Settlement and development in the River blindness control zone : case study Burkina Faso

\v/TPQOCC Lone I qq& Settlement and Development in the River Blindness Control Zone Case Study Burkina Faso Della E. McMillan, Jean-Baptiste Nana, and Kimseyinga Savadogo .9 I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , \ I~ ~ * . I -___ I  RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No. 136 Green, editor, Coconut Production: Present Status and Priorities for Research No. 137 Constant and Sheldrick, An Outlookfor Fertilizer Demand, Supply, and Trade, 1988189-1993194 No. 138 Steel and Webster, Small Enterprises under Adjustment in Ghana No. 139 Environment Department, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, vol. I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues No. 140 Enviromnent Department, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, vol. 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II: Case Studies and Conclusions for Sub-Saharan Africa No. 158 Hay and Paul, Regulation and Taxation of Commercial Banks during the International Debt Crisis No. 159 Liese, Sachdeva, and Cochrane, Organizing and Managing Tropical Disease Control Programs: Lessons of Success No. 160 Boner and Krueger, The Basics of Antitrust Policy: A Review of Ten Nations and the European Communities No. 161 Riverson and Carapetis, Intermediate Means of Transport in Sub-Saharan Africa: Its Potential for Improving Rural Travel and Transport No. 162 Replogle, Non-Motorized Vehicles in Asian Cities No. 163 Shilling, editor, Beyond Syndicated Loans: Sources of Credit for Developing Countries No. 164 Schwartz and Kampen, Agricultural Extension in East Africa No. 165 Kellaghan and Greaney, Using Examinations to Improve Education: A Study in Fourteen African Countries (List continues on the inside back cover)  WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NUMBER 200 SERIES ON RIVER BLINDNESS CONTROL IN WEST AFRICA Settlement and Development in the River Blindness Control Zone Case Study Burkina Faso Della E. McMillan, Jean-Baptiste Nana, and Kimseyinga Savadogo The World Bank Washington, D.C.  Copyright i 1993 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing June 1993 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. Any maps that accompany the text have been prepared solely for the convenience of readers; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of the authorities thereof or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Office of the Publisher at the address shown in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Permission to copy portions for classroom use is granted through the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970, U.S.A. The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Distribution Unit, Office of the Publisher, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, US.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0253-7494 Della E. McMillan is a research affiliate to the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida. Jean-Baptiste Nana is the Director of Cabinet d'Etudes d'Appui et de Recherches pour le Developpement in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Kimseyinga Savadogo is the Chair of the Department of Economics at the University of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McMillan, Della E. Settlement and development in the river blindness control zone case study, Burkina Faso / Della E. McMillan, Jean-Baptiste Nana, and Kimseyinga Savadogo. p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494; no. 200. Series on river blindness control in West Africa) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-2381-4 1. Land settlement-Burkina Faso. 2. Agriculture-Economic aspects-Burkina Faso. 3. Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. 4. Onchocerciasis-Burkina Faso. I. Nana, Jean-Baptiste, 1951- II. Savadogo, Kimnseyinga, 1955- . m. Title. I. Series: World Bank technical paper ; no. 200. V. Series: World Bank technical paper. Series on river blindness control in West Africa. HD1018.Z63M35 1993 333.3'16625-dc2O 93-9380 CIP  Foreword This volume is a case study of land settlement mated 300,000 cases of the disease by the end in Burkina Faso prepared as part of the Land of this decade. Settlement Review (LSR), a regional study of In addition to its substantial health benefits, land settlement in West Africa. The objective of one of the primary justifications of the pro- the LSR was to examine the phenomenon of gram has been the substantial development land settlement resulting from the successful potential of sparsely populated onchocerciasis control of onchocerciasis (riverblindness) by endemic river valleys. It is estimated that 25 the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP). million hectares of tillable land is being opened The LSR analyzes the process of land settle- up by onchocerciasis control and rapid migra- ment, both spontaneous and government spon- tion to these river valleys is already occurring. sored, and recommends operational policy OCP is not directly involved in the socio-eco- guidelines for promoting viable and sustain- nomic development of these areas, but the able settlement-related activities in the areas Committee of Sponsoring Agencies (UNDP, where onchocerciasis has been controlled. FAQ, WHO, the World Bank), the statutory OCP is widely acknowledged as the most body that oversees OCP, has encouraged de- successful on-going disease control p m i velopment in the OCP area by executing two successrul on-go1g dbsease control program