China - Chongqing Urban Environment Project : environmental impact assessment (Vol. 2 of 4)

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CHONGQING MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT CHONGQING URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE E-289 VOL. 2 CHONGQING URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT 100709. R6 October 1999 With the assistance of CHONGQlNG ENVIIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESEARCH "SOGREAH INSTITUTE   CEMRi/SOGREAH i Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental impoct Assesment Report 'tOGREAH CONSULTANTS Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report Final Report This report has been edited by SOGREAH Consultonts, on behalf of Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Research institute (CEMRI), as part of the Design Review and Advisory (DRA) Services for the project preparation of the Phase 3A of the Chongqing Urban Environment Project, Chiina (Job Number 100709) This report has been prepared by the project team under the supervision of Magnus HOLMER (Project Manager) foliowing the procedures detailed in the Assurance Quality Mahual ond Codes of SOGREAH Consulants (SYSAQUAL/MAQ et CAQ) in compliance with iS09001. The compilation of the EA has followed the guidelines of the World Bank (OD 4.0) ond those of the State Environmental Protection Agency of the People's Republic of China. The report is based on the Chinese Overall EA submitted to SEPA by CEMRI. However, in order to comply with OD 4.0 certain additions/explanations have been made to the original text. Furthermore, certain chapters have been re-organised to follow more closely the requirements of the World Bank (as requested in July 1999). Assurance Quality Name and Function Date Signature Report Prepared by: Pierre Demenet/John Smithson Report Checked by: Gary Moys, Team Leader Report Approved by: Magnus Holmer, Project Manager 1 00709/R6/drad,apO.doc August 1999   CEMPI/SOGREAHOvrlEnionetlIpcAsOmn POt Chongqrng Urban Environment Projed Overoll Erwironmental impact Assessment Report L ~~~TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1. Bcickground 1-1 1.2. Brief Introduction to the EIA 1 -2 1.2.1. Principle and Methodology of EIA 1-3 1.2.2. Classification of EIA 1-4 1.3. Need for Project_ 1-4 1.:3. 1. Chongqing Wastewater Component 1-4 1.3.2. Fuling Wastewater Componen_t 1-5 1.3.3. Municipal Solid Waste Component 1-6 1.3.4. Urban Water Supply Components 1-6 1.4. Assessment Objectives 1-6 1.5. Bosis of the Environmental Assessment 1-7 1.5.1. General 1-7 1.5.2. Waste water monagemrent projects 1-7 1.5.3. Water supply manogement projects 1-7 1.5.4. Municipal solid waste management 1-8 1.6. Criteria for the Environmental Assessment 1-8 1.6.1. Water quality and discharge standard 1-8 1.6.2. Noise standard 1-8 1.6.3. Air quality standard 1-8 1.6.4. Groundwater and solid waste standard 1-8 1.7. Assessment Scope and Parameters 1-8 1.7.1. Assessment Scope 1-8 1.7.2. Assessment Parameters 1-11 1.8. Layout of EA Report 1-1 2 2. POLICY; LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2-1 2.1. China's Policies and Targets . 2-1 2.1. 1. National Policies and Targets 2-1 2.1.2. International Co-operation 2-5 2.2. Laws and Regulations 2-10 2.3. Instiitutional Framework 2-10 2.3.1. General National Framework 2-11 2.3.2. Institutional Framework in Chongqing Municipolity 2-13 3. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT 3-1 3.1. Overall Project Description 3-1 3.2. CUEP in Chongqing 33 3.2.1. Chongqing Wastewater Component 3-4 100709/R6/drachooO.doc - , 000  CEMRl/SOGREAH iii Chongqing Urban Environment Projed Overail Environmental Impact Assessmrent Report 3.2.2. Chongqing Solid Waste Component 3-14 3.3. CUEP in Fuling 3-22 3.3.1. Fuling Water Supply Component 3-23 3.3.2. Fuling Wostewater Component 3-26 3.4. CUEP in Wanzhou 3-29 3.4.1. Wanzhou Water Supply Component 3-29 3.5. CUEP in Nanbin ____ 3-32 3.5.1. Nanbin Water Supply Component 3-32 3.6. CUEP in Qionjiang 3.34 3.6.1. Qionjiong Water Supply Component_ 335 4. BASEUNE CONDIMTONS OF CHONGCQING MUNICIPAUTY AND AFFECrED AREAS 4-1 4.1 . Physical geographical conditions 4-1 4.1.1. Geographic Position 4-1 4.1.2. Terrain, Geomorphology and Geology 4-2 4.1.3. Climate and Weather - 4.5 4.1.4. Hydrology ___ 4-7 4.2. Ecological conditions 4-10 4.2.1. Terrestriol Ecosystem_ 4.10 4.2.2. Fluvial ecosystem _ 4-13 4.2.3. Soil and Mineral Resources 4-13 4.3. Socio-economic conditions 4-15 4.3. 1. Population and Social Economy 4-15 4.3.2. Basic Infrastructure ,__ 4-16 4.3.3. Public sanitation and cuaure education -_ _ 4-17 4.3.4. Cultural Relics, Historic Sites and Touriic Sites. 4-18 4.4. Surface Water Quality Conditions 4-21 4.4.1. Overall water quality environmfent of Chongqing Municipality___ 4-21 4.4.2. Surfoce water quality of Chongqing Main Urban Area _ 4-23 4.4.3. Fuling woter quality _ 4-28 4.4.4. Wanzhou water quality 4-29 4.4.5. 