Labor market discrimination in a poor urban economy

I Qus aim Bs so Cecoupse she diddsrem* k waa wages beween mles a d fmalse or k r r q e a bfrlcms m d mwew+Ufrieass fats the cmpmenr "a#pladn@dW j r i t f e r e ~ e s rLQ "o~r~nrrplaBd" ~b U C ~ P I I e campawar srikb can be r s . ~ a d d kL Ca r a ( ~ ~ ~ r i s t l a k c marker 4111~serl~9macios.Nalkin ebo wawplai~red~ i s w a e a c cem~e n X k ae reEPect9qj rke easeat o f m wa a c t e m p ~to grimpa 3rd oke aaa9rBsla excure id, eoem vlrhte m m p r i s m ~ ,g r w ? diffamoeer f a mean p@~.aeneb cbaraccarieates eaaaor eoclraPy qaPoOn a m p d%PBrmaersfia m ~ a nearn%-$. Job d % e e r b d m c % e~ cuts the QSfSeraat m x e e or i d , t o t ~ = @ e % m % etaawm~~ racer hawe mquall seeisas go r b k % . & a r p o y iCMXtqbakf~a~. ~ o I d u s t r l d i e @ damtnte%es. ehomP8:y wed L T3e e r a d a d twhnl(que far mairraselizg dd%sr&anlcptIon %&air w o $tawppr d996ae In h b b h parsbaaJ9b characeee- SetBcr a d La PRra Zuaerhea rePacltq t b s e eharocrer22otbra r a @rrwiergu I s cs capace t b % rae~arolmorr wages with their man wagas l f a l l v e t @ paid accord- i n g to ~ t sixare b 'iearnlqs stmetme', 1.9. rcbe same co~irtsrrnrcterm and aer of cmff %cc ' b a r s am th Ldepedeale wartables. I st^ that the maam w a e oh 'ma is m d t h a t of mmen 'u, tb !See! S l l d e b CL973). 03xaca (L974a, 1973b). Y2ilkle1 a d %aEklel 9!9731, aernil 91ram. %ow a& 2010th (?9W).For an app93ciae:oo zo a developing eournsq usLag a r i z i i a e ~ ~ ~ d ~ see - y n 31rCsa93 (1?209.  Our pros&.4fesr+ i s as foELmt. Plrse. w S E ~ L J S W C ~am aggrsgafe s a r ~ f t a g sftaccdaara w%th 8- variables f o r sa% aad race added &o she BnBc- woswi% arari-s gertbfeas u a c f n b l ~ s pewam1 charac~zrBsr3cslrnS ithe mpe l a k r facela. Tkm. becsusp%ar&i.zr-e are B ~ 4 t dgrwp 18fEere.%lac%ca dn eaajniwgss b c m e - cure. we prasepe e s r b a k e s o f sepacaca ssaaziqa dmseBo~sier E!W rwa 6s;aMPpa u d a r cc'a4eerLdsaraafolla. o0 $ d n t ~ % i s p m 8 1 s a dacmm$os%riear &be3i a d D factors aftactla& c b d e w ~ dl e t a d scspplp o f l a b e , r w h .aa &loratloa, mttm aeaato. F'imlly, cbwerrbota, m t q to wdemlt9d xbe wr~o*at@sf d l s c t d - a u t ebrixu:~of 3 ukaarEcren a d E ~ Dtest ~ e & @ c is ~ o m 1 1 y doe I O 931scxlmlo~- of c k Atriem -- e~~km-ba6tleaadCSs:%x~lon, y iampl~84 various ~ ~ o t a o L lth I cR&eactlr?rlsrLcsaad present e q r e s s i o a teauiltr fa a&Fe& r h race dmtmy I s Lricluded as a r - m Lcdcpetdeeet m r f a b l c . -  - :3 - T'ioble 3 -l ~aCeprndeshY a r ? a b % ~ - A f ~ S ~ .m~;as%* o ~ e4k,P I@. B25 ** 0.436 ** :s11@ rea (311 @.I@&%, D.D53 'fear;a -sh ~ ~ K ~ A $ (ZB Q Q Q50 I@. *a 0.07% *a T a r $ 45 PBSY%QMP e w b t i m ~(%%) '@.a:%* a 6.8'41 ** Fears (sf eviplp@ah e-wll@m:d", lP S,Q$~@ ** B.Q35 *= q?