Senegal - Agricultural Research Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY HLE COPY Report No. 3073-SEa SENEGAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT August 19, 1981 West Africa Region Third Agriculture Division This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit: CFA franc (CFAF) US$1.00 : CFAF 270 CFAF 1,000 : US$3.70 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 1 kilogram (kg) : 2.20 pounds 1 metric ton (T): 0.98 long tons 1 hectare (ha) : 2.47 acres 1 kilometer (km): 0.62 miles ABBREVIATIONS BNDS Banque Nationale de Developpement du Senegal (National Development Bank) CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CDH Centre de Developpement Horticole (Horticultural Research Center) CEP Centre d'Etablissements Publiques (Para-Public Sector Expenditure Control and Accounting Authority) CIM9YT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (International Maize and Wheat Research Center) CILSS Comite Inter-Etat de Lutte Contre la Secheresse Sahelienne (Sahelian Drought Intergovernmental Committee) CNRA Centre National de Recherche Agricole, Bambey (National Agricultural Research Center) CNRF Centre National de Recherches Forestieres (National Forestry Research Center) CRODT Centre de Recherches Oceanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye (Oceanographic Research Center of Dakar-Thiaroye) CTFT Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (Tropical Forest Research Center) DGPA Direction Generale de la Production Agricole (Agricultural Production Department) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FED Fonds Europeen de Developpement (European Development Fund) GOS Government of Senegal IADS International Agricultural Development Service IARC's International Agricultural Research Centers ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics IDRC International Development Research Center IEMVT Institut d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire pour les Pays Tropicaux (Animal Production and Health Research Institute for Tropical Countries)  - ii - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY IFDC International Fertilizer Development Center IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture ILCA International Livestock Center for Africa INDR Institut National de Developpement Rural (National Rural Development College) IRAT Institut de Recherche Agronomique Tropicale et des Cultures Vivrieres (Research Institute for Tropical Agriculture) IRRI International Rice Research Institute ISRA Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles (Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute) LNRV Laboratoire National de la Recherche Veterinaire (National Animal Health Research Laboratory) MDR Ministere du Developpement Rural (Ministry of Rural Development) OMVS Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Senegal (Senegal Valley Development Board) ONCAD Office National pour la Cooperation et l'Assistance au Developpement (National Cooperative Organization) ORSTOM Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (Foreign Science and Technology Research Institute) PAPEM Point d'Appui pour Experimentations Multiples (Large Scale Experimental Test Areas) PPA (F) Bank Project Preparation Advance (Facility) RDA Regional Development Agency SAED Societe dnAmenagement et d'Exploitation des Terres du Delta du Fleuve Senegal (Senegal River Valley Development Agency) SAFGRAD Semi-Arid Foodgrain and Development Program of the Organization for African Unity SERST Secretariat d'Etat a la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (Ministry of Science and Technology) SODEFITEX Societe pour le Developpement des Fibres Textiles (Cotton Development Agency) SODESP Societe pour le Developpement de l'Elevage de la zone sylvo- pastorale (Sylvo-pastoral Livestock Authority) SODEVA Societe de Developpement et de Vulgarisation Agricole (Groundnut Basin Extension Agency) SOMIVAC Societe de Mise en Valeur Agricole de la Casamance (Casamance Development Agency) SONAR Societe Nationale d'Approvisionnement Rural (National Agricultural Inputs Distribution Agency) SONED Societe Nationale d'Etudes pour le Developpement (National Consulting Company) STN Societe des Terres Neuves (Land Settlement Agency) TSU Technical Services Unit UNIFSTD United Nations Interim Fund on Science and Technology for Development This document has a restricted distribution and may bc uscd by recipients only in the performance of their omcial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without Worid Bank authorization.  - iii - USAID United States Agency for International Development WARDA West Africa Rice Development Association FISCAL YEAR Government of Senegal: July 1 - June 30 ISRA July 1 - June 30 (beginning 1982) (January 1-December 31)  SENEGAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT Table of Contents Page No. I. BACKGROUND .......... ................................... 