'Qianiaong water quality 4-31 4.4.6. Non bin water quality _ 4-32 4.5. Air Quality 4-33 4.5.1. Air quality standards and objective 4-33 4.5.2. Chongqing Air Quality 4.33 4.5.3. Fuling Air Quolity 4-34 4.5.4. Wanzhou Air Quality 4.35 4.5.5. Qianiiang Air Quality 4-35 4.5.6. Nonbin Air Quality ___ 4-36 4.6. Ambient Noise levels - 4-37 4.6.1. Noise standards and objedive 4-37 4.6.2. Chongqing Noise levels 4-37 4.6.3. Fuling Noise levels_ 437 4.6.4. Wanzhou Noise levels 4-38 4.6.5. Qianjiang Noise levels 4-38 4.6.6. Nan bin area 4-38 4.7. Future Status 4-39 100709/R6/drachaop0.doc Aust 1999  CEMRI/SOGREAH iv Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report 4.7.1. Economic development 4-39 4.7.2. The Three Gorges Project 4-40 5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5-1 5.1. Goneral 5-1 5.1.1. Wastewoter Components 5.1 5.1.2. Municipal Solid Waste Component 5-1 5.1.3. Water Supply Components 5-2 5.2. Impact on receiving water quality 5-3 5.2.1. Impact of Chongqing Wastewater Component_ 53 5.2.2. Impact of Fuling Wastewater Component 5-25 5.2.3. Municipal solid waste (Changshengqioo Sanitary Landfill ) Componen1 5-26 5.2.4. Water Supply components 5-29 5.3. Impact of noise 5-32 5.3.1. Noise impact during construdion 5-32 5.3.2. Noise impact during operation 5-33 5.4. Impact on air quality 5-36 5.4.1. Impact on Air quality during Construction 5-36 5.4.2. Air and Noise Environmental Impoct during Operations 5-36 5.4.3. Environmental Air Impact Assessment of MSW Component 5-36 5.5. Impact of solid waste 5-40 5.5.1. Impact of spoil during construction 5-40 5.5.2. Impact of solid wcste during operation 5-41 5.6. Impacts on Natural and Ecological Environment 5-42 5i6.1. Target System of Ecological Environmental Impoct 5-42 5.6.2. Ecological Impact Analysis when Construction and alleviating Measures 5-43 5.6e.3. Ecological Environment Impact when Operation and Alleviating Measures 5-43 5.6.4. Brief Summary 5-44 5.7. Impact of The project on Social and Economical Environment 5-46 5.7.1. Benefits _ 5-46 5.7.2. Impacts on Social Environment _ 5-47 5.7.3. Impacits on Tronsportation, Electric Power and Communication Lines 5-51 5.7.4. Anolysis of economic benefit 5-51 5.8. Risk Assessment 5-54 5.8.1. Chongqing and Fuling WW Components 5-54 5.8.2. Fuling WS Component 5-59 5.8.3. Wanzhou wsmp 5-60 5.8.4. Nanbin and Qionjiang WS 5-61 6. ANALYSS OF ALTERNATIVES 6-1 6.1. Chongqing waste water 6-1 6.1.1. Selection of an overall network configuration 6-1 6.1.2. Base scheme and sub options 6-2 6.1.3. Totol project scenarios 6-4 6.1.4. Seledion of a least cost waste water treatment plant process 6-8 6.1.5. Position and configuration of wastewater treatment plant outlets. 6-16 6.2. Fuling WW Component 6-16 6.3. Chongqing MSW Component 6-17 6.4. Municipal Water Supply 6-18 1 00709fR6/drochaoO.doc Auous+ 1 99  CEMRI/SOGRE.AH v Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impoct Assessment Report 6.4.1. Municipal water supply in Wanzhou district 6-18 6.4.2. Water supply in Fuling district 6-18 6.4.3. Water supply in Qianjiang County 6-18 6.4.4. Water supply at Nonbin town in Shizhu County 6-18 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 7-1 7.1. Mitigating Measures 7-1 7.1.1. Mitigation Measures for Social impact 7-1 7.1.2. Mitigation Measures for Traffic Impact 7-2 7.1.3. Mitigation Measures for Impact on Farmland 7.2 7.1.4. Mitigation Measures for Impact on Water Environment_ 72 7.1.5. Mitigation Measures for Impact on Electric Power Supply, Communications,-... _____ 7-3 7.1.6. Construction Noise Control 7-3 7.1.7. Dust reduction 7.4 7.1.8. Disposal of spoil and wastes from construction sites 7.4 7.1.9. Mitigation Measures for Water Supply Intakes 7-4 7.1.1 0.WS Components in general 7-5 7 I. 1.1 .Mitigation Measures for Sludge Disposol 7.5 7.2. Accomponying pollution control measures 7-9 7.3. Component Monitoring 7-10 7.3.1. Chongqing and Fuiing WW Monitoring Progrommme 7-10 7.3.2. The Changshengqioo sanitary landfill site 7-12 7.3.3. Water Supply Components 7-12 7.4. Institutional Strengthening 7-13 7.5. Estimated Costs of EMP 7-13 8. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 8-1 8.1. Purpose and Method of Public Participation 8-1 8.1.1. Purpose of public participation 8-1 8.1.2. Method of Public participation ___ 8-1 8.2. Willingness to Pay Surveys 8-2 8.3. The EA Surveys 8-3 8.3.1. The drainage engineering of the main city zone 8.3 8.3.2. Results of Fuling sewage plant and its piping engineering 8-4 8.3.3. Results of Changshengqioo landfill site 8-5 8.3.4. Results of the water supply system of Wanzhou 8-5 8.3.5. Survey Results of Water Supply in Fuling 8-6 8.3.6. Results of Water Supply of Qianjiang County 8-7 8.3.7. Resuhts of Water Supply of Nonbin Town in Shizhu County 8-8 8.4. Conclusion 8-8 100709fR6/drochapo.doc Aupust 1999  CEMRJ/SOGREAH vi Chongqirn Urban Environmrent Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report z ~~~~~LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Quantity and Quality of Domestic Wastewater - Urban Chongqing 1-5 Table 1.2 Scope of CUEP EIA 1-9 Table 1.3 Existing And Planned Water Plants Involved in Subproject 1-10 Table 2.'1: Intemational Conventions to which China is adherent 2-6 Table 2.2: Co-operation between major funding agencies and Chino 2-9 Table 3.1: Estimation of current (1995) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Areao 3-4 Table 3.2: Estimation of future (2005) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Areac 3-5 Table 3.3: Estimation of future (2010) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Areo_ _ 3-5 Table 3.4: Estimation of future (2020) waste water emissions from Chongqing Main Urban Area 3-5 Table 3.5': Capital Costs of Chongqing Waste Water Component Phase I (At December 1998 prices) 3-9 Table 3.6 Sound Class of Moin Machines 3-11 Table 3.7 'Three Waste' Quantity during Construction 3-12 Table 3.8 Wastewater Discharging Quality of Drainage Project 3-12 Table 3.9 Wastewater Pollution Load Change with and without the treatment 3-13 Table 3.10 Waste Gas Generation in Tongjiatuo and Jiguanshi Wastewater treatment Plant 3-14 Table 3.11 Composition of Chongqing MSW (1997 year,%) 3-14 Table 3.12 Basic Quality of Chongqing MSW 3-14 Table 3.13 Current Situation of Chongqing MSW Treatment 3-15 Table 3.' 