Tanzania - Coconut Pilot Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 8626 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA COCONUT PILOT PROJECT IDA CREDIT 1070-TA MAY 8, 1990 Agriculture Operations Division Southern Africa Department Africa Regional Office This document has a resticted distribution and may be used by redipients only In the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorizatIon.  CUURERCY LQOTVALENT Current Units - Tanzania Shillings (TSh) US$ 1.00 (1980) - TSh 8.30 (1980) US$ 1.00 (1980) SDR 0.755068 (1980) USS 1.00 (Sept. 1989) TSh 140.00 (Sept. 1989) US$ 1.00 (Sept. 1989) - SDR 0.772908 (Sept. 1989) VEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System ABBRIVIATIONS CPP - Coconut Pilot Project DCA - Development Credit Agreement EAT - East Africa Tall (coconut variety) FAO/CP - FAO Cooperative Program FRG - Federal Republic of Germany GOT - Government of Tanzania GTZ - German Agency for Technical Cooperation IRHO - Institut de Recherches pour les Huiles Oleagineux LD - Lethal Disease MALD - Kinistry of Agriculture and Livestock Development NCDP - National Coconut Development Program PCR - Project Completion Report VAT - West Africa Tall (coconut variety) FISCAL YEAR Government - July 1 - June 30  7RO -KU LUUONLY THE WORLD BANK Washgton. >D.C. 20433 U.S.A. C0kv o OD.cttGCwdan May 8, 1990 MEMORANDUM TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS AND THE PRESIDENT SUBJECT: Project C ampletion Report on Tanzania Coconut Pilot Prolect (Credit 1070-TA) Attached, for information, is a copy of a report entitled "Project Completion Report on Tanzania - Coconut Pilot Project (Credit 1070-TA)" prepared by the FAO/CP Investment Center and the Africa Regional Office with Part II of the report contributed by the Borrower. No audit of this project has been made by the Operations Evaluation Department at this time. Yves Rovani by Ram K. Chopra Attachment This document has a restridcd distdbution and may be used by recipieats only In the pefance of their offlcil dutie Its contents may not otherwise be dickeed without World lBank auiati.  FOR OMCML USE ONLY PROJECT COHPLETION REPORT UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA COCONUT PILOT PROJECT (IDA CREDIT 1070-TA) Table of Contents Pane No. PREFAC ....... *.*......... **......... ..................... EVALUATION SUNMORY ... .......... **......... 1 PART I - PROJECT REVIEW FROK BANK'S PERSPECTIVE Project Identity . ......................... .......... 5 Background ..........*................ *..... ... S Project Objectives & Description ...................... 6 Project Design and Organization ....................... 7 Project Implementation ... ............................. 8 Project Results ................................... 9 Project Sustainability ..... ........................... 11 Baak Performance ................ ...................... 12 Consulting Services ....................... .............. 12 Project Docuentation and Data ........................ 12 PART II - PROJECT REVIEW FROM BORROVER'S PERSPECTIVE Project Design and Organization ....................... 14 Project Performance ................................. 14 Project Impact and Sustainability ..................... 1S Bank Performance ..........................* ........... .. 17 The Consulting Services .. ......... .................... 17 The Performance of Borrower ..................... .... 17 Lessons to be Learnt ....... ........................... 18 Adequacy and Accuracy of Information In Part III ...... 18 PART III - TABLES - STATISTICAL INPORMATION 1 - Related Bank Loans andlor Credits ............. .. 19 2 - Project Timetable .......4 ...................... 20 3 - Cumulative Estimated and Actual Disbursements ... 21 4 - Project Implementation .......................... 22 5 - Project Costs/Project Financing ... .............. 23 6 - Project Results ................................. 25 7 - Compliance with Credit Conditions .. ............. 26 8 - Use of Bank Resources . .......................... 27 9 - Training Program ................................ 28 10 - Short-Term Consultancies ..... ................... 29 MAP - IBRD 114814R2 - TANZANIA COCONUT PILOT PROJECT (1980) This document has a restricted distributiocn and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their offMcial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  - i - UNITED REJLIC OF TANZANIA COCONUT PILOT PIOJECT (ID CREDIT 1070-TA) PROJECT COmPLETIOn REPORT This is the Project Completion Report (PCR) for the Coconut Pilot Project in the United Republic of Tanzania, for which Credit 1070-TA in the amount of SDR 5.2 million was approved on October 24, 1980. The credit was closed on March 31, 1989, 3 years behind schedule. It was fully disbursed and the last disbursement was on September 19, 1989. The PCR was jointly prepared by the Agriculture Operations Division of Southern Africa Department (Preface and Evaluation Summary), the FAO/CP Investment Center (Part I and IIT), and the Borrower (who prepared Part II after receiving Parts I and III). The German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), on behalf of the Federal Republic of Germany, was also involved during the preparation of Parts I and III. Preparation of this PCR was started in January 1989 and is based on the Staff Appraisal Report; the Credit Agreement; project progress reports; supervision reports; correspondence between IDA and the Borrower; and internal Bank memoranda.  