1 A. Project Background .................... 1 B. The Rural Sector ..................... 2 C. Sector Issues and Strategy ......................... 4 D. Structure and Current Status of Agricultural Research ................................ 6 E. Current Status of Agricultural Education and Extension ................................ 9 Il. THE PROJECT ............................................ il A. The Proposed National Agricultural Research Strategy .......................... il Reorganization ............. ............. 12 Consultative Group on Agricultural Research in Senegal .............................. 12 Research-Extension Linkage ......................... 12 B. The Project Area .............................. 13 C. Summary Project Description . .15 D. Detailed Features ................................... 16 Production Systems Research Programs .. ............ 16 Commodity Research Programs ........... ............. 20 Support Services ................. .................. 22 Strengthening of ISRA Headquarters ................ . 23 Staffing ..................... ...................... 23 Training ..................... ...................... 24 r Visiting Scientists ............. .. ................. 26 Research Station Development and Civil Works ....... 26 Furniture, Equipment and Vehicles ......... ......... 26 E. Implementation Schedule ............ .. .............. 26 III. PROJECT COST AND FINANCING ............................. 28 A. Cost Estimates ..................................... 28 B. Proposed Financing ................................. 30 C. Financial Arrangements and Budgetary Implications 31 D. Procurement and Disbursement ....................... 32 E. Accounts and Audit ................................. 33 IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ....... ..................... 34 A. General Management ............. ....... 34 B. Research Station Management ........................ 35 C. Civil Works ................ ............... 36 D. Monitoring and Evaluation .......................... 36 This report is based on the findings of an IDA mission which visited Senegal in November/December 1979 comprising Messrs. Jan Weijenberg, Joseph Baah- Dwomoh, Bernard Dussert and Mrs. Muriel Brathwaite (Bank), Messrs. Robert Etheredge, Asrat Felleke, Serge Gilly, Robert S. Temple and Bill C. Wright (consultants).  Table of Contents (Cont'd) Page No. V. BENEFITS AND JUSTIFICATIONS ............................. 36 VI. AGREEMENTS REACHED WITH THE BORROWER, CONDITIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................... 41 TABLES IN MAIN TEXT 2.1 Research Staff Requirements 2.2 Civil Works and Equipment Requirements 3.1 Summary Project Costs 3.2 Proposed Project Financing ANNEXES 1. Responsibilities and Qualifications of Key Personnel 2. Outline of Duties of the Technical Services Unit and the Executive Architects 3. Research Staff Requirements by Discipline and Program (PY6) 4. Supporting Tables (i) Project Costs by Year and Type of Expenditure (ii) Project Costs by Year and Research Program (iii) Project Costs by Year and Organizational Unit (iv) Project Cash Flow (v) Proposed IDA Financing by Year and Type of Expenditure (vi) Proposed Financing from France by Year and Type of Expenditure (vii) Proposed Financing from UN Science and Technology Fund by Year and Type of Expenditure (viii) Proposed Financing from USAID by Year and Type of Expenditure (ix) Proposed Financing from USAID through FAO/CILSS by Year and Type of Expenditure (x) Proposed Other Financing (WARDA, ICRISAT) by Year and Type of Expenditure (xi) Proposed Financing from Senegal by Year and Type of Expenditure (xii) ISRA Balance Sheets (xiii) IDA Disbursement Schedule (xiv) Incremental Project Costs (xv) Estimated Rates of Return to Agricultural Research Expenditures (xvi) Research Expenditures in West Africa (1975) 5. Selected Documents and Data Available in the Project File CHARTS 1. IBRD No. 21580 ISRA Organization Chart 2. IBRD No. 21578 Research Center Organization Chart 3. IBRD No. 21579 Implementation Schedule MAP 1. IBRD No. 14941 Agro-Ecological Zones, Political and Administrative Boundaries Research Station Location  SENEGAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT I. BACKGROUND A. Project Background 1.01 The Government of Senegal (GOS) has decided to focus its agricul- tural research more closely on the problems of the farmer, by reorienting the work of the Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA). In early 1978, following Bank preparatory missions, GOS requested the help of the International Agricultural Development Service (IADS), a US based agency funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, to work in collaboration with ISRA in preparing a Master Plan (strategy for development) for improving the national agricultural research system. The services of IADS international team were financed out of the ongoing Sine Saloum Agricultural Development Project (Credit 549-SE), following agreement between GOS and the Association. 