4 Composition ond Concentration of Leochate_ 3-20 Table 3.1'5 Water Quality of Leachate in Changshengqiao Landfill 3-20 Table 3.16 Capital Costs of Chongqing Municipal Solid Waste Component (At December 1998 prices; adapted from f1551) 3-20 Table 3.17 Composition of Landfill Gas 3-22 Table 3.'18: Quality of leachate effluent after treatment (mg/)) 3-22 Table 3.19 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d) 3-25 Table 3.20: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-25 Table 3.21: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-25 Table 3.22 Water Quality and Pollution Load of Fuling Wastewater Treatment Plont3-28 Table 3.23 Current Situation Of Water Plants in Wanzhou 3-30 Table 3.24 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d) 3-32 Table 3.25: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-32 Table 3.'26: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-32 Table 3.27 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (It/d) 3-34 Table 3.28: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-34 Table 3.'29: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-34 Table 3.30: Quantity of Waste Earth (m3) 3-37 Table 3.'31 Statistic of Pollutant Emission (t/d) 3-37 Table 3.32: Wastewater from Increasing Water Supply (t/d) 3-38 Table 3.33: Maximum Quantity of Sludge Generation (Dry)(t/d) 3-38 1 nn7no/lOAk4rn4,nnO dc August 1999  CEMSOGREAH vii Chongqing Urbon Environment Project Overall Environmental Impoct Assessrent Report Table 4.1: Average annuol flow volume and discharge - Jialing Jiang , Chang Jiang and Wu Jiang 4-8 Table 4.2: Summary of the overoll bio-diversity of China 4-10 Table 4.3 Distribution status of populotion of six main districts of Chongqing city (1996)4-15 Table 4.4: Water Quality Standords for China related to the functionol use of the water body.4-21 Table 4.5 Urban Domestic Sewage in 1995 4-23 Toble 4.6: Stondards for air quality 4-33 Toble 4.7: Results of air quality monitoring in Chongqing urban area (in mg/Nm3) - overage results 4-34 Table 4.8 : Monitoring results near the proposed WWTP sites 4-34 Table 4.9 Atmosphere quality of Fuling district in 1997 4-35 Table 4.10 Atmosphere quality of Qianjiang county in 1997 &1998 4-35 Table 4.11 Atmosphere condition from 1996 to 1998 4-36 Table 4.12: Standards for ambient noise in urban areas (in dB (A)) 4-37 Table 4.13: Noise measurements at WTP3 site 4-37 Table 4.14: Noise measurements at WTP3 site 4-38 Table 4.15: Simulated water levels with and without the TGP (source {4]) 4-42 Table 5.1: Improvement in water quality in the vicinity of Chongqing Main Urban Area _ 5-5 Table 5.2: Water Environment Quality of Important Protection Target mean concentration of section: mg/L, doliform-group bacteria :104/L, belt width :m. 5-9 Table 5.3 Scheme List 5- 11 Table 5.4: Future Woter Quality Classification on the Jailing Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collection and treatment) 5-13 Table 5.5: Future Water Quality Classification on the Chang Jiang in the vicinity of Chongqing (assuming no improvement of wastewater collection and treatment) 5-14 Table 5.6: Description of modelled outfall configurations 5-15 Table 5.7 The Maximum Concentration of Outlet for Supplement Schemes (mg/1) 5-20 Table 5.8 Pollution Indexes of The Maximum Concentration 5-21 Table 5.9 Pollution Source Intensity Parameter unit: mg/I 5-25 Table 5.10 Background Concentration unit mg/I 5-25 Table 5.1 1. Assessment Parameters of Surface Water Environment Quality 5-26 Table 5.12 Concentration Forecast of Pollutant in low reaches of Stream 5-27 Table 5.13 Impermeability of Rock in Chongshengqiao Landfill Site 5-27 Table 5.16 Impact on Qionjiang River for Wastewater Induce Discharge 5-31 Table 5.17 Noise Value of Main machine dB(A) 5-32 Tabie 5.18: The minimum distance between noise sources to sensitive point 5-32 Table 5.19: Control Value of Detonator Quantity for Explosion Construction (kg) 5-33 Table 5.20 Noise of Different Distance dB(A) 5-34 Table 5.21 :Noise Sources of Proposal Project 5-35 Table 5.22: Distribution of Noise Sources 5-35 Table 5.23 Noise Change with The Distance 5-35 Table 5.24 Generation Rate of Landfill Gas Calculation for Changshengqiao Station5-37 Table 5.25 Mean Ground Concentration of Assessment Point within One-hour 5-39 Table 5.26 Daily Mean Concentration of Assessment Point 5-39 Table 5.27 Index Target System Of City Ecological Environment 5-42 Table 5.28 Ecological Environment Impact within Construction 543 Table 5.29 Ecological Environment Impact when Project Operation 5-44 Tabie 5.30: Summary of land requirements and projected affected persons (PAPs) for each component of CUEP 5-47 Table 5.31: Overview of the impact dimension of the CUEP 5-48 100709fR6/drodihpO.doc August 1999  CEMRJ/SOGREAH viii Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental impact Assessment Report Table 5.32 Accident Discharge volume and Main Pollution Concentration 5-56 Table 6.1 Summary of Sub Options _ 6-3 Table 6.2: Pollutant removal efficiencies associated with waste water treatment processes 6-1 1 Table 6.3: Average investment costs (expressed as a ratio of a secondary biological treatment plant) and typical operational costs. 