~4wsv%aery %QP d 1O.431 ** w ClseikaB (01) 9, $69 ** w d 1 : h ~ b l & t e ~ a :Q% r~,2,t,4 a* P ~*~~i-.wl (a&) nd Q.,OQB m ? o m 8 rraaatwg, 1 w l r b ,or Pm:s (FLB 2 . &ti3 4.070 r@rmaB cra%a%eg, mr* tbaa a WBXB~B t e a 3. PO@ * a.sas *a Rc~g~1.a~ B ~ R (a$ u ~ ~ ~ cO.?Bb ** 0.833 4" A$@ l'%P9 ( A l l 4 e 2 0 1 ** -9.243 ** <'big@ 35-44 {Al] C.140 ** 0.1 59 ** % , 543 QP m n ~ p (Ah) -0,'025 4.032 h. a! e ~.bao ~Q..r,Iig ,4.593 3.c . E . Q. 536 . e iJ Q I1OrJ.9 9m. l 4% 956 3.695 5.696 , ?ic!t*3: P d * t2 :%Is, amd %a S U ~ W ~ Y B ta'tnjlas l:,d8sassrs ~ ~ , that the mefiiclea: is sK@Lfica=c .at s%c 5 pereaqc leve9. - " ild~cat~ L Las ',%ti%,&ad La rrnbsequm~,%,%%lei% o stgpLh&ca,sz tt tba I p r e e n s l e v c l . :%as she coadficfenr - irhe ? t a e s~b-~:.acepa%rlce aP - d u r n vxeis31ee i.* rbisr, and in sobsaquenr, S - '. - L :able:: : ( A f t l c a w s;9c1a], 52 [f@s~ala are T s a x ) , $5 t ~ n ~ k i ~ 4 4~ I~ ~d ~pillt6~n), % T I CEO Tes~dP.: t ~ f t 1 ; 4 g P , ?'I t~.ssu.alezpIoss:zwat 6:ar:ae) sr,d A2 Selge 3-3'11. uarlabla crapturoa cba returns to d u a r t i s n . Urn d D t h e ~ o t zf ~@~?QBP%O fiei~nt of ~ k w ~~ru ~ a t i a r fuaecloa taiees the .4tstlmeeQ I r a m t9e ~ar.ninl3plf0 rar?,abll~a 1 tprurr:s 50 ducattaa m c ~18nLy for 1 ~ 0 l f 3 m but IY~SD far 3m. M w , the faaale a i r f 8 .r 2, ," m : L 'L  i a d e p . e d i t e ~var%aBBes ~ f baa %%enbased on re&rzaelolzs sxcledlxq ~ c u p a e i o a . ~eweathelsss,r k l a r g e s t 6CagLe e e a e r t h c % e n ss K 8 s made rat by rhe oceupa- h varlablcre h s by ~ te~n Sne s%gwr%eae~ raa%ableo, tba lemrrll%ndcllesa o f &.ucarlsn Es eligbl;. me: 5mss impartace f i d t n g d ~ dlh table 88 hbat rbe !PB~ CZPPIP~~~U~. of p r a s e e l c8naaacrsrl%si%ss ?o w%mC@Lrni$%, 3 4 8f ~ I s ; c P I z ~ B ~ ~ ~ Q ~ alfgbr. T%@ es~haccoef D bas& es ifhe m9e $aralq%tstructure repressat 4 ~ l 81 psrcergg p 0f G , idW. t9ss B I C % ~ ~ ?b% k %malestasreturrt stmu e e 4 ow h r @d d%serBm%fbi4r%~n b efSIh~ib~f€%@fR h 9 b@ 8 @ 3 t i ~ @ " r B b P @ $ Y ~ bg$@d ~B on r k ma11 cmtfieR@wlasare mrs aellabl@, bmwra abe farsale rqresirtoasi conrslln under 8Q ob@rnartioiws amf a k l t ~ ~ M P I O wmit%%% ZO 'the V B ~ U Q O Q$ L4si~nd- Bieaaa ea:fbktl%ae-cs an t k ~ ~ p a t dwmy % ~ wvarLsbJ1~0. Xe ceneldd f t m zhlsi ewrrrissl t b c s i . x d8aertlmPmbezloa fa famanPa i r aegbi%PCle. h a 6IadLt-a.g~ a r e e r dds -%oh o b f9aadin.g~ QP a .a i.qottowr rota fat an i m a l ~ m s dlL~~rB&mtB~R r Blgnifd S e a ~ t ~ Per 9 9 d f 4 0 f ~ cbz . instimee. 0axac.a e s t h a t o d the p h o p r k % ~of a aJIBf~renealla mean he g t ~ s a ~tktBhtabBeCB) sex (:QSserf&m~~leBoa 74 p e ~ e e a tIOCw h i f ~and w a ~ ~ 92 percetob. for b~~ (3% a d A 5 preen& esrp~celve8.pP,oePYdSzqg o c s u p a t i n - ~.p] ) Se b v e aot& t oh eSzc oacupacSo~saPd w u q ~ a r i a b l e s ~ ijel~sl~a b r~ke prduces ~tgpLIfEcme coabfie9+ooa {fable 3); cham Br e q u a l l y :rue of r k c tegreasfasrris f a t mEa m p i l q s e s (Table A). 