India - Haryana Water Resources Consolidation Project : Haryana irrigation department environmental action program

laryvans Water Resources Consolidaltion Proiecl Proiect D)evelopment Eiuvirounemittal Canmonmut Jg REPORT TITLE: Haryana Irrigation Department Environmental Action Program prcpared for: World Bank India Agriculture Operations Division and India Resident Office by: T. P. Wlltington Seatec liiternatioiial, Ltd. 23 November, 1992 -_-_. Chandigarh India , X ;  LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DOIs Departments of Irrigation (general, State level) EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact assessment EMP Envirolnmental Management Plan GOI Goverrnment of India HDH Haryana Department of Health HDOA Haryana Department of Agriculture HDOE Haryana Departnent of Environment HID Haryana Irrigation Departnent HPCB Haryana Pollution Control Board HSMITC Haryana Small Irrigation and Tubewell Corporation IPM Integrated Pest Management IEE Initial Environmental Assessment MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forests NGO Non-Govermnental Organization PCB Pollution Control Board PWD(PH) Public Works Department (Public Health) (also known as the Haryana Dept. of Public Health TOR Terns of Reference WRCP Water Resources Consolidation Project  TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background on Consultancy 1.2. Consultant Terms of Reference 1.3. Objective 1.4. Methodology 1.5. Rationale 1.6. Report Organization 1.7. Acknowledgments 2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ISSUES AND RELATIONSHIPS 2.1. Types of Environmental Issues 2.1.1. Affected Groups 2.1.2. Project Components and Environmental Impacts 2.1.3. System Boundary and Externalities 2.2. Approaches to Environmental Management for Line Agencies 2.2.1. Delegation or Responsibilities 2.2.2. Environmental management Units 2.3. Standards and Procedures 2.3.1. Standards 2.3.2. Assessment Procedures 2.3.3. Environmental Management Plans 2.4. Regulatory Aspects 2.4.1. Government of India 2.4.2. The World Bank 3. HARYANA DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 3.1. Issues and Environmental Values 3.1.1. Physical 3.1.1.1. Waterlogging 3.1.1.2. Soil Salinity 3.1.1.3. Sedimentation 3.1.1.4. Water Quality 3.1.1.5. Groundwater Depletion 3.1.2. Biological 3.1.2.1. Changes in Flora and Fauna  3.1.2.2. Wildlife Protection 3.1.2.3. Aquatic Resourecs 3.1.3. Socio-econoinic 3.1.3.1. Public Health 3.1.3.2. L-and Use Changes 3.1.3.3. Displacement of Tribals 3.1.3.4. Resettlement and Relocation 3.1.3.5. Village-Urban Water SUDDpIy 3.1.4. Cultural and Quality of Lire Values 3.1.4.1. Cultural artifacts 3.1.4.2. Cultural Norms 3.1.4.3. EmplopMent and Livelihood 3.1.5. Construction Impacts 3.1.6. Positive (Beneficial) Impacts 3.2. Affected Groups 3.2.1. Beneficiaries 3.2.2. External 3.3. Responsibilities 3.3.1. Bulk Water Supply 3.3.1.1. Irrigation 3.3.1.2. Viliage Water Supply 3.3.2. Irrigation Distribution Systems 3.3.3. Drainage 3.3.4. Flood Control 3.3.5. Groundwater Management 3.4. Functions 3.4.1. Monitoring, Data Collection and Evaluation 3.4.2. Planning 3.4.3. Design 3.4.4. Construction 3.4.5. Operations and Maintenance 3.4.6. Public Awareness 3.4.6.1. Formal Hearings 3.4.6.2. Benefciaary/Public Participation 3.4.6.3. Public Information 4. LINKAGES WITH OTHER AGENCIES 4.1. Existing Working Agreements 4.2. Vertical Unkages 4.2.1. With National Agencies 4.2.2. With Local Agencies 4.3. Lateral Linkages 4.3.1. With Other Agencies of Haryana State  4.3.2. Witl DOls of Contiguous States 4.4. Development of Linkages 4.4.1. Potential Linkages 4.4.2. Justirication 4.4.3. Hnaryana Department of Environumcit 4.4.4. Pollution Control Board 4.4.5. Public Works Department (Public EIalth) 4.4.6. State llealth Department 4.4.7. Statc Departiment of Agriculiture 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES 5.1. Activities with Direct Environmental Impact 5.2. Enhancement of Environmental Values 5.3. Environmental Criteria 5.3.1. Set by HID 5.3.2. Met by HID 5.3.3. Relevant Criteria for Use by tID 5.4. Water Resources Consolidation Project S.4.1. Strategy for Implementing Environmental Component 5.4.1.1. Initial Enviromnental Examination 5.4.1.2. Regional Environmental Planning 5.4.1.3. Project Environmental Assessment 5.4.1.4. Environmental Management Plan 6. FIVE YEAR PROGRAM 6.1. General Activities 6.2. Specific Responsibilities 6.2.1. Planning 6.2.2. Monitoring 6.2.2.1. Ambient Monitoiing 6.2.2.2. Surveillance Monitoing 6.2.2.3. Discharge Monitoring 6.2.3. Environmental Assessment 6.2.4. Coordination 6.3. Intemal Strengthening 6.3.1. Personnel 6.3.2. Equipment 6.3.3. Training 6.3.4. Outside Support 6.4. Public Awareness 6.4.1. Formal Hearings  6.4.2. Bicnfeiciary/Public Pnrticipation 6.4.3. Ptiblic Inforimiation 6.5. Institutional Framework 6.5.1. First Phase 6.5.2. Second Pliase 6.5.3. Thtird Pliase 7. RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITY ACTION PLAN TABLES Table 1: Checklist of Potential Issues for an EA Table 2: Environmental Resources and Issues Relevant to HID ANNEXES Annex I List of References Annex 11 Terms of References for the Present Assignment Annex III Review Abstracts for Selected References Annex IV Minutes of Meetings Annex V Environmental Aspects of the WRCP Annex VI WB Guidelines for EA for Irrigation and Drainage Projects  EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION There are two thrusts to thc prcscnt report: thc first involvcs issues surrounding the major planning initiatives, including multiscctoral aspects of water resources allocations and drainagc and salinity problems. The sccond involves ovcrall environmcntal impact of the activitics of ID in general, and, in particular, potential impacts stcmning from the WRCP. A conclusion of thc uresenrtzr is that. while direct cnvironmental impacts from HID activities are minor and can be dealt with througlh simple mitigation measures. thcre is a justifiablc scope for reajonal environmcntal planning for water resources development using a multisectoral approach. The WRCP is geared to furithcr optinizing usc of water witiin the approxinately two million ha of cultivable land within the State through furthcr channel lining, extension and lining of watcrcourses, and development of spray irrigation as a mcans of dcaling with undulating topography in the southem portion of Haryana. There arc other components as well, including the opening of newly irrigated arcas. Environmental rcporting requirements within the Govcrnmnent of India (GOI) and within the Bank need to be met in the coursc of project development. In conjunction with these stipulations, there is a need to address the critical issues of waterlogging and soil salinity, as well as to develop a conprehensivc perspective on cnvironmental management in general within HID, in order to prepare the agency for dealing with all types of evcntualitics and projcct developmcat componcnts. The agency necds to be cmpoNvcred to act confidently and widt rcsponsibility in all aspects of project developmcnt, incorporating modem environmcntal managemcnt perspectives in thc course of project implemcntation. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND RELATIONSHIPS Environmental issucs always involve cause-and-effect relationships. The various roles in this rclationship can be characterized as the initiator role, which is the group which sponsors, or initiates, the activity, and the beneficial user of the resource, which in general is the group which is affected by the activity. The linkage between the initiator and the user is the resource, which is a pbysikal, biological, socio-economic, cultural or quality of lifc value. With respect to those environental issues associated with HID activities, HID may be the initiator or the beneficial user, depending on the resource which is being affected. The identification of cause-and-efecct relationships and intervening resource degradation is called environmental assessment (EA). EA is generally considered to be a function of project development; however extended forms include regional environmetal planning (or Regional EA) and Sectoral EA. The techniques are similar, except that these latter approaches focus on a geographical arca, such as Haryana State, or a sectoral activity, and provide a strategy within which environmeally sound projects can take place. The regional environmnetal plan would ffcus on raw water resources, and would consider a wide variety of linkages to othcr aspects of water use (and indeed other human activities). The strategy would identify projects which could take place according to a timetable of action. The enviromnental soundncss of individual projects is in a sense guaranteed by this approach, as long as the regional plan is enviromnentally sound. The Northwest India Drainage Study and the Water Resources Plan Study both provide excellent foundations upon which regional environmental planning can take place within HID. The GOI and WB both require EA for specific types of projects; however sound planning and management should support regional and sectoaml environmental planning in conjunction, or in precedence to, project development It should be mentioned that all EA work involves recommendations for mitigation of enviromnental effects. These recommendations are generally contained within a separate section of the EA report called the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).  Executive Summary-2 Ccrtain regulatory requiroments need to bc mct in ordcr to clear projects with the Central Govcrnment and to obtain funding from the Bank. Othcr international lending agencics havc similar EA requirenicnts to those of the World Bank. Government of India The Govermnent of India (GOI) roquircs environmental assessments (EAs) for ecrtain types of dcvclopmcnt projects. Thc procedure for clearance of cnvironmcntal projccts within the GOI consists of the following: * Preparation of the EA for the project * Review of the EA at the State levCl (in this case by the Haryana Department of Environment) * Review at the Central level througlh the Ministry of Environmcnt and Forests (MEF) * Review by an appointed Rcview Committec composed of reprcsentatives from MEF and NGOs plus independent professionals, followed by a recommended course of action * Ruling by the Central Govcrnment on the projjct Dcficiencies in thc EA may be noted at any step in the process, as a result of which additional information and analysis may be required of the executing agency. The World Bank The World Bank has issued Opcrational Directive 4.00 Annex A: Environmental Assessment, which prcscribes EA for certain typcs of projects. [t specifies that "EA is a flexible procedure, which can vary in breadth, depth, and type of analysis, depcnding on the project." OD 4.00 specifies that project- specific EAs, regional EAs and sectoral EAs are all possiblc options in complying with Bank policy, depcnding on the type of credit or loan mcchanism being provided by the Bank. (From OD 4.00): * Project specific EAs arc used to analyze specific investmncft projects (e.g. dams, factories, irrigation systems) with significant environmental issucs * Rcgional EAs are used wherc a number of significant development activities are planned for a reasonably localized area * Sectoral EAs are used for the design of sector investment programs The environmental assessment should be prepared during the projcct development phase and a summary of the EA included in the project appraisal report. HARYANA DEPARTMENT OF IRRIGATION: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Environmental values can be viewed in tcnns of the resources which are being affected by the project activity. These resources are commonly classified as physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural resources. A general description of environmental issues associated with water resources projects is presented in the report. The samc issues and values are itemized in Table 2 of the report. The report contains a section describing HID's service commitments fiom the viewpoint of envirnmtal impact. The functions and tasks undertaken by HID are described in a later section. The basis for the information in this section is the "Handbook on Irrigation Statistics" prepared by HID (Ref. 2.5) plus other sources. LINKAGES WITH OTHER AGENCIES Chapter 4 of the report explores existing water shaing arrangements, vertical and lateral likages with other agencies including those at the central level, in other States, at local lcvel and within the Government of Haryana. Potential linkages are described, mostly focusing on the role of other State agencies in a regional environmental planning effort. The role of the Department of Enviroment is considered to be potentially the most useful for HID and regional planning of water resources.  Executivc Summary-3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES Conclusion Sincc HID is an agency with a long history of activity in Haryana, and much of thc ultimate irrigation system possiblc in thc Statc is alrcady cstablishcd, direct environmcntal impacts from new projcct activities arc not scvere. Thc State has becn significantly transformed by irrigation, with major econormic and social benefits. There are environmental impacts that havc rcsulted from past activitics which are ongoing and sustained by HID; these include the full range of impacts cxpected fiom irrigation projccts, such as waterlogging, prolifbration of agricultural pests as well as others. The WRCP may cxacerbate thcsc problems in certain areas, and may reduec specific problcms in others, but the net effTct, in comparison with cffects having already occurred from irrigation devclopmcnt, is minor. HID should mitigate impacts from the WRCP as well as from ongoing activities. Thc WRC? in fact includes measurcs to mitigate somc impacts in the latter category. In doing so, HID recognizes its cnvironmental responsibilities, even though mnitigation is driven by the nced to conscrve water rcsouroes. Condusion HID can support sustainable water use within the Statc. Because of its key role as water resources manager, IUD has the right and authority to exercise a coordination role in all aspcots of water usc. It should be an easy matter to obtain cooperation from othcr water management