6-11 Table 6.4: Calculated AIC (US$/ton of pollutant removed) for a range of waste water treatnnent processes ___ _ 6-11 Table 7.1: Negative impact & mitigating measures of wastewater components 7-6 Table 7.2: Negative. impact and mitigating measure of solid waste component 7-7 Table 7.3: Negative impact and mitigating measure of water supply project 7-8 Table 7.4: Monitoring items and planning _ 7-12 Table 7.5: Cost estimates for the Environmental Management Plan 7-13 Table 8.1: Scope of the WTP Surveys 8-2 Table 8.2; Survey Results for Chongqing WW Component 8-3 Table 8.3: Survey result of the Fuling WW Component 8-4 Table 8.4: Survey Result for Wanzhou WS Component 8-6 Table 8.5: Survey Result for Fuling WS Component 8-7 1 00709/R6/drachaoO.doc August 1999   CEMOREAH ix Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Asessment Report LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 .1: Location of Chongqing Municipality within China 1-1 Figure 1.2: Organisation of EA Preparation for CUEP 1-3 Figure 2.1: Overview of Chongqing Municipal Govemment and the Construction Comimission 2-13 Figure 2.2: Overview of Wanzhou WSC 2-14 Figure 2.3: Overview of the current institutional arrangements for the management of waste water in Chongqing 2-16 Figure 2.4: Overview of Chongqing EPS 2-17 Figure 3.1: Location of Project Cities in Chongqing Municipality 3-1 Figure 3.2: Tentative Overall Project Implementation Plan for CUEP 3-2 Figure 3.3: Variation of flow and loading rates 1995-2020 3-6 Figure 3.4: Overview of the Chongqing Wostewater Component 3-8 Figure 3.5: Proposed Project Implementation Plan - Chongqing Wastewater Component 3-10 Figure 3.6: Overall Strategy for MSW in Chongqing Main Urban Area _ 3-17 Figure 3.7: Location of existing and proposed water treatment works in Fuling 3-24 Figure 3.8: Location of existing and future WTW in Wonzhou 3-30 Figure 3.9: Location of WTW in Nonbin 3-33 Figure 3.10: Location of existing and future WTW in Qionjiang _ 3-36 Figure 4.1: Location of Chongqing Municipality in the PRC 4-1 Figure 4.2: Location of Project Cities _ 4-2 Figure 4.3: Satellite image of Chongqing Main Urban Area 4-3 Figure 4.4: Fuling Main Urban Area 4-4 Figure 4.5: Sotellite image of Wanzhou Urban Area 4-4 Figure 4.6: Satellite Image of Qianjiang _ 4-5 Figure 4.7: Location of rare plants in Chongqing Municipality (from Ref. 159) 4-11 Figure 4.8: Location of sites of Historical/Cultural Interest in Chongqing Municipality (from Ref. 159) 4-20 Figure 4.9: Current Water Quality Objectives for the major rivers in Chongqing Municipality, befonr implementation of TGP 4-22 Figure 4. 10: Current Water Quality Classification, 1995 (from [12]) 4-23 Figure 4.11: Location of major industries in Chongqing urban area - industrial suspended solid discharges by size and location 4-24 Figure 4.12 : Location of major industries in Chongqing urban area - industrial COD discharges by size and location _ 4-25 Figure 4.13: Locations of monitoring stations 4-28 Figure 4.14: Location of Monitoring Sites Fuling 4-29 Figure 4.15: Wanzhou - Location of Monitoring Sites 4-30 Figure 4.16: Growth of Chongqing GDP compared to the whole Chinese economy (1993-97)4-39 Figure 4.17: Diagram of the proposed annual variation in the TGP reservoir level 4-41 Figure 5.1: Impoct of different decay rate coefficients on dissolved oxygen concentrations for the Horizon 2020. __ 5-4 Figure 5.2: Impact of wostewater interception on the water quality of the Chang Jiong _ 5-5 Figure 5.3: Impact of wastewater interception on the water quality of the Jialing Jiang 5-6 Figure 5.4: 2-D modelling results for the base-line scenario ("without interception") 5-7 1 00709/R6/drochap:0.doc Aupust 1999  CEMRJ/SOGREAH x Chongqing Urban Environment Frojed Overoll Environmentcl Impact Assessment Report Figure 5.5: 2-D modelling results for the situation with the projed ('with interception") 5-7 Figure 5.6: Location of public water supply plants in Chongqing Main Urban Area. 5-8 Figure 5.7: Predicted Change in BOD on the Jioling Jiang 2005-2020 5-13 Figure 5.8: Impact of treatment on the water quality of the Chang Jiang 5-15 Figure 5.9: Outfall Configurations (DHI [91]) 5-16 Figure 5.10: Results of Outfall Modelling for the 5 Configurations initially tested 5-18 Figure 5.11: Model results with two outfolls located in the Tongluo Gorge. 5-19 Figure 5.12: Model results with Tangoiatuo outfall located in Tongluo Gorge 5-19 Figure 5.13: Results of Scenario 4 Simulation for Oil 5-21 Figure 5.14: Location of water intakes downstream of Wastewater outfalls 5-22 Figure 6.1: Peninsula Area Base Scheme 6-2 Figure 6.2 : Computed NPV Costs over 50 years for each Peninsula Sub-Option 6-3 Figure 6.3: Selected Peninsula Sub-Option (Sub-Option 6b) 6-4 Figure 6.4: Overall system scenarios 6-6 Figure 6.5 :Schematic Presentation of Scenarios 6-7 Figure 6.6: Least Cost (NPV) Analysis for the Upstream Connection Scenarios 6-8 Figure 6.7: Variation of AIC for Suspended Solids as a function of waste water treatment processes 6-13 Figure 6.8 Variation of AIC for TOD as a function of waste water treatment processes 6-13 Figure 6.9: Variation of AIC for Phosphorus as a function of waste water treatment processes6-14 Figure 6.10: NPV Cost Comparison for 3 possible waste water treatment plans for Chongqing. 