Document of The World Bank 4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 3458-IN INDIA STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT MADHYA PRADESH MAJOR IRRIGATION PROJECT AUGUST 24, 1981 South Asia Projects Department Agriculture C Division This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US$1.00 = Rupees (Rs) 8.0 1/ WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (METRIC SYSTEM) 1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft) 1 kilometer (kn) = 0.62 miles (mi) 1 hectare (ha) 3 = 2.47 acres (ac) 1 million cubic meters (Mm ) = 810 acre-feet (ac-ft) 1 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) = 28.32 Mm 3 1 cubic foot per second (cusec) = 0.028 cubic meters per second (m /s) 1 ton = 1,000 kilograms (kg) 1 ton = 2,205 pounds (lb) 1/ The US Dollar/Rupee exchange rate is subject to change. Conversions in this report have been made at US$1.00 to Rs 8.0, which represents the projected exchange rate over the disbursement period. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AD - Agriculture Department AE - Assistant Engineer CAD - Command Area Development CADA - Command Area Development Authority CCA - Cultivable Command Area CE - Chief Engineer CWC - Central Water Commission DSP - Dam Safety Panel EE - Executive Engineer ERR - Economic Rate of Return GOI - Government of India GOMP - Government of Madhya Pradesh HB - Hasdeo Bango Project HYV - High Yielding Variety ICB - International Competitive Bidding ID - Irrigation Department LCB - Local Competitive Bidding MP - Madhya Pradesh MRP - Mahanadi Reservoir Project M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation O&M - Operation and Maintenance OER - Official Exchange Rate PACS - Primary Agricultural Credit Society PPM - Project Preparation and Monitoring PWD - Public Works Department RWS - Rotational Water Supply SE - Superintending Engineer T&V - Training and Visit VLW - Village Level Worker WMA - Water Management Area GLOSSARY Bajra - Pearl millet Chak - Irrigation service area below the Government outlet (about 40 ha) Sub-chak - Block or irrigation service area below the Government turnout (about 8 ha) Jowar - Sorghum Kharif - Main agricultural growing season (rainy season, June to October) Nalla - Natural drainage channel Rabi - Second agricultural growing season (dry season, October to February) FISCAL YEAR GOI and GOMP - April 1 - March 31 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. I I INDIA MADE-YA PRADESh MAJOR IRRIGATION PROJECT Volume I - Main Report Table of Contents Page No. I . PROJECT BACKGROUND ........* *.* * * * ...........*..**. 1 . Introduction ....... ........................ **.. **.. **.. **........ 1 Agriculture and Irrigation in India ....... ............. 1 The State of Madhya Pradesh ...... ............. .... .... 3 - Salient Features ...................... -*..... 3 - The Economy 3 - Agricultural Performance 3 - Irrigation Development. 4 Previous Bank Group Operations in Madhya Pradesh ........ 5 II. THE PROJECT AREAS AND PRESENT DEVELOPMENT ............... 6 Location.... 6 Climate ............. *.* ..... 00 .... 0#0.0 ... 6 Topography and Soils ..... ... .................... 7 - Topography ........0...... 0.....* ........ oo..00.00.0 7 - Soils ...... o.... 7 Farm Size and Land Tenure ........ .......se..........*** 7 Population and Labor Force ........8...... .......... 8 Present Irrigation Development ............... ........ 8 - _B Scheme . ... .......................o 9 - Existing Implementation Constraints in Irrigation Development . .... o- ........... . 10 - Groundwater ..... 1...o...... .e ..o i - Wells. . 10 - Tanks.... 11 Present Agricultural Development ........ ... 11 - Rice Cultivation ............. ....................... 11 - Present Rice Yields ...... ......................... 11 Agricultural Supporting Services .................... 12 - Agricultural Research ..... . .. 12 - Agricultural Extension ........................... 12 - Agricultural Inputs. . . ..... ..o.. 13 - Credit..... 14 - Marketing ..... ....... .......... 14 - Processing.. .. ................... 14 III. THE PROJECT ... ...................................... 15 Project Formulation and Objectives ...... .............. 15 This report is based on the findings of a Bank Mission which visited India in November/December 1980, comprised of Messrs. C.J.R. Bridge, J.F. Cunningham, G.T. Finlinson, C. lielman, M. Hlerman (Bank) and Messrs T. Moir, and A. Pendleton (Consultants). Messrs. W. Barber, A. Gibbs and P. Borrowman (Consultants) also contributed to the report. Ms. P. Hardy assisted with the statistical analysis. - ii - Table of Contents (continuation) Page No. Water Supply and Demand ...... ........................... 17 Project Scope ........................................... 17 Project Components .... ............ ...... ............... . 18 Detailed Description ...................................... 19 - Dams and Weirs. 19 - Dam Safety . 20 - MRP Feeder Canals..... ..... 20 - Main and Branch Canals... 21 - Canal Distribution Systems 22 - Drainage ..22 - Canal Structures. . ..... 22 - Road Networks ......... .. ......... . 23 - Sub-chak Channels .... . ........... 23 - Farming Systems Research . .... 23 - Statewide Hydrological Network . .23 - Arpa Scheme Preparation . .24 - Operation and Maintenance Facilities ........ 24 - Technical Assistance.. 24 - Monitoring and Evaluation ............. 25 Status of Project Preparation ..... ...................... 25 Implementation Schedule ........... ...................... 26 Cost Estimates ..... .. . ... .. .... ... 27 Financing ........................................................... 27 Procurement .... .... ................................................. 2b - Civil Works ........................................ 28 - Equipment, Instruments and Vehicles .............. *.' 29 Disbursements ....... ................... ................. 29 Accounts and Audits ..................................... 30 IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGENIENT ..... ........................ 30 General .... ..... ......................... .*............. 30 The Irrigation Department (ID) ..... ..................... 3U - Existing Organization ...... ........................ 30 - Proposed Organization for the Project .............. 31 - Staffing Requirements ............................ . 32 The Agriculture Department (AD) ..... .................... 32 The Public Works Department (PWD) ..... .................. 32 Agricultural University ...................... ......... . 33 Command Area Development Authorities (CADA) ............ . 33 - Existing Organization ... .......................... . 33 - Organization in the Project Area ........ .. ......... 33 Monitoring and Evaluation ......too........................ 33 - M&E at ID Level ....... ............................. 34 - M&E at CADA Level .................................. 34 - Use of Consultants and Universities for M&E ........ 34 Resettlement ............... ............................. 35 Operation and Maintenance of the Irrigation Systems .... 35 - iii- Table of Contents (continuation) Page No. V. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, PRICES, FARM INCOMES AND COST RECOVERY .............**.***,,*,,.,.,.,,.,,,. ......... 36 General . ... . ., ......... .. * .................... 36 Agricultural Production . .... . . . ..... ... ... ........ 37 - Expected Future Development Without Project ........ 38 Market Prospects and Prices ............................. 38 - Paddy Prices ...................... ............. 39 Farm Incomes .....o ............. ,o...... 39 Impact on Rural Poverty ............... .......... 40 Cost Recovery .... . ..... ..... . .... 41 - Water and Water-Related Charges 41 - Other Agricultural Taxes .... ... .......... 41 - Present Level of Cost Recovery ......... 42 - The Potential for Increased Recovery . .42 - Timing Considerations . 42 - Conclusions ..*.o.. .. .. ..o.o. ... . .43 - Cost and Rent Recovery Under the Project ... 44 VI. BENEFITS AND JUSTIFICATION ............. ....o..oo.... .. 44 Project Impact .. 0000 ".060.o 0.0.. ..O. 44 Employment Effects 45 Economic Analysis . ..................... ... . ........... 45 - Basic Assumptions ........000..*....*..* 45 - Economic Rate of Return ................... 46 - Economics of Canal Lining ................. 46 - Sensitivity Analysis . ..... .. ... . .... o. . .. 46 Project Risk .....oo..o. .o....o..oo ..o 47 Environmental Effects .... *.... * ... . . .... o.. ..... 48 VII. AGREEMENTS REACHED AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................ 48 TABLES T- 1 - Potential Created and Area Irrigated from Major, Medium and Minor Projects T- 2 - Scheme Area Characteristics T- 3 - Climatic Data - Mahanadi River Basin T- 4 - Actual Water Releases vs Calculated Crop Requirements at the Rudri Diversion Weir T- 5 - Present Yields of Paddy in the Project Area T- 6 - Water Balance for MRP Scheme at Full Development T- 7 - Water Balance for HB Scheme at Full Development T- 8 - Salient Features of the Project Dams and Weirs T- 9 - Canal Network Features T-10 - Cost Estimates - Project Summary T-11 - Cost Estimates - MRP Scheme T-12 - Cost Estimates - HB Scheme - iv - Table of Contents (continuation) TABLES T-13 - Cost Summary - Equipment, Instruments and Vehicles T-14 - Annual Expenditure Schedule T-15 - Estimated Schedule of IDA Disbursements T-16 - Proposed Allocation of the Credit T-17 - Present and Future Cropping Patterns T-18 - Summary of Agricultural Production T-19 - Summary of Prices of Economic and Financial Analysis T-20 - Crop Yield and Production Input Data T-21 - Individual Crop Budgets at Financial Prices T-22 - Individual Crop Budgets at Economic Prices T-23 - Typical Farm Budgets T-24 - Present Average Water Charges - MP State T-25 - Estimated Farm Budgets and Project Rent T-26 - Cost Recovery T-27 - MRP Scheme - Cost and Benefit Streams for Economic Analysis T-28 - RB Scheme - Cost and Benefit Streams for Economic Analysis CHARTS C- 1 - Schematic Map of Reservoirs and Feeder Canals in MRP Scheme C- 2 - Implementation Schedule C- 3 - Organization Chart - Irrigation Department ANNEXES ANNEX 1- Related Documents Available in the Project Files ANNEX 2- Part A: Terms of Reference for Locally Recruited Consultants Part B: Terms of Reference of Dam Review Panel AN4NEX 3- Assumptions for Economic Analysis ANNEX 4- Part A: Detailed Cost Tables Part B: Index to Map IBRD 15146R LIST OF MAPS IBRD 15146R - Madhya Pradesh Major and Medium Irrigation Projects IBRD 15149R - Mahanadi Reservoir Irrigation Scheme (MRP) IBRD 15148R - hasdeo Bango Irrigation Scheme (HB) VOLUM.E II: SUPPLEMENTARY DATA VOLUME (SDV) ANNEXES 5 - Scheme Details 6 - Agriculture 7 - Water Supply and Demand 8 - Dams and Resettlement 9 - Engineering Design Criteria 10 - Command Area Roads 11 - Farming Systems Research 12 - l4onitoring and Evaluation 13 - Statewide Hydrological Network and Review of Seepage Losses 14 - Procurement VOLUME II: SUPPLEMENTARY DATA VOLUME (SDV) ANNEXES 5 - Scheme Details 6 - Agriculture 7 - Water Supply and Demand 8 - Dams and Resettlement 9 - Engineering Design Criteria 10 - Command Area Roads 11 - Farming Systems Research 12 - M4onitoring and Evaluation 13 - Statewide Hydrological Network and Review of Seepage Losses 14 - Procurement INDIA MADHYA PRADESH MAJOR IRRIGATION PROJECT I. PROJECT BACKGROUND Introduction 1.01 The State of Madhya Pradesh (MP), located in central India, is the largest State in the country. Because of the large inter-annual and intra- seasonal rainfall fluctuation, and the small percentage area under irrigation in the State, agricultural production varies widely. At present, only 14% of MP's water resources are developed. The Government of MP (GOMP) gives high priority to irrigation development and has allocated about 30% of the Sixth State Plan expenditure to this sector. 1.02 The Government of India (GOI) has requested IDA assistance for a five-year (1981/82-1985/86) time slice development of three major irrigation schemes in the Mahanadi river basin (Map IBRD 15146R). These schemes are located in the predominantly rice growing Chattisgarh region of eastern MP and will serve about 702,000 ha at full development (in 15-20 years). The IDA-assisted project would modernize and extend irrigation facilities over about 629,000 ha in the two major schemes 1/, Mahanadi Reservoir Project (MRP) and Hasdeo-Bango (HB) which are already partly developed. It would also assist with the planning and design of the Arpa Scheme (about 73,000 ha). Agriculture and Irrigation in India 1.03 India has a population of about 680 M which is growing at an annual rate of about 1.9%. Since 1960, per capita income grew at an annual rate of 1.4% and reached US$190 in 1979/80. Although the average per capita income has increased and access to public services has improved, in general, there has been little change in the incomes of the vast masses of urban and rural poor, who comprise about 50% of the total population. Accordingly, GOI's development plans give priority to alleviating poverty and creating employ- ment, especially in rural areas. 1.04 Agriculture is the dominant sector of the Indian economy and con- tributes about 40% of GNP. It engages about 70% of the labor force and pro- vides the base for about 55% of India's exports. During the last decade, GOI has devoted considerable attention to agriculture in its development plans. To support agricultural growth, GOI has: (i) accelerated irrigation develop- ment through modernization of existing schemes and constructions of new schemes; and (ii) improved agricultural supporting services to optimize the use of land and water resources. 1/ This includes about 34,000 ha under the MRP scheme which will also be developed (starting about 1991) in Pairi Command, and which constitutes a self-contained irrigation area. -2- 1.05 Irrigation was given the highest priority from the beginning of the planning era in 1950. Some 52.6 M ha were developed by 1979/80, about 58% of which is from surface sources and 42% from groundwater. Irrigated areas are almost four times as productive as rainfed areas and they account for about 60% of all agricultural output in India. More significantly the expansion of irrigation facilities and the productivity growth on irrigated lands have together accounted for at least three-quarters of agricultural growth since 1960. 1.06 The area developed for irrigation is expected to grow to 66.2 M ha by the end of 1985/86, of which 56% will be from surface sources and 44% from groundwater sources. 1/ With little idle land left for cultivation, limited increase is expected in the net sown area in the future and the main increase in agricultural production will need to come from double cropping and from improvements in water management and in the use of agricultural inputs. In most completed projects the actual irrigated areas are less than planned and yields have been much lower than the original forecast. GOI and the State Governments are aware of the challenge and are seeking solutions to the dual problem of low irrigation intensities and poor yields. Solutions involve improved efficiency of the physical system, more flexible and imaginative water management practices and improvements in the supply of agricultural inputs (credit, extension, etc.). 