1.02 The Master Plan was submitted to the Government and the Association in January/February 1979, reviewed, and found generally acceptable. The Plan made three main proposals: (i) reorganization of ISRA and regionalization of agricultural research; (ii) national coordination of multidisciplinary commo- dity programs integrating them into improved production systems; and (iii) establishment of priorities for the regionalization of the above-mentioned programs. Specifically, the Plan proposed that research work be concentrated in four of the seven agro-ecological zones in the country as follows: (i) the Senegal River Valley for irrigated agriculture; (ii) the Sahel Region for animal production systems research; (iii) the Central Region including the central and southern parts of the Groundnut Basin; and (iv) the Casamance Region in the higher rainfall areas in the South. 1.03 Following this general agreement, ISRA prepared more detailed propo- sals for a first phase implementation of the Master Plan. Since priorities still needed to be selected taking into account potentially available resour- ces, the Bank offered further assistance towards the preparation of a research project based on ISRAMs proposals. In early March 1979, GOS requested IADS to review and evaluate the ISRA proposals, and prepare the final project preparation document. Subsequently, a US$500,000 advance was granted under the Project Preparation Facility (PPF) to help finance preparation costs including IADS services and preliminary architectural and engineering designs for research station buildings and land development. By end August, 1979, IADS presented its final report to Senegal. In September a Bank mission discussed the report with Senegalese authorities, and reached agreement in principle on the proposal. An appraisal mission visited Senegal in November/ December 1979. Upon completion of the preliminary designs, negotiations were held in Washington in early March 1981. Subsequently, the PPF advance was increased to US$1,000,000 to help finance the preparation of tender documents and the bid evaluation.  -2- B. The Rural Sector 1.04 General. Senegal, which covers an area of about 200,000 km2 in West Africa, lies in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone. Its population as of mid-1979 was estimated at 5.5 million and growing at 2.7% annually. About 75% of the population live in rural areas and although rural-urban migration has been quite high, the rural population continues to grow. Of the rural population, nearly 60% live in the Central Groundnut Basin, which covers about 25% of the country's land area. Pressure on the land in this area is becoming serious and hence there has been a gradual movement of people, encouraged by the Government, from the basin to the less populated areas of Eastern Senegal. The Gross National Product (GNP) was estimated at US$430 per capita in 1979, with a negative real per capita rate of growth of 1.3% per annum over the period 1970 to 1979. In contrast to this average per capita income for the country, agricultural sector income was about US$190 per capita in 1979. Agricultural and food production generally stagnated between 1960 and 1979, partly as a result of a series of droughts starting in the late 1960s, partly because agricultural technology extended did not produce the desired results and also because the available technology is gradually becoming obsolete. Thus, despite increasing investment in the rural sector, Senegal has not been able to improve crop production, and continued food imports are increasing the pressure on foreign exchange reserves. 1.05 Importance of Agriculture for the Economy. The agricultural sector is central to Senegal's economy. Despite poor soils and erratic rainfall, which make agricultural production risky, the rural sector employs over 75% of the labor force. In recent years, some 30-35% of GDP and 60% of export value has originated in the sector. Within the sector, about 78% of output has come from crops and livestock products, 15% from fishing and 7% from forestry products. Basic food crops produced are millet, sorghum, rice, maize and cowpeas; the main cash crops are groundnuts and cotton. Almost 95% of rural output is produced by small-scale farm units from rainfed agriculture; however, there exists much diversity in farm size, labor availability, ownership of agricultural capital, productivity and revenues. 