f- regional studies: the first, Socio-economic De- Africa. Started in 1974 by a group of 7 West Af- velopment Studies in the Onchocerciasis rican countries and 9 donors, including the Control Programme Area, looked at the devel- World Bank, the program has expanded to 11 opment potential of the onchocerciasis freed countries, includes 22 donors and protects 30 areas and the second, the LSR, examined the million people. In most of the original program extent and impact of new settlement in the area the disease has been virtually eliminated OCP river valleys. and lasting control of the disease throughout The LSR, prepared by the Institute for Devel- the extended program area is expected to be se- opment Anthropology, Binghamton, New cured around the year 2000. The health impact York, consists of in-depth case studies of Burki- of the program has been significant. Nine mil- na Faso, Ghana, Mali and Togo, as well as lion children born since the beginning of the shorter reviews of settlement activities in the program are free of any risk of contracting the other OCP countries (Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, disease. Over 1.5 million people who were Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Sierra Leone, once seriously infected are now disease free and Senegal). The Burkina Faso case study is and the program will have prevented an esti- being published as part of the riverblindness iii  technical paper series because Burkina Faso ment. Other volumes in the series are the Final has experienced more settlement in the on- Report from the LSR and an overview of the chocerciasis-controlled areas than any other structure and history of OCP. country. The government of Burkina Faso has been active in promoting settlement over an 18 Katherine Marshall year period and this study provides important Director insights into the possibilities for and limits to Sahelian Department government action in support of land settle- Africa Region iv  Preface The socio-anthropological study by Della Mc- The Burkina Faso case study was selected for Millan, Jean-Baptist Nana and Kimseyinga Sava- publication because this is the country where dogo on settlement strategies in Burkina Faso, new settlement has progressed most during the published in the present volume, is one of the ba- first 18 years of onchocerciasis control. The study sic, in-depth country case studies of the Land Set- is also distinguished by the fact that it benefitted tlement Review carried out in 11 countries in from previous baseline data (Murphy and Sprey, West Africa in the Onchocerciasis Control Pro- 1980; McMillan 1983) that could be restudied ; it gram area. The overall report of the Land Settle- includes a rare longitudinal case study of settlers ment Review was published in a seperate report who immigrated to the Volta river planned settle- in the present publication series.1 ments between 1974 and 1979.3 The extraordinary achievement of reducing The significance of this research extends be- and virtually eradicating river blindness in vast yond the topic itself. Today many of the oncho areas of West Africa, where for decades people control areas are being reoccupied by adjacent have suffered terribly from this disease, has re- populations as well as by immigrants from out- opened these territories to expanding human set- side the immediate basin region. Unassisted and tlements. The Land Settlement Review, carried unguided, spontaneous or anarchic settlement, out by a research team of the Institute for Devel- many result in the development of local systems opment Anthropology (Binghamton, NY), with for agricultural production that have negative support from several sponsoring agencies includ- long term consequences for people and natural ing UNDP and World Bank, has explored the po- resources, ranging from declining productivity tential for such settlements and has formulated and real income levels to outright environmental recommendations to interested governments and deterioration and the eventual abandonment of agencies as to the need and approach for assisted once-productive lands. The land settlement re- settlement strategies. view and its country studies strive to identify ap- Thecountrystudypresentedinthisvolumeby proaches and strategies that will result in Della McMillan and her associates enables the production systems that are sustainable and that reader to examine, for one country, the wealth of contribute to the viable socioeconomic develop- empirical material on which the analysis and rec- ment of the surrounding region. The dedicated ommendations of the settlement review are field researchers of the Burkina Faso case study based, and the field research methodology have not only reconstructed a convincing image through which it was gathered and processed. of the web of complex social processes going on in the areas they studied, but have also made a 1 See Settlement and Development in the River Blindness Control Zone, by Della McMillan, Thomas Painter and Thayer 2. See Murphy, Josette and Sprey, Leenert 1980. Scudder, 1992, Washington, DC, The World Bank. 3 McMillan, Della, 1983,1986,1987a, 1987b. V  valuable contribution by distilling lessons of wid- study case give a much firmer basis for the next er relevance for future settlement policy generation of planning to respond to the new The propositions outlined in the Land Settle- challenge and opportunities created by the suc- ment Review and in the Burkina Faso in-depth cessful control of river blindness. -Michael M. Cemnea Senior Adviser Sociology and Social Policy T7he World