1.07 The projects of the early 1960s typically involved a storage or diversion dam and main conveyance system only, leaving distribution of water from the project outlets to the efforts of the farmers. As some of these outlets served areas in excess of 100 ha, conveyance of water to the farmgate necessitated the construction of minor channel networks that were sometimes several kilometers long. In most projects, farmers were unable to finance or organize construction of the minor channels without outside assistance, which was only rarely available. The long delays between water availability in the main conveyance system and its use by farmers made these irrigation projects a marginal investment. 1.08 In the early 1970s, the concept of the Command Area Development Authority (CADA) evolved. Its objective was to coordinate the activities of the Irrigation and Agriculture Departments and to assist farmers in obtaining institutional credit for the construction of the minor systems and levelling and bunding of their fields. Undoubtedly, there have been benefits from this effort; but the results have been less than expected. Further analysis of the reasons for the gap between the irrigation potential created and actual utilization as well as lower irrigated cropping intensities and yields than forecast indicates that: (i) more emphasis is needed on improving the effi- ciency and reliability of the conveyance system from the water source to the irrigation outlets; and (ii) Government should assume responsibility for conveying water much closer to farmgate. Only when the farmer is fully confident of his water supply will he undertake investments in modern inputs to make full use of water supplied. These concepts were used in the design of irrigation networks and improved agricultural procedures have been adopted for the proposed project. 1/ The Sixth Five Year Plan, 1980-85, GOI Planning Commission. - 3- The State of Madhya Pradesh 1/ 1.09 Salient Features. The State of Madhya Pradesh covers an area of about 44.3 M ha which constitute 13.5% of the total area of India. Its popu- lation of about 52 M (1980) is predominantly rural (84%) and is growing at about 2.6% per annum. Population density of 94 persons per km is about 60% of the national average. With about 20% of the population being tribal, the State of MP has the largest concentration of tribal people in India. The labor participation rate is about 37% of the total population with cultivators and agricultural laborers accounting for 80% of the labor force. The average farm size is about 3.6 ha. Small and marginal farmers (owning less than 2 ha) operate over 50% of the holdings but control less than 10% of the cultivable land. 1.10 Education and health standards are low. Literacy rate is only 22% compared to the all-India rate of 29%, and the ratios of medical doctors and health centers to population are well below the national average. Only 17% of the villages are electrified. Road and railway networks are inadequate for supporting the development of available natural resources (minerals, fuel, timber, iron ore, etc.) and for transporting the inputs and outputs of a more modern agriculture. 1.11 The Economy. Agriculture is the dominant sector in the State's economy and accounts for 57% of the State Net Domestic Product (NDP). Between 1970/71 and 1977/78, there was virtually no growth in the agricultural sector compared to 3.4% for India. During the same period, the industrial sector grew at 6.2% per annum compared with 11% for India but it accounts for less than 20% of NDP and its effect on the overall growth rate was small. Growth in the other sectors, accounting for 23% of NDP, was insignificant. Because of the poor performance of all sectors, except for the industrial sector, the State NDP from 1970/71 to 1977/78 grew at an annual rate of 1.8% which during the same period, is only 25% of the growth rate for India (7.2%). In this time, per capita income in the State declined by 0.9% per annum, compared to a 1.1% growth in the national average. In 1977/78, the per capita income was estimated at Rs 896, about three-quarter of the national average. 1.12 Agricultural Performance. The net sown area in 1977/78 amounted to 18.8 M ha (84% of cultivable area in the State), mostly single-cropped during the monsoon (kharif) season or planted to crops in the dry (rabi) season on stored soil moisture following a monsoon fallow. At present, only 11% of the total cropped area is irrigated. Between 1970/71 and 1978/79, the production of foodgrains increased at the rate of 0.5% p.a. mostly due to small increases in areas sown. Production levels for other crops in MP have remained almost constant. Due to variability in rainfall, yield levels of all crops have fluctuated widely year by year, but with no significant trend upward for any major crop with the exception of wheat, where yields have increased at a rate of about 2.9% p.a. since about 1970/71. 1.13 Yields of most major food ctops in MP are significantly below India's already low average. The discrepancy is most marked in the two major 1/ For a detailed analysis of the economy and the agriculture of irrigation sectors, see Madhya Pradesh Medium Irrigation Project, Report No. 3260-IN, February 18, 1981, the World Bank. - 4 - foodgrains, rice and wheat for which the Indian average is roughly 50% higher than the MP yields. This reflects the relatively high proportion of rainfed agriculture and unimproved varieties of wheat and rice and low consumption of fertilizers, at one-fourth of the national average. Yields of coarse grains (jowar, maize, bajra and barley) are more in line with all-India averages, but oilseed yields are very low, at 60% of the India average. 1.14 Fertilizer use in MP, although it has recently accelerated, averaged about 7.4 kg nutrient per ha in 1977/78 (of which 70% of the annual consumption is distributed in the rabi season) which can be compared with the All-India consumption rate of 17.1 kg/ha in 1975/76. In the project area, the 1977/78 consumption rates were 10.2 kg/ha and 7.3 kg/ha in Raipur and Bilaspur Dis- tricts respectively. 1.15 IrrigatiRn Development. MP has vast water resourses, estimated at 243.8 billion m'. At present, only about 34.3 billion m or 14% of the surface water and the groundwater is utilized. Despite the availability of rich water resources and the fact that within MP are the catchments of all eleven of the major rivers l/ of central India, only 11% of the net cropped area (about 2.2 M ha) in the State is irrigated, compared to the national average of about 26%. Of the 2.2 M ha of net irrigated area, about half is from canals (Government schemes) and half from wells (largely private): Net Area Irrigated % (M ha) Canals 0.97 45.0 Wells 0.86 40.0 Tanks 0.14 6.6 Other 0.18 8.4 Total 2.15 100.0 About one third of the canal irrigation is under major schemes (over 10,000 ha), about one third under medium schemes (2,000-10,000 ha), and about one third under minor schemes (below 2,000 ha). Irrigation is almost exclusively limited to one season (kharif); less than 5% of the irrigated area receives water supplies in both seasons. 1.16 The State accords a high priority to irrigation as a means of raising both agricultural production and the incomes of the rural poor. The share of irrigation in total plan expenditures rose from 20% during the Second Five-Year Plan (1956/57-1960/61) to 30% in the Sixth Five Year Plan (1979/80- 1984/85). Between 1956/57 to 1978/79, the increase in irrigation potential created was about 6% p.a. (Table T-1). However, actual utilization has fallen well below the potential created, ranging between 59% to 77%. The main rea- sons for this poor performance are: 1/ The Mahanadi, Mahi, Narmada, Tapi, Chambal and Betwa, major tributaries of the Yamuna; the Son, a major tributary of the Ganga; and the Wainganga, Indravati, Sabati and Pench, major tributaries of the Godavari (see Map IBRD 15146). -5- (a) Inadequate conveyance system. In many cases, dams have been built and water stored, but distribution systems were left incomplete with outlet command areas (chaks) ranging from 40 ha to over 100 ha. Because of this lag in the construc- tion of the minor distribution systems, the water was pre- empted at the head of the system after water had become available in the larger canals. This, combined with the ability of influential groups to monopolize water, has resulted in large areas--especially at the tailend of the commands--being left unirrigated. (b) Over optimistic design assumptions on crop water require- ments and conveyance and irrigation losses, which have not been monitored under actual field conditions. This has led to a significant overestimation of the area that can be irrigated with the water available leaving a substantial gap between the areas for which canals were built and the areas which actually received water on a regular basis. Previous Bank Group Operations in Madhya Pradesh 1.17 The Bank Group has contributed to the development of MP's agricul- tural sector through five previous IDA credits. However, its involvement in irrigation has been small compared with the Bank Group contribution to irri- gation in some other States in India until the recently approved MP Medium Irrigation Project (US$140.0 M credit of March 26, 1981, Cr. 1108-IN). The HP Agricultural Credit Project (US$33.0 M credit of June 8, 1973, Cr. 391-IN) was designed to expand and improve the credit facilities available to farmers throughout the State. The MP Dairy Project (US$16.4 M credit of December 18, 1974, Cr. 522-IN) is supporting dairy development organized along the lines of the successful Amul dairy cooperative set up in neighboring Gujarat State. Farmer response has been excellent and the Government is under considerable producer pressure to speed up the establishment of dairy cooperatives through- out the State. The Chambal (MP) Command Area Development Project (US$24.0 M credit of June 20, 1975, Cr. 652-IN) was designed to improve the efficiency of water utilization in the command area of the Chambal Project in MP and bring additional areas under irrigation. This project started slowly, but is now about to be completed. The major constraint was the slow acceptance by the farmer of on-farm development which was meant to be carried out (and paid for) by the farmers themselves with agricultural credit sources available to them from the proceeds of the Credit. 1/ The MP Forestry Technical Assistance 1/ The'reduction of the outlet command size from some 40 ha to about 8 ha in MP, as is now the policy elsewhere in India also, has meanwhile eliminated part of the problem with the construction of the minor canal system which conveys water to the farmgates. Originally this was to be a major part of the on-farm works, but as this part of the canal system was not on the property of individual farmers, they were reluctant to finance the works from credit. The system is now constructed by the Government from budget funds. -6- Project (US$4.0 M credit of February 26, 1976, Cr. 609-IN) provided the funds for a feasibility study, completed in November 1979, for the establishment of a saw-wood mill and a pulp factory based on the forest resources of southeas- tern MP. The MP Agricultural Extension and Research Project (US$10.0 M credit of June 1, 1977, Cr. 712-IN) was designed to strengthen agricultural support- ing services, particularly extension and research. Staff shortages, espe- cially in supervisory and managerial posts, have delayed implementation of the extension component, but results in areas where regular extension visits are being made attest to the potential effectiveness of the extension system under the project. Phase II of MP Agricultural Extension Project (Cr. 3308-IN) of April 1981 covers the districts not included in the previous credit. MP is also benefitting from two all-India ARDC line of credit projects, (the ARDC II and III Projects, Credits 715-IN and 947-IN, respectively) which provide insti- tutional credit for minor irrigation development, and other on-farm improve- ments in physical infrastructure and farm equipment. The National Agricultural Research Project (Cr 855-IN) in addition supports the MP Agricultural University. II. THE PROJECT AREAS AND PRESENT DEVELOPMENT Location 2.01 The two major on-going irrigation schemes--Mahanadi Reservoir (MRP), and hasdeo Bango (hB)--are located in in Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg and Raigarh Districts of the Chattisgarh region (Map IBRD 15146R) in the Southeastern part of MP. General scheme area characteristics are shown in Table T-2. 2.02 The MRP scheme area (Map IBRD 15149R) lies almost entirely in the Raipur District with a very small areas in the Durg and Bastar Districts. The Mahanadi River forms the eastern boundary and the Rivers Kharun and Seonath, the western and northern boundaries, the latter joining the Mahanadi River in the northeastern corner of the scheme area. 2.03 The HB scheme area (Map IBRD 15148R) lies in Bilaspur and Raigarh Districts and is bounded by Lilagar River and the existing Khurang tank to the west, by the Mahanadi River to the south and HIand River to the east. The scheme area is served from Hasdeo Barrage located near Korba town. Climate 2.04 The project area 1/ has a sub-tropical monsoon climate characterized by wet, hot summers and relatively warm, dry winters (Table T-3). Annual rainfall in the region averages about 1,100 mm varying from 698 mm to 2,010 mm. Mean annual rainfall in IRP Scheme is 1,206 mm and in HB Scheme 1,386 mm. The monsoon season (kharif) extends from late June to early October and accounts for over 95% of the annual rainfall with two-thirds of the precipi- tation occurring in July and August. Intervals between the on-set and reced- ing of the monsoon varies considerably and monsoon duration is between 70 and 1/ The project area includes the command of ERP, HB and Arpa schemes. 135 days with an average monsoon duration of some 100 days. Dry spells during the monsoon generally last between three and ten days but can extend occasion- ally to three weeks. The winter season (November to February) is relatively warm and short with mean temperatures of 200 C between December and March, followed by very hot and dry weather in May and June (400 C). Temperatures during the winter months in HB scheme are slightly lower than in MRP scheme making them more favorable for rabi crops. Topography and Soils (Table T-2) 2.05 Topography. The project area is generally flat with slopes of less than 1% over about half the scheme areas and from 1% to 3% in the remainder. In general, micro-topography is determined by small rivers and natural drainage ways. Most of the area has been bunded and land-shaped for rice cultivation. The MRP command area lies at an elevation of 240-320 meters, with gently undulating topography. Natural drainage is provided by numerous streams draining into the Mahanadi and Seonath Rivers. The command area has fairly good cross-slopes and is not likely to develop any extensive waterlogging with increased irrigation use. The HB command area has also gently undulating topography getting flatter as one approaches the Mahanadi River. Natural drainage is provided by five tributaries of the Mahanadi River and by some important drainage ways (nallas). 