1.06 Over the past decade groundnuts and millet/sorghum have taken up close to 90% of the cultivated area (47% and 42%, respectively). Between 1974 and 1977 major export commodities have been groundnut products (75% of agri- cultural exports), fish products (14%), and cotton products (7%). On the import side, since 1974, food imports have made up 20-30% of total merchandise imports; of the total, rice has accounted for about 35%, wheat 13%, sugar products 26%, and fruits and milk products 9% each. 1.07 The yields of those crops to which considerable research commitment has been made in the past, groundnuts for example and to a lesser extent millet, compare reasonably well with international norms, especially on those farmer fields where better crop husbandry is practiced. However, because of the constraints inherent in the existing farming systems the majority of farmers do not attain these yields. Research on these constraints is urgently needed. For the food crops, yields lag behind those in other  - 3 - countries and cereal deficits in Senegal are a recurrent feature of the economy. Regular cereal imports averaged about 370,000 tons in 1976/77 and 1977/78 with rice accounting for 246,000 tons. Additional imports (as food aid) are often made, averaging 40,000 tons in good weather years and over 200,000 tons in bad years.l/ Rice has become an increasingly important food grain in Senegal. With the rapid urbanization in the country, the demand for rice has been rising. In 1974-79 an average of 75% of the rice consumed in Senegal was imported, contributing significantly to the cereal deficit. Thus, even with an annual rate of growth of 6.3% in cereal production and growth of demand of 3.4% per annum, the cereal deficit would be about 283,000 tons by 1985. 1.08 Livestock production is important in all regions of Senegal. In 1977, the country had about 2.5 million cattle and 2.8 million small ruminants. The annual off-take is quite low (10% for cattle and 25% for sheep and goats), due mainly to high death rates of young animals, low rates of fecundity from poor nutrition, inadequate disease control, and imperfect management practices. Despite the size of the livestock population, meat consumption per capita is ,quite low--6-10 kg/capita overall, with 10-15 kg/capita for Dakar. 1.09 Because of agriculture's importance to the economy, Government has been increasing its investment in the sector. Efforts to develop agriculture have been directed toward: (a) increasing groundnut and millet production through the Programme Agricole; (b) promoting livestock development in the semi-arid zone; (c) encouraging migration to less heavily populated areas; and (d) seeking to develop the country s irrigation potential especially in the Senegal River Basin. Irrigated agriculture, for which the potential in the Senegal River Valley is over 200,000 ha, would reduce reliance on imported foodgrains, mainly rice. Vegetable production could also become important with irrigation. However, costs for full water control irrigation schemes are excessively high. Farming systems would need to be adapted to low cost irri- gation and research would be a necessary prerequisite for such development. Though the potential for diversifying agricultural production appears limited, there is a considerable potential for increasing cereal production in the irrigated perimeters, which can substitute for imports, and for livestock production through improvement in management practices to increase meat consumption. 1.10 Institutions in the Sector. Responsibility for the development of the sector lies primarily with the Ministry of Rural Development. However, several other ministries, including Water, Forestry and Inland Fisheries, Human Affairs, Public Works and Water, and Science and Technology (SERST) have specific responsibilities for rural development. These ministries are responsible for general policy, with the execution of the Government's agricultural program entrusted to five semi-autonomous Regional Development Agencies (RDAs)--each assigned to a particular ecological zone where it does extension work--and with all agricultural research entrusted to ISRA. 1/ For example, additional cereal imports of 247,000 tons were made in 1977/78 consisting of 36,000 tons of millet and sorghum, 21,000 tons of maize and 190,000 tons of other food aid.  - 4 - 1.11 In addition to the technical agencies, the National Development Bank (BNDS) assists agricultural development projects by providing short and medium term credits to farmer cooperatives for the purchase of inputs. Until recently, the credits were channelled through the National Cooperative Organi- zation (ONCAD) which was also responsible for marketing of agricultural products and credit reimbursement as well as cooperative development. ONCAD having been dissolved in September 1980, Government has created a new agency (SONAR), responsible for the supply of agricultural inputs to the coopera- tives; the distribution of agricultural credit is still being studied. In the past few years questions have been raised about the effectiveness and inter- vention roles of the technical and financial agencies. Though the proposed project would not work through the agencies, their efficient performance is important for the rapid dissemination of benefits from the improvement of research. Through this project and others, the Bank is seeking to improve the performance of the agencies and to have