China - Sichuan Power Transmission Project : environmental impact assessment report (Vol. 2 of 2) : Ertan hydroelectric project : envrionmental assessment & resettlement

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,  The People's Republic of China ErLan Hydroelectric Development Corporation Ertan Hydroelectric Project Environmental Assessment and Resettlement (FINAL REPORT Decernhcr. I 00Q4 C,.e=49h s. ieiii ;nss-vlonand Desi--isp ................. Chez_gdu. Sichuan. P,(C .....! SICeLian Prow incial Resettlement Agenes. Cheneou. s.LuarI. PRC Ernan Hydroelectric Development Corporatio;. l,anzauhua. Sichuan. PRC Chengdu. Sichuan. PR China  List of Preparers: Harza Engineering Company International, L.P.: Mr. John R. Bizer, PhD, . Senior Biologist Mr. Anthony Whiuen, PhD, Senior Biologist Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute: Mr. Shi Shuzi Deputy Head, Planning Department, Sr. Economist Mr. Liu Zhenhai Engineer in Charge, Meteorologist Mr. Yi Weiqj Head, Environmental Section, Ecologist Mr. Cao Iianxiang Head,Sediment Section, Sediment Specialist Mr. Chen Guochun Deputy Head, Hydrological Section, Hydro. Specialist Mr. Bai Chunfeng Senior Economist Mr. Rao Zhongli Resettlement Specialist Ms. Shu Zepimg Environmental Engineering Specialist Ms. Wang Xueqin Environmental Specialist Ms. Jiang Hong * Environmenul-hydraulic Specialist Mr. Liang Ruijing Interpreter Sichuan Provincial Resettlement Agency: Mr. Chen Zongyi Head, No.3 Department, Senior Engineer Ms. Li Hongmei Engineer, Chemist Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporation Mr. Wang Keming Deputy Chief Engineer Mr. Cui Zijun Head, Adminitration Department, Sr. Engineer Mr. Chen Xiumei Senior Envineer Mr. Su Zhou Senior Envineer Mr. Li Renlun Head, Planning Department. Sr. Engineer  LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Basic Structure of Common Energy Resources in Sichuan Province (1992) 1.4 Table 1.2: Comparison of Capital Investment and Annual Operating Costs of a 2860 MW Thermal Plant with the 3,300 MW Ertan Project 1.5 Table 1.3: Estimated pollutants generated from burning of 9.04 million Tons of coal annually at a thermal generating project 1.6 Table 1.4 Stadstical Comparison of Ertan Hydroelectric Projects with Comparable Projects Thoughout the World 1.8 Table 4.1: Summary of Meteorological Data Characterizing the Climate of the Yalong River Catchment 4.6 Table 4.2: Average and Extreme Discharges Measured at Yanbian Station on Ganvu River 4.17 Table 4.3: Industrial Water ConsumpLion and Discharge Rates and Major Pollutants in Area of Ertan Reservoir 4.22 Table 4.4: Water quality characteristics of the Yalong River at the Xiaodeshi Gaging Station (1973-1979, 1981) 4.26 Table 4.5: Monthly Average Water Quality Values at Xiaodeshi Gaueing Station in 1989 and 1990 4.29 Table 4.6: Longirudinal profile of water qualitv parameters in Y'along River from Gabiao to Tongzilin 4.31 Table 4.7: Summarv of water qualitv data from linsha River Upstream and downstream from Yalong confluence _ 8z Table 4.8: Restricted-range birds of the broad-leaved 'South Chinese Forests- 4 Table 4.9: Survev of Land Uses in Yalone River Basin in Ertar Reservoir Area 4.61 Table 4.10: Trends in Fnrest Cover, 1960-1980 4.61 Table 4.11: Industries Located in the Eran Reservoir Area 4.65 Table 4.12: Socioeconomic Conditions in 1985 for the Five Counties t.fiected bv the Reservoir 4.68  Ertan Hydroelectric Project Environmental Assessment and Resettlement (FINAL REPORT) TABLE OF CONTENTS- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1.1 1.1. History of the Project ............................ .1.1 1.2. Justification of the Project. 1.2 1.3. Analysis of Alternative Energy Sources .1.3 1.4. Comparison with Other Major Intenational Hydroelectric Projects ... 1.7 1.5. History of the Environmental Assessment .1.8 1.6. Introduction to This Study ........... 1.9 2. PROJECT IESCRIPTION ...............................2.1 2.1. General Project Description ........................... 2.1 2.2. Physical Plant ................... 2.4 2.3. Reservoir ................... 2.10 2.4. Construction Methods .............................. 2.11 2.5. Project Operation .2.. .... 2115 2.6. Trnsmission Line and Substaions .......... ............ 16 2.7. Cost Summary .................................. 2.16 3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRAnVE FRAMEWORK ..3.1 3.1. Environmental Protection ............................ 3. 3.2. Resetlement ........................ 3.8 4. BASELINE CONDMTONS ................................ 1 4.1. Physical Geography ................................ 4.1 4.2. BiogeDgraphy ......................................; 4.3. The Aquatic System ................................ 4.9 4.4. Terrestrial Vegetation, Wildlife and Biodiversiiv ........... ... I.