2.06 Soils. Detailed soil surveys have been completed over most of the areas (Table T-2). The heavy texture and low permeability of the predominantly clay loam soils are well suited for rice cultivation during the monsoon season. In the MRP command, soils are derived from shales, limestone and sandstones and are red-yellow latosols. The proportion of sandy loams and clay loams is about 15% and 85%, respectively. In the HB command, soils are derived from sandstones, shales, limestones and quartzite gneiss. Except for small areas of eroded gravelly soils on the ridges (5%), they are deep to very deep and vary in texture from sandy loam (15%) to sandy clay loam (17%), clay loam (28%), and clay (31%). Farm Size and Land Tenure 2.07 The average farm size in the project area is about 2.0 ha, ranging from 1.6 ha in HB scheme to 2.3 ha in MRP scheme. Some 95% of the holdings are wholly-owned and self-operated and the remainder partly owned and rented. Distribution of holdings in each scheme is approximately as follows: MRP HB Size - Class No. Area No. Area ----ha % ------ Less than 1 48 9 58 15 1 - 3 31 24 27 31 3 - 5 11 19 8 20 5 - 10 7 21 5 21 10 - 20 2 14 1 5 Above 20 1 13 1 8 100 10)0 100 100 Average (ha) 2.3 1.6 Median (ha) 1.1 0.9 -8- Population and Labor Force 2.08 Population in the project area is estimated at 1.3 million consist- ing of about 270,000 households. The labor force constitutes about 31% of the total population with cultivators and agricultural laborers accounting for about 58% and 34% of the labor force, respectively. The remaining 8% are employed in industry, construction and mining (Table T-2). Present Irrigation Development (Supplementary Data Volume (SDV), Annex 5) 2.09 MRP Scheme. The development of the scheme commenced about the 1920s. At present, it receives water from a complex of storage dams, carrier (feeder) canals and diversion weirs linking various tributaries of the Mahanadi River (Chart C-l). The river has an average annual flow of about 1,788 Mm3 at the Ravishankar Sagar dam, the principal storage reservoir of the scheme (SDV, Annex 8). Water from this dam also supplements supplies to the adjacent Tandula system through a link canal for irrigation, municipal and industrial uses. At full development, the MRP scheme will provide irrigation to about 374,000 ha. 1/ 2.10 The MRP scheme was originally designed as a run-of-the-river diver- sion scheme to irrigate about 85,000 ha. The primary objective at that time was to provide "protective" irrigation to safeguard against disastrous failures of kharif paddy crops. As the demand for irrigation increased, supplementary storage reservoirs were added, the system underwent frequent remodelling and the areas commanded gradually increased over the years. Currently, the scheme provides water to about 224,000 ha. 1/ This expansion in area was accompanied by a gradual reduction in the water supplied per ha irrigated at the main canal headworks from about 7,000 m3/ha originally to about 3,000 m3/ha in the early 1970s. In 1977/78, when the Dudhawa reservoir (284 Mm3) was first filled to full capacity, the allocation again increased to about 4,600 m3/ha irrigated. In 1979, construction started on the Adbanpur Lift Irrigation Scheme serving about 13,000 ha within the command boundaries of the existing MRP scheme (Map IBRD 15149R). 2.11 In spite of the increasing demand for irrigation water for new crop varieties, "protective" irrigation is still in practice to this day. The water supplied in the kharif season is inadequate in quantity and unreliable. A comparison between the water supplied and the calculated water demand for the years 1974 to 1979 (Table T-4) shows very considerable water supply defi- ciencies due both to insufficient canal capacities and storage for the areas commanded. During the critical period of flowering and grain setting (from mid-September to the end of October), the releases ranged from 25% of the requirements in 1974 to 66% in 1977. Sometimes, water has been released because of inadequate operational control, and canals run more or less con- tinuougly even when there is no demand because of adequate rainfall; this causes water wastage and drainage problems. 1/ This includes about 34,000 ha under the existing Pairi Irrigation Project which will be operated as part of the MRP scheme after the completion of the Pairi Dam and Pairi Link canal (see Chart C-1). -9- 2.12 In 1978/79, Ravishankar Dam (767 Mm3) was commissioned but the full impact of this additional storage cannot be fully reflected in present production levels in the MRP command area while the canal capacity constraints remain. However, before the industrial demand builds up and the existing irrigation system served by Mahanadi Main Canal is enlarged, modernized and extended, the additional storage should have a considerable effect on produc- tion. This was taken into account in the economic analysis (see para 5.05). Account has also been taken of storage available in Raviskankar reservoir and the expected build up in industrial demand in estimating the increase in rabi cultivation in the MRP command area. 2.13 Seepage losses in the conveyance system are about 4.5-6 cumecs/Mm2 (15-20 cusecs per M ft2), which is substantially higher than the design assumptions of 1.8-2.4 cumecs/Mm2 (6-8 cusecs per M ft2) which were used for establishing conveyance efficiencies for the project (SDV, Annex 13). There are also no adequate control structures to regulate the flow. Once irrigation starts, the system generally runs continuously with little change in the regime except occasionally to stop the flow after very heavy rainfalls. The ungated outlet pipes are easily tampered with and they do not provide constant flows to the areas served. The outlets serve commands (chaks) which vary in size from 40 ha to over 200 ha. Below these outlets, water distribution is from field-to-field. Because of the unreliability of irrigation supplies both in timing and quantity, farmers with holdings near the head of the "chaks" retain excessive amounts of water and delay releases to farmers lower down the chak. The outlet studies (SDV, Annex 6) have shown delays of up to a month between headreach farmers receiving water and those farmers located at the tail of the chak. 2.14 The existing design assumptions, standard of construction and opera- tional procedures result in very serious water deficiencies for farmers near the tail end of the systems. Even in the best years of water availability, these "tailenders" do not receive a reliable and adequate water supply. As a result, their agricultural production is very much less than those at the head reaches. A number of outlet studies in the MRP scheme area were carried out as part of project preparation in the 1979 and 1980 kharif seasons; the results in 1979 (a severe drought year) indicate that some farmers at the head of the system and near the outlets obtained paddy yields as high as 3.8 ton/ha compared to as little as 0.3 ton/ha at the tailend of the main conveyance network and farthest away from the project outlet (Table T-5). In 1980 (a heavy rainfall year), distribution of crop yields showed a similar pattern with yields of 2.6 tons/ha at the head of the system compared to 1.1 tons/ha at the tail. 2.15 H1B Scheme. This scheme was also originally designed as a run- of-the-river diversion scheme. The Hasdeo Barrage was completed in 1967 together with a short length of the left bank main canal to provide cooling water to the thermal power station at Korba. The right bank main canal and the Janjgir branch canal, completed in 1976, provide irrigation to an area of some 45,000 ha. The Akaltara branch canal, presently under construction, could when completed, serve about 72,000 ha. Upstream of the Hasdeo Barrage, the Bango dam is in the early stages of construction. When completed it will provide the needed regulated flows to the irrigation scheme, to the Korba thermal stations, and to other industrial users. Work is in progress on - 10 - extending the left bank main canal to serve three new branch canals. At full development, the HB scheme will provide irrigation to about 255,000 ha. 2.16 Tne operation of the HB scheme began in 1977. Until the Bango dam is substanitially completed (1986), irrigation will be from the run-of-the-river to present "protective irrigation" standards 1/ and will serve the existing irrigated area and those that will be developed under the project. The exist- ing irrigation system in HB scheme suffers similar design and construction deficiencies and water supply and distribution constraints as MRP scheme (para 2.11). 2.17 Existing Implementation Constraints in Irrigation Development. The inherent deficiencies in the existing irrigation schemes are not only due to the "outdated" planning and design concept but also to the inadequate imple- mentation capacity in the Irrigation Department (ID). Existing irrigation staff are trained to plan, design and construct schemes in accordance with "protective" irrigation standards. Existing manpower is insufficient to design and implement the large investments proposed in the project area. In parti- cular, serious constraints exist in the planning and design of the distribu- tion system (below main and branch canals) since most of the staff concentrate on the design and construction of dams, main and branch canals and major struc- tures. Furthermore, as construction and operation responsibilities are not separated, operation and maintenance of the canal networks receive insufficient attention from irrigation staff particularly as present financial provisions for 5&M are limited (about US$4.6 per irrigated ha for MRP command area). In view of the present staffing constraints and the change from "protective" to a more intensive irrigation in MRP and RB schemes, the ID will require technical assistance in planning, implementation and management of the schemes. 2.18 Groundwater. The important aquifers in the project area are in zones with carbonate rocks, shales and alluvium. Groundwater levels typically are from 4-6 m below the surface. Most of the groundwater developed at present is from dug-wells and dug-cum-bored wells. The quality of groundwater is generally good. A preliminary groundwater balance in the scheme areas, assuming extraction of groundwater remains at present levels, indicates that the unexploited balances for MRP and HB schemes are about 570 Mm3 and 360 Mm3 or 94% and 97% of net recharge, respectively. 2/ 2.19 Wells. In the project area, wells have been dug principally for domestic use. Well water is also used to cultivate early kharif and summer paddy and some wheat and vegetables in the rabi season. About 8% of the dug-wells in MRP and 34% in HB scheme areas have been energized. It is expected that the current programs of groundwater development both by the AD for dug-wells and the ID for tubewells will lead to a considerable increase in groundwater use. 1/ Better control of the system will result in some improvement in crop yields but as the timeliness of irrigation cannot be changed without storage, a change to transplanted HYV paddy is not possible until the Bango dam is operative. 2/ "Groundwater Conditions within MP Major Irrigation Project Area"; W. Barber (Consultant) IBRD, January 1981; see related documents available in the project file (Annex 1). - 11 - 2.20 Tanks. There are large numbers of village tanks in the MRP and HB scheme areas, principally used for domestic purposes. Larger tanks are operated by the Irrigation Department and some have connections to the exist- ing irrigation systems. Small village tanks are controlled by the Revenue Department. Present Agricultural Development 2.21 Agriculture in MRP and HB scheme areas is dominated by rice cultiva- tion which occupies about 95% of the cropped area in the kharif season, with follow-on crops of pulses and some linseed in rabi. Irrigated rabi crops such as wheat and vegetables are grown on a small scale with water supplied from wells and tanks. Most rabi crops are sown by broadcasting seed into the standing paddy crop about two weeks before harvest to make use of residual moisture in the soil. Present cropping patterns are summarized in Table T-17 and a detailed description of crops is provided in SDV, Annex 6. 2.22 Rice Cultivation. About 10% and 5% of the rice crop is transplanted in MRP and HB scheme areas, respectively, from seedlings grown in nurseries. Transplanting is done only where timely supply of water is assured with the nurseries either sown with the onset of the monsoon or from water supplied from wells and tanks. The remaining rice area is cultivated by the tradi- tional "biasi" method where paddy seeds are broadcast after a few good showers confirm the arrival of monsoon, usually about the second half of June. From three to six weeks later, the fields are cross plowed and planked to form a rudimentary puddle to reduce excessive plant population and destroy some weeds. This operation is followed by hand weeding and filling the gaps to obtain an even crop stand. After these operations, paddy fields are filled with water to about 15-20 cm depth and left submerged till the crops mature. Further weedings during this period are usually performed and then fields are drained and the paddy harvested. Under this traditional cropping practice, crop failures are mainly due to inadequate rainfall or irrigation supplies in September and October. However delays in the onset of the monsoon or early breaks in the monsoon can cause delays in the "biasi" operation which results in severe yield reductions. 2.23 Present Rice Yields. Crop cutting experiments carried out in the MRP scheme show that under traditional "biasi" practices, irrigation will only increase yields on the average by 0.4 tons/ha, irrespective of the varieties grown. With transplanting and use of high-yielding varieties (HYV), paddy yields increase on average by about 1.0 ton/ha compared to local varieties under irrigation and about 1.3 tons/ha compared to rainfed HYVs grown under "biasi." Average present yields of paddy are: Agricultural Paddy Yields Crop Varieties Practices (ton/ha) HYV Transplanted/Irrigated 2.9 Local " 1.8 IHYV Broadcast/Irrigated 1.8 Local " " 1.4 HYV Broadcast/Rainfed 1,4 Local " " 1.0 - 12 - 2.24 In spite of the demonstrated superiority of transplanting HYVs under irrigation, most cultivators have not changed from traditional cropping prac- tices because of unreliable water supplies. For early transplanting, assured water is required at the onset of the monsoon and this can only be supplied from reservoir storage carried over from the previous monsoon. Present storage is insufficient to provide this water. If farmers rely on monsoon rainfall in the transplanting operation, undue delays may result in serious reduction of crop yields. Since both the MRP and hB schemes are at present designed to supplement rainfall, water is released in large quantities only in September and October. The small area of rice under transplanted HYVs in both scheme areas is generally supplied from wells or tanks. Agricultural Supporting Services 2.25 Agricultural Research. The Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Agricultural University (JNKVV) is responsible for agricultural research in the project area. Six agricultural colleges under the University in different regions of the State are under the control of the University and are located at Jabalpur, Raipur, Indore, Gwalior, Rewa and Sehore. They act as regional research stations and, in association with 16 research substations, provide coverage of all the main agricultural zones of the State. Under the Madhya Pradesh Agricultural Extension and Research Project, five college stations (Jabalpur, Indore, Gwalior, Rewa and Sehore) are being developed as regional research stations along with seven substations. These stations cover the major agroclimatic variations found in these project districts and concentrate on applied and adaptive research to provide practical answers to farmers' problems. Efforts made to decentralize research under the Agricultural Extension and Research Project have started producing results. Coordination between research and extension has improved considerably in terms of mutual exchange of information for formulation of seasonal programs, training of extension staff by research workers, and frequency of field visits by research workers to discuss problems with farmers and extension staff. 