agencies, a fact that enhances its coordination function. The ultimate slaring of responsibilitics for water management should not be decided at the present time. The nascent Department of Enviroment will in all likelihood have a key role in watcr quality managemcat, whercas HID will ultimately find its role more in quantity allocations and rcgional drainage concerns. Conclusion -IID could set criteria for water entering dteir system, either from main stream allocations, from runoff and drainage water, or from saline or fresh conjunctive use watcr. Such criteria would help in maintaiing mnimum water quantity or quality values. Quality criteria are generally considered environmental critcria; however there arc no such criteria currently in effect by HID. Quality parameters are not measured anywhere in the systcm at prescnt, and there arc no requirements that water entering the irrigation system must be of a certain quality. Water quality criteria could be used to control the quality of extractions from the systcm for urban/village water use and for irrigation (the two main uses), but there are no such criteria in effect at present. HID may also see fit to set criteria for all types of crop water regardless of whether it enters the cdistribution system, including saline groundwater and drainage/urban wastewater used for irrigation. Water Resources Consolidation Project Condusion: Strategy for Implementing Environmental Component .Factors which support a comprehensive strategy for environmental planning for the Water Resources Consolidation Project are: * The existence of two prior water resources planning sudies that serve as the basis for enviromnental assessment for WRCP, e.g. thc Northwest India Drainage Study and the Water Resources Plan Study; * The type of credit proposed by the Bank, which is a sector credit (irrigation and drainage sector); * The nature of the WRCP which is composed of numerous components, many of which are follow- ups to previous WB credits; * The need for an integrated approach to environmental planning that involves other agencies in the planming process.  Exccutivc Summary4 WB OD 4.00 Anncx A also contains specific dircctivcs which support the proposed approach for cnvironmental asscssmentt. Thcsc dircctives concem (i) regional and scetoral EAs, (ii) intcragency coordination, (iii) involvement of affected groups and (iv) strcngthenin; of cnvironmintal capabilities. Recommendation Therc arc thurce basic steps proposed for environmcntal asscssmcnt for WRCP. Notc initially that approval by GOI and by WB would bc souglht after step one is complete, but bcfore fill EIA is provided for the specific project components. * Step I (Initial Step): preparation of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the WRCP (corresponding to a Soctoral EA) * Step II: Initiation of multisectoral interagency regional environmental planning (emphasizing water resources as the key (or lead) component of the regional plan (corrcsponding to a Regional EA) * Step 111: Preparation of EAs for the individual components of the WRCP, as integrated eomponents, or outgrowths, of the regional environmental plan (corresponding to individual Project EAs) 'nitial Environmental Examination This step should conform to the requirements for a scetoral EA. The components of the IEE consist of preparation of a checklist of environmental issues for the specific components of the WRCP, and a general assessment of their magnitude and potential impact adequate for the respective decision makers within GOI and the Bank to determine whetler ar.y particular component should be omitted from the project. The use of IEE will also allow detailed design of the project components to occur in conjunction with environmcntal assessment, so that suggestions for improvements can be ineorporated into the designs. The IEE will also contain the TOR for the rcgional cnvironmcntal planning projcct, and will idcntify the schedule for submittal of TORs for the EAs for individual projcct components. The IEE should be the basic documeat used for approval of the project by the Bank and by the Govermment of India-, however follow-up EAs will be prepared and should also stand for review through GOI mechanisms The lEE should be prepared by a contract consultant with expertise in enviAromental assessmcnt and environmental program planning for line agencies. A terns of reference (TOR) for the IEE is contained in Annex VI. The IEE and attached documents (including the TOR for the regional environmental planning project) should require approximately six weclks to two months for preparation. Regional Environmental Planning The regional environmental plan (or regional EA) should build upon the work done in the Northwest Drainage Study and the Water Resources Plan Study. It should focus on multisectoral issues related to water use. It should include all topics with potential impacts on water use and quality. The plan should address the total resource, including foreseeable supply and denand, impacts related to water use such as waterlogging, sality and polluted drainage water and secondary impacts related to water use of the ldnds described in this report The plan should lay out a long term strategy for land use and other aspects of human activity that are in conformance with water resources availability, and conponent strategies for management of wastes (both liquid and solid) that maximizm reuse and minimize impacts. There should also be strategic components for alleviating drainage problems over the long term, and for deling with secondary impacts of irrigation water use, including propagation of pests and disease vectors. The regional planning team should work in conjunction with the WRCP project development team to arrive at optimized designs for specific project components. The planning team should provide TORs for the EAs for these components according to a reasonable timetable that allows the individual  L,xeLutive Sumna y 5 compnonents to bc rcviewcd by thc necessary authoritics withiin thc Statc Govcnncni of n laryana and also the Ccntral Govcmmcnt. The regional environmicntal plan should bc preparcd by a working group composed of consultUlits in conjunction with governmcnt counteiparts from IhID, IIDOE, llDOA, PWD(PII), and HPCB, wiah occasional assistance from other agencies. Approxinmatcly two years should bc allowed for preparation of the plan. In addition to prcparation of tic rcgional cnvironimcntal plan, this phasc of thc work should also rcsult in: * institutional and skills strcngtheling of the agencies mcntionied above; * budget support for some or all of those agcticics (with approximate amounts and uses to be detcrmined at thc timc of prcparation of the TOR for the rcgioial plan); * cstablishmcnt of an environmcntal rescarch institutc focusing on water rcsources and related issues along the lincs of NEERI (thc National Environmental Engincring Rcscarci Institutc) at Nagpur; * EAs for project components. Proiect Environmental Assessment These individual assessments should follow specific methodologics that arc dcfincd by die regional planning team. Duplication of infornation can be minimized by