6-15 1 00709/R6/draduapD.doc August 1999  CEMR]/SO(3REAH Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentcl Impact Assessment Report < ~~~~ANNEXES| Annex A List of EA Report Contributors Annex B Bibliography and Associated Reports Annex C Meeting Record Annex D Environmental Quality Standards Annex E Supporting Monitoring Results Annex F Supporting Modelling Results 1007090R6/drin3enO.doe Auoust 1999   CEMRI/SOGREAH xii Chongqing Urban Environment Prpiect Overall Environmental Impact Assessrnn Report i ~~ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACRONYMS CSCMEDI Central and Southem China Municipal Engineering and Research Institute CEMRI Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Research Institute CEPB Chongqing Environment Protection Bureau CESD Chongqing Environmental Sonitation Division CISDI Chongqing Iron and Steel Designing Institute CJU Chongqing Jianzhu Construction University CM Chongqing Municipality CMG Chongqing Municipal Government CUCB Chongqing Urban Construction Bureau CUEP Chongqing Urban Environment Project DHI Danish Hydraulics Institute EDRIQU Environmental Design and Research Institute of Qinghuo University ERM Environmental Resources Management ESRI Environmental Scientific Research Institute of the PLA Logistics Engineering NCMEDI North China Municipal Engineering and Research Institute PMO Project Management Office SEPA State Environment Protection Agency (former NEPA) SMEDI Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute SPC State Planning Commission WB World Bank WSC Water Supply Company 1 00709/R6/dradiavO.doc August 1999   CEMRJ/S0GREAJ xiii Chongqing Urban Environrnent Projed Overall Environmental Impact Assment Report ABBREVIATIONS 1-D One dimensional 2-D Two dimensionol ADWF Average Dry Weather Flow BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CES Coliform Extractable Substances COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Dissolved Oxygen DRA Design Review and Advisory Services EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FOG Fat, Oil and Grease GDP Gross Domestic Product GVIO Gross Value of Industrial Output HHD Huang Hai (Yellow Sea) Datum IR Interception Ratio masl metres over sea level MSW Municipal Solid Waste NOx Nitric oxide compounds RAP Resettlement Action Pian REL RCV Rear End Loading Refuse Compacting Vehicule RMPR Revised Master Plon Report PAP Project Affected Person so2 Sulphur dioxide SOE State Owned Enterprise SWM Solid Waste Management TBM Tunnel Boring Machine TGP Three Gorges Project TSP Total Suspended Particulates WQO Water Quality Objective WTW,WTFP Water Treatment Works/Plant WWTW,WWTP Wastewater Treeatment Works/Plant 1 00709/R6/drachaDO.doc August 1999   CEMRI/SOGREAH xiv Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overoll Environmentol impoct Assessment Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION I.i. Background Chongqing Municipality, created out of Sichuan Province in May 1 997, is the 4h Municipality under direct control by the Central Government in Beijing (Figure 1). The economy of Chongqing has traditionolly been centred on a strong industrial base (largely secondary industries, including steel works, manufacturing, chemicol industries, etc.). This economic development has been the focus for rapid urban growth, especially since the opening up of China from 1979. However, these rapid expansions hove not been accompanied by adequate environmental infrastructure, porticularly in the fields of waste control and treatment (air, water and solid wastes). The Three Gorges Project situated downstreom of the Chongqing Municipclity odds an additional dimension to the difficulties facing Chongqing. The project itself will provide a dir-ect economic benefit to the municipality facilitating the transport of industrial goods downstream to the Eastern Yangtze Delta Region (Shonghoi ond elsewhere) ond beyond. However, the social (resettlement) ond environmental (water- quality) impcacts of the project present the Municipality of Chongqing with a series of moajor challenges. It is wvithin this context that Chongqing Municipal Government, with assistance from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bankl, has emborked or an ambitious programme, the Chongqing Urbon Environment Project (CUEP), of which the initial investment is in the order of 500 million US S. Figure 1: Location of Chongqing Municipality within China ta r Z ;r: . mtit a- N a- Jmg Lh;SA t$ /Kuh~~~~Atar Shn.,,,, Cha,gsna K.nn5n5 , . Tape. t4anntng Gaangzhot. _ . 