2.26 The Raipur College of Agriculture lies within the MRP command and also maintains a research farm at Bilaspur, near to HB command area. The Raipur College station is being developed as a regional center under the IDA-assisted National Agricultural Research Project (Cr. 855-IN). The Raipur College recently assumed responsibility for the GOHP-supported Rice Research Institute (RRI) at Labandi in the MRP project area which is also a center for the ICAR All-India coordinated Rice Research Program. The RRI was established in 1922 and initially concentrated on selection and development of improved rice varieties adapted to conditions in the region. Little attention has so far been paid to better water management and to the introduction of rabi crops. Research on fruit crops including bananas and on sugarcane is being done at Bilaspur. 2.27 Agricultural Extension. The T&V system of extension was introduced in the Chambal MP command area in 1976 and later expanded to 15 districts throughout the State under the MP Agricultural Extension and Research Project (Cr. 712-IN). The extension program has given good results. Under the recently approved Phase II Extension Project (Report No. 3308-IN), the whole - 13 - State will be covered by 1982/83. Bilaspur District (which includes the HB command) was brought under the T&V system of extension in 1979. Raipur District (which includes most of the MRP command) has been included in the first phase of the Phase II Extension Project. Because of the large size of Raipur District, it has been sub-divided into two extension districts, each under a Deputy Director of Agriculture (DDA). Within the scheme areas, special attention will need to be paid to training farmers in efficient water management and in nursery techniques for transplanted rice. 2.28 Agricultural Inputs. To be fully effective, extension staff should not be involved in coordinating input supplies and credit requirements, nor associated with the administrative and regulatory duties. To handle these tasks, under the Phase II extension project, a separate unit consisting of one senior AEO and three VLW would be located in each development block and linked directly with the district DDA. There would also be a Cooperative Extension Officer (CEO) in each subdivision to ensure coordination with credit and input organizations and for quick processing of loan applications. One Supply Officer of the status of Assistant DA would be provided at the district level to be responsible for regulatory functions and input arrangements. This additional staff would free DDAs for frequent field visits so necessary to review extension operations effectively. 2.29 Production of improved seed in the scheme areas has centered on four State seed multiplication farms in Raipur district and four in Bilaspur district which produce certified seed. Three farms of the Agricultural University also produce foundation and certified seed. Under the Sixth Plan, the AD will set up one additional farm of 250 ha near Kukda Weir in the Pairi Irrigation Project command of Raipur district (Map IBRD 15149k). The AD has also organized Seed Growers Cooperative Societies, each with about 20 members who produce "truthfully labelled" rice seed which is procured by the District Marketing Officer (DMO). Certified seed is distributed through the State Marketing Corporation (MARKED). However quantities of quality seed are insufficient and a State Seed and Farm Corporation has recently been set up to gradually take over the farms from the AD and to contract farmers to produce quality seeds. An independent State Seed Certification Agency has also been set up and existing seed testing laboratories are being strengthened. 2.30 Distribution of fertilizers is undertaken mainly by MARKED, a public undertaking which arranges for the required supplies from the manufacturers as well as from the central pool to dispatch supplies direct to District headquarters. The District Marketing Officer (DMO) sells fertilizer on credit to branches of the Central Cooperative Bank at block level. On payment to the bank, supplies are released to village level primary cooperative societies who distribute fertilizer to farmers. About 60% of fertilizer is sold through the cooperative sector with the remainder supplied through licensed private dealers. In spite of the wide distribution network, farmers in many districts have difficulty in obtaining timely supplies of fertilizers. One of the major constraints in popularizing use of fertilizers has been reluctance of coopera- tives to procure stocks from suppliers in advance of the sowing season for fear of increasing losses due to uncertain sales and long storage. To help overcome this problem, GOMP proposes to subsidize transport and storage of fertilizers (with provision of Rs 22.5 M during the Sixth Plan period). The present level of demand in the project area is low; 10 kg of nutrient per ha of crop in Raipur district and 7 kg per ha in Bilaspur district. - 14 - 2.31 Marketing of pest control chemicals is handled by the Agro Indus- tries Development Corporation and a network of private dealers. During the Sixth Plan, GOMP proposes to encourage pest control measures by offering advantageous storage charges on agro-chemicals and to increase the stock of spraying equipment held by the Department of Agriculture. 2_32 Foodgrain storage capacity is being increased in both scheme areas. Uader a European Economic Community (EEC) assisted program started in 1979, additional storage capacity is to be constructed in the MRP and HB scheme areas. Arrangements for foodgrain storage capacity is adequate for develop- ment proposed under the project. 2a33 Bullocks are the main source of farm power. The relatively small size of holdings and of individual paddy fields are not conducive to mechani- zation. Frequent shortages of diesel fuel also make farmers reluctant to invest in expensive machinery. Farmers will continue to rely on available bullock power which averages one pair per 2.4 ha in MRP and 4.0 ha in HB command areas. Mechanical threshers are becoming popular with the extension of electrification, 2.34 Credit. The organization of institutional credit to farmers follows the usual pattern in India. The cooperative banks provide short (up to one year) and medium term credit (one to five years) to farmers through primary cooperative societies. The societies are organized on a three-tier basis with the State Cooperative Bank at State level, District Cooperative Banks (DC) at District level (two DCBs in the project area) and Primary Credit Societies (PCS) at village level. There are 860 PCSs in the project area. Long-term loans (over five year term) are available to farmers through the Land Develop- ment Banking system. Credit is also available through the Commercial Banks (68 and 50 branches in Raipur and Bilaspur Districts, respectively) and the Regional Rural Banks (17 in Raipur District and 26 in Bilaspur District). Small Farmers' Development Agency (SFDA) programs are operated in both Dis- tricts serving about 63,000 participants. 2935 Marketing of agricultural produce is less developed in MP than in many other States. During the Sixth Plan period, a regulated market, or at least a market yard, is planned for every community development block. In the project area, the MRP scheme is served by 9 regulated markets and 8 sub-markets of which the most important are at Raipur, Navapara, Dhamtari and Bhatapara. The HB scheme is served by eight regulated markets and sub-markets, the most important being at Akaltara, Champa, Mungeli and Shakti. The present marketing facilities are considered to be adequate for the project. 2.36 Processing. Raipur district has about 130 rice mills of which only about one third are utilized in average production years. Eighteen mills in the cooperative sector are of the modern type equipped with rubber rollers. in addition, there is adequate capacity in villages to process paddy for local consumption. Bilaspur district also has a considerable excess of capacity with about 120 rice mills of which 16 are in the cooperative sector. There are five bran extraction plants in or close to the project area and other facilities include flour, oil, and pulse mills which can handle existing pro- duction. Processing facilities, with on-going expansion plans, are adequate for the project period. - 15 - III. THE PROJECT Project Formulation and Objectives 3.01 The project was formulated in the 1970s by the technical departments of GOMP and was reviewed and cleared at that time by the Central Water Commis- sion (CWC) of GOI. Bank involvement started in May 1979 when WAPCOS 1/ were retained by GOMP to prepare a Feasibility Report for the project on their behalf (to Bank standards). It quickly became evident that considerable updating and revision to designs would be necessary if the project objectives set by GOMP were to be fulfilled and the sunk investments in the project area were to be fully utilized. The main shortcomings in the original COMP proposal were that crop water requirements were under-estimated, system efficiencies were too optimistic, insufficient regulation was provided, and the distribu- tion system was incomplete. There was also little consideration for the need for complementary investments in development areas such as village roads, farming system research and water management. 3.02 Following the revision of the original GOMP project concepts, both MRP and HB schemes will now be designed for more modern irrigation service which should result in a gradual transformation from the traditional broadcast method of planting kharif paddy (biasi) to the transplanting of HYV (see para 2.22). Most of the varieties introduced under the project are expected to be of short duration (120-135 days). This change is expected to about double the present crop yields with transplanted HMY's expected to cover about 70% of the area at full development. 3.03 The priorities for use of reservoir water in the two schemes have been set by GOMP. Priority would be given to industrial and urban supplies; water available in the reservoirs for irrigation use would then be allocated to mature the late kharif paddy if the monsoon ends early with adequate water being set aside for early transplanting of paddy in the following kharif sea- son. Residual water quantities in the reservoirs at the end of the rainy season which have not been allocated to industrial and urban users would be allocated for rabi crops. This would mean that the rabi area which can be irrigated annually would vary with the amount and distribution of rainfall from year to year. Storage water available for rabi irrigation in MRP command will be less than in the HB command. As rainfall is also somewhat higher in the HB command and more storage per area developed will be available; thus a higher percentage of early transplanted paddy will be possible in HB command, together with more rabi cropping and the growing of some perennials and hot weather crops. 3.04 The pattern of water use in the areas already under irrigation in the MRP and HB schemes is clearly influenced by the distribution of land holdings. Larger farmers normally have their holdings at the head reaches of the distribution system, with heavier concentration of small and poor farmers 1/ Water and Power Consultancy Services, an undertaking of the Government of India. - 16 - at the tailends where water supply is unreliable and insufficient. The con- veyance systems to be constructed under the project would be designed so that water could be supplied in a timely and reliable manner to all areas of the command. The canal system down to the 40 ha outlets would be lined except where such lining is found to be unnecessary, in order to reduce conveyance losses, the time of transmission of flow and to facilitate the operation of the surplus. The canal systems would be provided with sufficient cross- regulators and measuring weirs to enable effective water distribution to be made. Conveyance of water between the 40 ha outlets and the 8 ha turnouts will continue in earthen ditches until such time as the benefit of lining these sub-minor channels can be confirmed for the range of physical conditions throughout the project areas. 1/ 3.05 The project will be designed to: (a) complete planned storage reservoirs needed to fully develop available water resources and serve the projected command areas; (b) enlarge canal capacities to meet peak water requirements and provide sufficient control structures so that the canal systems can respond adequately and efficiently to the changing seasonal and annual water demands; (c) reduce existing outlet commands to serve about 40 ha; (d) line all feeder, main and branch canals. Distributaries and minors which bring water down to outlets serving an area of some 40 ha each would also be lined except where found unnecessary as a result of tests and observations that would indicate that lining would be uneconomical in these reaches (e.g. solid rock, impervious soils, etc.); (e) extend the conveyance system beyond the 40 ha outlet down to turnouts serving about 8 ha; and (f) improve the implementation and management capabilities of the executing agencies (Irrigation Department). Agreement has been reached with GOMP that it would implement the project works in accordance with the agreed planning criteria, design and construction standards and operational procedures acceptable to IDA. 3.06 To promote better water use at the farm level, the project also supports research activities and a program for construction of channels and on-farm development below the 8 ha turnouts (para 3.26). Monitoring and evaluation will be introduced to provide continuous feedback to project designers and operating personnel. 3.07 The schemes would take about 15 to 20 years to develop fully. At present, uncertainties still exist in estimating (i) the actual conveyance 1/ A comprehensive program for lining these small channels has been included in the project so that their performance and farmer response can be monitored and evaluated. - 17 - and operational efficiencies achievable with the new design standards and operational procedures; (ii) crop water requirements with respect to the contribution of effective rainfall and the practicality of spreading crop planting dates; and (iii) the changes that farmers would introduce in the design cropping patterns, as a result of a more reliable and timely water supply. To reduce these uncertainties, a flexible approach to project design has been adopted. Construction of the main canal networks would be carried out in stages with initial canal capacities based on water requirements cal- culated from the estimated future cropping patterns but allowing for the projected gradual increase in the areas irrigated. However, the structures along the canals would be designed to allow passage of larger flows. 