Somalia - Bay Region Agricultural Development Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY FILE COPY Report No. 2406a-SO SOMALIA BAY REGION AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT November 29, 1979 Eastern Africa Region Northern Agriculture Division This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency Unit = Somali Shilling (So.Sh.) US$0.1589 = So.Sh. 1.00 US$1.00 = So.Sh. 6.295 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 2 1 hectare (ha) 2 = 10,000 m 1 square kilometer (km ) = 100 ha 1 metric ton (mt) = 1,000 kg ABBREVIATIONS ADC - Agricultural Development Corporation ADF - African Development Fund CED - Civil Engineering Department (MPW) DEO - District Extension Officer DVO - District Veterinary Officer ETC - Extension Training Center FEA - Field Extension Agent FRO - Field Research Officer GDP - Gross National Product GOS - Government of Somalia ICB - International Competitive Bidding IDA - International Development Association IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development LDA - Livestock Development Agency MLFR - Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range MOA - Ministry of Agriculture MPW - Ministry of Public Works NES - National Extension Service NMEF - National Monitoring and Evaluation Facility NRA - National Range Agency ONAT - Tractor Hiring Agency PADU - Pilot Agricultural Development Unit PMU - Project Management Unit REO - Regional Extension Officer SMS - Subject Matter Specialist WDA - Water Development Agency USAID - United States Agency for International Development FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY SOMALIA BAY REGION AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT Table of Contents Page No. I. THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR **************.************................................**** 1 A. Background ...................................................*. 1 B. The Project Area .......... ........................ 3 C. Present Constraints to Increased Production ....... 9 II. THE PROJECT .......................................... 10 A. Project Concept . ......... .. ... . . . . . ...................... . 10 B. General Project Description ....................... 11 C. Detailed Project Features ......................... 12 III. PROJECT COST ESTIMATES, FINANCING, PROCUREMENT AND DISBURSEMENT . ................................ . . . . 24 A. Project Cost Estimates ... ................. ...... 24 B. Financing ..................................................... 25 C. Procurement ............... *.....** ....O-*... 27 D. Disbursement ............................................. 27 E. Accounts and Audit .. .............................. 28 IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ................... ......... 28 V. PRODUCTION, FARMERS' BENEFITS, MARKETING AND PRICES ..... 33 A. Production and Farmers' Benefits .................. 33 B. Marketing and Prices . ..................... ....... . 38 VI. BENEFITS, ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION AND GOVERNMENT CASH FLOW .......... ................................... 41 A. Benefits and Economic Justification .............. 41 B. Effect on Government Budget .................. .... 44 VII. SUMMARY OF AGREEMENTS TO BE REACHED .................... 45 This report is based on the findings of a mission which visited Somalia in June-July, 1978, comprising S. Gafsi, J. Graves, J. Ball (IDA), V. Bakiewicz, R. Long, H. Cook (Consultants). This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance Of their oMcial duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  Table of Contents (Continued) Page No. CHARTS Chart 1 Project Organization (WB 20140) .................. . 48 Chart 2 Implementation Schedule (WB 20141) ........ ........ 49 TABLES Table 1 EstiE stimated Schedule o f Disbursements 50 Table 2 Economic Rate of Return Calculations . .51 Table 3 Government Cash Flow ........Government.Cash.Fl ow 52 IMPLEMENTATION VOLUME Table of Contents . ... .................... .. .. . . 53 MAPS Map 1 IBRD No. 14245 Roads - Physiography Map 2 IBRD No. 13870 Project Location  SOMALIA BAY REGION AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT I. THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR A. Background 1.01 With a per capita GNP of $110 in 1978, Somalia is one of the poorest countries in Africa. Total population in 1978 was estimated at 3.7 million with an annual growth rate of 2.6%. The majority of Somalis live in rural areas and engage in subsistence crop production and nomadic animal husbandry. Livestock and livestock products account for about 80% of the country's exports. Bananas are the second major export, but their relative importance has been declining because of lower production and inefficient marketing. Increased exports of bananas could be achieved mainly through a strengthened marketing system. Somalia's imports are dominated by investment goods and other essential items such as cereals, petroleum and medical products. 