Benin - Community Based Food Security Project

c/'~~f~ AU - Jzl A Doument of The World Bank FOR OMC:IAL USE ONLY Rqmt No. P-6140-BEN MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT EQUIVALENT TO SDR 7.1 MILLION TO THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN FOR A COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT MARCH 9, 1994 Ths document has a restricted distribution and may be ued by recipients only in the performanc of their official daties. Its contents may not othervise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENMS Currency Unit: CFA Franc (CFAF) US$1 = CFAF 575' WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CARDER Centre d'action r6gionale et de d6veloppement rural DANA Direction de l'alimentation et de la nutrition appliqu6es DANIDA Danish Cooperation Agency GOB Govemment of Benin GTZ German Technical Cooperation Agency IDA International Development Association MDR Miniistere du d6veloppement rural MMU Management and Monitoring Unit NGO Non-governmental organization ONASA Office national d'appui A Ia securit6 alimentaire ONC Office national des cereales PCR Project Completion Report PPF Project Preparation Facility SDR Special Drawing Right UNB National University of Benin WFP World Food Program FISCAL EAR January 1 - December 31 :!J Exchange rate as of February 1994. The parity of the CFAF with the French franc, previously fixed at 50/1, has been realigned to 100/1 on January 1994.  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY REPUBLIC OF BENIN COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMMARY Borrower: Republic of Benin Beneficiaries: Ministry of Rural Development (MDR) Amount: SDR 7.1 million (US$9.7 million equivalent) Terms: Standard IDA terms with 40 year maturity and a 10 year grace period Financinq Plan Local Foreign Total % of Base Costs - -- -US$ million -_ _ IDA 4.3 5.4 9.7 51 DANIDA 3.3 1.6 4.9 25 WFP 0.3 0.4 0.7 4 NGOs 0.8 1.5 2.3 12 Government 0.6 0.6 3 Beneficiaries 0.9 _ 0.9 5 Total 10.2 8.9 19.1 100 Economic Rate of Return: Not applicable Poverty Categorv: Program of Targeted Interventions Staff Appraisal Report: 12253 BEN M: No. IBRD 25996 This docment has a rescted disrnution and amay be used by recipients only in the peformance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Dauthonhzaton.  MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN FOR A COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT 1. I submit for your approval the following memorandum and recommendation on a proposed development credit to the Republic of Benin for SDR 7.1 million (US$9.7 million equivalent), on standard IDA terms with a maturity of 40 years to help finance a community- based food security project. The project was prepared in close collaboration with the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) who will provide the equivalent of US$4.9 million towards the project. The World Food Program and participating NGOs would also contribute to project financing. 2. Background. Agriculture accounts for about 40% of GDP, over 70% of exports and 75% of the active population. The annual per capita income was abott US$410 in 1992, which makes Benin one of the poorest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Population is estimated at 4.9 million in 1991 with a growth rate of 3.2% per year. The geographical distribution is very uneven with densities varying from 14 inhabitants/km2 in the north, to 340 inhabitantslkm2 in the south. 3. While food insecurity in Benin is far from being as serious a problem as in the Sahel countries or regions which have suffered from droughts or major conflicts, the percentage of malnourished people is three times higher than in neighboring Togo or countries where climatic and physical conditions are quite comparable. Notwithstanding a good potential for agricultural production and an overall self-sufficiency in food, about 18% of Benin's populdtion and almost 30% of the children are considered to suffer from insufficient food intake or malnutrition. Generally, insecurity situations result more from pervasive poverty and weak distribution systems in remote areas than from a national lack of food supplies. Food insecurity situations appear to be localized in pockets of a) overpopulated areas in the south, where land holdings are small and severe degradation is taking place; b) enclave areas in the north with poor soil quality or high degrees of erosion; and c) coastal areas where fishermen are experiencing depletion of the resource base and little diversification opportunities. In some areas food insecurity is chronic, revealing structurai shortcomings, deteriorating resources, remoteness and lack of nutrition education, while in others the problems are transitory and vary from one year to the other according to the overall supply, marketing and pricing situation. 