this approach. Specific niitigation measures that are necessary to protect the local enviromnent can be takcn up in die individual assessments; however there will not bc a ncod to deal with broad issues, since these will be addressed as part of the regional plan. The EAs for projcet components should be prepared by tile saue group of consultants and govemment counterparts assigned to formulate the regional cnvironmcntal plan. All EAs should be prepared over a period of two years from the start of work on the regional plan. Additional budgets may be rcquired to perform specific asscssment tasks that excced the manpower and capability of the regional plazuiimg tcam. Environmental Management Plan Therc are two stages at which cnvironmental management plans (EMPs) are released for the project. Tlc first is with submittal of thc IEE. Thc EMP for dic project as a whole calls for (i) preparation of a regiona! environmental plan, and (ii) preparation of inidividual EAs for the project components which will be subject to review and approval by GOI. Additional stipulations can also be written into the EMP associated with the IEE; howevcr it will not be necessary to place requirements on individual project components, since these requirements will be enumerated in the EMPs accompanying the individual EAs. These EMPs conistitute the second stage at which EMPs for the project will be provided. FVE YEAR PROGRAM General Activities Conclusion Since water is the principal resource link for all human activitics, since water is the prime mobile media for transport of pollutants to human receptors (bence environmental damage effects), and finally because environmcntal planning has a rccognizcd value as a modem nmanagcment tool widtin the institutional structure of govemment, it seems clcar that HID is the prime candidate for inistituting many of the finctions of cnvironmntal planning, and in consequence, enviromnental management in general.  Executive Summary-6 Planning dcvolvcs onto operational tasks, including monitoring and coordination. Reciprocal links bctwcen monitoring withini the agency, and the tasks of other agcncies allow a feedback to the responsibie agency (cither PCB for regulation, PWD(Pli) for control of urban drainage, or a specific industrial pollutcr), so that actions can be taken to curtail the problem. Specific Responsibilities Recommendation Planninig The Northwest India DrainagB Project and Ihc Water Resources Plan Study should providc a basis for regional environmental planning within HID. The environmental components of thcsc projects should bc cxpanded either by revising the existing TORs or by adding a parallel technical assistance to address water rcsources issues from an cnvironmental perspectivc. The objective of the cnvironmental component should be to dovelop the analytical framework, infrastructure and capability for understanding tic watcr resources systen in Haryana State and its linkages to beneficiares. Other tasks associated with enviromnental managemnent should devolvc from this primary analytical framework, including seetoral management needs (such as a variety of potential criteria related to agricultural practice) watcr quality monitoring within the operational framcwork of HID, and specific aspects of assessment, including those associated with the WRCP. The regional environmental planning project should be coordinated by a Statc-appointed committee with representatives fiom all concerned agencies, and the counterpart tcam for the work should be soconded from cach agency. The team mix should reflcct the relative importance of the rcspcctive agencies in management of the resouree, with HID taking a lead role in implementation. Involvement of other agencies is critical. Baseline information from the Pollution Control Department (PCB) is essential for a complete understanding of water quality in the State. PCB is the only agency in a position to forecast imnrovencents in industrial effluent quality. The regional plan should incorporate pre-feasibility level proposals for centralized industrial treatment facilities where-needed, and siould propose establishment or strcngthcning of industrial cstates equipped with adequate waste management infrastructure. PWD(PH) has a similar role concerning urban wastewater, and a planning unit in this agency should also participate in thc plan formulation. Since HID provides water to urban and industrial users within the State, it is in a position to requcst their participation. Monitoring The monitoring program for HID should be established in conjunction with the regional environmcntal planning project, and should be extended into operational activities foUowing the comnpletion of that project. The program should be complemented by other monitoring performed by the Polution Control Board (PCB) and by PWD(PH), but should not be redundant with activities of these groups. Some additional monitoring functions may be taken on by PCB if it has the manpower, equipment and interest in doing so. HID should undertake three types of monitoring activities: ambient, surveilance and discharge monitoring. Ambient mnonitoring establishes basic features of water quality within the system (including irrigation canals and drainage system). Surveillance monitoring is intended to identify impacts on the system by discharges of urban and industrial wastevater and agricultural runoff. Discharge monitoring provides data on the quality of drainage water as it leaves the system, e.g. is discharged into the main river systems. Environmental Assessment HID should perform EA work for project components within the framework of the regional environmental management plan. In some cases specific envimental assesment tasks can be  contracted to consulting organizations and rcscarch institutcs. Non-govcrnmcntal organizations (NGOs) may also fill specific EA task assignnicnts especially in the areas of social and culturml valucs. Coordination HID is rcsponsiblc for thc distribution and drainage of suifacc and groundwatcr rcsources throughout the Statc, and should coordinatc with HPCB, HDOE and othcr agcncics in maintaining bencficial uscs of thcsc watcrs. Intemal Strengthening Intcrnal strcngthcning of HID in environmcntal managcmcnt skills should occur in conjunction with formulation of the regional environmcntal plan. Training proposals set forth in the report are for impiemcntation over a five year tinic span. Personnel Overall personnel assigned to cnvironmental management tasks within IUD should consist of the following: * Executivc Engineer (I) * Assistant Engineer (2) * Junior Engineer (3) e Other personnel as dcfined by future activitics Equipment Essential cnvironmcntal monitoring and data processing oquipment should obtained and placed into use as part of the regional planning projcct. Ultimatcly the items of oquipment may bc held by dcpartmcnts other than HID, depcnding on which agencies naintain final rcsponsibility ovcr specific environmental management tasks. Training Tlhree main avcnucs for training should be pursued: D Counterpart on-the-job training via the regional environmcntal planning project - Study tour for Superintending and