Rwanda - Improved charcoal production techniques

Joint UNDP/Worid Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Activity Completion Report No. 065/87 Country: RWANDA Activity: IMPROVED CHARCOAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES FEBRUARY 1987 Report of the joint UNDP/yMrid Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program This document has a restricted distribution. Its contents may not be disclosed without authorization from the Govemment, the UNDP or the World Bank.  ENERGY SECTOR MANUGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM The Joint VNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), started in April 1983, assists countries in implementing the main investment and nollcy recommendations of the Energy Sector Assessment Reports produced under another Joint UNDP/World Bank Program. ESMAP provides staff and consultant assistance in formulating and justifying priority pre-investment and investment projects and in providing management, institutional and policy support. The reports produced under this Program provide governments, donors and potential investors with the information needed to speed up project preparation and implementation. ESMAP activities can be classified broadly into three groups: - Energy Assessment Status Reports: these evaluate achieve- mentF in the year following issuance of the original assessment report; and point out where urgent action is still needed; - Project Formulation and Justification: work designed to accelerate the preparation and implementation of investment projects; and - Institutional and Policy Support: this work also frequently leads to the identification of technical assistance packages. The Program aims to supplenent, advance and strengthen the impact of bilateral and multilateral resources already available for technical assistance in the energy sector. Funding of the Program The Program is a major international effort and, while the core finance has been provided by the UNDP and the World Bank, important financial contributions to the Program have also been made by a number of bilateral agencies. Countries which have now made or pledged initial contributions to the programs through the UNDP Ernergy Account, or through other cost-sharing arrangements with UNDP, are the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, Switzerland, Finland, United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, and New Zealand. Further Information For further information on the Program or to obtain copies of completed ESMAP reports, which are listed at the end of this document, please contact: Division for Global and OR Energy Strategy and Interregional Projects Preinvestment Div. Il United Nations Development Energy Department Program World Bank One United Nations Plaza 1818 h Street, N.W. New York, N.Y. 10017 Washington, D.C. 20433  RWANDA INPROVBD CRARCOAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES PEBRUARY 1987  LIST OF ABBREVIA!IONS RF Rwanda Franc (1 dollar = 100 RF) MINITRAPE Ministry of Public Vorks, Vater Resources and Energy DGF Forestry Directorate CZN Zaire-Nile Crest Project GBK Cishwati-Butare-Kigali, Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral Project OUWVRR3IO FACTORS 1 km2 = 100 ha = 100 hectare 1 tonne - 1 metric ton = 1,000 kg 1 s ere of wood 3 466 kg = 0.7 m3 1 m of wood solid = 666 kg 1 kg of wood m 15 MJ (15% moist'tre content WB) 1 kg of charcoal 30 MJ ASS0NTON A traditional charcoaler builds 40 kilns per year; each kiln results in 19 bage of charcoal of 38 kg. The eUficiency of this procesa in 12.5% on a weight basis.  TAS" 0F cTvI I. ITIRODUCTION AND SUIMARY ............................ ... 1 What is the nature of the fuelwood criist .....1 What has Charcoal Making to do vith the Puelwoot crisist .... 2 What can be done to alleviate the Fuelvood Criais?..... 2 Hov can Charcoal Production be Improvedt?.............. 3 Resultu of the Mission Kiln Testing and Analyis.......* 3 Potential Impact of Improved Charcoal Production Techniques ..< ..... .. 4 Proposed Plan of Att i o n 4 Rconomic Benef... S Results of the Mission'. Vork.......................... 5 II. THE EXISTING CRARCOAL SI TIA T I .. 6 HnergReodurces. .. .. ... ..e............. 6 Energy Re sourcesoooooteee*eoooeetsooo 6 Woodfuel Dead6 Source of Production................ . . . 8 Transportation Coats.... o.i.. ... .. .e.. e, ..... 9 N a r k e t i n s ~~~~~~~~~~~10 Conte and Pile s1 Hconomic Cost and Price of Wood and Charcoal.o.o......... 13 III. CHARCOAL PRODUCTIONoo..o.o.....oo ...........O..0. 14 Charcoaling Tec h n i q u e s 14 Traditional Method.... 14 Mark V Metal Kin14 The Casamance Kiln 15 Overview of Kilu Technical Performance...........ooooo.o 15 Pinancial and Hconomic Benefits of Introducing Improved Kls17 Ezierience with Training Charcoalers in the Casamance Tec).nique in Rf wnanda.o.....o.....oo......o.. 20 Charcoal-Making and Forest anagement 21 Wood Pricing ......... . 21 IV. OUTLINE OF ACTION PLAN 24 8cope of wok24 Project Organization and Execution..........o.o.ooo.oo.. 24 A. Establishment of Project Teamo e am.....o.oo.oo..o... 26 B. Selection of Training Sites..o...o..o....o.o.ooo.oo 26 Ce Wood Pricingo................................. ^... 26 D. Organization of Training Sessions..............0... 26 E. Charcoal Production.. ......... o......o.o.o.o...... 27  F. Promotional Cmag .......................... 27 Potential Charcoal-Making Areas .......................... 29 The CBK Project. .................. e 29 The CZN Porest Mantgement Project...................... 29 Traditional Charcoal-Producing 8ites.................,. 29 Two Scenarios for Introduction and Diffusion of the Casamance Kiln................... 30 Institutional Arrangements.......................e** .. 33 Budget ..................................................... 33 Financial and Economic Beei ...........................34 TABLES 1.1 Cost of Charcoal Per Bag for Different Wood Prices......... 3 2.1 National Charcoal Demand 1985.............................. 