Bank vi  Acknowledgments The Burkina case study was funded by the Unit- compares settlement processes in the entire ed Nations Development Program (UNDP) and eleven-country region. In March 1990, the three designed and implemented by three senior team senior researchers for the Burkina Country Case members. Kimseyinga Savadogo, Chair of the Study met in Ouagadougou to reanalyze the Department of Economics, University of Ouaga- Burkina data in light of the analysis presented in dougou, was responsible for the design, testing, the Draft Final Report. The present document is and analysis of the economic questionnaires at all the result of this second analysis. It draws heavily of the four study sites (see Savadogo 1989a,b,c,d on the results of the Final Report and, indeed, and Savadogo and Sanders 1989). Jean-Baptiste quotes it in several places. Nana, a sociologist and Director of the Cabinet Guira Frederic, Contr6leur des Enquetes at the d'Etudes d'Appui et de Recherches pour le Developpe- AVV, was responsible for interviewing 60 AVV ment (CEARD) was responsible for coordinating households that had been included in the earlier research at the Niangoloko, Solenzo, and AVV AVV Statistical Service Survey. He is also respon- (Amenagement des Vallees des Volta) Rapadama sible for several special studies including inter- sites (see Nana 1989a,b,c,d,e). Della McMillan, views concerning the Linoghin market and UPI anthropologist, Institute for Development (Unite de Planification) village groupements. Anthropology (IDA), was responsible for re- Moustapha Ouedraogo was responsible for the search in the AVV planned settlements at economic survey and supplementary special Mogtedo, Mogtedo-Bombore, and Linoghin, and studies at Kompienga; he also conducted two at Kompienga. McMillan was also responsible for special substudies, one on gold mining in the UPI writing the first draft of the national report based region and the other on pastoralists living in the on the site reports, sector analyses, and other re- Gadeghin pastoralist area. Guiraud Jean-Baptiste search conducted by the team (McMillan 1989). conducted the interviewing for an extensive mi- The first version of the Burkina Faso country gration study and economic survey in the So- case study, along with the draft versions of the lenzo region as well as interviewing farmers for country case studies for Mali, Togo, and Ghana, the Rapadama study. Fatou Kabore, Boena Salif, and a review of settlement activities in the other and Tinga Ouedraogo worked on the economic seven Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) and market surveys for the AVV-UDs (Unites de countries, provided the basis for the Onchocercia- Developpement) of Mogtedo and Mogtedo-Bom- sis Control Programme, Final Report of the Land bore, as well as special studies of the town of Settlement Review: Settlement Experiences and De- Mogtedo and the Mogtedo market. Sommaila velopment Strategies in the Onchocerciasis Control Savadogo, sociologist, UP1, worked with us in Programme Areas of West Africa (McMillan, developing a special study of settler dropout in Painter, and Scudder 1990). The Final Report the Linoghin, Mogtedo, and Mogtedo-Bombore vii  AVV-UDs. The UD chiefs of Mogtedo, Bombore, been possible without the help of the UD chiefs at Rapadama, and Linoghin assisted us with the de- Mogtedo, Mogtedo-Bombore, Linoghin, and Ra- velopment of longitudinal data sets on produc- padama. The Prdfet at Mogtedo and the Mogtedo tion and settlement patterns in their own groups CR (Revolutionary Committee) extended their of planned settlements. support and collaboration to the longitudinal re- This research could not have been conducted search we conducted on the Mogtedo market. At without the active support of the OCP and various a personal level we would like to thank Arthur- national and regional agencies that have offered Felix Yanogo, Benjamin Tabsoba, and the hard- their assistance. In the Solenzo region we are in- working farmers of Mogtedo V3 who have made debted to the Director of the CRPA du Mouhoun it possible for us to continue the longitudinal case for giving us access to many of their data sources study these ten long years. as well as occasionally extending help with data The Burkina case study and the Land Settle- collection. We are especially appreciative of the ef- ment Review (LSR) have benefited immensely forts of Adama Traore, who also heads the PNGT from the strong support we received from Dr. (Programme National de Gestion des Terroirs Vil- Ebrahim Samba, Director of the OCP, and his lageois) pilot projects for the Solenzo region. The staff. For more than a year we found encourage- Pr6fet of Solenzo is to be thanked for the adminis- ment and logistical support from our many OCP trative assistance he provided. colleagues, and a home away from home in the Our work in Niangoloko would not have been OCP Economic Unit, under the direction of Mr. possible without the unfailing support we re- Jean-Baptiste Zongo. Mr. Michel Pare, Mr. Patrick ceived from the Pr6fet. We also wish to extend our Chopin, and Mr. Ayina are thanked for their as- thanks to the staff of the Comoe CRPA and the sistance with the myriad administrative and lo- multiple forest use project at the Classified Forest gistical details we faced in doing the research. at Toumousseni. Mme. Kabore, the OCP librarian, worked to track Our research at Kompienga was conducted down much of the bibliography cited here; her ef- with strong support from the dam construction forts are invaluable. Without technical assistance authority (Direction Generale de la Maftrise d'Ou- on microcomputers from Mr. Soumbey, in the vrage de la Komnpienga [DGMOK]) as well as SON- OCP Biostatistics and Information Systems Unit, ABEL (Societe Nationale d'Electricite du Burkina), we would never have been able to analyze the the national electricity authority. We are especially massive amounts of data collected. Mr. Saidou indebted to Pascal Zagre, former General Director Gadjaga, of the Biostatistics and Information Sys- of the Kompienga Project; Guira Antoine, the tems Unit, helped with the analysis of certain DGMOK sociologist, now with the Ministry of data sets; Mr. Daribi and Mme. Simpore, with Education; and Jean Ouedraogo, DGMOK sup- data entry. plies chief, now attached to the new Bagre project. Jeanne Cornell and Elizabeth Albert, graduate M. Emmanuel Nikiema, Director-General of students at the University of Kentucky, provided the AVV, has been extremely supportive of our research and production assistance on the earlier work throughout the country. We are especially version of the Burkina report as well as transla- indebted to him and his staff for the excellent tion and typing on other country reports. Jeanne overview they gave us of development in the dif- Harlow played a major role in the initial struc- ferent zones. Mme. Celestine Bere, Director of the tural editing of the first draft of the Burkina re- AVV Suivi-Evaluation Department, has served port, and is the primary person responsible for courageously as Burkina's representative on the the design and reproduction of maps and other national onchocerciasis committee for many graphics for this report and the Final Report. years. We appreciate the detailed comments we Melanie Brandt drew some of the maps. Debbie received from Mme. Bere and We are also very Anderson, computer systems analyst, did an ex- grateful to the logistical support provided by the cellent job of carefully verifying the base data last two directors of the AVV Direction des Etudes, and running some of the important data sets-in- Programmation et Controle (DEPC). On the ground cluding land measurements and input use at So- we were aided tremendously by the strong sup- lenzo, the Kompienga census data, the FulBe port we received from the Director of the AVV- economic studies, and the expenditure and reve- UP1 office at Zorgho, and his staff. Our research nue survey. For final editing of this monograph in the AVV planned settlements would not have we are indebted to Vivian Carlip at IDA, for the viii  initial draft, and Carol Lauriault at the Center for Bado, Nana Timbila and Dominique Kaunda. We African Studies, University of Florida, for this would also like to thank Josette Murphy of the monograph. At IDA, Vivian Carlip received as- World Bank for her excellent detailed comments. sistance from Sylvia Horowitz, Curt Grimm, Kim Murphy's baseline study of the AVV was the Munson, and Dianne Anson. inspiration for the restudy that is central to the We would like to extend thanks to Michael Burkina analysis. Finally, we would like to thank Cernea and Scott Guggenheim of the World Bank our spouses, Colleen McCracken, Rasmata Nana and to Nicole Glineur, Tijan Sallah, and Beth and David Wilson for the patience they have Skinner of the World Bank Oncho Unit. We would shown in supporting us through the research. also like to thank Mr. Claude R. Delapierre, the We are grateful to Bruce Benton and John Elder Resident Representative of the Burkina World of the World Bank Oncho Unit who encouraged Bank Mission, and his staff including Celestin us to revise the initial report for publication. ix  Acronyms ALE Adult labor equivalent AVV Autorite des Amenagements des Vallees des Volta (Volta Valley Authority) CEARD Cabinet d'Etudes d'Appui et de Recherches pour le Developpement CILSS Comite Permanent Inter-etats de Lutte contre la Secheresse dans le Sahel CMRPN Comite Militaire de Redressement pour le Progres National CNR Conseil National de la Revolution CR Revolutionary Committee (Comite Revolutionnaire) CRPA Centre Regional de Promotion Agropastorale CSA Committee of Sponsoring Agencies CSFA Conseil Superieur des Forces Armees CSP Conseil de Salut du Peuple DAF Direction Administrative et Financiere DEPC Direction des Etudes, Programmation et Controle DGMOK Direction Generale de la Maitrise d'Ouvrage de la Kompienga DMR Departement du Monde Rural FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GNP Gross national product GRN Gouvernement Renouveau National GTV Gestion des Terroirs Villageois GTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Development Agency) ICRISAT International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics IDA Institute for Development Anthropology IMF International Monetary Fund INERA Institut d'Etudes et des Recherches Agricoles INSD Institut National de la Statistique et de la Demographie LSR Land Settlement Review NGO Nongovernmental organization NPK Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (fertilizer) OCP Onchocerciasis Control Programme OFNACER Office National des C&reales ONAT Office d'Amenagement des Terroirs ORD Organisme Regional de Developpement PATECORE Projet Am6nagement des Terroirs et Conservation des Ressources dans le Plateau Central x  PNGT Programme National de Gestion des Terroirs PNGTV Programme National de Gestion des Terroirs Villageois RDA Rassemblement Democratique Africain SOFITEX Societe des Fibres Textiles SONABEL Soci6te Nationale d'Electricite du Burkina UD Unite de Developpement (Development Unit) UNDP United Nations Development Programme UP Unite de Planification (Planning Unit) USA1D United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization Note: The exchange rate in July 1989 was approximately $1 US = 315 CFA francs. xi   Contents Foreword iii Preface v Acknowledgements vii Acronyms x Abstract xix 1. Introduction 1 2. Overview of the OCP River Basins 6 Location and Natural Resource Potential 6 Historic Settlement Patterns 7 Early Development Planning for the OCP River Basins 7 Settlement and Immigration Patterns: 1974-1990 7 Other Physical, Demographic and Social Constraints 8 Projected Immigration Trends: 1990-2000 11 Potential Policy Implications 12 3. Types of Settlement and Settlement Dynamics 14 Immigration to the Study Sites as Examples of Settlement Types 14 Settlement Dynamics at the Study Sites 21 The Concept of Settlement Stages 23 Policy Implications of Interrelated Social and Economic Stages 2S 4. Linkages between Local Planning and National Agricultural Policy 28 Producer and Input Price Policies 28 Local Impact of Policies 29 Implications for Future Policy 34 5. Land Tenure 38 Le Regime Coutumier-Indigenous Land Tenure Systems 38 Le Regime Reglementaire-The Concept of Individual and State Ownership 39 xiii  Agrarian and Land Tenure Reorganization, 1984 40 Early Impact of the Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform Act 40 Indirect Consequences of Reform for Settlement-Related Development 42 Policy Implications 43 6. Production at the Household and Community Levels: The Centrality of Diversification 45 Household Organization of Production at the Study Sites 45 The Centrality of Diversification within Household Production Systems 48 Factors That Affect the Development of Off-farm Employment at the Study Sites 53 Household Level Factors that Affect the Development of Off-farm Employment 55 Linkages among Diversification, Agricultural Intensification, and Sustainability 55 Settler "Step" Migration from the AVV to Kompienga 56 Policy Implications 58 7. Farming Systems 60 Farming Systems in Areas of Unassisted Spontaneous Settlement: Niangoloko and Kompienga 60 Efforts to Promote Higher Yielding, Sustainable Farming Systems 62 Factors Affecting the Development of Sustainable Farming Systems 68 Macro-level Factors that Contribute to or Detract from Intensification 70 Policy Implications 71 8. Importance of Markets and Service/Administrative Centers 74 Settlement-Related Development and Markets 74 Settlement-Related Development and Markets in the Niangoloko and Kompienga Areas 76 Markets and Settlement-Related Development 79 Factors That Affect Market Dynamics 81 Policy Implications 85 9. Integration of Hosts, Settlers, and Pastoralists 87 The Importance of Integration 87 Integration of Hosts with Settlers 87 Integration of Hosts and Settlers with Local Pastoralists 89 Agriculturalist-Pastoralist Relations over Time 89 Factors that Affect Integration Dynamics 91 Policy Implications 92 10. Knowledge and Management of the Natural Resource Base 95 The Dilemma of Spontaneous New Lands Settlement 95 Early Plans for and Response to the AVV Model for Sustainable Agriculture 96 Early Plans for and Response to Zoning for Agropastoral Areas 96 Early Plans for and Response to Zoning for Classified Areas 99 Alternative Models for Village Land Management: PNGT 100 Land-Use Planning in Connection with Forest and Wildlife Preserves 102 Policy Implications 102 I1. National Management Institutions 106 Creation of the Autorite des Amenagements des Vallees des Volta (AVV), 1974 106 Early Emphasis on Planned Settlement as a Strategy for Development of the Valleys 107 Reorientation of National Planning for the OCP River Basins, 1983-1990 110 Assisted Settlement Programs Incorporating Spontaneous Settlers in Sponsored Settlements 112 xiv  Current Reorganization of the AVV, 1990 116 Lessons Learned and Potential Applications 118 12. Local Participation and Institutions 122 Centrality of Village Extension Groups in Crop Extension Programs 122 Early Development of Settler Organizations at Kompienga 127 Policy Implications 127 Bibliography 129 Annex 1. Methodology of the Land Settlement Review In Burkina Faso 138 Annex 2. Political History of Burkina Faso 144 Annex 3. Supplementary Tables on Consumer Prices and Price Indexing 146 Annex 4. Supplementary Tables on Livestock Production 151 Annex 5. Supplementary Tables on Farming Systems 154 Tables 1.1 The Land Settlement Review Case Studies 4 2.1 Burkina's Major River Basins and Area Estimated to Be Directly Affected by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme 6 2.2 New Land Cultivated in Major River Basins, 1975-1983 8 3.1 Classified Forests in Comoe Province 21 3.2 A Stage Model of Settlement-Related Development Planning 23 4.1 Official Price Per Kilogram of Fertilizer (In CFA) and Percent Subsidized 28 4.2 Official Prices for Cotton and Cotton Inputs at the AVV, 1979-1989 29 4.3 Price Ranges for White Sorghum at the Study Sites, 1988-1989 30 4.4 Estimated Cash Returns to One Hectare of Cotton or Sorghum, 1988/89 30 4.5 Average Cotton Yields, Production, and Area Planted, in the Solenzo Sector, 19762/73-1988/89 33 4.6 Comparison of Net Agricultural Income in the Older AVV Planned Settlements, 1977-1988/89 per Unit Labor 34 5.1 Years of Cultivation of Collective Fields, Solenzo, 1988/1989 42 6.1 Income Sources by Zone and Income Stratum, 1981-1985 Averages 48 6.2 Mean Income from the Sale of Handicrafts and Trade, 1979 and 1988/89 51 6.3 Average Non-farm Income from Different Sources for Individuals Reporting Income from the Source, 1988-1989 52 6.4 Percent of Women Indicating Income from Off-farm