100709/R6/drochopO.doc August 1999  CEMRI/SOGREAH xv Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentol Impoct Assessment Report I.ii. The CUEP and Environmental Assessment CUEP is presently drowing to the end of the project preparation phase with implementation scheduled in the year 2000 as part of the World Bonk Lending Programme. The project preparation, largely carried out by Chinese (largely local) orgonisations has been supported by various sources of international assistance to CUEP. The overall environmental assessment for CUEP has been carried out by the Chongqing Environmental Monitoring Research Institute (CEMRI) with assistance by the international consultants SOGREAH; this overall assessment is based on the ElAs for the individual components of the project (in particular instonces, most notably for the Chongqing Wastewater and Solid Waste Components, national institutes have also been assisted by international consultants). Work on the ElAs for the individual sub-components began soon ofier the establishment of the mosterplan for water supply, seweroge and solid waste; in this way, the findings of the draft reports completed towards the end of 1 998 were available to the engineering design consultants. The ElAs themselves have been further odapted in the light of the amended designs and comments from the World Bank and the State Environmental Protection Agency. The overall framework of the EA and the interactions between the various actors is summorised in the following diagram (see Figure 2). Figure 2 Organisation of EA Preparation for CUEP 1 00709/R6/drochapO.doc August 1999  CEMRI/SOGREAH xvi Chongqing Urbon Environment Project Overoll Environmentol impact Assessment Report 11. POLITICAL, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK Since 1979 with the introduction of the Environmental Protection Law, China has implemented a comprehensive legal and administrative framework aimed at protecting the environment. Central to this fromework is the policy of the "3 at one time" environmental impact assessment which should be developed, constructed (mitigation measures, etc.) and implemented concurrently with the planning, construction and implementation of the physical infrastructure. At the State level, the State Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for promulgating the laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China with respect to environmental protection. These responsibilities are delegated at provincial and municipality level to the Environmental Protection Bureau who are also responsible for organising regulor monitoring exercises through the laboratories under their tutelage. Integ ral parts of this environmental protection are the environmentol standards that are used to assess the level of pollution originating from pollution sources ond the ombieni air and water quality. Key standards used in this report are: Thre Surface Water Quality Stondards (GB3838-88) * The Ground Water Quality Stondords (GB/T14848-93) T Fhe Environmentol Air Quality Standord (GB3095-96) TFhe Urbon Area Environmental Noise Stondords (GB3096-95) * Trhe Quality Standords of Potable Water Supply (GJ3020-93) Subsidiary stondards such as the Woste Woter Comprehensive Emission Stondards (GB8978-96) are also referred to; however, the primary focus of the wastewatel- components of CUEP has been to control totol loads with respect to ambient water quality rather than respecting strictly in the short term emission standards. Related to the water quality standards are the Water Quolity Objectives which describe the desired quality of the watercourse as a function of its moajor uses. In China t.hese WQO are divided into 5 mojor classes as indicoted in Table 1. Table 1 Woter Qualitj Standards for China related to the functional use of the water body Water Quolity Desired use of water body Class .__ Class I River hecdviaters, and notional nolure L ___________________ protection zones Class 11 Drinktng watet-, protection and breeding zones Class Ill Drinking water, second class protection ____________________ zones, fishery and bathing waters Class IV Industrial use and non-direct contact recreation Class V Agricultural use and general scenery ___________________ requirements 1 00709/R6/c1rachap0.doc August 1999  CEMRI/SOGREAH xvii Chongqina Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental impact Assessment Report The WQOs for each moajor river are decided by the Ministry of Water Resources ; more detailed WQOs are generally stipuloted at the provincial/prefecture or city level. These local WQOs moy be stricter thon the notionally decided values. Such local WQOs have been fixed previously by the 'old' prefecture of Chongqing ; these ore currently in the process of revision. Often these local WQOs reflect the actual class of the river, rather than its functional use. This lotter use of WQOs hinders their application for the use of water pollution control, especially in the case of the tributories of the moin rivers, which generolly possess WQO lower thon the main rivers. IlI. PROJECT DESCRIPTION A comprehensive pockage of investments ore proposed for the cities of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanzhou, Nanbin and Qianjiang under the Chongqing Urban Environment Project. They include: Water Supply and Wastewater Systems Development, Municipal Solid Waste Manogement, Urban Management Information System, Cultural Heritage, Environmentol Monitoring ond Institutionol Strengthening and Training; the project cost inclusive of contingencies is estimoted at about Y 5865.3 million (5707 million). The physical components for which