4. Attempts by the previous Government to control and regulate the food market through storage, processing and market interventions have failed. Recent national policy changes have permitted to redefine the role of the State in the context of a liberal economy, whe,e the private sector will play the major role in food marketing. In that respect, the previous Cereals Market.ng Board (ONC) was restructured in 1992 to become the National Bureau for Food Security (ONASA) within the Ministry of Rural Development (MDR), with the mandate to monitor the food security situation, disseminate the information on prices and markets, promote private sector activities and export opportunities and fo,mulate and coordinate food security strategies. 5. Proiect objectives. The project would build on the experience of the IDA-financed pilot operation, which, for three years, has successfully promoted an innovative partnership between the Government and NGOs in support of grassroots local development initiatives.  - 2 - Moreover, an important information collection effort led to the constitution of a data bank and to the preparation of food security and nutrition maps of Benin. This has helped identify and monitor areas at food security risk and set the basis for better planning and targeting of project interventions. 6. The proposed five year project would focus on poverty alleviation. It would assist the Government in improving the food security and nutrition standards of the more vulnerab!e population of about 20 areas ("sous-prefectures"), pre-selected for their high level of insecurity. The project would aim at: a) improving the income base of those groups through new income generating opportunities and regular access to food in the more risky areas through simple agricultural, commercial, fisheries, peri-urban and socio-economic activities; b) reducing malnutrition rates with particular focus on children under five years and pregnant and lactating wormen; and c) strengthening the Govemment food security planning, monitoring and evaluation capacity for better identification of the vulnerable populations and areas at risk. 7. Proiect description. Within the limits of identified local implementation capabilities, the proposed project would extend and develop the approach and the activities initiated during the pilot phase. It would support target groups in preparing, implementing and managing activities aimed at improving their food security and nutrition situation. The approach would build upon specific constraints, aiming at their solution through the empowernent of local communities with particular emphasis on women groups, who are key actors in the implementation of food security strategies. Activities would comprise: (a) community support for local development initiatives (64% of project costs, including about 17% as NGO and beneficiary contribution) including i) income generating activities benefiting rural groups for small agricultural projects and livestock raising techniques, food processing, small trading and marketing; ii) small constructions and other rural works of a productive nature such as local storage and conservation facilities, bottom-land development, watershed management or tree nurseries; and iii) improvement of small infrastructures with direct local participation, improvement of village access and feeder roads, anti-erosion works, livestock watering points, and rehabilitation of market infrastructure; (b) nutrition activities (about 14% of project costs) for the improvement of the nutritional status of women and children in the target populations, through education, growth monitoring, supplementary feeding and referral to health rehabilitation centers when required; and (c) institution building and coordination of field activities (about 22% of project costs), including i) strengthening of the food security planning and monitoring capacity, updating of the data base on vulnerable populations and information systems; and ii) project management, technical and administrative support and training for implementation and monitoring of field interventions. 8. Project implementation. Field operations would be demand-driven and implemented by rural groups and village communities with the assistance of selected NGOs and Det!elopment Associations acting as sponsors of grassroots development initiatives and micro-project proposals. The active involvement of the target groups concerned within each proposed activity would be sought at the identification, planning and implementation stages. Criteria for eligibility of micro-projects include that they a) contribute to improve food security and nutrition standards of the poorest segments of the population; b) be financially sound; c) demonstrate the beneficiaries' interest through initial contribution, corr mitment to recover the initial capital