Cambodia - Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project (Vol. 1 of 23) : Environmental assessment operational manual

E687 Volume 1 Royal Kingdom of Cambodia Cambodia Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PE073311-KH, PHRD Grant) Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy (MIME) Department of Potable Water Supply Phnom Penh and et Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) Technical and Project Department <1SW Phnom Penh Environmental Assessment Operational Manual Version 1.0 (DRAFT) Prepared with support from Frank Radstake Contract for Environmental Assessment Consulting Services November, 2002  Provincial and Pen-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Operational Manual PREFACE The present "Environmental Assessment Operational Manuaf' describes the methodology and process to minimize adverse environmental impacts and to include proper mitigation measures for the Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PPUWSSP), implemented by Department of Potable Water Supply, Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy (MIME), and the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA), Kingdom of Cambodia. The manual is a toolkit for the borrower and/or consultants to prepare Environmental Assessment (EA) reports, to safeguard appropriate environmental monitoring and management, and to obtain the required Environmental Clearances, following both Cambodian Regulations and World Bank guidelines. The various steps for conducting the assessment are summarized in checklists and flowcharts. Additionally, the manual provides technical considerations for the possible project components water supply, sanitation, drainage, and wastewater disposal and management. All relevant Cambodian environmental regulations, World Bank Guidelines, and supplementary documentation have been compiled on an annexed CD-Rom. Although care has been taken to provide official and the most complete and/or up-to-date references, the author does not take any responsibility for the use and application of the current documentation. The Environmental Assessment activities are carried out under the general supervision of Mr. Peng Navuth, Director, Department of Potable Water Supply (DPWS), and Mr. Long Naro, Director, Technical and Project Department, PPWSA. Mr. Sin Vaidia, Deputy Director DPWS, PPUWSSP Project Manager, is responsible for the coordination and daily supervision of the assignment. Mr. Cheav Channy, Deputy Chief of Technical Office, DPWS, and Mr. Ou Khua Vath, Project and Design Section, PPWSA, have been assigned as direct counterpart for the technical implementation of the Environmental Assessments. The Environmental Assessment Consulting Services have been supported through a PHRD grant of the Japanese Government, with support of the Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region of the World Bank. The operational manual will be subject to review during the implementation of the project, and will be updated with experiences and recent findings of the project if appropriate. Frank Radstake Environmental and Water Resources Management Advisor E-mail: fradstake(&aol.com Disclaimer Findings and views expressed in this report are entirely those of the Consultant and should not be attributed in any matter to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations A4lI'Main text i DRAFT Version 1 0, November, 2002  Provincial and Pen-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME I PPWSA I WB) Operational Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE I INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1-1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL ..... ......... 1-1 1.1.1 General ..1-1 1.1.2 Report outline ..1-2 1.2 NATIONAL LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK .1-2 1.2.1 National Environmental Legislation ..1-2 1.2.2 Water quality standards ..1-3 1.2.3 Phnom Penh and the PP WSA.1-5 1.2.4 Other related national regulations .1-5 1.3 WORLD BANK EA REQUIREMENTS ..1-6 1.4 APPLIED PROJECT APPROACH . . .1-6 1.4.1 EA Implementation Methodology .1-6 1.4.2 Public consultation and participation ..................1-............................ .................. 1-9 2 FORMAL EA PROCEDURES IN THE PPUWSS PROJECT .............................................. 2-1 2.1 EA PREPARATION CYCLE ..................................................... 2-1 2.2 EA REPORT CONTENTS ..................................................... 2-2 2.3 DRAFTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .................................................... 2-3 2.3.1 General .................................................... 2-3 2.3.2 Environmental Mitigation Plan .............................................. ...... 2-3 2.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................... 2-6 2.4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................... 2-7 2.5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION .................................................... . 2-8 2.5.1 Documentation of the EA Process .................................................... 2-8 2.5.2 Proof of Social Acceptability ............ ........................................ 2-8 2.6 SUBMISSION AND FOLLOW-UP .................................. 2-9 3 COMPLIANCE MONITORING .................................................... 3-1 3.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................. ...... 3-1 3.2 INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF THE EMP .............. ............... .............. 3-1 4 MAIN REFERENCES AND BACKGROUND DOCUMENTATION ..................................... 4-1 .ilIP Main text i DRAFT Version 1.0, November, 2002  Provincial and Per-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Operational Manual LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Schematic presentation of EA scheduling .......... . ......................................... 1-8 Figure 2 - Applied EA Process ................................................................ 2-1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Drinking water quality standards proposal ........................................ ............ 