3e hacave also aored the %&cd L dlEfetcet.~ceern mctn~ahtomald l o c t i h ~ l o a5ereea -sea a d vsllre~( T a b l e 3 9.e - - uk@ci c h a r +mmecn a t e 'crmided' = : :a iafer?st :abs. and z ' b t chis is the cause 5 'i  - 20 - Table 6 - TtLe ECfecss o f Oscupasiocral OOffareoces and Job DBser9mBaati~a b y Sew S U ~ S W ~ S O ~ 98 lt i B3 f Q 1 Clerical ?a 6,429 01 11 32 Sk%l Zsd $27 714 30 4 41 Seat-SU I Bed 2&3 229 33 21 36 d Qnskil D L 19 173 20 $7 20 m L - - (B) L r h (G L) P ~ = V 0 * 3943 m - ; t LI (Z -1 Pit * l 1f f 267 (a] - Qaa) 4 - -- Y u * 023 n f (Lv) ; 0- fh GLml 33% (v) Fern (Ra): (1) - thv) *JD+d% = 52 (+LI ;fiL(ELLI & ph - 294 ( v t i ) Frem [ k ) :(vi] - (:I) = JD + dE = 27 ; m" ( ~ L L ~ I f h Glpa ga(ff) - = 365 a l [k) Fr<m (7b): (eii)- ( Lv) JD 18 = 279 - - 'r (xi) Fgam (8b): (31 - ( % i l= 3 = a2 - L - E e ! * .Es ckterc a r e F.O a m e m La :b stnpe~rtisar-yQ C ~ L Z ~ ~ Z S D D ,we d s ~ m e: ~ B L Cke sex tacLo e;ppEyiw t o c k r f c L -ieCkaw muLS a p p l ; ~ a l s o zo s u p e r ~ l ~ o r' ~ y nrkers- ti P t e 8 f m L n % ~ f t e d t s of a ~orr@s~~ndDpJIq s u r v ~ j t~saduc:ed f n 19LW Sy a ceaa Srrrlwilng t h e e u t t n t s favor the latter Isterprecatfoa: rbe a t s r i - cLsm rate over :ha decade was only s l i g h c t y h i g h e r for w5-n Ohan for = a a d cEP; zue6age Eerqth of female e q l w p e r i c . ~ 2 $ k k l e D C b 4 m 5 1 d to 3.3 Learn. :l~c&Ldff~rr8bantlam:: seesB7 40 gercenc of -,a;;i-r-WfrYsdrin Cr, bka sar;.r+tr$- t !e -6hraean a.ccup;9rla~r. ;r.f.1ILe m e a bO ;ercact of A f r i c a n *are s e a t - aacy .m~d 8.02 O. Qt 8.63 0.O& 0.OW 9. t 3 10.26 9-03 fi $0. 4. I5 levels, sad r h s l apply rbe ~ + 9 ~ + \ d h L c s t08nlesae t ,asl~ess~-sp~c9d91f ozcvpae9aask t o cabfaiun aa aashlmaro o f the Afciean propoaetoum ae bfrleazs %s a a d ~ 4 ! s r i i k a % o n la 6ba obwoee la% j ~ b mct~l;~aslsapilL n d i s ~ r i w i m a ~ l oftc\slvlaa g , (51o f Tabla 10). Zb* ~i JD rrprarenr @nLy 6 and I I rwa e . r ~ l r u r t r swmfces t h y %auld "&we to be paid m r e t h 8-8 people. tndetld, t &Q TmzaaLan vage strueruse durl2g this %as an f s p r h i m z B e t ~ , m h o of > : & euatmtd p?rto.d,,zmd a system of 'overseas sddircioaas' for clv4B huh: Bar a€ L ~ U m a 6 force. Tcazrowm ?se a di84bracleny ~ ~ ~ a h u t E B ~ ~Itm B sifolre samp!a sere 09 Asbra extsec~ion and &metally :eabpasoab88s%ed eesidemrrs of Paaranra fe d mth9 s u r v e j , and a l l t~ . s n a l e % p Den ck@ =-Be as a *la il ma-rs o b t =he race dumy can ! M used as a mu$n ae.asrtre of &!he exheat of .d5rctSnhar4on in ~ h p sm;l+%eag8ss. . k%?: lh~mP ~ ~ at@ P Owkon frm ~ P P B ~ ~ ern&ah%~q~ O M all tb prsonaJ i d l p pde m t waefablea. w e r a h l p eaoqcerl.ts 'wholly lmaL a d g~vercmmeo~~a d @partB a x a l , pa n fareign a d