PROJDCT COMPLETiOnw RPORT UNITED U P8UILC OF TANZANIA COCONT _PLO PROJECT (IDA CREDIT 1070-TA) EVALUATION SUMQERY Orl in 1. The Coconut Pilot Project was the 20th Bank/IDA supported agricultural development project in Tanzania, with a credit amount of SDR5.2 million for research and development. The Bank's development strategy in the agricultural sector at the time was to achieve a more balanced regional growth and more equitable income distribution through supporting self sufficiency in food crops and export crops. The continuing decline in copra production, turning Tanzania into a vegetable oil importing instead of exporting country and the increasing demand for fresh coconuts caused the Government to place greater emphasis on coconut development. At the time of villagization (Ujamaa) little replanting was done, while the occurrence of Lethal Disease (LD) and pests even further reduced the production of generally poorly managed coconut groves (Part I, para 3). 2. With technical assistance from the Federal Republic of Germany, through the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), a US$4.0 million pilot phase of a National Coconut Development Program (NCDP) was launched in April 1979 in order to study a) the production constraints caused by diseases and pests, b) examine the potential of introducing new planting materials from abroad and c) to strengthen the coconut research and extension services through the specialist training of Tanzanian staff. The FRG supported program would also assist in the establishment of a seed multiplication unit and the formulation of a coconut development master plan (Part I, para 4). 3. To expand NCDP's activities, IDA together with GOT and FRG designed a complementary Coconut Pilot Project (CPP), aiming over a five-year period to help to develop a strong base for the future rehabilitation of the Tanzanian coconut industry (Part I, para 5). The CPP was approved in October 1980. Obiectives 4. The main objectives of the CPP were to assist NCDP in the formulation of a technical package for improved production of coconuts, provide seed farms for the production of hybrid seed nuts, and the training of local staff for the planning and implementation of future large- scale coconut projects. To achieve the objectives, maximum cooperation and coordination of activities was ensured by having GTZ providing overall project management for both the NCDP and CPP under the Ministry of Agriculture (Part I, para 6).  -2- Imnlemtation Uxueriene 5. Overall project implementation was successful, in particular in setting up the hybrid seed farms in Mafia and Zanzibar (Part I, para 9). After a hesitant start the proposed components were executed more or less in time with the exception of construction works, which only reached 75Z of the project target by March 31, 1989, the extended project closing date, due to initial shortages and price increases of materials, and irregular GOT funding to finance local costs (Part I, para 11). In various instances GTZ had to bail out the project with its own funds (Part II, para 6.2). To reduce overhead costs and to overcome shortages of local counterpart staff, GTZ made good use of German volunteers in farm management and post- graduates in research. 6. Research and training activities were undertaken as planned, but in hindsight the planning of research activities could have been more discipline specific as for the NCDP program, rather than placing the emphasis on general crop husbandry (maintenance and rehabilitation) and demonstration trials which were in general poorly designad and maintained and consequently did not provide sufficient reliable data in the relatively short period of the project (Part I1, para 2.2). As for the training under CPP, more long term training courses abroad for coconut specialists and project management could have been included (Part II, para 2.3). On the other hand PRG provided extensive long term training programs for local NCDP staff (Part I, para 20). 7. Not sufficient coconut specific, agro technical know-how was provided in the preparation and early implementation of the project which was later partly rectified by a greater involvement of agricultural specialists in supervision missions (Part I, para 27). The earlier indicated deficiencies in the overall planning and design of the CPP part of research and training activities can only be explained by an under estimation of the time required to properly implement research and development projects, in particular for long term treecrops, like coconut. On the other hand valuable experience has been gained in this pilot project to better understand Tanzania's research needs in coconut development, as proposed under the new Cashew and Coconut Treecrops Project. 