and capacity to maintain the investment; and d) do not substitute for other sources of financing. Eligible beneficiaries would be rural groups aild communities receiving assistance and training from eligible NGOs, private consulting firms, and support services. Fifty per cent of the project's budget for income generating activities would be devoted  exclusively to women's groups. Beneficiaries would contribute about 20% in cash or in kind to the inve3tment cost of each activity. Assets and equipment directly benefiting rural groups for income generating and socio-economic activities, would be subject to capital reconstitution and cost recovery. Funds thus recovered would be rotated for other activities for the same or another group. Small irnfrastructure or community investments would not be subject to cost recovery but would require direct and voluntary community participation in the construction and maintenance. Two workshops were held in the course of project preparation with representatives of the Government, the NGO community and IDA to define the eligibility criteria for the beneficiaries and the NGOs, and the mechanisms and procedures governing micro-project preparation, implementation and financing. An Implementation Manual has been prepared and agreed upon during negotiations. The community nutrition program would be implemented by selected local community female nutrition workers with the assistance of specialized NGOs and in coordination with the decentralized structures of the Food and Applied Nutrition Directorate (DANA) of MDR and the Ministry of Health. 9. Administration, support, coordination and monitoring of NGO field activities would be entrusted to a small Management and Monitoring Unit (MMU), within ONASA, with staff recruited from the domestic private market. The MMU would establish two regional offices, one for the north and one for the south of the country. The MMU would also be in charge of reviewing and appraising micro-project proposals, verifying eligibility criteria and entering into contracts with approved NGOs and support agencies. ONASA would oversee project implementation and would be responsible for institution building, including food security planning and monitoring. A Coordinating Committee, with representatives of Government services and of the NGOs, would provide overall guidance for project activities. The University of Benin would be responsible for the evaluation of the project's development impact on the targeted populations and for carrying out a beneficiary assessment. 10. Proiect sustainabilitv. Project activities would help address the needs of the most disadvantaged communities and play a catalytic role to reactivate local economies. This would enhance the beneficiaries' credit worthiness and enable them to eventually access local financial institutions on a regular basis. By its in-built participatory approach, rural communities involvement and contribution would be the most effective guarantee for ownership, maintenance and sustainability of the activities at the ground level. Cost recovery mechanisms would permit expansion of the project scope and durability beyond project life. In addition, participation of the local Development Associations and of the public extension staff in the implementation of NGO supported field activities, would contribute to establish a relationship of complementarity and cooperation for better long term development impact. By promoting a close linkage between income generating and nutrition activities, the project woulk. not only aim at providing immediate nutritional assistance but also at reducing pervasive poverty which in the long term is the main cause of malnutrition. 11. Lessons from orevious IDA involvement. Previous agricultural projects have often been dictated by regional approaches focused on short-term production objectives with little consideration for local community participation and farmer strategies. Moreoves, administrative structures, although subject to a major reform, have proven ineffective in targeting and accessing the poorest segments of the population to provide services tailored to local community needs. The pilot phase proved that NGOs have a comparative advantage in targeting assistance to the most vulnerable groups in a more effective and participative way. Although the scope and scale of NGO interventions remain limited, they have proved effective for the type of activities proposed. The overall development Inipact was positivo in  - 4 - terms of promoting local economies and improving the nutritional status of the populations. NGO coordination with public services in implementing specific actions would have to be improved at the central and field level as a way to complement each other's specificity and for increased long term development impact. Coordination mechanisms initiated underthe pilot ohase proved useful to ensure guidance and dialogue between the Government and NGOs. However, management and support of field activities should, as proposed, be decentralized and benefit from great autonomy to be best responsive to the approach adopted. 