1/ In the future, if necessary, the channel design is such that the canals can be enlarged at relatively low cost to carry larger peak flows (SDV, Annex 9). Water Supply and Demand (SDV, Annex 7) 3.08 The water supply for the MRP and HB schemes is obtained from river flows which are regulated by a complex of storage reservoirs and feeder canals in the upper Mahanadi River basin. The water balance studies are based on a 30-year rainfall and streamflow correlations. They take into account upstream irrigation use, domestic and industrial water demand, effective rainfall, reservoir inflows, evaporation and spills, and estimated irrigation demands in the command areas. Crop water requirements have been calculated in accor- dance with FAO Publication No. 24 utilizing the modified Penman method of estimating potential evapotranspiration and relating to the projected cropping patterns. Reservoir operation studies were conducted to establish monthly shortages which would be likely to occur over a 30-year period. For the MRP scheme, the reservoir studies indicate that serious water shortages in the kharif season at full development (Table T-6) that would adversely affect paddy yields in about 5 out of 30 years. For the HB scheme, the water balance indicates serious shortages for only one year out of 30 years for the kharif paddy crop (Table T-7). 3.09 Groundwater and small surface tanks could have an important role to play in the development of the schemes. In particular, groundwater and tank water could supply rice nurseries before project canals are opened for kharif irrigation. It is also expected that groundwater will play an increasingly important role for rabi and hot weather irrigation and provide good quality village water supplies. Project Scope 3.10 The project would finance a five-year time slice of an on-going development program. Construction works would be limited to the MRP and HB schemes which at full development in 15 to 20 years would serve about 374,000 2/ and 255,000 ha, respectively. Detailed planning and design work 1/ Construction of structures to pass peak discharge at full development increases initial project costs by less than 1.0%. 21 See para 2.09. - 18 - will be done for the Arpa scheme which would command about 73,000 ha. The main works included in the five year time slice and the works remaining after the time slice to full development are: Present Status at Works in Progress Status of End of IDA or Remaining Scheme Item Unit Completion Time Slice After Time Slice MRP Sondur Dam % /a 32 100 - Pairi Dam % /a - 2 98 Rudri Diversion Weir % /a - 97 3 Lined Feeder Canals km - 46 75 Lined Main Canal km - 49 67 Lined Branch Canals km - - 299 Block Development to 8 ha with lined canals to 40 ha /b '000 ha - 69 305 Lining of canals 40 to 8 ha '000 ha - 3 371 /c Minor Drainage '000 ha - 69 305 Improvement of Rural Roads km n.a. 390 /d Construction of New Village Roads km HB Bango Dam % /a 8 62 30 Lined Main Canals km 6 56 36 Lined Branch Canals km - 57 135 Block Development to 8 ha with lined canals to 40 ha /b '000 - 85 170 Lining of canals 40 to 8 ha '000 - 5 251 /c Minor Drainage '000 85 170 Improvement of Rural Roads km n.a. 234 /d Construction of New Village Roads km 48 /a Percentage of estimated cost. lb An irrigation block (typically 3,000-5,000 ha) consists of one or more distributary canals together with minor canalization and drainage channels. /c GOMP has only committed to carry out lining of sub-minor channels under the first five year time slice; the remaining program would be subject to further evaluation. /d To be determined after further surveys and investigations. Project Components 3-1 51 The principal components included in the project time slice are as follows: - 19 - (a) MRP Scheme. Completion of the Sondur Dam, preliminary works on Pairi Dam together with some works required for additional improvements on three existing dams (Murumsilli, Dudhawa and Sikasar). Construction of a new diversion weir at Rudri serv- ing Mahanadi Main Canal; construction of about 46 km of feeder canals; remodelling of about 49 km of main canal; blocks dev- elopment of about 69,000 ha of canal distribution system down to 40 ha outlets with unlined sub-minors to 8 ha turnouts together with minor drainage works; lining of sub-minors within the block development areas serving about 3,000 ha; and improve- ment of about 390 km of all weather rural roads; (b) HB Scheme. Construction work on the Bangc High Dam; con- struction, and remodelling of about 113 km of main and branch canals; block development and minor drainage serving about 85,000 ha; lining of sub-minors within the block development areas serving about 5,000 ha; improvement of about 234 km of all weather rural roads; and construction of about 48 km of new village roads; (c) a program for construction of sub-chak channels covering about 15,500 ha; (d) research for irrigated crop improvement and better water use on individual farms; (e) a statewide network of hydrological stations to improve the data base for planning future irrigation projects; (f) Arpa Scheme. Detailed planning and design; (g) technical services, including use of consultants to assist GOMP with planning, design, implementation, operation and maintenance of the schemes; and (h) monitoring and evaluation. Detailed Description 3.12 Dams and Weirs (Table T-8). In the MRP Scheme, construction activi- ties on the partially completed Sondur Dai which is at present about 32% complete. The dam will store some 180 Mm and comprises earth embankments, a masonry non-overflow and spillway section. The original design allowed for four radial gates on the spillway crest. Recent design flood calculations indicated the need for a fifth gate which has been installed. Preliminary works Iould commence on the Pairi Dam designed for a reservoir storage of some 420 Mm . Additional design work will be carried out and resettlement from the rSservoir area would be planned. A new weir with diversion capacity of 375 m /sec will be constructed upstream of the existing Rudri weir for diverting river flows into the enlarged Mahanadi Main Canal. Parapet walls will be constricted to increase the freeboard on Murumsilli jam (storage capacity 162 M4m ) and on Dudhawa dam (storage capacity 284 Mm ). Works on the - 20 - existing Sikasar dam would include rehabilitation work of the spillway section; in addition r dial gates are being installed to increase storage volume from 136 to 266 Mm . Also a parapet wall will be constructed to improve dam safety by increasing the freeboard. 3.13 In the HB Scheme, construction activities would continue on the Bango Dam. About 8% of construction 3is already complete. The dam will ha;e a storage capacity of about 3,050 Mm and comprises a masonry main section (698 m in length) and three earth saddle dams with a combined crest length of 1,990 m. Provision would be made for penstocks to serve three power units each of 40 M1W. 3.14 Dam Safety. Improvements in the design and construction methods of the dams have been recommended by GOI and IDA to GOMP and will be implemented. Existing dams within the scheme areas have been found adequate subject to minor modifications (see SDV, Annex 8). To ensure the safety of the dams submitted for financing under the project, a panel of experts 1/ has been constituted by GOMP with qualifications, experience and terms of reference acceptable to IDA. Agreements have been reached with GOMP that it would (i) maintain a Dam Review Panel which has been set up with qualifications, experience and terms of refer- ence acceptable to IDA; (ii) the panel would review the plans and designs of the dams and their associated structures, and would conduct periodic reviews, during design and construction, to examine whether any new grounds for making changes in the design of the dam have become apparent; (iii) after construc- tion, have the dams and related structures submitted for financing under the project, periodically inspected to determine any deficiencies that might endanger their safety, and (iv) propose appropriate inspection arrangements for IDA review not less than one year before the expected completion of each dam. 3.15 The Panel's role is not to be viewed as one of assisting or guiding the ID, since responsibility for proper design and construction, including quality control, rests with GOMP. Rather, it should be considered as a review body of technical experts whose judgement and opinions on particular actions by the project administration would carry considerable weight in the evalua- tion of proposed actions. 3.16 MRP Feeder Canals (Table T-9). Feeder canals would be designed to a capacity required to efficiently operate the parent reservoirs (Chart C-l). The canals would be lined to reduce losses and to provide a cost effective cross section. Adequate control structures would be provided to enable direct command areas to be served. Bridges and cross drainage structures would be constructed along the alignment of the canals. The feeder canals to be constructed under the project would include: (a) Completion of Sondur Feeder Canal to enable storage from Sondur reservoir to be passed to Dudhawa reservoir for use 1/ Terms of reference for the Dam Safety Panel are given in Annex 2(b). - 21 - in MRP command area through Ravishankar Reservoir; the canal would be 15 km in length and pass about 28 M /sec. (b) Completion of Mahanadi/Tandula Feeder Canal to link Ravishankar Dam with the Tandula canal system and pass supplies to industrial users (Bhilai Steel Works) and domestic users (Raipur and Bhilai towns). Th canal would be 42 km in length and carry about 20 M /sec. (c) Preliminary works on the Pairi Feeder Canal to enable trans- fer of storage from Pairi reservoir to Rudri diversion weir for use in the Mahanadi Main Canal System. 3.17 Main and Branch Canals. In the MRP scheme, the project would remodel and line about 49 km of the main canal. A flexible approach of staged con- struction would be adopted for channels with capacities above 40 m3/sec. During the first stage development, canals would be constructed with capacities related to about 280 m3/sec diversion at the head 1/ of the Mahanadi Main Canal. The main canal is designed so that it can be enlarged in the future to about 375 m3/sec. Improved control and adequate escapes enables encroach- ment on the lined freeboard of the canals for short periods of peak demand. For channels with a carrying capacity less than about 40 M3/sec, encroach- ment on the lined freeboard would accommodate peak discharges for the fully developed project. All structures would be designed to pass discharges related to 375 m3/sec at the head regulator of the Mahanadi Main Canal. 3.18 In the HB scheme, the project would remodel and line about 97 km of main and branch canals on the right bank and construct about 16 km on the left bank. Canals would be designed for the equivalent of about 117 m3/sec at the main canal head diversion on the right bank and about 138 m3/sec at the main canal head of the left bank. 2/ 3.19 All main and branch canals in the project would be lined to: (i) reduce seepage losses particularly during the rabi seasons; (ii) to reduce maintenance needs; and (iii) to improve operational efficiency. In addition, lining of canals will reduce the channel section compared to earthen channel of the same discharge capacity resulting in cost saving of structures, land acquisition and earthworks. The type of lining used for main and branch canals would depend on channel capacity, availability of materials and the construction methods most appropriate to the site. Generally, the lining would be of 75 mm thick "in situ" concrete (1:3:6) both for bed and side slopes laid on 100 gauge polythene sheets. Selected "murrum" backfill would be provided if the channel alignment passes through soils with swelling properties. I/ Equivalent to about 0.9 1/sec/ha at the head diversion of the Mahanadi Main Canal for the command area of 340,000 ha. 2/ This is equivalent to about 1.0 1/sec/ha at the main canal head diversion for 117,000 ha of the right bank command and 138,000 ha of the left bank command. - 22 - 3.20 Canal Distribution Systems. The irrigation systems below branch canals consist of distributary canals, minors and sub-minors. Typically, a distributary canal commands an area of about 2,000 ha. A distributary conveys water to minors, each serving on average 200-250 ha. Areas served by a minor would be sub-divided into outlet commands ("chaks") of about 40 ha. Water from a minor would be supplied to these chaks through gated outlet structures. Sub-minors would convey water from the 40 ha outlets to turnouts commanding about 8 ha. The development of the distribution system would be on a block- by-block I/ basis with each block constructed so that it is fully operational on completion. In the first time slice of five years, about 69,000 ha would be fully developed in the ikP scheme and 85,000 ha in the RB scheme. Detailed design criteria for the canal distribution systems is given in the SDV, Annex 9. 3.21 Distributaries and minors would be lined (see 3.05(d)) . Generally the channel sides would be lined with precast concrete slabs 5 cms thick laid on a 20 mm cement-mortar bed over a thin polythene sheet; joints would be filled with 1:4 cement-sand mortar. The channel bed would be in-situ con- crete. Field testing of various types of lining would continue throughout the project period and specifications would be modified if improvements are necessary or a more cost effective design proves to be practical. Since the benefits of lining sub-minors in paddy areas have not been confirmed, the program of lining sub-minors would initially be limited to about 8,000 ha under the project so that design specifications, costs and benefits of this program can be evaluated (see para 3.33). The program would be undertaken where lining of sub-minors is likely to be most beneficial (such as the Abdanpur Lift Irrigation Scheme) and to demonstrate the component as widely as possible throughout both MRP and HB scheme areas. 3.22 Drainage. Main drainage exist in the form of natural waterways. However, minor drainage channels from the terraced paddy fields are required to remove expeditiously excess rainfall during the monsoon season. Drainage ditches would have capacities of about 10 1/sec/ha. Link drains would be provided where necessary to remove the water to nearest drainage ways. Under the project, minor drainage would be provided for completed irrigation blocks (154,000 ha). Bridges and culverts would be provided to maintain access. 3.23 Canal Structures (Table T-9). Most of the canal structures in the existing irrigated areas, except for some major drainage structures, bridges and culverts, have reached the end of their useful life, or have been designed to standards which do not enable the regulation required for the efficient distribution of water. Also the substantial increase in peak canal discharge and change in canal cross sections will make most structures unsuitable for further service. Concurrent with the canal modernization and lining programs, all canals would be provided with (i) modern flow regulating structures; (ii) drops and bridges; (iii) escapes; and (iv) sufficient flow measuring devices. Design criteria are summarized in SDV, Annex 9. I/ "Block-by-block" development would be undertaken concurrently with the major works program so that in each irrigation block, all the infrastruc- ture down to the 8 ha turnouts would be completed before work commences on a new block. - 23 3.24 Road Networks. The project would improve and extend about 672 km of rural roads to provide adequate access for farmers, transport of agricultural inputs and for marketing of produce. A detailed description of road planning criteria and design standards is given in SDV, Annex 10. 