1.02 Somalia is located bitween the latitudes 11 30'N and 1 30'S. It has an area of over 638,000 km . The topography consists mainly of plateaus sloping from the Ethiopian highlands to the Indian Ocean in the east and the Gulf of Aden in the north. These plateaus are broken by chains of mountains in the north and they end in a relatively broad coastal plain in the south. Climatically, Somalia may be divided into (i) a northwest zone with semi- mediterranean climate and an average rainfall of 400 mm per year, (ii) a central and the northern sea coast zones with an arid, hot climate and an annual precipitation ranging between 50 and 100 mm, and (iii) a southern zone with precipitation of up to 600 mm per year. 1.03 Most of Somalia is, therefore, classified as arid to semi-arid and the natural environment is on the whole rather harsh. Rainfall is not only low but also irregular both with respect to total quantity and incidence. This causes partial rainfed crop failures in two out of five years. Ground- water resources, although thought to be limited, remain substantially unex- plored. The two major rivers, Shebelli and Juba, flow through the southern part of the country. The Shebelli flows for about 7 months, while the Juba flows throughout the year. 1.04 About 8 million ha, or 13% of the land area, were estimated as potentially suitable for crop production, but only about 0.7 million ha or 1% of the total area are cultivated. Land use, as reflected by the existing sketchy statistics, is as follows:  -2- Land Use Area % of Total '000 ha Presently cultivated: Controlled Irrigation 50 0.08 Flood Irrigation 110 0.17 Rainfed Farming 540 0.85 Total Cultivated 700 1.10 Potentially Cultivable: 7,500 11.75 Total Cultivable 8,200 12.85 Rangeland 28,800 45.15 Unusable 26,800 42.00 Total Land Area 63,800 100.00 Two regions, Lower Shebelli and Bay, together contain over 40% of the total cultivated area. About 70% of the irrigated area is along the Shebelli River, 27% is along the Juba River and 3% mainly in the Northwest. Out of a Govern- ment estimated total area of 240,000 ha potentially suitable for irrigation, about two thirds are located along the Shebelli River. Unfortunately, there appears to be a shortage of water to meet the irrigation needs of available good land along the Shebelli River and a shortage of good land for optimum use of the water available in the Juba River. 1.05 Crop production engages about 195,000 families, most of them in rainfed farming. Livestock production is Somalia's principal economic activ- ity, engaging approximately two thirds of the population. Following the 1973-75 drought, Government has been attempting to expand irrigation and thereby reduce the impact of future droughts. Although pre-drought levels of production have not yet been reached, domestic output has been improving colitinuously. Sorghum, maize and sesame are the three principal crops in Somalia accounting for about 90% of the cultivated area. Sorghum, mostly grown on small rainfed farms, covers approximately 55% of the total culti- vated area. Bananas, sugarcane, vegetables and fruits, as well as small amounts of groundnuts, sesame, cotton and pulses are grown under irrigation. State farms growing maize, rice and other irrigated crops are slowly gaining importance. 1.06 Cereal consumption in the country is about 350,000 tons per year, of which about 15-30% has to be imported. Production trends are not keeping pace with population increases, thus increasing the future reliance on im- ports. Nevertheless, there is scope to increase the effectively cultivated area both for rainfed and irrigated crops. Most importantly, however, there is room for increased productivity without substantial additional inputs and with reliance on the present level of technological knowledge. In the medium term, gains in productivity for the majority of farmers can be achieved by eliminating elementary failures in the farming system such as unsatisfactory land preparation, low quality seeds, poor seeding techniques and low seeding rates. Effective crop yields can also be increased through improved post harvest practices. On-farm animal production can be increased through  -3- valorization of crop residues. In the long term, gains in productivity can be achieved through the development and extension to farmers of moisture conservation practices, improved crop varieties, pest control and fallow management. A strong adaptive research program would be needed for developing such technological packages within the framework of a viable farming system. 