on EIA has been estoblished are summorised below. Figure 3: Location of Project Cities in Chongqing Municipality 0 50 100 150 200 km i V\b~~~~~~~~~~~nzhL - I a n.).n 1 00709/R6/drachapOdoc August 1999  CEMRl/SOGREAH xiia Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmental Impact Assessment Report IlI.i. Chongqing Wastewater Component Existing Situation. Chongqing consists of 11 Districts, 3 cities and 7 counties. It is located ot the confluence of two rivers, Chang Jiang and Jioling Jiang, and the prefecture covers 23,114 km2 with a population of 15,297,100 (Statistical Yeorbook, 1997). The city of Chongqing itself comprises six urban Districts with o population totalling nearly 3 million people of which almost 2.4 million are found in the main urban area. Chongqing is locoted in a strategic region (the Tail of the Dragon) for the general development of China. Not only does Chongqing areo horbour both agricultural and heavy industrial production units, but the proximity of the Three Gorges Dom and the increosing number of infrastructure projects in the surrounding hinterland (expressways and roods, power plants, dikes...) should provide new opportunities for business ond employment. Chongqing' s urban population should grow rapidly until 2020 due in parlicular to the rapid expected economic growth (industrialisation, services) and to the influx of rural population from mony ports of the WYR (Western Yongtze Region). The city is facing mojor pollution of its rivers, particularly the Jioling Jiong, a principle source of potable water. Almost all of the municipal wastewater and a large proportion of industrial wastewater enter the river system without treatment, causing significant pollution within the city. The Jialing Jiang with a water quality objective of Class l1l, is in its lower reaches octuolly clossified as Class IV. Notoble pollutonts passing the Closs Ill. level are oils and phenols (largely of industrial origin) and ammonia and foecal coliforms (indicative of contamination with urban wastewater). Without the project organic pollution levels will rise dromatically, further endangering the olready precarious potable water supplies. At present, only 50,000 m2/d of the estimoted 850,000 m2/d of wastewoter produced in Chcngqing are treated ot the existing Tang jiaqioo works, which serves a small catchment in the Jiangbei District (to the north of the central district). Wastewater production is projected to increose in line with economic development and populotion, reaching approximately 1.5 million mr/d by 2020. Proposed Wastewater Component (Y 2508.0 million; $302.2 million). The proposed component will comprise the following works * An entire primory sewerage network (length of 78 kmi comprising a series of interceptors ronging in size from 1.5x1 .5m to 3.5x3.5m, constructed eithel by cut- and-cover or by tunnelling methods; * An inverted siphon of external diameter of approximately 4m together with an upstreom pre-treatment and pumping stotion conveying wastewater under the Yangtze river from the centrol business district of Chongqing; * The Tang jiatuo wastewater treotment works (pre-treatment) with an initiol capacity of 300,000 m3/d and an ossociated 2200 mm outfall 2 km from the works to the outfoll at Tongluo Gorge on the Yangtze river; 100709/R6/drachapO.doc August 1999  CEMRI/SOGREAH xix Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overall Environmentol Impact Assessment Report * The Jiguanshi wastewater treatment works (pre-treatment) with an initial capacity of 600,000 m3/d and an associated 4000 mm outfall 220m long situated approximately 1 km from the works to the nearby Yangtze river; and * A program of secondary sewer construction, including link sewers totalling approximately 200km The waste water component of CUEP will represent the first phase of a waste water project totalling three phases: phase 11 999-2003; phase 11 2004-2008; phase IIl 2009-2013. The first phase related to the two plants would include preliminary treatment (screening and grit removal) of collected wastewater and discharge to the Chang Jiang through appropriate outfall facilities. At a later date, advanced processes such as secondary treatment including nutrient removal could be implemented, possibly around 2009. IlI.ii.Chongqing Solid Waste Component Existing Situation. Per capita waste generation has been assumed to rise from 0.95 kg/capita/day in 1 996 to 1.22 kg/capita/day in 2020. These generation figures exclude up to 10% which is already recycled at the household level. This gives estimates for total wastes generated rising from the 1996 level of 3 000 tpd to 6 700 tpd in 2020. By 2020 it is anticipated that about 20% of the estimated wastes generated will be recovered for recycling, leaving the remainder requiring treatment and disposal.. The collection of the MSW is carried out in two stages: primary collection removes MSW from households and deposits it at a central point or collection station within the locality; secondary collection takes the waste from the collection stations for disposal at one of the nine existing treatment and disposal facilities. Primary collection is generally arranged by resident's committees or social units and secondary collection is primarily the responsibility of the district environmental sanitation