1 i. Rationale for IDA involvement. In the context of the Bank's involvement in food security and poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa, Benin would be representative of coastal countries where some insecurity prevails. A food security strategy paper for Benin was prepared by IDA in 1990 and agreed upon with the Government. It also helped lay the foundations of a national food security strategy and institutional and policy reforms. IDA has played an important catalytic role in initiating new ventures cf partnership between the Government and NGOs to promote remedial and sustainable actions among the most vulnerable groups through a more targeted and grassroots approach. The proposed project is fully in line with IDA and government strategy of fostering participation of the poor i l the growth process. The country assistance strategy (CAS) for Benin was last discussed by the Board in February 1992. A new CAS discussion is scheduled for June 1994 in the context of a proposed Economic Rehabilitation Credit. 13. Agreed actioyons. During negotiations the Gsvernment and IDA have agreed on a) the content of the Imp!emento -ion Manual; b) the reporting and auditing requirements; c) the focus on women activiL.es and the establishment of a 50% target of financing for income genera'g activities to be devoted to women groups; and d) the implementation of a mid-term review about .wo and a half years after Board approval. Conditions for effectiveness would be that the Government appoint project auditors acceptable to IDA, establish an accounting management and monitoring system, establish the Coordinating Committee and appoint the professional staff of the MMU. 14. Environmental aspects. The proposed project activities would not entail any significant environmental impact or risk. By aiming at improving income levels, and stability of and access to food supply, the project would contribute to limit rural exodus and enhance general standards of living in rural areas, which should have a beneficial impact on the environment. It has been classified as a Category C project. 1 5. Program obiective categories. The proposed project belongs to the Program of Targeted Interventions. It is in line with IDA efforts to better integrate poverty issues into the design of assistance strategies, improve food security and address issues related to the Social Dimension of Development (SDD) initiative. The project would dovetail with the on-going poverty assessment to be completed in FY94. Its focus toward the support of women activities is also in line with the Gender Development objective category. 16. Pigiect benefits. Pilot activities show that NGOs have a comparative advantage in addres-ing ioual community constraints in a cost effective way notwithstanding the small scale and scope of their interventions. Most benefits would have a direct on-the-ground visibility and would result in the reduction or elimination of the factors conducive to food insecurity and malnutrition in the targeted project areas. Land development, diversification and better crop conservation would enhance food supply, smooth before-harvest shortages and increase producer income. Support for crop processing and marketing, and new income  generating activities would reactivate local economies. Small inf astructure and better access to enclave areas would facilitate village integration into regional economies. Nutritional activities and monitoring of infants growth would enhance the awareness of the household of malnutrition causes and effects and improve their nutrition status. The project would also help improve the capacity of NGOs and community groups and contribute to a better identification and monitoring of food insecurity situations. 17. fRisJ. The innovative project approach promoting partnership between the Government and ONGs entails some risks which may stem from (a) changes in attitude and relationship or lack of coordination between the Government and NGOs; (b) possible managerial and technical weaknesses of NGOs, deriving from their relative inexperience; and c) the emergence of opportunistic NGOs with different agendas from those of the beneeiciaries. These risks would be reduced by (i) setting up collaboration and monitoring mechanisms, and maintaining a constructive dialoaue between the different partners at the local and central level. IDA resident staff and supervision missions would play a catalytic role in this respect; (ii) strengthening of MMU's capacity to provide technical, financial and administrative support to field activities; and {iii) the establishment of an Implementation Manual defining eligibility criteria for the selection of NGOs according to criteria of experience and capability to sponsor grassroots operations. Moreover, NGOs performance would be regularly monitored and evaluated. Anotner risk may be linked to the slow implementation of the cost recovery system. This would be reduced by (i) ensuring beneficiary commitment to the investments through their initial contribution and participation; (ii) permitting rotation of recovered funds at the local level; (ii) establishing contractual arrangements between the NGOs and the beneficiaries, including monitoring and default clauses; and (iv) undertaking a training and outreach effort to explain cost recovery mechanisms to potential participants. Finally, possible institutional conflicts that may arise for the coordination of nutrition activities would be mitigated by the preparation of a national nutrition policy and by ensuring coordination of the different existing structures concemed. 18. Recommendation. I am satisfied that the proposed credit would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association and recommend that the Executive Directors approve it. Lewis T. Preston President Attachments Washington D.C. March 9, 1994  -6 - Scghedule A Page 1 of I REPUBLIC OF BENIN COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT Estimated Project Cost and Financing Plan (US$ million): Components Local Foreign Total % of Base _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _Costs MAicro-projects 3.7 4.3 8.0 54 Community nutrition program 0.8 1.3 2.1 14 Institution building, 1.5 1.4 2.9 19 management & monitoring Project preparation (pilot 1.1 0.8 1.9 13 phase) 1/ . Total Base Costs 7.1 7.8 14.9 100 Physical Contingencies 0.3 0.6 0.9 5 Financial Contingencies 2.8 0.5 3.3 22 TOTAL PROJECT COSTS 10.2 8.9 19.1 127 1/ Financed through PPF, DANIDA grant and NGO/GOB contri ution Financing Plan Local Foreign Total % of Base Costs ---- US$ million IDA 4.3 5.4 9.7 51 DANIDA 3.3 1.6 4.9 25 WFP 0.3 0.4 0.7 4 NGOs 0.8 1.5 2.3 12 Government 0.6 0.6 3 Beneficiaries - _ .9 Total 10.2 8.9 19.1 100  -8 - Schedule B1 Page 1 of 2 REPUBLIC OF BENIN COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT Procuement Methods and DisburseMent Summary of Pronosed Procurement AOange2mnt. (US$ million equivalent) Procurement Method Project Element ICa LCE Other N.I.F. Total Cost 1. ChI Workf 1.1. Rural Infrastructure 0.7 1.6 2.3 (0.6) (1.2) (1.8) 2. Good 2.1 Equipment/Vehicles 0.6 1.0 1.1 2.7 (0.6 (1.0) (1.1) (2.7) 3. Field Operations 3.1 Micro-projects 4.9 4.9 3.2 Nutrition 1.0 1.0 (1.0) (1.0) 4. NOO Services 1.9 1.9 5. Consuhtancies 5.1. Consult. services, training & studies 2.0 2.0 (2.0) (2.0) 6. Miscellaneous 6.1. Operating Costs Management/Monitoring 1.7 1.7 (1.2) (1.2) 6.3. Food 0.7 0.7 6.2. Refunding of the PPF 1.0 0.9 1.9 (1.0) (1.0) TOTAL 0.6 1.7 8.4 8.4 19.1 (0.6) (1.6) (7.5) (9.7) Note: Figures in parenthesis are the respective amounts financed by IDA credit. N.l.F.: Not IDA-Financed  -9 - Schedule-B Page 2 of 2 ALLOCATION AND DISBURSEMENT OF THE IDA CREDIT Amount % Financed by IDA i _______________________________ (US$ m illion) L Micro-infrastr. & Works 1.5 80% Vehicles.Equipment & S -..plies 2.4 100% Operating Costs - Nutrition 0.8 100% - Management/Monitoring 1.1 100% Consult.Services, Training 1.8 100% PPF 1.0 Amount due Unallocated 1.1 Total 9.7 Estimated Disbursements of IDA Credit FY95 FY96 FY97 FY98 FY99 FY2000 US$ mllion--- Annual 2.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.6 1.1 Cumulative 2.1 3.4 5.0 7.0 8.6 9.7  - 10- Schedule C Page 1 of 1 REPURLIC OF BENIN COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJEC f Timetable of Key Project Processina Events Time taken to prepare: 3 years Project prepated by: Government of Benin with FAOICP and IDA assistance1' First IDA mission: May 1990 Appraisal mission: June 1993 Negotiations: December 1993 Planned Date of Effectiveness: July 1994 List of relevant PCRs and PPAR: Borgou Province Rural Development Project Zou Province Rural Development Project 2/ This project is based on findings of an appraisal mission that visited Benin in June 1993, comprising A. Brizzi (Mission Leader), T. Brun (Food Security/Nutrition Specialist). A. Drabo (NGO Advisor), S. TUlier (Economist), and A. Tourb (Agronomist).  Schedule D Page 1 of 3 REPUBLIC OF BENIN COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT SUMMARY OF LOANS AND IDA CREDITS (As of January 30, 1994) Amount in USS mitlion (less cancellations? Loan or Fiscal Undis- Closirg Credit No. Year Borrower Purpose Bank IDA bursed Date -- - - - . .... . -- - - -- - - -.... -- ...... ....... Credits 29 Credits closed 272.98 C15300-BEN 198S REPUBLIC OF BENIN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 5.00 1.20 X3/31/94 (R) C17210-SEN 1986 REPUBLIC OF 8ENIN WATER II 10.00 1.1. 