Employment and Livestock Production and Average Income from these Sources for the Entire Sample, 1988/89 52 6.5 Average Income by Income Source for Male Heads of Household and Women in the Study Sample, 1988/89 53 7.1 Mean Input Costs for the Male Head of Household for Different Ethnic Groups, Kompienga, 1988/89 61 7.2 Crop and Livestock Production per Adult Labor Equivalent (ALE), Kompienga, 1988/1989 62 7.3 The AVV Index of Adult Labor Equivalents (ALE) by Sex and Age 63 7.4 Recommended AVV Rotation 63 7.5 A Comparison of the AVV's Recommended Crop Area with the Actual Area Planted in 1979 and 1988 64 7.6 Crop and Livestock Production and Production Expenses per Adult Labor Equivalent (ALE) in AVV Planned Settlements, 1988/1989 65 7.7 Number of Fields that Received Different Doses of NPK Fertilizer at Solenzo 65 xv  7.8 Crop and Livestock Production per Adult Labor Equivalent (ALE Solenzo 1988/89) 66 8.1 Settlement and Development in the Town of Mogtedo, 1960-1989 74 8.2 Dry Season Attendance and Number of Market Stalls at the Linoghin Market, 1975-1989 76 8.3 Number of Miners and Merchants at the Mogtedo Area Gold Sites, April 1990 83 8.4 Reported Net Income Earned from Gold Mining for 15 Miners 84 11.1 ActivitiesoftheAVV, 1973-1981 107 11.2 Cost to the AVV of Settling One Family according to the BEI-Agrer Report 109 11.3 A Comparison of the Actual and Projected Rates of Planned Settlement at the AVV, 1973-1979 110 11.4 Method of Calculating Carrying Capacity in the AVV-Assisted Settlement Program at Rapadama 115 11.5 Census of AVV Areas of Intervention during 1987-1988 118 11.6 Financing of the AVV, 1972-1988 120 A.1 Site and Field Reports Completed as Part of the Land Settlement Review in Burkina Faso 138 A.2 Sample Size of the Economic Surveys Conducted in Burkina Faso, 1988-1989: Number of Households 139 A.3 Follow-up of Farmers Included in the 1979 Statistical Service Survey 140 B. 1 IMF Consumer Price Index, Burkina Faso 147 B.2 Price Changes in Important Products Purchased by Farmers, 1979-1989, and Percent Change 147 B.3 Price Ranges of the Major Crops at the Study Sites, 1988-1989 148 B.4 Retrospective Prices for Major Products, the Linoghin Market, 1988-1989 148 B.5 Retrospective Study of Prices for Livestock, 1979-1989 149 B.6 Cereals Food Balance 149 B.7 Official Producer Prices and Prices Used To Calculate the Value of Production in the 1979 AVV Statistical Service Survey 150 C.1 Number of Catle and Sheep/Goats Lost to Disease and Theft, Five-Year Period 152 C.2 Rates of Losses of Cattle and Sheep/Goats by Death and Theft, on a Yearly Basis 152 C.3 Expected Annual Livestock Income for the Heads of Household, by Region 153 D. 1 Division of Cereal Production between Privately and Cooperatively Worked Fields, Solenzo 1988/1989 156 D.2 Mean Input Costs for the Male Heads of Household with Different Levels of Farm Technology, Solenzo 1988/1989 156 D.3 Average Livestock Holdings for Male Heads of Household at Different Levels of Technology, and Expected Annual Livestock Income per Adult Labor Equivalent (ALE), Solenzo 1988/1989 157 D.4 Distribution of Cattle Ownership, Solenzo 1988/1989 157 D.5 Characteristics of Settler Households with Different Levels of Investment in Livestock, the AVV Planned Settlements 1988/1989 158 D.6 Mean Number of Cattle, Goats, and Sheep, and Mean Anticipated Income, the AVV Planned Settlements 1988/1989 159 D.7 Livestock Ownership for the Study Households in Mogtedo, Mogtedo-Bombore, and Linoghin, the AVV Planned Settlements 1988-1989 159 D.8 Subdivision of Cereal Production between Privately and Cooperatively Worked Fields, Kompienga 1988/1989 159 D.9 Distribution of Livestock for Male Heads of Household at Kompienga, 1988/1989 160 xvi  Figures 1.1 The Onchocerciasis Control Programme 2 2.1 Gains in Cultivated Area by Sponsored and Spontaneous Settlers. 1974-1983 9 3.1 Types of Govemment Intervention and Immigration to Burkina's OCP River Basins 15 3.2 Sponsored and Spontaneous Immigration in Connection with the AVV Planned Settlements at Linoghin, Mogtedo, Mogtedo-Bombore, and Rapadama 16 3.3 Year of Immigration for Male Heads of Immigrant Households, Solenzo Subsector, 1989 18 3.4 Year of Immigration for Settlers in the Kompienga Basin and Town of Kompienga, 1989 19 3.5 Mossi and Fulani (Pastoralist) Immigration to the Kompienga River Basin 20 3.6 Year of Immigration to the Niangoloko Subsector for Male Heads of Immigrant Households, 1989 22 4.1 Total Cotton Production in the AVV Planned Settlements 31 4.2 Total Fertilizer Purchases in the AVV Planned Settlements 32 6.1 Subdivision of Net Crop Value of Income per Household, the AVV Sponsored Settlements, 1979-1989 47 6.2 Total Number of Cattle Listed in the AVV Extension Records 50 6.3 Rate of Credit Reimbursement, AVV Planned Settlements 57 7.1 Average Household Field Area Farmed Collectively, Net Crop Income per Adult Labor Equivalent (ALE) for the Major Technology Groups at Solenzo, and Comparison of Net Crop Income for the AVV and Solenzo 67 7.2 Location of the Study Villages in the Solenzo Subsector: Daboura, Kie, and Dar-es-Salaam 69 8.1 Location and Relative Importance of Existing and Abandoned Markets Frequented by Settlers Living in the AVV Sponsored Settlements at Mogtedo, Mogtedo-Bombore, and Linoghin, 1988/89 75 8.2 Location, Relative Importance, and Date Created and Relocated of Markets in the Solenzo Subsector, 1989 77 8.3 Location and Type of Markets in the Southem Kompienga Basin, 1987/88 78 9.1 Integration of Hosts, Settlers, and Pastoralists 88 10.1 Projected Installation of AVV Planned Settlements and Other