8. Actual project costs amounted to US$8.1 million, compared to US$6.8 million, estimated at appraisal (Part II1, table 5). The exchange rate at the time of appraisal was TSh 8.3 to the US$ and had risen to TSh 140.0 at the end of the extended implementation period of eight years. Results 9. Although project implementation proved to be successful in managerial and physical terms, the expected research results were disappointing. The imported PB 121 hybrid and locally produced coconut hybrids with imported polle!*n from the West Africa Tall coconut variety, did not show any particular tolerance to the Tanzania specific Lethal Disease  -3- (LD) (Part I, para 13) or tolerance to drought conditions. However, the imported hybrids and parental materials were in the first place selected for increased nut yields, which is clearly shown in those areas where neither the LD nor drought is a serious problem. On the other hand, there are encouraging results on the Mainland that some tolerance to LD and drought can be found in sub-populations of the local indigenous East African Tall (EAT) palms (Part I, pars 13; Part II, paras 3.1, 3.2). 10. A relevant coconut specific research program and 2 hybrid seed gardens have been developed which were not there before (Part II, para 3.5). 11. Local nurseries have shown that there is an increasing demand for hybrid seedlings and that farmers are willing to pay high prices for quality seedlings. A problem noticed at the nursery level is the high incidence (more than 51) of inbred seedlings, which is the result of poor and not timely emasculation of the male inflorescences at the two hybrid seed farms (Part I, para 19; Part II, para 3.5). 12. Although not statistically designed, a number of crop husbandry trials indicated economic benefits of clean weeding and intercropping of food crops in existing coconut groves; in particular if fertilizer is applied to the food crops instead of the palms. (Technical Annex) 13. Other problem areas requiring continued research are the biological control of the Coreid bug (Pseudotheraotus waYi) and the Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes monoceros c. v), two of the main coconut pests in Tanzania (Part I, paras 14, 17). Sustainability 14. Project benefits can only be achieved in the medium and long term, by continuing the present long term research activities and enhancing some of them (see Recosmendations in Technical Annex) in order to obtain reliable results on which to base a larger scale coconut development program. Given the present lack of technical expertise and financial resources in Tanzania, the research can only be sustained if adequate financial and technical support remain available in the near future and this has been provided in the Cashew and Coconut Treecrops Project (Part I, para 23) 15. The seed farms can only be sustained when operated on a (semi) commercial basis. Findints and Lessons Learned 16. Research projects should be designed with a long term view; even more so when treecrops are involved (Part 3, paras 7, 12). 17. Adequate technical inputs from international treecrops research and production specialists should be provided right from the preparation stage of the project and all through the implementation (Part I, para 27; Part II, para 2.2). GTZ management would in that case have been  -4- more confident in making optimal use of all available consultancy funds, instead of relying heavily on SRH0 (Institut de Recherches pour lea Huileb Oleagineuz), who provided the PB 121 hybrid seednuts, WAT's pollen and most of the technical advice. 18. The Vest Africa Tall (VAT) father palm is not providing specific LD (Tanzania) and drought tolerances in the imported PB 121 (Malaysia Yellow Dwarf x VAT) and locally produced hybrids. These tolerances have now to be found in the local, indigenous East Africa Tall (EAT) sub-populations and should receive the main focus in research and in the hybridization program for the Mainland, together with intensive selection for tolerances and compatibility In dwarf mother palms from around the world (Part 1, para 22). 19. Although GTZ is gradually handing over all managerial activities to local NCDP stt.ff, managerial staff training should continue and be expanded (Part 1, para 25). Coconut research specialist training will continue to be financed by PRG.  - 5 - IANZANIA COCONUT PILOT PROJECT PROJFCT COMPLETION REPORT PART I PROJECT REVIEW FROM BANK'S PERSPECTIVE MAIN FINDINGS AND LESSONS LEARNED Project Identitv Project Name: Coconut Pilot Project Credit Number: 1070-TA RVP Unit: Africa Country: United Republic of Tanzania Sector: Agriculture Rackkgrund 1 Tanzania is primarily an agricultural country, with about 80X of its population living in the rural areas, the agricultural sector contributing about 502 of GOP and accounting for more than 75X of total exports. With the exception of a small area of private estates and parastatal operations, the majority of producers are smallholders with an average holding about 1.2 ha. Agriculture performance during the 1970s was disappointing, real agricultural GOP grew at a pace well below the population growth rate (over 3X p.a.), leading to an increasing dependance on food imports such as maize, rice, wheat and edible oils. During the same period agricultural exports consisting mainly of coffee, cotton, sisal and cashewnuts declined. 