Chief Enginecrs for a duration of onc month in the USA (or elsewhere) in order to familiarize themselves with approaches for cnvironmental managemcnt of irrigation projects - Masters dcgrec study for two Assistant and/or Junior Engineers in Environmental/Water Resources Engineering (assuming thesc individuals can be bound to a period of tenure within the Department following their return. Outside Technical Support Outside support for the enviromnental managemcnt program should come in the form of a consultancy to assist in the preparation of the regional enviromnental plan and associated EAs for WRCP project components. Public Awareness The regional environmental plan should support a comprehensive public awareness program which encompasses the public participation needs of the EAs for project components. The public awarcness campaign should bc initiated as a joint effort of the HID and other water ranagement agencies in Haryana State, specifically the Dcpartment of Environment. Institutional Framework The institutional frmework involves fonnation of an Environmental Unit within the R&D Division, and placemet of individuals in key locations within other units, depending on which types of activities predominate within the Department at any given period of time. First Phase  Exccutivc Summary-8 Thc major impetus is providcd by the rcgional planning projcct. The Exccutivc Engineer should be located within tie R&D Division of HID, supported by a singlc Assistant Engineer. Together these personnel should constitutc thc E[nvironmental Ccil within HID and coordinate counterpart efforts in thc planning project. An Assistant Enginecr should bc located within the project Division to intcrfacc environmcntal planning with project design work. This person should be responsibie for implementation of thc EAs for project componcnts. Hc is part of the Environmental Ccll also, but is assigned to Projects for the duration of the design wvork. Second Phase Following the commcncemcnt of construction activities, a singic Junior Engineer should be assignod to the construction division to assure that construction impacts are minimized and othcr conditions associated with dtc EMPs are carried out. The two remaining Junior Engineers continuc to support regional planning and EA work through the Environmental Ccil in the R&D Division. Third Pbase This phase is distinguished by thc cnd of the regional planning work, and complction of the EA and design work associated with the WRCP. It is mosdy taken up with ongoing operational activities. Environmcntal components of operations arc defined during the course of environmental plan development, but may involvc monitoring water quality, balancing conjunctivc usc schemes involving treated wastewater and saline groundwater, maintaining field drainagc courses, and monitoring long term activitics associated with thc enviromnental management plan. Coordination should originate from the Environment Unit within R&D. Individual environmental ofricers should be assigned to the threc main operational groups: canals, lift irrigation schemes, and drainage. These persons will report to the Executive Engincer in chargc of Enviromnent, but will work within these other units to maintain close contact with activities having potential environmental impact. RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITY ACTION PLAN Note: The following is reproduced in entirety from the final Chapter of the report. The base year is 1993. Thc double asterisk in placc of a bullet indicates a critical activity which should take place vithin the framework of the regional cnvironmcntal plan. Not all activities occurring within the plan framework are described in the priority action plan. Year One - Establish a Joint Executive Comnittee for Environmental Management within the Haryana State Govermnent, composed of senior level officials from respective water management agencies, in particular HID, HPCB, HDOE HDOA and PWD(PH), and chaired by a representative of the State Secretariat. * Form the Environmnental Unit within HID by appointment of an Executive Engineer to the responsibility of Environmental Management Coordinator of HID. (Alenatively, an Assistant Engineer may be appointed to the position and promoted after the first year.) * Prepare the IEE and Sectoral EA for the WRCP, and formulate a comprehensive TOR for a Statewide regional environmental plan focusing on multisectoral aspects of water resources. * Identify and expedite funding mechanisms for the regional plan in order at benefits can be shared among various water management agencies within the Haryana State Government, specifically HID, HDOE, HPCB and PWD(PH). * Begin the regional environmental plan project by the last quarter of year one.  Executivc Summary-9 Year Two * Makc additional personncl assignments to tdie Environmcnl Unit within HID. * Perform EAs for WRCP project components. * Set initial investmt requiremcnts for an ambicnt watcr quality monitoring laboratory, to be initially managed by thc regional planning teatn, with final assignment of responsibility postponed until completion of the plan. * Establish the monitoring program for HID in conjunction with the regional cnvironmental planning project, and extend it into operational activities following the completion of that projcct. * Utilize existing monitoring facilities of the Pollution Control Board (PCB) to support thc project until additional facilities can be developed. ** Develop criteria for water entering the irrigation system, either from main stream allocations, from runoff and drainage water, or from saline or fresh conjunctive usc water. Develop a framework for invcstment and mobilization for the enviromental research institute focusing on water resources and irrigation managemrent issues. * Establish water quality criteria to control the quality of extractions from the system for urban/village water use and for irrigation. ** Support a comprehensive public awareness program which cncompasses the public participation needs of the EAs for project components. The public awareness campaign should be initiated as a joint effort of the HID and other water management agencies in Haryana State, specifically the Department of Environment. ** Develop and implement a study tour for Superintending and Chief Engineers for a duration of one month in the USA (or elsewhere) in order to familiarize senior officials with approaches for environmental management of irrigation projccts. ** Set criteria for all types of crop water regardless of whethcr it enters the distribution system, including saline groundwater and drainage/urban wastewater used for irrigation. Year Three ** Identify priorty investment projects for environmental protection within the State- ** Provide counterpart on-the-job training via the regional environmental planning project * Provide masters degree study for two Assistant and/or Junior Engineers in EnvironmentalWater Resources Engineering. * Conclude the regional planning projcct. Year Four * Reassign HID environmental personnel from project related activities to irrigation and dminage divisions.  