- l 4.5. Socio-economic Environment ................... . 4.5 5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ........ ........ . . ....... 5.1 5.1. Environmental Benefits .. ................ .... .. 5.2. Aquatic Impacts and Mitueation .............. . . . . ... 5.t 5.3. Terrestral lmpacts and Mitication ............... ....... c 4 5.4. Socio-economic Impacts and Miuggation ........ ........... .49 5.5. Construction Impacts and Mitigation .......... ........... 5.63 5.6. Transmission Line Effects and Mitigation .................. 5.69 6. RESETTLEMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES . . 6 .1 6.1. National Resettlement Policies ......................... 6.1 6.2. Characteristics of Resettdemen: Areas ....... ............. 6.1 6.3. Socioeconomic Profile in Areas to B; Inundated ... ........... 6.4 6.4. Consulmtion Process ............................... 5 6.5. Institutional Arrangemen ............................ 6.7  LIST OF FIGULRES Figure 1.1: Relaaionshijp between installed capacity and cost per kW for 49 projects in Sichuan Province.(CHIDI, 1994). 1.7 Figure 2.1: Location of Ertan Hydroelectric Project on Yalong River in Southwestern Sichuan. 2.2 Figure 2.2: Comprehensive Development Plan for Lower Yalong River Involving 11 Hydroelectric Projects. 2.3 Figure 2.3: Layout of Ertan Hydroelectric Project Facilities. 2.5 Figure 2.4: Elevation-and Longitudinal Section through Ertan Dam Depicting Dam, Spillways and Plunge Pool. 2.6 Figure 2.5: Section Through Underground Power Station for Ertan Project Depicting Intake, Penstock, Underground Chambers, and Tailrace Tunnels. 2.9 Figure 4.1: The Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River and its tributaries, including the Yalong River (in bold) and the locations of the E-. znad Gezhouba hydroelectric projects. 4.2 Figure 4.2: Yalong River watershed within Sichuan Province: Drainage area of Ertan Hydroelectric Project. 4.3 Figure 4.3: Relief map of Yalong River Basin in Southwest Sichuan Province, China. 4.4 Figure 4.4: Locations of Known Geologic Faults in the V'iclnitv of Eran Project and Locations of Seismic Monitoring Stations. 4.S Figure 4.5: Biounits of western Sichuan. 4 1': Figure 4,6: Locations of Hydrologic. Water Qualitv and Mkc;eomlogizal Monitoring Stations in the Yalong River Basin. 4.1 Figure 4.7: Average Monthlv Discharge at Waii, Luning and Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Gauging Stations on Yalong River. 4.1.2 Figure 4.8: Flow Regime Representing High Flow Year in Yalong River (Measurad at Xiaodeshi Gagging Station). 4. 3 Figure 4.9: Flow! Regime Representing a Norna! Year in Yalong Piver (Measured at Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4. .  * Figure 4.26: Yi Woman Herding Goats. 4.70 Figure 4.27: Distribution of Schistosomiasis Disease Vectors in Yanbian County (Panzhihua Health Bureau, 1993). . 4.74 Figure 5.1: Representative Water Levels in the Ertan Reservoir through Five Years of Operation (Based on the 1961-1965 Flow Regimes). 5.8 Figure 5.2: Effect of Daily Flow Fluctuation at Six Locations Downstream from - Ertan Dam. - 5.12 Figure 5.3: Longitudinal Profile of Sediment Accumulation in Ermn * Reservoir 5.15 Figure 5.4: Longitudinal Profile of Sediment Accumulation in Ganyu Arm of Ertan Reservoir 5.16 Figure 5.5: Locations of proposed fish harvest facilities on Ertan Reservoir and Ganyu Arm. 5.39 Figure 5.6: Schematic diagram of trammel and trap net deployment for fish harvest. 5.40 Figure 5.7: Distribution of Drawdown Areas for Development in the Ganvu Arm. 5.57 Figure 6.1: The Hongge Resettlement Area. 6.3 Figure 7.1: Administrative framework for Ertan Environmenal Monitoring Program 7.13  Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. History of the Project The hydropower potential of the lower Yalong River was recognized in the early 1950s, but detailed geological investigations did not begin until 1973. In 1980, a wide range of studies was initiated by Sichuan Provincial authorities to assess the feasibility of a hydroelectric dam at Ertan, near the mouth of the Yalong, and in early 1984 a feasibility report was submitted to the Stame Planning Commission. One response to the report was that it was necessary to undenake detailed planning for the resettlement of people whose homes and lands were to be inundated. The World Bank was approached by the Chinese government in 1987 with a view to solicit a loan for .Uie project. and in May 1988, a Pre-Appraisal Missibn was conducted by Bank staff. This mission provided to the Government of China guidelines and suggestions fTa further studies necessary for satisfactory appraisal. The Bank Appraisal Mission was conducted in December 19SE. and their report was completed in Mlarch 1990. The report was approved by the Government of China in April. In Julv 1991. the Executive Board of the World Bank approved a first-phase loan of S380 million. and two months lae. the construction contractors began moving tO the site lo initiate construcion a-Livinies. In Julv ;943. the World Bank aznd the Ertan Hvdroelectnc Development Corporanor. tEHDC) opened discussions on the second-phase IDan of S500 million. The World Bank Pre-App.raisal Mission for the second-phase loan was conducted in April 1994, and the Appraisai Mission is scheduled for October 1994. 