2 The coconut industry is very important in the coastal regions of Tanzania. Coconuts account for about 40% of the vegetable oils and fat consumed in the country. Fresh nuts are used as drink-nuts or for the extraction of home produced oil used for cooking; dried or fire-cured coconuts (copra) are industrially processed for extraction of vegetable oil; the residual copra cake is used as animal feed; and the coconut tree provides roofing and construction material, mats and fuel. Coconuts are grown over an area of about 240,000 ha, predominantly by smallholders. Coconut groves are intercropped with a range of annual and perennial crops (cassava, maize, citrus, etc.), they are often poorly managed and yields are generally low. Estimates suggest an annual average yield of less than 30 nuts per palm, while well managed hybrid trees on suitable soil can produce more than double (65 nuts/year).  -6- 3 Before 1980 very little attention was paid to promote coconut production through public agricultural services. Apart from some limited research in the Chambezi and Tanga regions during the 1970s, practically no technological package for improved husbandry was developed and no coconut extension services existed. There were no reliable sources of good s.-ed nuts for distribution of seedlings to farmers. Moreover, in some regions (Tanga, Pangani and Bagamoyo) an estimated 25% of palms were affected by Lethal Disease (LO) and major insect pests were causing considerable damage to palms. Few replantings were taking place and since almost three quarters of Tanzania's coconut palms were over 50 years old, coconut production was declining steadily. 4 lo initiate the rehabilitation. of the coconut industry, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MALD) with the assistance of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) established in 1979, the National Coconut Development program (NCOP). The program was initially intended to (i) develop pest and disease control measures; (ii) examine the potential for introducing improved varieties and production of quality seednuts and disease and drought tolerant planting materials; (iii) train Tanzanian staff in husbandry and extension techniques; and (iv) assist the GOT in the preparption of a Coconut Master Plan. The programmeme was implemented by the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). Proieet Obiectives and Description 5 To expand NCDP activities a Coconut Pilot Project was designed in 1980, aiming, over a five-year period, to help to develop a strong base for the future rehabilitation of the coconut industey in Tanzania. More specifically, the project was to assist in the formulation of a technical package for improved production of coconuts, provide seed gardens for production of hybrid seed nuts, and the training of local staff for the planning and implementation of future large-scale coconut projects. The project, totalling US$8.5 million, included: a) Varietal trials. To select the most promising variety of coconut for each of the four regions with different ecological conditions (three sites in mainland Tanzania and one site on Zanzibar), a set of trials covering a total of about 200 ha was proposed. It would consist of: (i) a comparative study of the performance of a number of varieties (up to 30); (ii) an evaluation of the hybrid PB121; and (iii) the determination of nutrient requirements of PB121. Seed nuts were to be imported, nurseries established and seedlings would be distributed to selected farmers for demonstration. This program was later expanded to include fertilizer, spacing, weeding and intercropping trials, so thereafter was more aptly renamed as agronomic trials. b) Imoroved maintenance and rehabilitation trials. To test new or improved methods and techniques of maintenance and rehabilitation and to adapt them for local conditions. a set of trials were to be conducted at the Chambezi station. Zegereni Farm and GOT plantations in Zanzibar. On a total of about 1,000 ha, the proposed trials examined: (i) fertilization rates; (ii) covers and weed control; (iii) replanting thinning and density; (iv) intercropping; (v) nursery techniques and (vi) disease and pest control methods. c) Seed garden. To develop a local source of improved, high yielding planting material in Tanzania, a 100 ha seed garden was to be  established on Mafia island. I/ A mother farm of 80 ha was to be planted with selected dwarf palms using imported seed nuts, as well as 20 ha of tall varieties to serve as male parents. d) Soil and hvdrological surveys. To assist in the selection of varietal trial sites (200 ha) and the seed garden site (100 ha), as well as to prepare a coconut land suitability ma-, soil and hydrological surveys were proposed to be undertaken with the assistance of consultants. e) Technical assistance. To strengthen MAtOs capacity to implement the project an experienced coconut agronomist and a plantation manager were to be