Government clearly define the roles to be played by each of them in rural development. C. Sector Issues and Strategy 1.12 There are at present four main issues in the sector that the project is designed to tackle. First, past research has concentrated on groundnuts and cereal production from rainfed agriculture. There is therefore virtually no research knowledge of production from irrigated agriculture in the country. But objectives of increasing home grown food and reducing food imports would depend increasingly on developing Senegal's irrigation potential. Future strategy then would involve new research efforts on problems of irrigated production as well as suitable farming systems under irrigation. Second, agrieultural research has always been concentrated at one main station (Bambey) in a lower rainfall area (700 mm). Through decentralization of research proposed under the Project, efforts would spread to areas with higher rainfall and therefore with higher production potential. Third, output from rainfed farming is stagnating. The issue is the need to define improvements in farming systems that take into account farmer constraints and the farmers' capacity to adopt new packages. Without research it may be difficult to have any new message to extend in the next decade. Fourth, diseases and insect attacks are beginning to be serious in agricultural production. The strategy is to have researchers work on these problems as soon as they develop so as to avoid possible catastrophes. Finally, several institutional and socioeconomic problems plague the agricultural sector. Issues concerning general price policy, marketing, agricultural credit and farmer debts, input distribution, and the general organization of the rural sector are threatening to disrupt agricultural production. Government recognizes the importance of these factors in farmers' decision making and is undertaking a general reform of the rural sector, of which this project is an integral part. The wider institu- tional problems are being addressed under the recently effective Structural Adjustment Lending Operation.  -5- 1.13 Previous Bank Group Involvement. Bank Group lending for the rural sector has amounted to US$98.5 million, 89% from IDA, for 14 operations as follows: (a) three projects for engineering and construction of polders and large irrigation perimeters in the Senegal River Delta were financed by Credits 350-SE (US$4.5 million, 1973), S-18-SE (US$1 million, 1975), and 775-SE (US$20 million, 1978); (b) two projects for agricultural credit financed by Loan 584-SE (US$3.5 million) and Credit 140-SE (US$6.0 million) in 1969, and by Credit 404-SE (US$8.2 million, 1973); (c) two projects for development of rice cultivation in the southern Casamance Region under Credits 252-SE (US$3.7 million, 1971), and 647-SE (US$6.3 million, 1976); (d) two projects for settlement of farm f amilies in the thinly-populated Eastern Senegal Region under Credits 254-SE (US$1.4 million, 1971), and 578-SE (US$2.0 million, 1975); (e) the Sine Saloum Agricultural Development Project to intensify and diversify cropping in the southern Groundaut Basin financed by Loan 1113-SE (US$7 million) and Credit 549-SE (US$7 million) in 1975; (f) a livestock development project in Eastern Senegal Region financed by Credit 633-SE (US$4.6 million, 1976); (g) an emergency drought relief program under Credit 446-SE (US$3.0 million, 1973); (h) a rural development fund project under Credit 991-SE (US$11.0 million, 1980); and (i) a forestry project under Credit 1103-SE (US$9.3 million, 1981). 1.14 Performance Evaluation. Project performance in general has been patchy, with management effectiveness deteriorating, and expected benefits increasingly unrealized. Project Performance Audit Reports have been issued for five projects: First Agricultural Credit Project (Loan 584-SE and Credit 140-SE); First Casamance Rice Project (Credit 252-SE); Terres Neuves I Reset- tlement Project (Credit 254-SE); Drought Relief Project (Credit 446-SE); Sene- gal River Polder Project (Credit 350-SE); and Second Agricultural Credit Pro- ject (Credit 404-SE). A Project Completion Report has been issued for Terres Neuves II Resettlement and Eastern Senegal Technical Assistance Project (Credit 578-SE). The main shortcomings mentioned in the Project Performance Audit Reports for these projects concern (i) the quality of engineering design and supervision of construction of project works; (ii) marketing, unremunerative prices and input distribution; and (iii) the need to investigate more thor- oughly the social aspects involved in project planning and execution. Although these lessons are not all relevant to the proposed Project, during appraisal and follow-up missions particular attention was paid to measures to ensure sound engineering preparation and supervision of construction. 