolongits life beyondthe currentlyestimatedtime of July 2004. The improvement plan shouldincludemitigatingmeasuresto reducetheenvironmentalimpacts. 92I The proposed scope of work and mitigating measures for improvement and eventual decommissioningconsistof: . Identifyandcarryout improvementsto the existing q Improvethe operationof the du n Closure; q Rehabilitationandafter-care, 18  achate Management 93 Leachateproductionat t logo site will continuefor many years after closure.The mi;igatingmeasuresto be takenare: . Reducingleachat preventingaccessto stormeater, intermediatecover andfinal coverwi 9 Collectingleachateat the toe of the landfilland controlleddrainageat the perimeterto. one point(i.e.the easternendof the landfill); q Treatmentof the leachateby recirculation,dischargeto a sewer,or treatmentponds nearthe site. 94* Furtherstudiesshould be carriedout for leachategenerationtreatmentand the designof th Ilection.As a provisionalmeasurea sump or retentionla n could be createdat the point w the leachateis seepingout nowand recirculationbackto landfillcouldstart, Storm water drainage 95 A perimeterdrain shou be constructedto capturean storm water from the site. The proposeddrainagesystem woul addressthe currentsituation by leachate. Landfill Gas Management 96I Investigationswill be necessaryto determinethe waste generation(theoreticalamount, pressure and composition) and the way of treatment, Landfill gas generation has not been calculated,butcan beof a sufficientquantityto be hazardousto developmentsi ent system needs to capturesuch gases so as to minimize the rela impacts and hazardsand if possiblealso to derivesome economicbenefitsfrom t gases. 97I The process will involve the installation of vertical gas gabions and perorated lateral HDPE pipes in the waste materialdirectly underthe fina coverto collect the gases. These will havea controlledemissionthroughvent pipesthat vu uld be locatedat variousintervals. it becomes necessary,the venting can be changed in an active extractionwi utilization.For the momentverticalgas gabions(1 per2500 m*) shouldbe install drainagescreenagainstthe faceof the quarrycould be necessary.This nee Safeguard Work Done and Included in this Report, and ark to be Done Later Note: The preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). 19  11. KPONE D 98 The Tema landfill was established in 1989 as an open dumpsite at a distance of approximatelyIO-km from the city center on the road lea measuringabout 10 hectareswas physical fenced and interim roads dividingthe site into ropriatecells for disposalwere established, A receiving area with a gate house etc. was also established, However,due to lack of funds, operations at the landfill are still carried out in a similar manner to those at the other open dumpsitescurrentlyin operationin Ghana, Applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies Assessment(OP 4.01 andBP 4.01) Yes lnvolunta~ Resettlement(OPIBP4.12) Yes Waste Amounts A weighbridge was installed but is n t functioning, since it is missing ponents. Based on the registrationof num er of trucks enteringthe landfill, a 1~300loads/month~the total amount of waste receivedat the site can be estimated at 54,OO tons/year. Environmental And Social Impact Assessment 10 The open waste dump at Kpone has environmentaland social impacts or implications since it is nota properlyengineeredandoperatedlandfill.The impactsidentifiedand analyzedare: Landfillgas; Smoke; Odour; Dust; Vermin; Unaestheticimpacts; Scavenging; RoadTraffic; Socialimpacts; Healthandsafetyhazards, 101 The mitigating measures and improvementsare included in section 11.4 "Improvement and'DecommissioningPlan", Improvement, Closure and Re abilitation Plan, lncl~ding 102 The Kponedump is the only wastedump Gurrentlybeingusedby the T partsof Ga rict. The capacityof the dump has beenestimatedto last for about Tao a years if it is rated in an efficient manner Since there is no immediate alternativesite for use if Kpone becomes full, it is necessarythat the management practices at the site are improved prior to 20  closure and rehabilitationafter the us of the new sanita~ landfill can start. Th m e environmentalimpactsarepartof this re f work and mitigating measures for improvement, followed by H Identifyand carryout improvementsto t m Improvethe operationof the dump; m Closure; 9 Rehabilitationand aftercare, SafeguardWork Done and Included in this Report, and Work to be Done Later Note: The preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). 