1-3 Table 2 - Cambodian and International effluent standards and guidelines ................... 1-4 Table 3 - Receiving water quality standards ................................................................ 1-4 Table 4 - Proposed Table of Contents ................................................................ 2-2 Table 5 - Layout and example of an environmental Mitigation Plan (MiP) for a deep well system ................................................................ 2-5 Table 6 - Layout and example of an Environmental Monitoring Plan (MoP) .................. 2-7 Table 7 - Checklist for assessment of environmental baseline conditions ...................... VII Table 8 - Overview of general potential impacts and mitigation measures .......................X Table 9 - Guidelines for the minimum land acquisition for water sources protection ....... XI Table 10 - Example of a summary matrix of Environmental Issues/Impacts .................. XII Table 11 - Potential impacts and mitigation measures related to the development of groundwater ................................................................ XIV Table 12 - Example for guidelines for groundwater protection zones ............................ XV Table 13 - Potential impacts and mitigation measures related to the intake of surface water .............................. XVII Table 14 - Potential impacts and mitigation measures related to the development of springs .XVIII Table 15 - Potential impacts and mitigation measures related to the construction of sewerage and drainage infrastructure .XXII Table 16 - General listing of wastewater treatment, disposal and sludge management technology (after WB EA Sourcebook) .XXV LIST OF ANNEXES Annex A - Cambodian Environmental Regulations (available on attached CD-Rom) .I Annex B - World Bank Environmental Guidelines (available on attached CD-Rom) . III Annex C - Supplementary Technical Guidelines .VII Annex C 1 - Assessment of Environmental Baseline Conditions .VII Annex C 2 - General analysis and comparison of potential environmental impacts. IX Annex C 3 - Water Source Considerations. ................ . ............ XIII Annex C 4 - Sanitation and wastewater collection disposal ........................................... XX Annex C 5 - Improvement of storm drainage and wastewater disposal .................... XXVIII AlW'Main text iii DRAFT Version 1.0, November, 2002  Provincial and Pen-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Operational Manual LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DBL Design-Build-Lease (contract) DPWS Department of Potable Water Supply DPWT Department of Public Works and Transport (Municipality) EA Environmental Assessment EEA Environmental Examination Application EIA Environmental Impact Assessment IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LCPSS Low Cost Pilot Sewerage System Lpcd Liters per capita per day Mg/l Milligrams per liter MIME Ministry of Industry, Mines, and Energy MiP Mitigation Plan MOA Memorandum of Agreement MoE Ministry of Environment MoP Monitoring Plan MPP Municipality of Phnom Penh MWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport NGO Non Governmental Organization PCD Pollution Control Department (Ministry of Environment) PG Provincial Government PO Project Owner PPWSA Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority PPUWSSP Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project RGC Royal Government of Cambodia ToR Terms of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solids UNDP United Nations Development Program WB World Bank WSS Water Supply and Sanitation WTC Willingness To Connect .AI{V'Main text iv DRAFT Version 1.0, November, 2002  Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Operational Manual 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of the manual 1.1.1 General The 'Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation' project is being implemented by the Department of Potable Water Supply (DPWS) of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Energy (MIME), and the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA), Kingdom of Cambodia. The MIME component aims at financing water supply and sanitation projects targeting provincial towns and district towns that express demand for improved services and low- income communities in urban centers. It finances investments that (i) respond to what consumers want and are willing to pay, (ii) facilitate and develop private sector participation in financing, operating and maintaining constructed facilities, while designing specific instruments that ensure inclusion of low income communities residing in the service areas. The main objective of the PPWSA component is to ensure that consumers in rapidly growing peri-urban areas in Phnom Penh receive sustainable water supply. The project will finance water supply investment targeting peri-urban communities that express demand for the improved services, with special focus on low-income communities living in these urbanized centers. As part of the project the RGC will develop financing mechanisms through which, low-income communities can participate as fully-fledged paying customers of piped water system. The second objective is to continue the sewerage program in Phnom Penh, incorporating in the sewerage systems new Sangkats. It is the responsibility of the borrower (i.e. the RGC through the Provincial Governments) to minimize adverse environmental impacts and to include proper mitigation measures, and to conduct an Environmental Assessment (EA), both required within the Cambodian regulations and the World Bank guidelines. Environmentally sound practices have to be incorporated into the project design, and possible negative impacts will have to be mitigated to acceptable levels. The present volume of the Operational Manual describes the EA methodology and process. EA is the integrated process for the review of proposed businesses and development activities for their impacts on the environment, including ecological, socio- economic and cultural components. An EA complements the technical and economic feasibility studies of a proposed project and/or activities. The manual is a toolkit for the borrower and/or consultants to prepare the EA reports and to obtain required operating permits. The manual does not intend to provide full pre- prepared "blueprints"; as local assessments will always be required during each EA preparation. AllMain text 11 DRAFT Version 1.0, November, 2002  Provincial and Pen-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Operational Manual 1.1.2 Report outline Chapter 1 provides a general introduction to the Environmental Assessment process, including background information on institutional and regulatory developments in the environmental and the water sector in the Cambodia. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the formal procedures to be applied for the preparation of the EA reports. To secure the appropriate environmental safeguards, Chapter 2.3 provides additional information on the preparation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Monitoring and follow-up activities are provided in Chapter 3. Main references and additional background materials are listed in Chapter 4. 1.2 National legal and administrative framework 1.2.1 National Environmental Legislation Overall management of the environment lies with the Ministry of Environment (MoE), which was created in 1993. The MoE has wide responsibilities, which are spelled out in the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management. At the provincial and city levels, there are corresponding Provincial/City Environment Departments. These local departments have the responsibility of enforcing the environmental legislation coming under the competence of the MoE. However, the daily operational functions of these departments would normally come under the direct control of the provincial/city authorities. The development of environmental legislation is one of the Cambodian Government's national priorities. In November 1996, the Cambodian National Assembly passed the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (the framework Law). The Law was prepared with technical and financial assistance from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The objectives of the framework Law are to protect environmental quality through the prevention, reduction and control of pollution, to establish an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system, to ensure sustainable use of natural resources, to encourage public participation and to suppress acts which are harmful to the environment. The framework Law calls for ElAs to be conducted for every private or public project, to be reyiewed by the Ministry of Environment before submission to the Government for a final decision. All proposed and existing activities are to be covered under this requirement. Sub-decrees are anticipated to provide for the finer details of the system. The Sub-degree on Environmental Impact Assessment Process, which was issued in December 1999, details specific procedures to be followed and the nature and size of projects which are required to submit ElAs. Furthermore, draft guidelines have been prepared for the set-up and contents of the EIA reports). Although still in draft form, they will be used as the basis for the EIA reports. Ad VMain text 1-2 DRAFT Version 1 0, November, 2002  Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Operational Manual 1.2.2 Water quality standards Drinking Water Quality standards No official drinking water quality standards presently exist in Cambodia. The general practice is currently to apply the WHO guidelines wherever possible. With support of the WHO, a proposal is being prepared by an inter-ministerial for the introduction of new drinking water quality standards (see Table 1). It is not expected that the new water quality standards will be approved in prior to the start of the projects. Table I - Drinking water quality standards proposal Principle WHO (updated second New Proposed Drinking Water quality parameters edition) standards Chloride [mg/I] 250 ..to be checked . Color [deg.] 15 ......... to be checked . Hardness - ... ..... to be checked . Iron 0.3 ......... to be checked . Manganese 01 ......... to be checked . pH 6.5 - 8 5 to be checked . Odor Unobject. ...... to be checked . Taste Unobject. to be checked . Turbidity 5 0 . ..... to be checked .... Arsenic [mg/I] 0.01 ....... to be checked . Cadmium [mg/I] 0.003 ...... .to be checked . Chromium [mg/I] 0.05 ......... to be checked . Cyanide [mg/I] 0.07 ...... .. to be checked . Fluoride [mg/I] 1.5 . ...... to be checked .... Lead [mg/I] 0 01 . .... .to be checked . Mercury [mg/I] 0 001 ....... to be checked . Nitrate [mg/I] 50.0 ..... to be checked . Nitrite [mg/I] 3 . .... .. to be checked . Selenium [mg/I] 0.01 ... ..... to be checked . Total Coliform Zero ...... to be checked . E. Coliform Zero ....... to be checked . The recommendations are especially important for the Arsenic level. It seems that the WHO standard of 1 Opg/I is unrealistic to apply currently, and that a (temporary) value of 50pg/Il will be proposed for Cambodia. Accordingly, it is recommended to apply a maximum value of 50p/g for the design of the water supply system for the Provincial towns. The PPWSA will apply the WHO guidelines, as is being done for the entire PWSA service area. -Al ' Main text 1-3 DRAFT Version 1.0, November, 2002  Provincial and Peri-Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Environmental Assessment Royal Kingdom of Cambodia (MIME / PPWSA / WB) Operational Manual Effluent Discharge standards The Ministry of Environment, through its Pollution Control Department (PCD), sets effluent discharge standards in Cambodia. The PCD obtained approval for a comprehensive set of wastewater discharge standards in April 1999 under the Sub- Decree on Water Pollution Control. Table 2 summarizes the effluent standards for effluent discharge into a public water area. The complete sub-decree on water quality standards is included in Annex A. The table also provides a comparison with other regional or international effluent standards. Table 2 - Cambodian and International effluent standards and guidelines No* Parameter Unit Discharge to Discharge to Thailand European World Bank protected Public water (1996)' Union (1998)---- public water area and (1991)--- area sewer 2 pH - 6-9 5-9 55-90 - 6-9 3 BODs (5 days Mg/l < 30 < 80 <20 < 25 < 50 at 20