Exccutivc Summary-1o * Impicmcnt thc opcrational framncwork for Statcwidc cnvironmcntal-cum-walcr rcsourccs managcmcnt. Year Five * Implcmcnt the investmcnt rocommendations of the regional environmcnt plan, spocifically thosc concrning urban and industrial wastewatcr and solid wastc managcmncnt.  1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background on Consultancy Two rajor credit facilities by the World Bank to support the Haryana Irrigation Department (HID) in Haryana State havc highlighted specific cnvironmcntal issues associated with water resources dcvelopment. Haryana Irrigation [ (1978 - 1983) and Irrigation 11(1983 - 1992) Projects both sought to increasc the cfficicncy of irrigation water usc througlh lining of canals and improvcmcnts in methods of irrigation. The Haryana Watcr Resources Consolidation Project (WRCP) is a follow-up to these prcvious credits, and is the basis for the prcsont assignment. There arc two thrusts to the prcscnt rcport: lIhc first involves issues surrounding the major planning initiatives, including niulLisectoral aspects of water resources allocations and drainage and salinity problems. The second involves overall environmental impact of the activities of HID in general, and, in particular, potential impacts stemming from the WRCP. A conclusion of the present report is that. while direct environmcntal impacts from HID activities are minor and can be dealt with through simple mitigation measures. there is a justifiable scopc for rcgional environmental planning for water resources development using a multisectoral approach. Previous projects highlighted the extent of waterlogging and soil salinity witiin the State. Studies which followed on the last credit have been directed at regional drainage altenatives (Ref 1.3) and also at more localized solutions which introduce alternative cropping practices and use of local disposal methods for excess salt (Ref. 1.2). The World Bank has proposed additional analysis of mgional drainage, within the context of a two year study which incorporates extensive modeling of surface and groundwater flows (Ref. 1.8). In addition, a Statewide water resources allocation study ("the Water Resources Plan Study") will begin in the early part of next year (1993), and will provide the basis for a comprehensive review of water related issues within the State. The WRCP is geared to further optimizing use of water within the approximately two million ha of cultivable land within die State through further channel lining, extension and lining of watercourses, and development of spray irrigation as a means of dealing with undulating topography in the southern portion of Haryana. There arc other components as well, including the opening of newly irrigated areas. The World Bank will provide approximately 90 percent of the finds needed for implementation of the project. Environmental reporting requirements within the Government of India (GOI) and within the Bank need to be met in the course of project development. In conjunction with these stipulations, there is a need to address the critical issues of waterlogging and soil salinity, as well as to develop a comprehensive perspective on cnvironmental management in general within HID, in order to prepare the agency for dealing with all types of eventualities and project development components. The agency needs;o be empowered to act confidently and with responsibility in all aspects of project development, incorporating modern enviromnmental management perspectives in the course of project implementation. 1.2. Consultant Terns of Reference The Table of Contents for the present report is based on the consultant's termas of reference (TOR) for the present assignment, which can be found in Annex 11. 1.3. Objective The objective of the present assigmnent is to assist HID in defining a clear and sensible strategy for environmental management and identifying an action plan for meeting environmental requiremnts and responsibilities; and to provide necessary information for implernerting the strategy and action plan.  2 1.4. Methodology Tnic methodology consists of a review of availabic infoniation concerning irrigation dcvclopment in Haryana, natural resources and physical featurcs, principal planning issucs, and environmcntal rcquircmcnts of die Govcrnment and of the Bank; discussion with officials of HID and othcr State agencies concerning resource and environmental managcment activities; and devclopment of a plan that provides HID with a basis for cntry into environmental management in keeping with thcir present level of know how and available resources. Discussion of findings and conclusions occurs along witi devclopmcnt of the plan. In particular thc methodology includes the following key activities: * review the full scope of activities carried out by HID, and identify the environmental issues likely to be faced by HID in implementation of current and future activities associated with a State- wide water resources consolidation plan * identify the groups which may be affcted by HID activitics * identify service responsibilities of HID, as a basis for establishing its jurisdiction in water resources management * identify administrative, operational and techmical functions which HID engages in to fulfill service responsibilities * identify existing linkages and working arrangements with other agcncies which HID supports in carrying out service responsibilities a propose alternative approaches, and identify a rational set of activities, for meeting cnvironmental management responsibilities * develop a reasonable and acccptable scope of activities in tie form of a five-year program for HID in envirornental managemcnt X prepare a priority action plan which will initiate thC five year program, to be implemented within the next one - to two years 1.5. Rationale HID is the lead agency in Haryana State for water resources management. Since water is the principal feature in environmental management within most situations, and especially those where agricultural activity represents the major income producing activity, it seems appropriate that HID take on the lead line agency role for environmental management within the Haryana State Govrnmment. This role is not preemptive of responsibilities held by the Pollution Control Board (for regulation of effluents) and by the Public Works Departnent (Public Health) (concrning provision of water and sanitation facilities), but rather focuses on comprehensive water resource-cum-environmental planning and coordination among other agencies for naximum efficiency in utilization of the resource. It should be recognized that piecemeal environmental issues associated with HID activities are not severe, and would not in themselves necessitate the allocation of significant agency resources for adequate mitigation. Nevertheless, water resources planning is critical to the future of Haryana State, and it is a multisectoral, hence environmental, issue. HID is the only agency that can take on this planning role. The HID can develop a pro-activc approach to environmental management which will provide a basis for future planning. Sound enviromnental management is a type of project modermization in line with other technological features of project design (computers, automated controls, improved construction practices, and the like). There are real and direct benefits from adopting a sound environmental approach for project design, which extend beyond, indeed dwarf, benefits related specifically to obtaining approvals from governmental and funding agencies. An environmental perspective on project design is always represented by a broader more fundamental view of relationships, providing higher levels of responsibility to be adopted for dealing with future uncertainties, and leading to sustainable systems.  