12. ESSIPONDU 104 UESP includedthe constructionof a sanitarylandfill for Sekondi-Takoradi. Howeverthe contractorfailed ompletethe constructionby thetime the projec closedon Decem 31, 2003. It is proposed the construction be completed under UES Il. It has there become necessarythat the Essiponwaste dump improvedunderUESP II, so that it can continueto be useduntil the new site has bee Description of Essipon Dump 105 The Essipon dump in Sekondi is being e disposalof all waste in the Shama Ahanta East MetropolitanAssembly (SAE been in use for aboutten years.On the average,about85,000metrictonesof icipal SolidWaste is dump per annum.The Essipon has no engineeredfacility. disposalpracticesare crude.There is no provision managementleading to soil and ground water pollution.The compactorwhich vvas supplied for the new sanitary landfill is on site, but is only occasionallyused, It appearsthat it cannotbe effectivelydeployeddue to the unconsolidatednatureof a deep layerof lying location of the site, frequent rains and a huge uncoveredsurface area dumpedwaste is notcovered,leadingto seriousodourand air pollutionproblems. plicable World Bank Safeguard Policies EnvironmentalAssessment(0 .Ol andBP 4.01) Yes InvoluntaryResettlement(OPIBP4.12) Yes 21  Environmental and Social Im The open waste dump at Essipon has environmentaland social impacts or implic gineeredandoperatedlandfill.The im actsidentifiedandanalyzedare: . Landfillgas; . Odour; . Scavenging; n Roadtraffic; m Social impacts. n Healthandsafetyhazards. 107 The mitigating measures and improvementsare included in section 10.4 ~~lmprovement and'DecommissioningPlan'", 108 The site has a serious leachateproblem,which is vvorseafter a heavy rain. It affects a large area and flows into the storm drains.The leachateis likely to contain pathogensand toxic substances, It contaminaes ground and surface water. This is a potential risk for receptors (drinkingwaterwells, streams). 109I Housing developmentsare springing up in the neighborhoodand could be exposedto flooding with leachatesince the area is poorlydrained after a storm. Further informationon t hydrogeologyof the site, the existing an available,and shouldbe collectedandanalyzedto determinethe impacts. Improvement, Closure and Rehabilitation Plan, Including 110 The EssiponWaste Dump is the only waste dump currentlybeing used by SA capecity of the dump is almost exhausteddue to the lack of adequatewaste compa impropermanagementpractices.Mitigatingmeasuresto improvethe use of the site so can be extended until the new sanitary landfill ha been completed, as well as to r detrimentalenvironmentaimpacts,arepresentedin 111 It is noted that the closure,reha ilitationand subsequentaftercareof any landfill site are part'of the operationof a sanitary landfill. This is to ensure that the site is properlyrestoredto enableit to be usedfor otherpurposesas well as fit intothe immediateenvirons. e proposedscope of work and mi igatingmeasuresfor improve en~de-commissioning d carryout improvementsto theexistingdump; q Improvethe operationof thedump; q Closure; n Rehabilitationand aftercare. 22  S~f~g~~~dWork Done and lnciuded in this Re art, and Work to be Status of S~f~g~~rdWork 13. OPERATIONOF NEW SA ITARY LANDFILLS IN KU ASI, SEKONDI-TAKORA TAMALE 113 An operatingplan was preparedfor the newsanitarylandf s in Kumasi,Sekondi~Takoradi~ and'Tamaleas partof the Gonsultingassignmentfor the designan Gonstructionsupervisionof the landfills,The reportincludesa detailedmonitoringplan and an environmentalmitigationp anagementDepartmentsof the threeAssemblieswere introducedto thesereportsin 2002 throughthe capacitybuildingcomponentof UESP,This was followedin October2003 by a series of seminarswith the staffof the threeMAs,givenby the firmthat producedthe reports, 114 The implementationof these provisionswill be continuedin UESP II. There is a risk that the landfillswill not be operatedas prescribedin the report,mainly due to financialconstraintsand equipment breakdowns.This ris will be mitigated through a