3.25 The roads would be planned to enable: (i) all parts of the command area to be brought within about 3 km of an all-weather road; and (ii) all villages with 1,500 or more population to be linked by all-weather roads to existing main road systems. Project roads would be designed and constructed as all-weather roads in accordance with Indian koads Congress (IRC) standards and specifications. Pavements would be of waterbound macadam construction with the addition of a 20 mm pre-mix bitumen carpet and a seal coat on selec- ted sections of the roads. The right-of-way would normally be 25 m but this may be reduced in cultivated areas to some 15 m. The minimum formation would be 7.5 m with pavement widths of 5.5 m and 3.5 m, respectively, for double and single lane roads. 3.26 Sub-chak Channels. The project would provide for the construction of channels from the turnouts serving the 8 ha sub-chaks to individual farms or to 2 ha borders where individual holdings are small and also for construc- tion of drains as required. The program, covering about 13,500 ha in the MRP scheme and about 2,000 ha in HB scheme will evaluate and demonstrate the benefits of delivering irrigation supplies to indiv:idual farms in the kharif and rabi seasons. 3.27 Farming Systems Research (SDV, Annex 11). In the past, research on irrigated agriculture in the Chattisgarh region has concentrated mainly on development and testing of new rice varieties for rainfed conditions and for existing project conditions where water is supplied to suit a broadcasted paddy crop. Only limited attention has been given to better farm practices for the future. The project provides for a program of adaptive research to be conducted principally on farmers fields, to identify and demonstrate new cultural techniques and practices. The program is similar to that devised by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Two field sites (each covering at least a 40 ha area) would be established in both MRP and RB scheme areas. 3.28 Statewide Hydrological Network (SDV, Annex 13). Funds are included under the project to establish a statewide network of recording rain gauges, stream gauging and silt recording stations. Emphasis will be given to con- verting existing stage recording stations which have obsolete measurement procedures into modern stations which can accurately measure run-off and record flow rates. Sediment determinations would be made at selected key stations. Each existing station or new site would be provided with either a cable way, or a boat (if a highway bridge is not available) and modern equipment will be installed for measuring and recording stream discharge. A Directorate for Hydrometeorology would be established in the Irrigation Department to analyze and process hydrological data and provide technical assistance and supervision to field personnel operating the stations. In addition to equipment and construction costs, financing would be provided for incremental staff necessary to implement the network at the State level and in four river basin headquarters. - 24 - Arpa Scheme Preparation 3.29 The project would provide finance to undertake the additional surveys and investigations of the Arpa scheme so that detailed scheme prepara- tion can be completed. The works would include survey and investigation of the main dam site and major structures on the main canals. In addition, the scheme command area would be surveyed and detailed irrigation layouts prepared to the same standards as MRP and HB schemes. Apart from preliminary works, such as access roads to the dam site, implementation of the Arpa scheme is not scheduled within the time-slice financed under the project. Operation and Maintenance Facilities 3.30 The project would provide a modern communication network for the reservoirs and irrigation systems in both MRP and hB schemes. Equipment would include radio communications and telemetering to connect all reservoirs, main control points on the distribution system and the management centers. Equip- ment and vehicles for efficient operation and effective maintenance of the schemes would also be provided. Buildings would be constructed for use during the construction stage and located so that they can be handed over to O&M staff when construction works are completed. Funds for the O&M facilities are included in the civil works costs of MRP and _B schemes, respectively, since equipment and buildings will be used during the construction stage and handed over to management units as works are commissioned. Detailed lists of equip- ment are given in SDV, Annex 14. 3.31 Technical Assistance (Annex 2). In its Sixth Plan, GOHP has com- mitted itself to a significant increase in irrigation investments, consistent with the priorities in both State and National Plans. These commitments include the Medium Irrigation Project as well as the large inter-State projects--particularly in the Narmada Basin--which is also likely to be IDA-financed. This situation, combined with the fact that the Project Preparation and Monitoring (PPM) Cells in the ID and AD are in their infancy, will place a heavy burden on existing ID staff and may delay project imple- mentation. Experience in MP as well as elsewhere in India has also indicated that constraints in implementation generally occur in the completion of the distribution system networks. In addition, the Irrigation Department (ID) is at present seriously understaffed and the newly recruited irrigation engineers will not have adequate experience to plan, design and supervise construction of the project to the more modern standards required (see para 2.17). There- fore, the project will finance the employment of locally recruited Indian consultants from both the public and the private sector as follows: (a) General Consultants would assist the ID in the planning of the works; drawing up the yearly implementation programs; in data collection; evaluation for the planning and design of subsequent phases of project implementation (second timeslice). They will also assist the ID in evaluating how the groundwater potential in the project area can be developed, advise the ID on operation and maintenance of the systems, and assist in the preparation of O&M manuals. - 25 - (b) The ID would contract with engineering firms to undertake the survey work and the planning and design of the irriga- tion and drainage systems below distributary canal head regulators to be constructed in the irrigation blocks under MRP and HB schemes (154,000 ha). Detailed Terms of Reference for the General Consultants and engineering firms are given in Annex 2 and the estimated costs are summarized in Table 7, Annex 4(a). Agreements has been reached with GOMP that it would retain engineering consultants with terms of reference, experience and qualifications acceptable to IDA to: (i) provide general planning assistance to the Irrigation Depart- ment as described in Annex 2; and (ii) undertake on a contract basis the survey, planning and design of the canal distribution systems and minor drainage serving about 154,000 ha in the command areas of MRP and HB schemes. 3.32 The MP Medium Irrigation Project (Cr. 1108-IN) has provided funds for a component which will represent the first stage of training for the management of irrigation projects in MP and could provide the basis for the establishment of a large-scale training institute at a later date. Funds have been provided under MP Major Irrigation Project for: (i) classroom courses particularly for the additional staff which will have to be recruited or trained to enable the implementation schedule to be met in a timely manner (see para 4.06); (ii) field visits to operating projects in MP, other States, and, for senior management and specialists, overseas; and (iii) for workshops/ seminars run by specialists/consultants so that the benefit of improved design, monitoring and evaluation of completed works and management techniques can be shared as widely as possible. The General Consultants (para 3.31) would assist and advise the ID on training requirements of the project. 3.33 Monitoring and Evaluation (SDV, Annex 12). The project would provide funds for equipment, vehicles and staff for project monitoring and evaluation and also for special studies using consultants and services from universities and research institutions in India. A detailed description of the activities is given in para 4.13. Status of Project Preparation 3.34 Major works under the project including dams, diversion weirs and the channel and structures of main canals are designed as individual works. Detailed designs of works below branch canal head regulators are made using type 1/ designs for channels and structures adapted to suit actual site con- ditions. Once the block command areas are surveyed, irrigation and drainage layouts can be decided on topographic considerations, and detailed designs can be prepared using the type designs. The ID has prepared the type designs necessary for project implementation, based on design principles and criteria formulated by their Project Preparation Consultants. The type designs to be used under the project have been reviewed and approved by IDA. Sufficient 1/ A type design of a channel or structure is such that for a range of canal capacities, the design can be used throughout the project command areas with only minor modifications. - 26 - sample irrigation and drainage layouts have been prepared to estimate project costs. The ID has made provisions acceptable to IDA to ensure that detailed designs will be available in a timely manner to meet the project implementa- tion schedule. 3.35 Of the major works, Sondur and Bango dams are under construction to designs which have been reviewed by IDA and will be checked out by the Dam Safety Panel. Detailed project preparation has been completed for the feeder, main and branch canals to be undertaken in the first year of the project (upto June 30, 1982). Of the major works, only Rudri weir (MRP scheme) is at a preliminary design stage but construction of this structure is not scheduled to commence until about January 1983. The ID expects to complete the detailed design of Rudri weir by harch 1982 for review by IDA. About 12,000 ha of block development would be constructed under the project during the first year in areas where irrigation layouts have been prepared and earthworks and structures are under construction. Designs of this on-going construction program have been modified to conform to project design criteria. The additional survey required to finalize the layouts of the irrigation systems below the 40 ha outlet will be completed by December 1981. The works below the 40 ha outlet would be implemented under small piecework or rate contracts (see para 3.40) during the first year of construction. Implementation Schedule (Chart C-2) 3.36 The project would be implemented over five years from July 1, 1981 to June 30, 1986. The main construction season is from September to May, although certain activities, particularly on major works, can continue through- out the monsoon season. Provisional schedules of individual works to be implemented in the first year of construction are given in SDV, Annex 14. 3.37 In the past, utilization of water has been slow and inequitable after the completion of the main conveyance system. This was because the minor distribution system was not constructed fully or concurrently with water being available in the main and branch canals. In many cases, when minor systems were built, they were planned, designed and constructed to low stand- ards, without adequate survey work and with insufficient attention to the quality of service that the minor irrigation system should provide. As a result water does not reach the lower ends of the system and the "tailender" problem resulted. Similar problems occur within the individual chaks (40 ha to 200 ha) throughout the irrigation systems. Under the project, the distri- bution system would be remodelled and constructed on a block-by-block basis concurrently with completion of the main system. Once construction of the minor system is completed, water can be delivered to the 8 ha turnouts within the blocks in a reliable and timely manner. Construction work would be scheduled with a minimum interruption of water deliveries to existing irri- gation systems. Farmers will be informed of canal closures at least one crop season ahead to enable them to make suitable adjustments in their cropping patterns. 3.38 The road construction program would be concentrated in the areas where irrigation blocks are to be developed (154,000 ha). Upgrading of existing roads would be decided after a detailed survey of their condition. - 27 - Since this data is not complete, appropriate surveys and investigations would be undertaken in the first year of the project and the road program would be reviewed on an annual basis. Cost Estimates 3.39 The total project cost, over the five-year time-slice, is estimated at US$439 M including taxes and duties which are insignificant. This includes a foreign exchange component of about US$63 M or 14% of project cost. The provision for physical contingencies range between 7% and 20% depending on the status of designs and average at 11% for all civil works. Engineering, design and administration is estimated at about 12% of the civil works cost and include costs of engineering services retained by the ID for survey, planning and design (para 3.31). Detailed costs of all civil works and equipment have been updated to reflect July 1981 contract prices. Expected price increases during the project period are taken as 9.5% in 1981, 8.5% in 1982 and 7.5% thereafter. Cost estimates are given in Tables T-10 through T-13, detailed in Annex 4 and summarized below: Percentage of Local Foreign Total Base Cost _ _ uS$ M------- ------%N_ __ IrrLgation Components /a MRP Scheme 89.5 17.4 106.9 38.2 HB Scheme 116.5 22.6 139.1 49.6 Arpa Scheme /b 2.0 - 2.0 0.7 Sub-Total 208.0 40.0 248.0 88.5 Other Items Roads 16.0 2.8 18.8 6.7 Sub-chak Channels 2.0 - 2.0 0.7 Farming Systems Research 1.6 - 1.6 0.6 Statewide Hydrological Network 7.0 1.8 8.8 3.1 Technical Services 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 Monitoring and Evaluation 0.5 - 0.5 0.2 Sub-Total 27.6 4.7 32.3 11.5 Base Cost 235.6 44.7 280.3 100.0 Engineering and Administration 34.8 -- 34.8 12.4 Physical Contingencies 26.3 5.0 31.3 11.2 Expected Price Contingencies 79.5 13.3 92.8 33.1 TOTAL PROJECT COST 376.2 63.0 439.2 156.9 /a Scheme costs include provision of O&M facilities (see para 3.30). 