Types of Land-use Planning in the Nakainbe and Nazinon (ex-White and ex-Red Volta) River Basins, 1974 97 10.2 Average Land Area Per Unit Labor for Different Technology Groups at the AVV and Solenzo, 1988 98 10.3 Year of Immigration for Settlers Living in the Villages Surrounding the Classified Forest at Toumousseni, 1989 101 10.4 Interrelated Research and Interventions: the PNGTV Approach 104 11.1 Organigram of the AVV Administrative Structure, 1974-1982 108 11.2 Organigram of the AVV Administrative Structure, 1982-1989 111 11.3 The AVV Planning Unit I (AVV-UP 1) 113 11.4 Relationship of ONAT (ex-AVV) to the National PNGT/GTV 117 12.1 Returns from Farmer-Managed Cotton Markets Returning to AVV Settlement Groupements (CFA) 124 Maps IBRD 23841 Population Density, 1975 IBRD 23842 Major River Basins and Areas Covered by AVV Programs IBRD 23843 Agricultural and Transhumant Migration Patterns IBRD 23844 Classifications of Land According to Agricultural Potential and Areas Designated as National Forests and Parks IBRD 23845 Agricultural Migration from the Mossi Plateau, 1975 xvii  IBRD 23846 Case Study Research Sites IBRD 23852 Classification of Provinces in Terms of Their Forestry Situation IBRD 23854 Location of AVV Planned Settlements Created 1974-1984 xviii  Abstract The Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Control major roads and/or dynamic markets and ad- Programme (OCP) was initiated in 1974 to con- ministrative centers. trol river blindness in a seven country area in Strong similarities in the settlers' social and West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, economic adjustment were observed at all study Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Togo). Later, the pro- sites. These responses, and the associated con- gram was expanded to include Guinea, Guinea- flicts over the allocation of land, grazing, water Bissau, Senegal, and Sierra Leone. Today, 18 years and forest resources, followed a predictable pat- after the inception of control, the OCP is widely tern. This report examines a wide range of factors regarded as one of the most effective, regional in the micro and macro policy environment that health programs ever launched. River blindness affect settler responses to different problems at is no longer cited as a public health threat in the each settlement stage and their effect on sound original control zone and many of the river basins natural resource management. are undergoing active resettlement. Especially important in this study were the na- Eighty percent of the territory of Burkina Faso, tional policies relating to crop subsidies, market- or 235,000 km2, falls within the area covered by ing boards, transportation infrastructure and the OCP. Of this total area, 41,000 km2 was classi- agronomic research. The study shows how na- fied as uninhabited and uncultivated in 1975. In tional policies which targeted investment in river fledas ninhbitd an unultiate in 975 In basin developvment exacerbated pre-existing, in- an effort to control the projected immigration to teionaloinetiesandbled trapid, u n- thes newland andthe nderopulted iver ter-regional inequities and led to rapid, uncon- these new lands and the underpopulated river trolled spontaneous immigration from the less basins, the Burkina government created a special well endowed plateau areas. Heavy investment national agency, the Volta Valley Authority or in the development of an appropriate cotton AVV, and gave the agency complete control of package for the high potential south increased 30,000 km of underpopulated river basins. In the attractiveness of settlement, while there is no theory this mandate was to supersede all pre-ex- equivalent technical package for rainfed agricul- isting claims to land. ture in the less favored center and north. The pace of spontaneous settlement quickly It is clear from the research here that govern- outgrew the ability of the AVV to finance and cre- ment efforts to promote sustainable land use ate a sufficient number of sponsored settlements. practices by official mandates are unlikely to suc- In addition, there were sizeable intra and interre- ceed. More likely to be successful are interven- gional differences in the rate of new lands settle- tions similar to the new Programme National de ment. Within any subregion, the villages that Gestion des Terroirs (PNGT), a program for village attracted the most immigration were those near land management which reinforces the capacity xix  of local inhabitants to regulate access to land and inhibit the development of positive relationships. other resources. The PNGT model combines zoning (to delineate Farmers' perceptions of their long-term oppor- land most appropriate for rainfed crop cultivation tunities for developing diversified non-crop from land to be used for livestock, or managed sources of employment were key factors in deter- and natural forests) with a strong base of local vil- mining settlers' long-term investment strategies lage land management committees. and their willingness to invest in more labor in- The volume and complexity of the tasks in- tensive crop production practices. These research volved in this type of integrated development results have implications for the future design of planning have led many governments through- river basin planning which heretofore has fo- out the world to advocate autonomous manage- cused almost exclusively on intensifying crop ment structures like Burkina's AVV. The history production. of the AW highlights the fact that such agencies New land settlement and the growth of