12/31/93 C17480-BEN 1987 REPUBLIC OF BENIN PLBLIC ENTERPRISES 15.00 11.13 06/30/95 C18070-BEN 1987 REPUBLIC OF BENIN TRANSP. INFRAST. 19.50 .84 03/31/95 C19600-BEN ^989 REPUBLIC OF BENIN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 16.00 2.44 1231/93 CR) C20310-BEN 1989 REPUBLIC OF BENIN HEALTH SERVICES DEV 18.60 9.08 09130/97 C22830-BEN(S) 1991 REPUBLIC OF BENIN SAL 11 55.00 15.57 06/30/9 (R) C22840-BEN 1991 REPUBLIC OF BENIN POWER REHAS 15.00 14.21 12/31/97 C22850-8EN 1991 REPUBLIC OF BENIN AGRIC. SERVICES 12.30 10.56 06/30/95 C22860-BEN 1991 REPUBLIC OF BENIN PRE-INVESTMENT 5.40 4.63 06/30/95 C23380-SEN 1992 REPUBLIC OF BENIN URBAN RENA8 & MGT 22.84 22.45 12/31/97 C23440-BEN 1992 REPUBLIC OF BENIN MGT OF NAT RESOURCES 14.10 10.93 12/31/97 C25290-BEN 1993 REPUBLIC OF BENIN RURAL CREDIT It 3.80 3.86 06/30/99 C25520-BEN 1994 REPUBLIC OF BENIN ECON. MNGT. 5.20 5.10 12/31/98 TOTAL number Credits a 14 217.74 113.18 TOTAL*** 490.72 of which repaid 20.00 TOTAL held by Bank & IDA 470.71 of which repaid TOTAL undisbursed 113.34 Notes: * Not yet effective * Not yet signed * To-al Approved, Repayments, and Outstanding balance represent both active and inactive Loans and Credits. (R) indicates formally revised Closing Date. (S) Indicates SAL/SECAL Loans and Credits. The Net Approved and Bank Repayments are historical value, all others are market value. The Signing, Effective, and Closing dates are based upon the Loan Department official data and are not taken from the Task Budget file. For credits where no disbursements have yet taken place, the undisbursed balance may exceed Oa.e credit amount shown at the time of Board approval due to an appreciation of SDR vis-a-vis the US dollar.  - 12 - Schedule D Page 2 of 3 DISBURSEMENTS The bulk of the portfolio has been put in place since Benin's move to a democratic government and a market-oriented economy in 1991. Credit effectiveness and, for that matter, project implementation of some operations have been delayed because of the insistence of the newly elected Parliament, in which the Government only holds a small majority, to review in detail the related legal documents. Moreover, project implementation issues, such as poor administration of special accounts and non-compliance with the Bank's procurement procedures have slowed down disbursements. A country implementation review in June 1992 addressed these and other issues and agreed upon specific corrective actions, such as carrying out an audit of the government debt (CAA) management ag incy, restructuring of some projects and organization of a disbursement seminar for project coordinators which took place In February 1993. The reorganization of the CAA is expected to be completed shortly. Moreover, in September 1993, Government agreed to improve management of special accounts, formerly admin-istered by the CAA. Special accounts would be opened and maintained in a commercial bank, in line with the Bank's Loan Administration Department's recommendations.  - 13- Schedule D Page 3 of 3 STATEMENT OF IFC OPERATIONS (As of September 30, 1993) Odginal Gross Amounts Fiscal Type of Loan Eauity Total Year Company Business US$'min 1993/94 Bank of Africa-Benin (AEF) Banking - 0.29 0.29 1991 SOBEP (AEF) Fish Processing 0.28 0.06 0.34 1992 Fruitex (AEF) Pineapple Plantation 0.41 - 0.41 TOTAL 0.69 0.35 1.04 Less droppage, non commitments and writeoffs 0.10 0.00 0.10 Net Commitrment held by IFC 0.59 0.35 0.94  ! [ \ ~~~~~ALGERIA / g , i 2 3&X 4 MAURITANIA ! MALI rVi St NEGAIXt--- -2 /g N I G E R* ; GZl81A-42 4 . fBLORKINAu *.'' SUDAN . 'J., s ;, BISSAU r, CUINf A 4 /rASO >t t\+ 4To Nlom,n # ;; LERA') Cl ' li!j'_CNRI. Kanrnoma ,, L13ER. A ,t \ ^t /t,A (AN Rf PUBLIC; j iC~~~~~~~AMF ROON \ j . _ . - 2't ao vlo <!2 rf GU NmAi i Au,8t ' ' arRtnctff W GAfJON ;( ,j ~~ZAIRE 4NGO3LA', ' '/ B U R K I N A! oior FT SO PC= , , - | te * < | / ~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~S6g6ano MATER( > K08V )K Toukountouno gs,4 > Kcwndli \ ~~~~~~~~~Sinend6 aol To Sonsonnf& B o a 1 ebreeg\ BOcKup.C7uBs i N I G E R I A 10,~~~~~ tKopargo0 N'D P6E q 1 u ~~~~~~L ou J rf To Sokod, Loff .Oak  | } / \ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~PARAKOU j I Bossila T O GO j j Tchaourou j BENIN COMMUNITY-BASED FOOD SECURITY PROJECT ; ~hxBant6 Ou6ssb ( \ t .r ,. ;2.: FIRST PRIORITY ZONES AT RISK SECOND PRIORtTY ZONES AT RISK 0 SELECTED CmES X GIOZO VSave ; (3 DEPARTMENT CAPItALS Scwolou Xt {^ *NATIONAL CAPITAL -Dsa > SECONDARY ROADS ' o - PAVED ROADS A ' ZOUM6 RAILROADS RIVERS SUB-PREFECtURE BOUNDARIES o 20 40 60 ZA iA Djidja W DEPARTMENT BOUNDARIES IMTS Z adT--NANAD-- INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES ToNo4dIfA !Agbg Zg I NJ uIdt OTN0i P# - > < ~~- < ,, pDoe y r Adio nk6tbt; 2 G H A N A ts _~~~ondPopo| OU!JDAH ,O A/ '>-.5' ;cr.9:' GH N I -*-K PQMASSE.' ' 0-I