recruited for the full project period. They were to be responsible for planning and implementing the trials and for on-the-job training of Tanzanian staff. f) Training. To create a core of local staff with experience and knowledge of coconut rehabilitation, practical training of Tanzanian staff in coconut husbandry, replanting and rehabilitation methods and plantation management in coconut growing countries was proposed. g) Short-term consultants and laboratory services. To provide guidance or a second opinion on specific, particularly technical, aspects, short-tern.a consultancies were included. Overseas laboratory services for foliar analysis would also be made available. h) Consultants for manaaement and feasibility studies for oh_'e 11. Funds were provided to engage consultants for project management and implementation and to undertake the feasibility studies for the next phase of coconut development. 6 To ensure maximum cooperation and coordination of activities of the two complementery projects, i.e. FRG and IDA funded projects, GTZ was requested by GOT, under a special agreerent, to undertake the execution of the proposed Coconut Pilot Project. The GTZ Project Manager had to report directly to the Director, Crop Production, MALD. Project Deaian and Organization 7 The project was the first consistent and concerted attempt to develop a strong technical basis for coconut development in Tanzania. As such it included a well conceived research program, complementary to the FRG funded activities, as well as an appropriate plan for -seed nut and planting material production and a sizeable technical assistance and training component. However, project objectives were only partially achieved, since it became evident that the five-year period for project completion fixed by the Development CreditAgreement (DCA) . later extended to eight years, was not sufficient to yield any significant results. In adl, case, and even under the most fAvourable circumstances. a researchi project based on a slow-maturing tree crop, and starting virtually from scratch. could not be expected to yield conclusive results for large-scale development of the industry before 10 to 15 years. This short-term .1/ This seed garden was expected to supplement the 50 ha unit proposed under the FRG funded program.  conception of the project certainly influenced the scale and design of some project activities (para. 10). 8 The project was in general well designed and prepared. Project organization, and particularly the role and responsibilities of the implementing agency were well established. It can be concluded that the outstanding performoance of the project, compared to other project experiences in Tanzania, was due to continuous Government support. through appropriate budget and staff allocations, the committment of foreign and local staff to project achievements and the good performance of the imoleraenting and managing agency.. Proiset Iantmantatln 9 Overall project implementation was successful. Proposed components were executed more or less on time, with a few exceptions for construction works (para. 11), and research and training activities were undertaken as planned. A number of minor changes had to be introduced during project implementation: a) since the area of land suitable for trials and for the seed garden (',fia) was less than expected at appraisal, an additional small area (Morogoro) was included in the projec, area, and part (18 ha) of the seed garden planned in Mafia had to be completed in the FRG funded unit ir Zanzibar; b) agronomic trials, not planned at appraisal, were implemented together with varietal trials. Although they were most desirable, superimposition with other trials within the already scarce land available led to doubtful results (para. 14 to 16); c) three new positions for internationally recruited experts were created, one for a workshop manager, one for a seed production manager and another one for a farm manager; the last two positions, located in Mafia, were never fulfilled; d) schedule I and It of the OCA were too restrictive and did not reflect all provisions set at appraisal, for instance, they did not include farm tools, barbed wire, office equipment, etc. for trials;, - vehicles, tractors and related attachments for the seed garden; imported pollen and seed nuts for seed garden; agricultural inputs other than fertilizers. Omissions had to be corrected, case by case. 10 Some flaws in the'set-up and management of trials have nevertheless impaired the collection of useful results (para. 13 to 16). Problems were detected in the following cases: i) plots for variety trials are often too small and in some cases are further complicated with management trials. Maintenance practices are not adequate and chemical control of Osaudatheraotut waXi has been seriously neglected. Therefore statistically significant results are meagre. For instance, all 3 trials in Chambezi are completel;, useless because 30X of palms died from LO and the remaining trees are badly affected by drought and pests; ii) the layout adopted for the fertilizer trials is too complicated and not appropriate for