management agencies (DESMAs). Disposal is achieved by open dumping at eight sites currently operated by the DESMAs. These dumps have little in the way of leachate or gas controls, although six have rudimentary leachate treatment facilities. Waste is generally tipped and allowed to tumble down o tipping face which can be as steep as 60% Until recently no compaction or grading was used at flte sites although such approaches now appear to have been introduced at some of the sites. Waste pickers are present at all of the sites, working in hazardous and dangerous conditions, and removing items for recycling. The ninth is operated by the Chongqing Environmental Sanitary Research Institute and is located at Liujiaolanya. The facilities feature a combination of mechanised and hand sorting of materials for recycling, incineration at seven of the facilities and, in two cases, composting. None of these facilities operates effectively and their contribution to recycling is not significant. 100709/R6/drachapO.doc August 1999  CEMRI/SOCGREAH xx Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overoll Environmental Impoct Assessment Report Most sewage is dealt with through the use of septic tanks. The DESMAs presently provide a septic tank emptying service using a smoll fleet of 24 five ton capocity suction tonkers. About a third of these suction tonkers hove been identified as needing replacement by 2000. These suction tankers currently discharge ot eight smoll anoerobic digestion focilities. These focilities appear to be too small to cope with the required throughput and do not work effectively, foiling to meet current discharge standards. Alter-notive disposal meons are therefore required until the new seweroge system is oper-ational. After that, there will continue to be a need for a service for emptying public toilets and the septic tonks of buildings outside of the main area served by the new system. Proposed Solid Waste Management Component (Y 485 million; S59.1 million). The proposed component will comprise the following works: * o fleet of 8 and 1 0 ton copocity REL RCVs for use in six of the city's nine districts where they con be used to greatest effect; * new storage bins ranging in size from 0.66 to 1 .1 rn capacity for use with the new REL RCVs; * A new sonitary landfill with a first phose to provide disposal capocity for up to 1 5 years. The site has been designed to accept 1 500 tpd of MSW and will incorporate a composite liner of cloy and HDPE fabric, oppropriately protected by geotextile membrones ond sand layers. A leachate droinage system and landfill . gas venting system have been included Ill.iii. Fuling Water Supply Component Existing Situation. Fuling is situated on the confluence of twoo-rivers, tne Chong Jaony and 'he Wu Jiang. It is an important transport hub in Chongqlng Municipa ity, connected to Chongqing itself by a new highway and serving os a port. The urban population is projected to grow from the current 200,000 to 500,000 by 2020. This however includes a number of new towns ossocioted with the Three Gorges Project; in the project ar-ea population growth is more moderate, rising from a curr-ent 1 80000 to about 305,000 by 2020. Fuling Water Supply Component: There ore currently thr-ee cic:te; treatmetit .;orks supplying the main urban ar-eo of Fuling. Of these, WTP1 will be Coonconed shortly due to its age, the pollution of the neor-bank source by upstream urbarn dischlrges and the need to construct a retaining embankment oround the centrol district of Fuling. The poor quality of potable water is confirmed by social surveys with 60qo of the sampled population dissotisfied with the overoll water quolity. Currently, WTP2 is undergoing extension from o current capocity of 30,000 m3/d to o total capacity of 60,000 m3/d. 100709/R6/drachaoiO.doc Auqust 1999  CEMRI/SOGREAH xxi Chongqing Urban Environment Project Overoll Environmental Impact Assessment Repori The water distribution system comprises about 23 km of mains of diameters and particularly in the old urban area is need of rehabilitation and strengthening; pipe failures are reported to be frequent with 30% of the population complaining of frequent interruptions to supply. There are two high-level reservoirs with a combined capacity of 2,500 cubic meters. Present supplies are inadequate to meet present and future water demand and are endangered by nearby wastewater discharges. Water demand has been projected to rise to about 140,000 in 2010 and 180,000 in 2020. This implies a need for an additional supply of about 100,000 m3/d by the year 2010. The proposed option is to construct a new WTP upstream of the current (and future) main urban oreo, thus not affected by near-bonk pollution plumes. A first phase of 50,000 m3/d has been proposed for financing in this project Proposed Water Supply Component (Y 96.6 million; S1 1.6 million). The first phase financed under the project will have a capacity of 50,000 m3/d. The component will comprise the following works: * An intake from the Chang Jiang upstream of Fuling near to the Yangtze Bridge at Tionzidion of ultimate capacity 1 00,000 m3/d with on initiol 50,000 m3/d pumping capacity * A 820 mm row water transmission main 0.7 km long, to the treatment plant; * The water treatment plant upstream of Fuling with a capacity of 50,000 m