7W Project preparation including surveys and investigations. Financing 3040 The proposed IDA credit of US$220 M would finance the foreign exchange component (US$63 M or about 14% of total project cost) and about 42% of local - 28 - cost. All expenditures would be met from GOMP's development budget which includes a GOI contribution. The credit would be made to GOI on standard terms. An assurance would be sought from GOI that it would make the proceeds of the credit available to GOMP on GOI's standard terms and arrangements for development assistance to the States. Agreements have been reached with GOMP, that: (i) sufficient resources (in particular scarce materials such as cement and steel) would be provided to execute the project in accordance with the implementation schedule (Chart C-2) and the project schedule of expenditures; and (ii) it would complete the MRP and HB schemes as soon as technically and financially feasible after the credit has been disbursed. Procurement (SDV, Annex 14) 3.41 Civil works financed under the project would cost approximately US$322 million, excluding engineering and administration. Of this, about US$94 M or 29% of the civil works, would be let through International Compe- titive Bidding contracts (ICB), and about US$151 M (or 47%) would be let through Local Competitive Bidding contracts (LCB), and the remaining US$77 M4 (or 24%) would be let under piecework contracts or be carried out by GOMP's departmental forces. All ICB and LCB contracts, approximately US$245 million (or 76%) of the civil works, would be let on the basis of standardized docu- ments and procedures recently developed by GOI's Central Water Commission and approved by the Bank Group. Works in excess of US$1.0 M would be subject to IDA's pre-action procurement review, 80% by value of the civil works, with the remaining subject to IDA post-review. (a) ICB Contracts for Major Dam and MIain Canal Works (US$94 M). Works for dams and main canals in excess of US$6 M per con- tract would be let on the basis of ICB in accordance with the Bank Group's procurement guidelines. To encourage the participation of larger contractors, similar works would be packaged where practical for bidding. However, to gain the interest of smaller contractors, the bid package would be designed also to allow bidding for all or any part of the works. Indian contractors would be entitled to a 7.5% pre- ference for the purpose of bid evaluation. Tender documents would specify this preference and the manner of its applica tion. (b) LCB Contracts (US$142 M). These works would be individually small (less than US$6 M per contract), scattered over a large area, and carried out intermittently as determined by weather conditions and agricultural activities. They would therefore not be suitable for international tendering. (c) On-Going Contracts (US$9 M). Six civil works contracts have been let between December 1980 when the project was appraised and July 1, 1981 when the five-year time-slice covered by the project was expected to start. These contracts were not suitable for ICB for the same reasons as described above and were let after LCB on the basis of CWC's standardized procedures - 29 - and guidelines. An estimated USS9 M worth oE works is out- standing under such contracts. Works outstanding after July 1, 1981 under such on-going contracts would be eligible for financing from the proposed credit. (d) Non-ICB/LCB Works (US$77 M). These works would also be individually small and scattered, and their implementation would be governed by weather and agricultural conditions. Because of these and other technical constraints, there would be a general lack of interest from contractors located outside the areas covered by the project. These works would therefore be impractical for ICB or LCB tendering; most of them would instead be carried out under small piece-work or rate contracts. When required by safety or quality con- siderations or when the quantities of work are difficult to estimate in advance, small works may be implemented by GONP's departmental forces. Works executed departmentally or on the basis of piece-work or rate contracts would be limited to an aggregate of 25% of the civil works included in the project. 3.42 Equipment, Instruments and Vehicles (Table T-13) to be financed under the project would cost approximately US$18 M excluding price contin- gencies. All heavy equipment with an estimated cost of US$9 M, equivalent to 50% of the value of all equipment, instruments and vehicles included in the project, would be procured through ICB procedures A preference limited to 15%, or the prevailing customs duty if lower, would be extended to local manufacturers in the evaluation of bids. The equipment, instruments and vehicles would be grouped to promote efficiency and attract competition; however, bids will also be accepted on individual schedules to attract small manufacturers. The balance (US$9 i1) comprising light equipment, instruments and vehicles, would be procured locally in order that they could benefit from existing servicing and spare parts supply facilities. These units would be assigned throughout the project so accessability of spare parts and prompt service is essential. There is adequate domestic competition and prices are reasonable. Standardized procedures and bidding documents developed by CWC and approved by IDA would also be used for the equipment, materials and supplies. Disbursements 3.43 Disbursements would be made for: (i) 100% of the foreign expendi- tures for directly imported equipment; (ii) 100% for locally manufactured goods procured ex-factory; (iii) 70% for other locally procured goods; (iv) 100% of expenditure for farming systems research, technical services, the statewide hydrologic network and monitoring and evaluation; and (v) 60% of expenditures for civil works. Disbursements for force account work and for payments of less than Rs .300,000 under civil works contracts and Rs 150,000 for equipment, instruments and vehicles would be made against certificates of expenditures, itemized by sub-project. Documentation for these works would - 30 - be retained by GOMP and made available for inspection by IDA during review missions. Full documentation would be required for all other disbursements. The estimated schedule of expenditure, the semi-annual disbursement schedule and the proposed allocaton of the proceeds of the credit are presented in Tables T-14 to T-16. It is expected that disbursements would be completed by June 1987. Accounts and Audits 3.44 The project would be subject to normal Government control and audit- ing procedures which are satisfactory. A resident Audit Officer, representing the State Accountant General (AG) would audit the project accounts. Although continuous and annual audits are carried out in a timely manner, the finaliza- tion is a lengthy process of the Statutory Audit Report presented to the Legislature. It would be essential therefore to have interim certified state- ments of account. Such statements certified by the AG or his designee supported by an itemized account and a summary of the expenditures would be submitted to IDA as soon as possible after the end of each fiscal year. Agreements have been reached with GOMP that it would: (i) maintain separate accounts on proj- ect expenditures (accounts would be maintained for each scheme); (ii) ensure that these accounts would be audited annually by the AG and the resulting interim statements of account would be submitted to IDA as soon as possible but not later than nine months after the end of each fiscal year; (iii) make complete accounts and financial statements available for inspection during IDA review missions; and (iv) ensure that sufficient auditing staff would be made available for this purpose. IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT General 4.01 Implementation would be the responsibility of the following GOMP agencies: the Irrigation Department (ID) for irrigation components down to the 8 ha turnouts, the resettlement from reservoir areas (together with the Rehabilitation Department), and the statewide hydrologic network; the Agriculture Department (AD) for the sub-chak channels below the 8 ha turnouts; the Department of Public Works (PWD) for the project roads, and the Agriculture University for the farming systems research component. Coordination between agencies would be by the Command Area Development Authorities (CADA). The Irrigation Department (ID) 4.02 Existing Organization. The ID in Madhya Pradesh is responsible for the planning, survey, design, construction, operation and maintenance of surface water irrigation and drainage works down to the 8 ha turnouts. The Secretary of Irrigation is the administrative head of the ID at the State level and is assisted by an Engineer-in-Chief (EC) and 16 Chief Engineers (CEs) who each report directly to the Secretary of Irrigation (Organization Chart C-3). The ID's organization is flexible and adjusted according to the work program. At present, 16 Chief Engineers have regional and/or functional responsibili- ties as follows: - 31 - (a) Four regional CEs for planning, design, construction and O&M of all major and medium projects within their river basin administrative areas; (b) Six project CEs for design, construction and O&M of selec- ted major projects (one of the four is responsible for HB scheme and one for MRP scheme); (c) One CE for surveys, planning and investigations of all major projects up to the "project report" (i.e., the feasibility) stage; (d) Three CEs the Narmada Valley Development; (e) One CE for groundwater and lift irrigation projects; and (f) One CE for electrical and mechanical units and heavy construction machinery. 4e03 Each project CE has several circles, each headed by a Superintending Engineer (SE). A SE is responsible for three to five Divisions, each of which is headed by Executive Engineers (EEs). A Division in turn consists of three to five sub-divisions which are under the control of Assistant Engineers (AEs). 4.04 Designs of most dams and major canal structures (major cross-drainage works, etc.) are done in the offices of the project CEs, with some support from the Central Designs Organization (CDO) of the ID. More complicated dam designs such as the Bango Dam are done by the Central Water Commission (CWC) of GOI. Design units in the offices of the CEs carry out general layout and typical structure designs which are then supplied to circle and divisional offices. The design units at the SE level and in the divisions carry out individual structure or canal designs based on standard type designs. Although the detailed designs of dams and major structures in the irrigation systems are carried out in accordance with sound engineering practices, there is con- siderable room for improvement in the design of the miinor distribution systems. 4.05 Proposed Organization for the Project. To :implement the proposed improvements in planning, design, construction and operation, the ID will be strengthened. In each of the two schemes, MRP and HB, the following additional units would be established: (a) A new Planning and Design Unit at the SE level to work with the General Consultants (see para 3.31) on the survey, layout and design of the distribution system of the irrigation blocks; (b) A Quality Control Unit headed by a SE to check the quality of construction and to ensure that site testing of construc- tion materials and works are systematically carried out; and - 32 - (c) A Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Unit (PME) headed by a SE to monitor project implementation, and to undertake experimental and research programs on design standards, work procedures, etc.. (see para 4.14). Agreements have been reached with GOMP that it would establish by December 31, 1981 in the CE's offices of both MRP and HB schemes, the following additional units: (i) a Planning and Design Unit; (ii) a Quality Control Unit; and (iii) a Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Unit, each unit with staffing patterns acceptable to IDA. 4.06 Staffing Requirements. The works of MRP, and HB schemes are pre- sently being executed by two CEs, assisted by 6 SEs, 17 EEs and 64 AEs, with supporting staff. However, the two CEs are also in charge of schemes outside the project area. Based on the implementation schedule and workload norms fixed by GOMP, yearwise staff requirements for the project would be: Category Existing 1981/82 1982/83 1983/84 1984/85 1985/86 CE 2 2 2 3 3 3 SE 7 16 16 21 21 21 EE 33 80 80 108 108 108 AE 137 312 312 452 452 452 The above table shows the substantial expansion which must take place within the ID in order to complete the project works on time. An agreement has been reached with GOMP that it would provide sufficient staff for the execution of the project in accordance with the implementation schedule agreed with IDA. The Agriculture Department (AD) 4.07 The AD would be responsible for construction of sub-chak channels (para 3.26) under the project. The program would include construction of channels and drains below the 8 ha turnouts and would be a continuation and expansion of the existing pilot projects which have been carried out in Bilaspur district. The AD would also be responsible for advising individual farmers with respect to on-farm works, and providing extension service and farm inputs (paras 2.28-2.36). The Public Works Department (PWD) 4.08 The PWD would be responsible for the design, supervision and main- tenance of the roads component. All project road works would be executed by existing PWD Road Circles, each headed by an SE. The existing staff would be strengthened as necessary (to be reviewed in year one of the project) with additional staff for audit control, work planning, monitoring and training, and maintenance. Maintenance would also be the responsibility of the PWD for all roads constructed or improved under the project. - 33 - Agricultural University 4.09 The Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV) Agricultural University would be responsible for the farming systems research component (para 3.27) under the project. The program would be coordinated through the CAD and focus on the proposed changes in cultural practices. The project will provide timely and reliable supplies for both kharif and rabi crops and this will call for the development of new farming systems. The research will be done mainly by experimenting on farmers' fields in order to observe and evaluate the acceptance of proposed improvements. Command Area Development Authorities (CADA) 4.10 Existing Organization. At the State level, policy decisions are made by: (i) a Cabinet sub-committee comprised of the Chief Minister and the Ministers of Finance, Agriculture and Revenue with the Agricultural Production Commissioner (APC) as Secretar.y; and (ii) a state-level Coordination Committee headed by the APC. In order to strengthen this latter Committee, GOMP created in December 1980, a CAD cell headed by a Special Secretary Agriculture (Addi- tional APC) with some 50% of the costs borne by GOI. This cell is in charge of planning, monitoring and evaluating CAD programs in all major irrigation projects in the State and has multi-disciplinary staff including Irrigation Engineers, Agriculturalists and Economists/Statisticians. 4.11 At the project level, four CADAs have so far been established throughout the State. Chambal and Tawa were established in 1974 and Barna- Halali and Hasdeo-Kharung-Manyani in 1980. At present, each CADA has only a small core staff which coordinates activities of the various GOMP departments operating in the various irrigation command areas. Funding for the operations are included in the specific budgets of the concerned Departments (Revenue, Irrigation, Agriculture, Public Works, Cooperatives and Forestry). The local heads of these departments form a CAD Management Board chaired by the Commis- sioner of the Division. GOMP intends to set up six CADAs in major projects which have already been largely completed. 