subsidy for operatingthe sanitary landfills providedby the project,and throughcoachingand pe~ormancemonitoringas part of the InstitutionalStrengtheningcomponentof the project. UNITY INFRASTRUCTUREUPG ING 115 Under this componentthe infrastructurein so e loo-income Gommunitiesin the proj towns will be improved. Many of roads in these neighbourhood do not provide adequate vehicular access due to gullies ca d by erosion Existing roads wi be leveled and a surface dressing applied, as well as lined with drains. In the process of upgrading the roads and constructingside drains, water pi es that run haphazardlythrough the neighbourhoodwill be y lines along the drains, with serviceconnectionsto all existing users. Street d whereit is a Gommunitypriority. 116. The proposedprojectconsistsof thefollowing: q Improvingandsurfacingof accessroadsto low-incomeGommunities, II Roaddrains, il ith streetlig 9 Rationalizationof watersupplylines,footpaths,etd. licable Safeguard Policies EnvironmentalAssessment(OP 4.01 andBP 4.01) Yes InvoluntaryResettlement(OPIBP4.12) Yes 23  Identification of Potentially Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts 117 The proposedinfrastructureimprovementswill haveboth adverseand beneficialimpacton the environment,An assessmentof the negativeimpactscan be classifiedinto constructionphase and t constructionp ase impacts. During constructionthere may be a disruption of utility servi due to their accidentaldiscon ction or planneddisconnectionand reconnection~often involving subcontractorsnominatedby e utility company, Dust will invariablybe created and should be controlled~and the passageof pe estriansand vehicles will be Some rooms kiosks steps, or other structur which were built into the ro demolished,which will be done after an adequateprocessof consultation, reconstruction,in accordancewith the provisionsof the Resettlement constructionis completed,some residents may find their customary inconveniencessuch as the creation of retainingwalls where foot existed.Therecould also be floodingof houseswheretheewas non will increasethe chanceof accidents. Analysis of Alternatives 118* Four (4) projectalternativeswereconsidered,These are: . judo-nothing"or "Null"alternative(i.e.withoutprojector no projectat all); H Ordinaryroad maintenance(repair)works; m Rehabilitation/reconstructioof the roadto gravelsu~acing;and n The proposed project (rehabilitation/reconstructionof the existing road to bituminoustreatedsu~acing). 119 Various mitigating measures are proposedin order to ensure an efficient environmental managementof t e constructionand sustainabilityof the access roads. The mitigationmeasures are proposedfor the impactsidentifiedunderboththeconstructionand postconstructionphases. Integration of the E 120 ct mitigation, road and environmental protection can be ac manage and monitoringprogrammes. This section outli es a programmethat acco environmentalprotectionand monitoring,as well as contributingto governmentalstrengtheningof institutions. onitoring 121 The aim will be to assessthe mitigationmeasures air duality and public safety using visual assessmentby the managementand feedbackfrom the otherstakeholder, 24  S~f~g~~rdWork Done and lnclud this Report, and Work to be Done Later Note: The preparation of the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be guided by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). N/A: Not Applicable 15I ETROPOLITANI UNICIPALASSE Local Government Act 462 of 1993 has made District, lies responsiblefor economic, physicaland social developmentissues at the local level. Implicitly,nationalpoliciesfor developmentwill be translatedinto actionat the Districtlevel, Oneof the ways Government~spolicies could be translated into action at the district level is through communitydrivendevelopmenttypeof activities, 123* One of such developmentactivitiesin the co unities is USEP II, Conseq~e Assemblies need to developtheir capabilitiesto implementand mo environmentaland social planswithinthe contextof the USEP II. Thistrainingprogrammeisto ressthis need, 124 A detailed training programme for the identified target groups has been presented. Recommendationson the use of the programmehave also been presented.An indicativebu has also beensuggestedfor consideration. 25