1.15 Sector Lending Strategy. Future Bank Group investments in the rural sector would continue to give priority to rainfed agriculture in the well- watered southern one-third of the country and to irrigation along the Senegal River. Since results from existing projects have not been as good as antici- pated, future investments in follow-up projects would include appropriate measures to help the Government to improve performance such as: decentraliz- ing executive authority, promoting farmers organizations, and providing more practical staff training. Investment opportunities will also be explored in livestock, forestry and fishing, particularly where the Bank has a contribu- tion to make by way of new technology and/or improved institutions.  - 6 - D. Structure and Current Status of Agricultural Research 1.16 Crop Research. Senegal has a relatively long history of agricul- tural research, beginning in Bambey in 1921 when a research station was established to produce improved varieties of groundnuts and to study cultiva- tion methods. In 1933 this research was expanded to include food crops grown in association with groundnuts: millet, sorghum, and cowpeas. Later, in 1936, a chemistry laboratory was established, and soil pedology investigations began. In 1938, Bambey became the Federal station for agronomic research in French West Africa. When Senegal became independent in 1960, Bambey became the Centre National de la Recherche Agronomique (CNRA). By bilateral agreement, the administration was placed in the hands of the French research organization, Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres (IRAT). In 1975 ISRA was created and IRAT continued to assist in staffing with financial support from the French Government. 1.17 ISRAs research on millet, sorghum, groundnuts, maize, cotton, cowpeas, and soybeans is carried out by CNRA, which conducts research nation- wide. At the Bambey station (and other locations) there are also research programs on soil and water management, soil fertility, plant protection, farming systems, and studies of techniques for transferring technology. Additionally, there are studies on agricultural machinery, post-harvest technology, seed production and introduction, and animal husbandry. In the past Bambey has served, de facto, as the national crop research institute. Research at Fanaye and Djibelor has been confined largely to rice although some limited research with other crops is going on at Fanaye. Crop research in the past has had several major flaws: (i) it was concentrated in one research station at Bambey in an area with low potential for production increase; (ii) it had poor links with agricultural extension, oriented towards plant breeding rather than addressing existing farmer constraints; (iii) it was organized along disciplines, preventing well oriented research programming and coordination; and (iv) it was concentrated on research stations with little research done on farmers' fields. 1.18 Animal Research. Animal research began in 1935 with the estab- lishment of a laboratory for veterinary research at Hann near Dakar. This research station, like Bambey, had a federal responsibility for all of French West Africa until Senegalese independence in 1960 when it became the Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et des Recherches Veterinaires (LNERV). The French organization, Institut d'Elevage et de Medicine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux (IEMVT), continued to assist LNERV by the secondment of expert staff. In 1975, LNERV was integrated into ISRA's organization. 1.19 Animal research has been concentrated at LNERV and its substation at Sangalkam. Research has mostly been related to animal health (virology, bacteriology, helminthology, entomology and protozoology). The production of vaccines (for several countries in West Africa) is a large activity at LNERV. Some attention has been given to animal nutrition, genetics, physiology and agrostology, especially at Sangalkam and at the Animal Production Research Centers at Dahra and Kolda. Some research on work oxen has been carried out  - 7 - at Bambey where the "Bambey breed" was created by crossing the Peul Zebu with the N'Dama. Other cattle breed development work in Senegal includes the crossbreeding of the Montbeliard and Pakistani breeds for milk production at Sangalkam; the introduction of the Guzerat breed (zebu) from Brazil and subsequent selection for adaptation at the Dahra station where a selection program on the Gobra (zebu from Senegal) has been simultaneously carried on; and the genetic improvement of the N-Dama breed at Kolda. Sheep improvement research has been carried on at Dahra with the Touabir breed and at Kolda with the Djallonke breed. Both stations have included research on nutrition requirements of sheep and animal health control programs. Concentrating on veterinary research and breed improvement has prevented research on production constraints faced by pastoralists in Senegal's grazing areas. 