7 2.2 Number of Itinerant-Wholesalers According to Their Source of Charcoal Suppl y.......................... 8 2.3 Comparative Costs of a Truck Load of Charcoal and Wood for End-Use of Cooking.......................... 9 2.4 Charcoal Price Structure per 38 kg Bag in Kigali (RF).*X-*.****.**X***-*** ................................. ill 2.5 Charcoal Price Pluctuations in Nominal and Constant Prices, 1975-85.............. ................... 12 3.1 Performance Characteristics of Alternative Kilns in Rwna...............................16 3.2 Cost Comparison of Alternative Charcoal Kilns at Different Wood rices........................... 18 4.1 Scenario 1 - In Year 2000, 80% of the Charcoal Transported to the Kigali Market is Produced from Casamance Kilns................................. ... . 31 4.2 Senario 2 - In Year 2000. 47Z of the Charcoal Transported to the Kigali Market is Produced from Casamance Kilns................. 32 4 .3 Budget . . . . .. ....................... 33 IGURES 2.1 Energy Consumption by 8ector............................... 7 2.2 Comparative Costs of a Truck of Charcoal and Wood for End-Use of Cooking (RFIMJ) .................. 10 3.1 Cost of Charcoal for Different Wood Prices...............,. 19 4.1 Structure and Organization of Proposed Project ............. 25 4.2 Project Timetable ............ ............. .......... 28  ANNEXES 1. Rwanda Energy Balance (1980) Consumption.................... 35 Wood Consumptions Actual and Projected ...................... 36 Comparison of Major Charcoal Consumption Estimates for Kigali between 1982-1985 ............................. 37 Assumption Comparison Charcoal Kilns, Coat Per Kiln Load of Charcoal, Fors 40 Kilnn/Year... 38 Fuel Prices in Kigali... 38 Methodology Survey on Charcoal Sales in Kigali 39 Proportion of Retail Outlets by Quarter and According to Location (in) 40 Proportion of Types of Charcoal Merchant According to Qaaet.r 41 Distribution of Retail Outlets by Quarter and by Type of Merchant (in %).................. 42 Distribution of Daily Charcoal Sales According to Season and Period During the Month........................ 43 Distribution of Small Retailer Daily Charcoal Sales According to Season and Period During the Month. th0....... 44 Distribution of Itinerant-Wholesalers A:cording to Season and Problems Encountered in Obtaining Charcoal Supplies... 45 Charcoal Purchases From Itinerant-Wholesalers and VBendors (Kigali).. 46 Distribution of Itinerant-Wholesalers by Type of Vehicle Uset...... 47 Distribution of Charcoal Herchants by Profession**** 48 Distribution of Retail Outiets by Qurter (Butare) 49 Distribution of Charcoal Merchants by Quarter (Butare)eooooo 50 Distribution of Retail Outlets by Quarter and Location Types of Charcoal Herchants by Numbers and X (Gisenyi))..... 52 2. Conducting Carbonization vith the Traditional Barth-Mound Kiln .........a.... ...... . 53 Conducting Carbonization with a Mark V Kiln................. 53 Conducting Carbonization vith a Casamance Kiln l noo.......... 55 3. Field Carbonization Test Re su l t s 57 Financial Comparison of Three Carbonization Techniques (in Burundi Francs) ............... ................. ..... . 58 4. Report on the Training Session for Traditional Charcoal Producers in the Use of Improved Charcoal-Making Te c h n i q u es................. .......... .................... 59 Training Program... 61 5. Graphic Presentation of Casamancel 62 Mark V Kiln - 14 Gauge Mild Steel 008" (2 m m ) 63 First Stage of the Casamance Kiln Platform.o............... 64 Full Platform of the Casamance Kiln.... . 65 Construction Process (Diagram).......) 66 Operating C h i m n e y 67 MAP IBRD 19687 Main Charcoal Production Zones in Rwanda  I. INTRODUCETIO Au SUNNAIY Introduction 1.1 The design of a program to introduce improved charcoal production methods in Rwanda vas found to be one of the country's highest technical assistance priorities in the energy sector by the joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Assessment Program. 1/ This finding vas confirmed by the later Energy Assesoment Status Report. 2/ The Rwandan Governcent &greed vith the conclusion and subsequently requested the assistance of the Joint UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (E8MAP) to field test improved charcoal production methods and design a progran to disseminate these methods on a nationvide scale. An ESMAP mission vas mounted in September/October 1985 and prepared the proposed charcoal production project deicribed in this document. 3/ What is the nature of the fuelwood crisis 1.2 Because Rwanda has virtually no other indigenous energy resources at present, its 6.4 million people rely almost entirely on wood fuels to meet their energy needs. Currently, about 95X of the total energy is consumed in this form by the domestic and the cottage industrial sectors,, resulting in the use of approximately 3.6 million tonnes of vood (5.4 million mJ) in 1984. Unfortunately, per capita vood resources in Rwanda are among the lowest in Africa, and Rvanda's popula- tion density of 240 persons per square km is the highest of the African mainland. This has resulted in a very lov per capita wood energy avail- ability. This situation is changing rapidly because of the groving success of f.era forestrys farmers start to grow trees in their yards. 1.3 Today, only about 6% of the land area, or 140,000 ha, is covered by trees. These are mainly concentrated in a fev small protected forest reserves, amounting to about 79,000 ha. According to the PAOI Vorld Bank report "Projet Agro-Sylvo-Pastoral, Phase II" (1985), these plantations and the natural fofest together produce annually about 1.3 million tonnes (2.0 million m ) of vood on a sustained basis. Based 1/ Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Assessment Program, Rwandas Issues and Options in the Energy Sector, Report 3779-RW, June 1982. 2/ Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, Rwanda: Energy Assessment Status Report, May 1984. 3/ The mission members consisted ofs Mr. Ibrahim Ndiaye (charcoal specialist) and Mr. Paul-Andr