1J1 12 1E C  generating capacity in the Yalong Basin, therefore, became a prime a.ternative for meeting the growing demand for power in Sichuan Province. Preliminary studies of the development of hydropower resources in the Yalong Basin were conducted by CHW[. Results of these studies indicated that the hydropower resources of the Yalong River tould be developed in two phases. The first phase will consist of the construction of 11 'projects in the lower Yalong River. The second phase will complete the development of the hydroelectric resources in the basin and will include an additional 10 projects upstre4m from the first phase dams. Based on the results of this study, the Ertan Hydroelectrc Pro ect was elected as the first of the 11 phase one projects to be constructed. The Ertan Project is designed to contribute 3,300 MW of installed geneatdng capacity, and more tlan 1,000 MW of firm capacity, to the Sichuan electric distribution system. In addition to the direct contribution of over 1,000 MW of firm capacity to the Sichuan Power System, the regulation of the river resulting from the Ertan Project will increase the system-wide firm capacity by 142 MW at the Gezhouba Hydroel ic Project and by 230 MW at the (planned) Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River n western Hubei Province and eastern Sichuan Province, respectively. This increase ir' firm capacity is derived primarily from the increase flow during the dry months attrib uble to the lir-ited storage capacity in the Brin Reservoir. 1.3. Analysis of Alternative Energy Sourc71 The provincial government decision to pursue hydroelectric dpvelopment in Sichuan Province was based on a comprehensive analysis of available energy rnsources wu hin the province and an economic analvsis to find the most efficient source of enfrgy to meet ihe grow-ing demand for power as Sichuan develops into the modern world. These analvses focused on available energy resources in Sichuan Province: water, coal, gas, and oil. Additionally, the economic benefits of constructing fewer large scale projects vs many small projects was evaluated. Results of these analyses are presented in a report prepared by CHIDI in 1994 and are briefly summarized below. EOTfN E% CHIt- 1.3  disappears within 5 years or operation. The difference between the capital costs is 3,350 x 106 M whereas costs for :;ve years of hydro operadon are 3,685 x 106 V. Over 20 years of opemtion (the approximate expected life of a coal-fired project) the total costs (capital and operating expenses in 1991 RMB V) clearly favors the hydroelectric project with an estimated cost savings of over 18 billion RMB V (this difference does not account for financing or escalation costs). Table 1.2: Comparison of Capital Investment and Annual Operating Costs of a 2860 MW Thermal Plant with the 3,300 MW Ertan Project Coal Plant Ertan Hydro Component (Million V) (Million V) Investment (Capital) Construction Cost 7.150 10.500 (including environmental cost) Operating Costs (Annual) Maintenance/Repair 257 420 Fuel 1.176 -- Transmission 214 315 Total Annual Costs 1.647 735 Froni an overall environmental perspective, the selection of hydropower generation over coal- fired thermal eeneration becomes even more obvious. Water is a renewable resource is in ahbundanr supplv. Coal. on the other hand, is a nite. non-renewable resource. From a purelv physical-presence perspective, hydropower clearly requires commitment of relatively la-ce umcts of land resources. However. once a hydropower project is constructed. the ;:s:?poun-m^ent can be exploited to provide additio:nal benefits to the project (in the fornm of fisheries, transportation, recreation, and water supply). Establishment of effective environmental safeDuards and implementation of appropriate resource management techniques (in compliance with national regulations and policies) can provide considerable opportunity to preserve and restore natural and cultural resources within a buffer zone around the impoundment. In contrast. while a coal-fired plant will occupy a smaller land area for the physical plant, additional land resources must be committed to mines, mining wastes, ErA EA CHI .5  _ J i _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ........ ............... _._ .. .,_ A NW 3060 r@@ ~ ~~ . ..... ...... L04@ . | I | _ I I ~~~~~~~~~~I I p e oo 00