1.20 Other Research Activities. Oceanographic research in Senegal dates from 1961, when the Office de Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM) began research in oceanography in Senegal with the creation of the Centre de Recherche Oceanographique de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT). Later, CRODT was transferred to ISRA. Oceanographic research has been confined mainly to population and ecological studies with the goal of developing the country's fishing industry and at the same time protecting Senegal's oceans and rivers from being depleted by over-fishing. Forestry Research was initiated in 1965 with the creation of the Centre National des Recherches Forestieres (CNRF) whose management remained with the Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT) until ISRA came into being in 1975. Much of the forestry research has focussed on forest conservation and reafforestation. The Centre du Develop- pement Horticole (CDH), has been the most recent addition to the research organizations managed by ISRA. The research programs included in the proposed project do not include research on oceanography, forestry and horticulture because the necessary research effort is expected to be undertaken in separate projects, already funded or under preparation. 1.21 Structure. In 1973 the Government created the Delegation Generale a la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (DGRST) with broad responsibility for nearly all research in a wide range of sectors. In 1979 the organization was upgraded and became the Secretariat d'Etat a la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (SERST). The Minister for Science and Technology, who heads SERST, reports directly to the Minister of Higher Education. ISRA, including all horticultural, agricultural (including on-farm post-harvest technology), livestock, forestry and oceanographic research, is directly responsible to SERST. The Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (ITA), responsible for food and nutrition research (including off-farm post-harvest technology), is separate from ISRA but also responsible to SERST. 1.22 ISRA has a Managing Director and a Board of Governors with 18 voting members and five consulting members whose president is appointed by the Prime Minister. Two committees assist the Managing Director in his task: the Steer- ing Committee, which is concerned with financial and administrative oversight; and the Scientific and Technical Committee, which oversees the plans and pro- gress of ISRA's research operations (see para 1.30). Currently, ISRA has seven scientific departments: agronomy and bioclimatology, agricultural economics and sociology, forestry and hydrobiology, veterinary medicine and animal science, oceanography, agricultural machinery and equipment, and soil science.  - 8 - 1.23 ISRA Manpower. The number and distribution of ISRA scientific staff, including management staff, in January 1979 was as follows: Location Number of Location Number of of Institute Scientists of-Institute Scientists Senegal River Valley 13 ISRA Headquarters 5 Dahra 2 LNERV (Dakar-Hann) 16 Bambey 41 CRODT (Dakar-Thiaroye) 14 Sine Saloum il CNRF (Bambey) 1 Djibelor 10 CDH (Dakar-Cambarene) il Kolda 2 Total 125 Out of a total of 97 scientists in agriculture and livestock research 57 are attached to CNRA at Bambey and LNERV at Hann. Eight research stations have no scientific level resident staff. About 26% of the total scientific staff are Senegalese. Foreign scientists in ISRA are supplied mostly by French assistance organizations under bilateral agreements. There are only five scientific staff at ISRA Headquarters, and it is clear that this staff is too small to adequately supervise an expanded national research system. 1.24 ISRA Present Funding. Budgeted agricultural research expenditures in Senegal totalled about CFAF 4.39 billion 1/ (US$16.3 million) in 1979/80, to which Senegal contributes about CFAF 1.32 billion (US$4.9 million), 0.9% of the value of its agricultural production. France has continued to finance most of the agricultural research work in the form of expert staff from IRAT and IEMVT, but has gradually been reducing its share of capital and operating costs; recently French participation has remained constant in real terms and without the proposed project there would be little scope for any new research ventures. Of ISRA-s total 1979/80 budget of CFAF 4,387 million (US$16.3 million), 70% represents agriculture and livestock research relevant to the project, i.e., CFAF 3,045 million (US$11.3 million). Of the latter amount, 40% or CFAF 1,225 million (US$4.5 million) is financed by France and 17% or CFAF 502 million (US$1.9 million) by other donors, leaving CFAF 1,318 million (US$4.9 million) or 43% to be funded by Senegal. The other donors are: IDRC through WARDA, with CFAF 159 million (US$0.6 million); UNDP through ICRISAT, with CFAF 124 million (US$0.5 million); USAID through the Casamance Integrated Development Project, with CFAF 146 million (US$0.5 million); and FAO/CILSS, w