long-term experiments; also the plot sizes are too small and the number of guardrows insufficient. Folior analysis  -9- was discontinued in 1987, so little valuable data are available; iii) management and rehabilitation trials are not adequately maintained and, as for all other experiments, trials, plots and palms are not correctly identified. It appears that there is little concern on long-term effects of some practices. such as the lack of fertilization of palms, disk-harrowing in interlines and continuous cover cropping. In some cases, results of experiments done in other countries are not fully exploited. Drought, which is a major constraint in Tanzania, is not satisfactorily treated (by mulching, elim.ination of graminae, auxiliary irrigation, etc.); iv) nursery methods employed, relying on "one-stage0 germination beds are inadequate.Only selected seedlings, raised in 'two-stage' nurseries, using polybags, should be planted in all trials; v) pest control recommendations are not systematically applied in all trials and in the seed gardens. 11 The only project activity for whiLh implementation has been seriously delayed concerns the construction of farm buildings, laboratories, field offices and staff houses in Mafia, Mkuranga, Maramba and Zanzibar. Works were initiated in 1985 but construction has been concluded at about 75% of project targets, due initially la shortages of materials and later to price increases. GOT budgeted funds, w'ich had to finance local costs, remain insufficient. Since these facilities are still urgently required to enhance project activities, their completion should be a condition for further financing. 12 A lesson learnt from this experience is that research projects, especially on tree crops, should be conceived from the beginning as requiring lonn.-term program which will yield results over 10 to 30 years. Therefore care should be taken to: (i) allocate sizeable trial sites on the best soils; (ii) layout perfect and manageable trials; (iii) allow additional areas and plantings for unanticipated factors to be studied or for sudden losses of trees; and, (iv) ensure that a well-defined set of procedures (from the selection of sites to maintenance standards) will be rigourously followed. In addition, provisions should be taken to ensure that the maximum knowledge from past international research is exploited, as well as have a second-opinion and guidance from subject matter research specialists during the planning of trials and the preparation of procedures. Project Results 13 Although project implementation proved to be successful in physical terms compared to SAR estimates, the research results are still disappointing. the coconut hybrids tested appear not to have any particular resistance to the Lethal Disease (LO) which is destroying Tanzanian coconut palms at a rate of 2% per year. After 5 to 8 years. about 60% of the hybrld palms in the resistance trials in Kifumangao were lost due to LD. Sot"e encouraging results in Pongwe and Tanga. raise the hope that some resistance to LD could be found in a sub-population of local East African Tall palms (EAT). However, research on this topic will take much longer before it yields significant results. Given the characteristics of this disease and its similarity with other letal diseases affecting Central America and West Africa, participation by Tanzania in a cooperative research network with the main international specialists in the field would seem most desiraole ta enhance the local research program.  - 10 - 14 Results of variety trials are not conclusive. Although they show that hybrids are more precocious than talls, there is no significant difference between various hybrids.and hybrids did not perform better than East African Tall populations in drought-prone areas. Despite their early yielding, productivity of hybrids is seriously jeopardized by pest attacks, particularly Pseudgthorantus wavi. 15 Fertilizer trials provided some preliminary results and general recommendations were drawn upon. Because of flaws in the layout of trials (para. 10), it appears that it will be difficult to obtain further results from the existing trials unless they are seriously revised. Additional long- term trials seem necessary to draw useful conclusions and to perfect recommendations. 16 Up to now no significant results of spacing and density trials have been brought to light. Intercropping, weed control and mulching showed good results during the first years of treatment,which confirm early research results in other countries. However, the possibly negative effect of intercropping in the long term has not been assessed yet. Demonstration plots, scattered in the field, without proper surveillance and in general badly managed, have produced very few results. Rehabilitation of old palms, promoted by the extension unit, has not generated the anticipated farmer response, since it appears that intercropping is already done to the extent that the available labour force can handle it; furthermore,returns to labour in neglected old stands are considered satisfactory by farmers. 17 Biological control of Rhinoceros Beetle Or.i