3 HID needs to havc the capability for properly mitigating impacts from a wide rangc of futurc potential projct components, a capabilily whicil comes from having, in-house, thc fundamcntal skills for environmental revicw. At tUlC least, HID sbould bc abie to asecrtain thc features of quality environmental engincering work, and to fit those work components into an ovcrall managcmcnt viewpoint, to plan for eventualitics, and to prepare itscif for correcting impacts on broad or minor scales. 1.6. Report Organization ilic report (i) provides in Chaptcr 2 an ovcrvicw of cnvironmcntal roles and rclationships, sinec all environmcntal work involves managmcuent, c.g. the coordination of relationships among various active working groups, beneficiaries and affected parties; (ii) describes in Claptcr 3 HID activities, responsibilities and admiinistcred functions to dctermine which of thcse have environmental consequcnces, or can be adjusted to include environmental managcment tasks; (iii) identifies in Chapter 4 existing vertical or lateral relationships wiLh othcr agencics, sinee these arc critical for providing a functional management systcm; (iv) describes in Chapter 5 alternative approaches for environmcntal management and some of the tasks and responsibilities associated with these alternatives; and (v) selects in Chapter 6 a preferred rational approach for HID, and describes the resources and manpower needed for implementing the preferred approach; including a five year development program for environmental management in terms of fimctions, institutional development and the relationship of HID with its service and affectcd public. The report concludes in Chaptcr 7 with a set of recommendations fort a priority action plan for the next 18 months. Annexes include: (i) references, (ii) terms of reference for tie present study, (iii) review abstracts for selected references, (iv) mninutes of meetings undertaken during the assignment, (v) additional comments on environmental aspects of the proposed scope for the WRCP including a TOR for an initial environmental examnmation and sectoral cnvironmcntal asscssment, and (vi) WB guidelincs for cnvironmcntal assessment for irrigation and drainage projects. 1.7. Acknowledgments I wish to thank the staff in the Project Division of the Haryana Irrigation Department for their assistance in researching the present report, in particular Mr. R. K. Bhatia, Chief Engineer, and Mr. S. R. Malhotra, Superintending Engineer. Numerous other individuals provided assistance, including Mr. B. S. Jain, Executivc Engineer in the Projcct Division, and those in other agencies including HSMITC (Dr. B. S. Taniwar, Director of Groundwater), the Pollution Control Board (Mr. Uday Veer Singh, Director), the Department of Environment (Mr. R. N. Malik, Joint Director), PWD(PH) (Mr. S. Bhola, Superintending Engineer), the Health Departnent and the Departnent of Agriculture. Other individuals both wihiin and outside the Department of Irrigation assisted in the present study, and their dedication and advice is greatly appreciated.  4 2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: ISSUES AND RELATIONSHIPS Tiis chaptcr provides an overvicw of rclationships among fomWal and informal groups conceming cnvironmental managcmcnt, and dcscribcs various approacies for linc agcncics to take in dcaling with cnvironmcntal managcmcnt issucs. Thc purpose of this chaptcr is to provide HID with a perspective on its potential rolc in environmcntal activity. Environmcntal issucs always involvc causc-and-cffcct rclationships. Gcnerally wc are concerned with the impact of human activity on cnvironmcntal rcsources and values, and in turn the effect of degradation or cnhancement or thosc valucs on uscrs of the rcsource or valuc. The various roles in this rclationship can be charactcrized as the initiator role, which is the group which sponsors, or initiates, the acLivity, and the beneficial uscr of the rcsource, which in gencral is the group which is affected by the activity. Thc linkagc between the initiator and the uscr is thc resource, which is a physical. biological, socio-economic, cultural or quality of life valuc. Rcsources may also be linked, so that an impact on a physical resource then affects a biological resourec before becoming spoecifically detrimcntal to a beneficial user. With respect to those environmental issues associated with HID activities, HID may be the initiator or the beneficial uscr, depending on the resource which is being affected. 2.1. Types of Environmental Issues Agency activities and projects arc geared to improving quality-of-life for the bcneficiarics. In some cases unforeseen effects occur that cause negative impacts. Rcsources are affected in unforeseen ways and beneficial users of those resources are potcntially affectod in a manner that reduces their quality- of-life. In some cases the resource may be affecd without any consequent effect on a beneficial user, or the "user" may be uncounted individuals making up future generations. Examples: * Extension of an irrigation system into new areas may introduce habitats for mnosquito breeding with a potential for spread of malaria into the new area. Impact is on public health, a socio-ccononic value. * Irrigation in heavy clay soils withl improper subsoil drainage can lead to waterlogging. The impact is on a physical (soil) resource, and the beneficial user is the farmer who no longer can obtain full productive usc of the land. (In this case, prior to introduction of irrigation the faoner practiced rain-fed agriculture, so in a sense the farmer benefits for a period following irrigation and prior to the waterlogged condition, and then his benefits decrease. * Drainage of saline water is provided for a local area, with discharge to a regional river. Discharges of inorganic mineral salts affect water quality (a physical resouree) and in turn the biological system may be affected (e.g. there is an impact on fisheries and other aquatic life in the river). Beneficial uses of both the physical resource (the water) or the biological resource (the fish) may be affected. 