region- may allow the government to organize a complex al markets and administrative centers are clearly assistance package much more quickly and to at- intertwined. Early attempts by the AW to rein- tract high levels of donor funding. However, au- force the development of market centers were of- tonomous agencies tend to suffer from high costs ten misplaced. For this reason it is recommended and administrative inflexibility. that aid for infrastructure development to rein- The Burkina case study provides ample evi- force new market and administrative centers be dence for success in areas where new land settle- phased over a longer (10-15 year) period. ment has been assisted and the high environ- The complex interweaving or synergism be- mental, social and economic costs of unassisted, tween settlers and the hosts who provided them spontaneous settlement at higher population den- access to land and between livestock owners and sities. This is a rich history that deserves to be herders needs to be well understood. Government thoroughly analyzed before embarking on a new policies which favor one group over the other can generation of follow-up planning. xx  Introduction The Onchocerciasis (river blindness) Control Pro- portion of the original settlers-or their offspring- gramme (OCP) is one of the most successful may relocate at this point in the settlement cycle. health programs ever launched in Sub-Saharan To develop more intensive crop and livestock Africa (Figure 1.1). Today, eighteen years after production practices, settlers require assistance control began in 1974, the disease is no longer ci- (Scudder 1981,1984,1985,1991; Scudder and Col- ted as a public health threat in the original control son 1981; McMillan, Painter and Scudder 1990). zone and many of the river basins are undergoing This azistance includes public and private in- active resettlement (OCP 1985, 1986; Remme and vestment in roads and bridges, along with the Zongo 1989; Younger and Zongo 1989). provision of crop and livestock research and ex- In the wake of this success, however, there is in- tension services. One of the key questions that creasing concern about the environmental sustai- face policy planners today is: what form should nability of crop, livestock and forestry practices this assistance assume? in the newly settled areas. A ten year assessment This report describes the experience of Burkina of settlement trends revealed that most immigra- Faso with new lands settlement and follow-up tion is spontaneous or unassisted, with little or no planning in its underpopulated river basins affec- settler access to basic infrastructure, and econo- ted by onchocerciasis control. The study is of spe- mic or social services (Hervouet et al. 1984; OCP cial interest because Burkina Faso is the only one 1986). By far the major criticism of spontaneous of the 11 countries covered by control where the settlement is that settlers tend to farm the largest of govemmentries shown a sustained te area possible, with little attention to sound mana- ational government has shown a sustained inte- gement of soil, forest or water resources.1 rest in area specific planning for the underpopu- If immigration rates are low, extensive cultiva- lated valleys. In addition, new lands settlement tion and livestock practices are ecologically and so- has been most extensive in Burkina Faso. This cially sustainable; population densities are low and planning includes a number of experimental vil- reserve lands remain available. Invariably, howe- lage land management, agropastoral and forestry ver, problems arise as population densities increase projects. The analysis of this experience provides and it becomes difficult to allow for periods of fal- valuable insights for future planning in the entire low sufficient to restore soil fertility. Higher densi- 11 country control zone. ties are associated as well with increased This research was conducted as part of the se- competition for potable water, grazing areas and cond socioeconomic study coordinated by the fuelwood. If new land that can be cleared and farm OCP's Committee of Sponsoring Agencies (CSA). land remains easy to acquire, and if the economic The goal of the socioeconomic studies is to help and social costs of abandoning old land are low, governments develop appropriate planning mo- then, as population densities increase, a sizeable dels for the OCP river valleys. 1  /5 1_ MAURITANIA b *t '\*% / \r -j(---- i _ SENEGAL )J THE GAMBIA _51 B- ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T ~~z<- -, A i 7 : fi:::: 77: i 7 ~~~~~~~~~M AL I N I *- E! *'0A"NAWALI GUINEA- , w - _,. BURKINA FASO / bp~BISSAUx ~ - SOLENZO oauAWPAj , o ! L *TIENFAtA O- NDRAO A AMA SELINGUE 0DIOILA KOENG J t G UI N.E A YANFOLILA FJK0Q 0n ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T RR J4 GAf NIANGOLOKO S RON AREA RED O cOe1anTeLEME? \TOGOj) Ocean LEN GHANAT.OfW i __VPR D'JIVOTI R E z K' d ' . JJ>' A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t I a n t c SI ALIBERIA MO PA < (> a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Abidjan y ~ THE SAH-ELIAN AFRICA . e 5HEONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL '- < 1~ xo0 3 PROGRAMME AND CASE STUDY. SITES IN BURKINA FASO, GHANA, MALI, AND TOGO a3 ORIGINAL PROGRAM AREA NATIONAL CAPITALS _ ZONE INITIALE CAPITALES PROGRAMME DE LUTTE CON TRE i E EXTENSION AREAS - F ITRONAdTESIILilONAL ONDRESm L 'ONCHOCERCASE ET LOCALISAT/ON 7E--7:X:ZONES DEXTENSION thtsi b DES SITES D'ETUDE AU BURKINA, 0 SCATSsE StTrUDY SITES .h d E bi w w GHANA, MALI, ET TOGO SITES D'ETOE 6 ri 15