4.12 Organization in the Project Area. In the project area, a CADA com- menced functioning in 1980 with headquarters at Bilaspur and is responsible for HB scheme and the two nearby completed schemes. The Divisional Commis- sioner is chairman of the CADA and is assisted by a full-time Project Admini- strator with supporting staff. GOMP intends to set up a CADA for MRP scheme area in 1981. Under the project, the CADAs would also be responsible for some aspects of the monitoring and evaluation (paras 4.13-4.17). Monitoring and Evaluation 4.13 A strong monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system would be essential to ensure a reliable assessment of project progress, for undertaking studies and investigations required for project implementation, and for assessment of project results. Data generated through M&E activities would also be essen- tial for the preparation of future development phases. M&E activities would be conducted at two main levels: (i) the ID as the main implementing agency; and (ii) the CADAs established in MRP and HB scheme areas. - 34 - 4.14 M&E at ID Level. The emphasis of M&E activities at ID level would be as follows: (a) Technical Aspects: project implementation, technical perform- ance, design standards, specifications and cost effectiveness, alternative canal lining techniques including lining of minors, from the 40 ha outlet to 8 ha turnout, channel design standards including freeboard; and labor intensive construction methods; (b) System Water Management, from reservoir to 40 ha outlet; and (c) Routine monitoring of operation and maintenance of the reser- voir and irrigation systems. Responsibility for M&E activities would be with the PME (para 4.05). To imple- ment this program the ID would set up a Performance Monitoring and Evaluation Unit in each project headquarters (Raipur and Bilaspur) under the CEs (para 4.04). Assistance would be obtained from Universities or other agencies especially for the design of study programs and data analysis. 4.15 Water management studies would be undertaken in several areas (about 2,000-3,000 ha) within tRP and HB schemes such that sufficient data can be collected to reflect typical farmer response in both kharif and rabi seasons and be sufficient to analyze on a sound statistical basis. Subjects to be investigated would include: (i) the economics of lining sub-minors (from the 40 ha outlet to the 8 ha turnout); (ii) organization of water distribution at 40 ha outlet level; (iii) the effects of variation in the timing and reliabi- lity of water supply on farming practices; and (iv) factors affecting water requirement of paddy and other project crops. 4.16 M&E at CADA Level. Progress of project implementation would be followed through periodical reports prepared by the departments/agencies implementing the various project components. Monitoring and evaluation of project benefits at farm level would be carried out by making better use of data which is being regularly collected in on-going crop-cutting surveys; these surveys which are conducted annually, primarily for estimating crop production and yields, would be improved to provide the additional data required. 4.17 A monitoring and evaluation unit would be established in each CADA (para 4.11) for these purposes. To ensure the timely analysis of the data collected, some computerization of data processing would be necessary and has been provided for in the cost estimates. 4.18 Use of Consultants and Universities for M&E. Consultants would be used to improve crop cutting surveys, for introduction of computerized data analysis, preparation of computer programs and improvement of the reporting system. For sophisticated multi-variate data analyses, participation of universities and research institutions would be sought, especially the Ravishankar University at Raipur. Provisions have been made under the project to finance research programs conducted by senior post-graduate students and university staff on specialized subjects which could benefit the project or assist in preparation of future irrigation projects. - 35 - 4.19 An agreement has been reached with GONP that it would establish by December 31, 1981, in each CADA, a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Unit with staffing patterns agreed by IDA. Resettlement (SDV, Annex 8) 4.20 In the past, GOMP's procedures for resettlement from reservoirs administered by the ID have been "ad hoc" and improvised. GOMP has recognized that these procedures are unsatisfactory and, faced with the prospect of large new reservoir projects, has established a clear-cut policy for the rehabilita- tion and resettlement of persons whose lands come under submergence in irri- gation projects. Draft legislation, which would codify the new practices, is currently pending before the State legislature. The overriding objectives of the new policy are: (a) to ensure fair compensation and continued livelihood to the displaced persons; (b) to elicit in the newly settled communities a participating response of both displaced and host populations for minimizing hardships and rebuilding viable communities; and (c) to promote further eco- nomic and social development in the new communities. Replacement land is being offered on the basis of the previous holding size. Wherever required, schools, public buildings, roads, water supply, etc., will be provided. Transport of families to the new sites with all their household belongings is being offered. The Government appoints District Resettlement offices to organize this work. Rehabilitation Committees, constituted under the chair- manship of Divisional Commissioners and comprising elected representatives from the affected areas, advise on all resettlement matters. The Department of Rehabilitation headed by a Secretary, has overall responsibility. 4.21 During the implementation period of the project, two reservoir areas would come under submergence: (i) the Sondur dam, due to be completed in 1984, would submerge about 300 ha of cultivated land, which would involve some 190 families, and (ii) the Bango dam would, starting from 1986, submerge about 5,520 ha of cultivated land presently occupied by about 1,400 families. 4.22 For the purpose of resettlement of families displaced from areas submerged under the project, GOMP has given assurances that it would: (i) not less than two years before causing submergence of any land covered by the project, formulate a resettlement plan, including an implementation schedule agreed with the IDA; and (ii) as part of this resettlement plan, ensure that displaced families are offered land suitable for cultivation. Families, whose land had been under irrigation, will be given preference in the allocation of irrigated land in the new areas. Operation and Maintenance of the Irrigation Systems 4.23 In the kharif season, supplementary irrigation would be provided to make up water shortages. Each distributary will be operated as a unit and allowance made for localized rainfall variations. At peak demand periods, all canals would run at full design discharge; at other times, main and branch canals would be operated on a varying discharge basis with distributary systems rotated to reflect the local area demand. Below the 40 ha outlet, the entire flow would be supplied to each 8 ha turnout in turn on a time rotation basis 36 - with time of flow proportional to the cultivable command area of the turnout. The turn would define the water right of the farmers within the 8 ha unit with respect to quantity and time of their collective turn in the rotational cycle. Distribution below the 8 ha unit for the kharif crop would follow the present field-to-field practice of irrigating rice except in the areas benefiting from sub-chak channels (para 3.26). 4.24 At present, there is very limited rabi irrigation (only in the MRP command area) and this tends to be concentrated near the head of the irrigation system. Under the schemes, both MRP and HB commands would provide rabi irri- gation and some perennial water supplies would be available in the HB command area. Each year, the rabi irrigated area will vary depending on water retained in storage from the previous monsoon, after demands for industrial and domestic use and the carryover storage required to start the kharif rice in the follow- ing year have been allocated from the available supply. Each farmer would be notified of his water allocation early enough to plan for the rabi crop and told when the supply would be made available to him. The allocation would be based on: (i) availability of water at the end of the monsoon season; (ii) crop water requirements for the distributary under which the farmer is located; (iii) the size of his holdings; and (iv) the soil conditions. 4.25 At present, there are no completed works in MP designed to the project standards which are operational. Consequently, GOMP has not finalized requirements of staffing, equipment and facilities to ensure efficient opera- tion and preventative maintenance of the project works. However, the project does provide for those equipment and facilities (see para 3.30) which need to be supplied during the time slice; it also provides for a comprehensive management study once sufficient works are completed for project O&M require- ments to be finalized (see Annex 2). Agreements have been reached with GOMP that it would: (i) undertake a detailed management study to establish rules, procedures and requirements for the effective operation and preventative maintenance of the project schemes; and (ii) prepare the terms of reference of such a study by March 31, 1983 to be reviewed by IDA. In addition, an agreement has been reached with GOMP that it would promptly inform IDA of the annual financial and other allocations made for the operation and maintenance, separately for each of the MRP and HB schemes. V. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, PRICES, FARM INCOMES AND COST RECOVERY General 5.01 The project would support a five-year time-slice of an on-going development program that would command about 595,000 ha I/ at full development. The "present" and "future with project" situations in terms of average annual irrigated areas for MRP and HB schemes can be summarized as follows: 1/ Additional 34,000 ha in Pairi Command (MRP scheme) constitutes a self- contained irrigation area. Rehabilitation of the area would commence in about 1991. - 37 - Scheme "Present Situation" "Future With Project" (at full development) Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Areas: Rainfed Irrigated Irrigated Rainfed Irrigated Irrigated MRP /a 150 224 - - 374 131 HB 210 45 - - 255 128 /a Including Pairi Irrigation Project. The project would substantially increase agricultural production through increased irrigated area and crop yields, resulting in higher and more regular rural incomes and employment opportunities. Investments financed under the project would also provide for industrial water supplies for the thermal power stations and other industrial users at Korba, for a steel plant at Bhilai and for municipal water requirements of Raipur and Bhilai towns. Agricultural Production 5.02 The present and projected future cropping patterns for MRP and HB schemes are given in Table T-17. Present agricultural practices are reviewed in paras 2.21 to 2.24 and reflect uncertain rainfall and unreliable irriga- tion water supply. Average paddy yields at present are low (about 1.4 tons/ha) and cultivation is virtually limited to the kharif season. The climatic risk factor is the principal constraint in farmers' use of modern high yielding varieties which require relatively costly inputs of labor, seed, fertilizer and chemicals. The project would result in substantial changes of the present production techniques especially in the kharif season. The main transforma- tion would be from the traditional broadcast method of planting kharif paddy (biasi), to the transplanting of short duration (120-135 days) HYV paddy. 5.03 In the MRP scheme area the extent of rabi cultivation would depend on water stored in the reservoirs by the end of the monsoon season which will vary with the amount and distribution of rainfall from year to year. The percentage of rabi irrigation will therefore vary from nil to about 33% in the low monsoon years to exceed 60% in good monsoon years and should average about 35%. The amount of water available for rabi cultivation can be made known to farmers only at the end of the kharif season. The uncertainty regarding the scope of rabi cultivation would be minimized through careful water storage management and good agricultural extension service. Rabi cropping patterns most suitable under such conditions would be developed through the farming systems research activities (para 3.27) and should result in development of optimal rabi cropping patterns before water for sizable rabi irrigated areas becomes available in the 1990s. 5.04 In the HB scheme, more storage would be available per ha of area commanded and the average rainfall is slightly higher than in the MRP area. Consequently, a higher percentage of early transplanted paddy would be pos- sible and the area for rabi cropping would be higher than in MRP. Perennial crops (sugarcane and bananas) can also be grown reusing water supplies which are primarily used for cooling thermal power stations and given on a priority - 38 - basis to industrial users. Water would also be available for some hot weather crops (groundnut, maize and summer mung). 5.05 Expected Future Development Without Project. The existing irrigated area in MRP scheme averages about 224,000 ha per annum. Completion of Dudhawa reservoir (first filled to full capacity in 1978) and Ravishankar (1979) reservoir have not yet been fully reflected in present crop production. For the purposes of project analysis, it has been assumed that with an adequate level of irrigation system management about 70,000 ha of the present irrigated area can be transformed to the "future" cropping pattern in the kharif season. The capacity of the existing main and branch canals and the amount of water available would compensate for existing system inefficiencies and enable such cropping transitions to take place. In addition, it has been assumed that about 24,000 ha of the existing area can be put to the "future" rabi cropping pattern (Table T-17) using surplus storage water immediately available to the MRP scheme area. In the case of HB scheme, it has been assumed that neither the cropping patterns nor crop yields would change from the present situation until Bango Dam is substantially complete (1986) because without storage, the transition to early transplanted kharif paddy cannot take place and water would not be available for rabi or perennial crops. Allowance has also been made for existing rainfed areas which are cultivated and will be lost under the project through submergence in reservoir areas or as land required to construct new irrigation works. The assumptions regarding the agricultural transition from the present to "future with project" situation are given in Annex 3. 5.06 The expected average annual increase in agricultural production resulting from works under the time-slice forming this project and for the whole project at full development are detailed in Table T-18 and summarized below. It has been assumed that in each irrigation block developed under the project, full crop production level would be reached 5-7 years after commence- ment of water delivery. Incremental Production /a Resulting from Works Whole Project Crop in this Time-Slice at Full Development MRP HBP Total MRP HBP Total
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India - Madhya Pradesh Major Irrigation Project
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