2.1.1. Affected Groups These are the "beneficial users" of the resource. In the above three examples the beneficial users include (i) local inhabitants in the newly irrigated area and who live in the area of higher disease incidence, (ii) the fiarmer whose land is affected by waterlogging, and (iii) any number of groups, such as industry owners who use the river water for cooling, and fishermen whose livelihoods are affected. There are at least two cases where HID is an "afficcted group" involving cause-and-effect relationships with environmental issues: Examples:  5 * Villagc and town drainage enicrs lIlD clhnneis and/or drainagc ways, aficcting eithcr the quality of the water or depositing solids wlicii affect stream cross sections and flow charactcristics. * Upstreamn watcrshed management is poor and human activities, including anima! grazing, hillside cropping and tree fclling, contribute to higier crosion rates with a consequent inerease in sedimcnt loads into the sources for irrigation water for the HID. Thc physical resource (water) is degraded and the bcncficial uscr (HID) pays for added maintenance burdens. The initiator in this case may be any number of unidentified parties (individuals) who contribute to watershod dcgradation. 2.1.2. Project Components and Environmental Impacts The identification of cause-and-effect rclationships between initiators and users, and the intervening resource degradation, is called environmental impact assessment (EIA), or in bank parlance environmental assessment (EA). EA is generally considered to be a function of project development; however an extended form, that is uncoupled to any specific projects, is called regional environmcntal planning. The techniques are similar, exeept that the latter approach focuses on a geographical area, such as Haryana State, rather than a specific development project, and provides an environmental strategy within which environmentally sound projects can takc place. In the case with HID, the regional environmcntal plan would focus on raw water resources, would consider a wide variety of linkages to othcr aspects of water use (and indeed other human activities), and would devise a long term strategy for sustainable management of the resouree. The strategy would identify projects which could then take place according to a timetable of action. The cnviromental soundness of individual projects is in a sense guaranteed by this approach, as long as the regional plan is environmentally sound. Exarnples: T hlie WRCP identifies critical areas for improved drainage using horizontal drains, and includes a component in the project budget for providing drains for a total of 11,000 ha in the project area. Howvcvcr it is difficult to say conclusively whether the budget and targeted area is sufficient to head off the problem over the long term. A regional plan is needed which considers the frill scope of this issue and prcscribes a timetable for implementation of successive project components. Such a plan would consider temporal trends in the extent and severity of waterlogging and soil salinity, long term objectives, productivity needs, financial resources, ultimate disposal options for salt, potential conjunctive use schemes, agency capabilities and other factors. * Water quality continues to worsen both up- and downstrcan in the raw water supply system. Specific projects address the issue in a piecemeal fashion by providing demonstration projects for urban wastewater management, instituting new controls on industries and with components for treatment of the watershed. Despite these efforts it is never clear to HID the long term trends in water quality, or what needs to be done to phase in a system for sustainable use of the resource. This again is a subject for rcgional environmental planning. * Urban and indusrial growth will continue and a long term prediction of water resource needs must be considered. HID has as its priority the provision of village water supplies, and as a second priority the provision of irrigation water to fiamers. The question of highest value use needs to be addressed as a basis for reorienting priorities in water allocations. This is a topic to be undertaken within the context of a regional environmental plan. The Northwest India Drainage Study and the Water Resources Plan Study both provide excellent foundations upon which rcgional cnvironmental planning can take place within HID. Further discussion of these projects is provided in Sections 5.2 and 6.2. 1. The GOI and WB both require EA for specific types of projects; however sound planning and management should also support the development of a regional environmental plan in conjunction, or in precedcnce to, project development. Many aspects of long term planning can only bc addressed in the  6 context of regional plans. IL}D can obtain approval for Its projccts through EA, but the real bcncfits of environmental management arc bcst realized througih a broadcr and morc comprehensive approach. HID alrcady perfonrs sonic of the functions of regional planning as a necessary adjunct to irrigation system planning; however the regional cnviromnental planning viewpoint can yieid more inclusivc and sustainabic rcsults. It should be mentioned that all EA work involvcs rxconuncndations for mitigation of environmental effects. These recommendations arc gencrally contained within a separatc section of thc EA report ca!led the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 2.1.3. System Boundary and Externalities Many of the issues described above have already been considered by HID, and in a sense environmental management is notling more than a more comprehensive approach to program planning. An extcrnality is an unforeseen effect from project activities. Just as channel leakage and consequent rise in groundwater levels is (or was) an externality of earlier project development activities, which have since bcen considered in project design and thus internalized, so there are other potential externalities which can result from present project development activities. Good environmental management considers the full scope of cxtemalities and incorporates all of them into the overall project design. Oftcn there arc no direct benefits to the implementing agency for this approach; however if the rights of all peopie are to be considercd, this should not be a deterring factor. The WB and GOI require EA for projects in order to be assured that rights of groups other than direcet beneficiaries are being considered. 2.2. Approaches to Environmental Management for Line Agencies Regional (Statewide) environmental planning can be a valuable component of sector Iending programs, and can be "piggy-backed" on loans. Environmcntal assessment for projects can take place within, or in parallel with, the regional environmental strategy. Environmental projects usually involve institutional strengthening so that the mechanics of cnvironmental analysis can be incorporated into ongoing agency firnctions. A mix of in-house skills and contract support can be relied upon to provide the necessary environmental asscssment work. Some possibic combinations of in-house and contract support are described below:..... * The "minimum effort approach" involves meeting requiremcnts for project approval, which can bc had by (i) hiring a single cxpert to preparc a terms of reference for an EA, and hiring a consulting firm (such as WAPCOS) to perform the work. The EMP is then implemented on a piecemeal basis by different agencies and there is generally no effort to track the progress of the EMP components.