prttrace* are m l x t e d M u q PO Bn.sutbBc%@rmtm m b l n c ot ~ - ~ r l m r . I $~:nales a past, 'Se t A e result o f discrizlaarory La u t S m wage & q ? . o p m r ncy, ! bf.tf.oq praer,irrs. T%e :r!g:%r - &uc.atKonaS a t z a i n m a t of c5u ;neBa! shna t%c 'r fe&~!ie p p 1 . a Eoa ~ z.3~ $ t z i ! a s ~ y tebEeez d ? ~ 5 7 1 1 ~ f 3 3 1 4 pratti~es t~t~ within  dws w ~ e s t One aspece 9 5 our 3u:.aPy~;is tbab sea %tserlalZnat$on hpfirhlcn 6bl wage l a h r ~ r k e 6 nay %?ewe 4 p r ~ b ? e m . IS wr B B T T J . 'thera ~~ 30s m ~msri 3 high Psv*! ~ ; g e h % c a 31l mmafbrUl~t pss36lamo. b ~ a u s *~f rAe rs8orUvell.p %Ogh wages paid rtio c0euUcal wr'kero sbUe w c ~ ~ p i p t ~ ~ aegr3gshloa naL d i d anPC esplaial W C B ~ d~f !a mean w q e 9 br6wea d%dder~ms ma145 39d females. I-hwvtsr, 4f w ~ r e g a f f i ~wrs05~s n 3s hbe supply @ f @%ucsf*B i e r ~ a f e ~ c r m d f a g .e% female3 Banso clerical fimer@aw@s, psftiaws aag result. TbDalr~, i s  Safe reaces RsSer, Gary $r, 1957, "b EC~P~@QR%C% e i D3scr3rnIfnsri~n ttt'alrarslsy .of Chicago Press, Chiaags). BtBefiabeBd, &A. and 3. W. S a b c , 1672, lbe S ~ t i ~ ? rVrbrlsn gl 3~BiIlgcy %pB@yrem a d I a e ~ w$h~wey ~d Tanzaleia ( P e p s r e d Pot the Xiarisrry o f ksw@a%c ,O%SaBrs a& D e w e P ~ p m m tPBannBng, X r es Ralaaar). I)fir4sallDXsecg, l%Q, %aBamFewaPe Pay 3iffarenafarlat 3 i s s i P l a a Tehs3- (aim@,'SBW Q ~ r l d%mk, M ~ S ~ % W I C B I , 8.C. 4. r[es~krs l i l i m d c r , APam S . , 9913, vrrgr D%ecr%m%asDSms 8s4uaed Pera and %truerural &ch%mahaa, Bwipanab o f Imrm Wseourcm, 8111 11, a36-35. @lr-, %ndall %., Y'r4Pp W a , a + d Sarbra 3. Z ~ B a t h ,bO@O, I ~ R C O C ~ Q I ~ C ~ ~ P QeeupatiewB W ~ r a l - ~ Ln %WQLQB l4alemPm1@Earniwqs B i t Parear i s l a , J ~ ad H a ~am ? 2esesu~e@s, B 'kPPmrsr, 1-28. Zdgwaa~h, P.Y., 0'922, EqwO k y t o andl Vm o m far Equal 'H'orf, br~zs~mle dm-a, 4 , b~g&r, 431-97. E b P m a ~ aSobrcc a d %a PaBquPse, P9M, T h Ziar;etpramtlon of D q , k & d c $$uBL%@~s &D@t!G88l E i 3 ~ m k B@Y!*?4, 3, % h 8 g b ~Sees- . 3.a. $u&D, PWfJ, b%y 'MiQ&E 3 % f f ~ k :\r Study of TanzanPa*~ .%aubac~ooScagS e t o r gmBzrm, Tha VorlQ B a s k , xY'a.skBs~~~n, D6 ... ) Waigbr, J.1. 4 A . I . S a b t , 8%!, ?la& Werutas ts Ed~rcatPscnz btleseasln~wish %%prPlaace or bbzrsreas%qg whth bpaawioa!, Oxford fbaP3~rfaof Eeonomier 4StattstLes, 13, Fe4ruaary, 91-72. Y!aBkbaB, Burton G. and Judith A. Y~LBt8c8, L973, :4a1e-Fanale ?ey iDiffetcatfals Is BmdesstowaB EmpBapmnt, Am~eis&arm Ecocmfe Ravlcw, L , 693-705. , P D Q P ~89738, Q d m ~ a~ , 38~62r%0i,fMt~~t3 %aWqm, bfi: l A ~ h s n f ehut m d Albert ~ M S ,ads., DfsertnimatLoaa 1a b b r Yarketa (4riacetoo TmLveesLoy Press, ? ~ ~ D J C Q C Ql2a-51. ~) 04axac3, BomaZd, 0973b, Y a P a - F d e 3Kf fetaatf a l s Sa 5rSan L a b s %rkecs, tatamac istz-al Ecsmo-stc RevPw, 3, ~kcapbes, 593-1@9. - b I