1.07 Bank group assistance to the agricultural sector in Somalia started with the Trans-Juba Livestock Project (IDA Credit 462-SO) in FY 74. This was followed by two Credits in FY 76, Drought Rehabilitation Project (IDA Credit 623-SO) and the Northwest Region Agricultural Development Project (IDA Credit 635-SO). An Agricultural Extension and Training Project (IDA Credit 905-SO), and the Central Rangelands Development Project (IDA Credit 906-SO), followed in FY 79. Currently there is the proposed Project (prepared by Government with assistance from FAQ/World Bank Cooperative Program), an Agricultural Sector Review (commenced in June, 1979), and Bank assistance for preparation of a Livestock Marketing Project. 1.08 Implementation of on-going projects has met with difficulties. These are mainly due to the scarcity of trained manpower which is further aggravated by the continued migration of Somalis to the neighboring petroleum exporting countries. To ease difficulties of this nature the FY 79 Projects and the proposed Project emphasize technical assistance, institution building and include comprehensive training programs. More pervasive difficul- ties, such as hiring consultants, procuring equipment and monitoring project implementation have been addressed by setting up a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) in the State Planning Commission (SPC); and including, in the proposed Project, the funds to strengthen the national monitoring and evaluation facil- ity (NMEF) of the SPC (Para. 2.02 (e)). B. The Project Area 1.09 The proposed Project covers the Bay Region of about 4 million ha. 630,000 ha of this are arable (Lockwood Survey, 1968). The remainder is rangeland. The Bay Region is located in the inter-riverine area between the Juba and the Shebelli Rivers. Its administrative capital, Baidoa, is 200 km northwest of Mogadishu. The region is divided into four administrative districts: Baidoa, Bur Akaba, Dinsor and Kansa Dere. Total population in the Region was estimated in 1978 at about 350,000 people or 10% of the coun- try's total population. About 20% of the families in the Baidoa township and the majority of all others are rural families deriving their livelihood from a combination of settled farming and pastoralism. These families are distributed among districts, approximately as follows:  -4 - Location Number of Rural Families 1975 Census 1/ 1977 Estimate 1979 Estimate District Baidoa 22,000 23,000 26,000 District Bur Akaba 14,000 15,000 17,000 District Dinsor 7,500 8,000 9,000 District Kansa Dere 6,500 7,000 8,000 Total 50,000 53,000 60,000 1/ Assumes that 75% of the families listed as nomadic are basically part of the rural settled households. Members of these families move with their livestock outside of the Bay Region during dry seasons in search of water and return to their villages of perma- nent residence during the rainy seasons. An unknown number of pastoralists from other regions utilize the rangelands in the Bay Region during their movements to and from the Juba and Shebelli rivers. Climate 1.10 The climate of the Project area is semi-arid. There are two seasons of monsoonal rains per year: the major one referred to as "Gu" in April-June, and the minor one referred to as "Der" in October-December. The region includes the highest rainfall area in Somalia. The annual average for Baidoa, based on a 41 year record, is 585 mm (FAO, 1977). The length of the rainy season varies from year to year along the following pattern: Gu Season Der Season Start: 1 year in 4 by 27 March 1 year in 4 by 2 October Average 5 April Average 10 October 3 years in 4 by 15 April 3 years in 4 by 19 October Duration: 1 year in 4 55 days 1 year in 4 60 days Average 43 days Average 48 days 3 years in 4 30 days 3 years in 4 35 days All the rainfall tends to occur in showers of high intensity and short dura- tion. Much of the rainfall, however, is effective since the median monthly rainfall is seldom above 125 mm. Sufficient rain for germination of crops is always received in April and the risk of extended drought is low, but total rainfall per season is low and variable and the length of the rainy season is short compared to the crop growing cycle. As a result, there is a significant probability of partial crop failure in one out of five Gu seasons and in one out of three Der seasons. To minimize the risk of crop failure, soil moisture conservation should be practiced, and only drought resistant crops grown at low plant densities.  -5- Land Resources 1.11 The most important soil characteristic in the Project area is moisture holding capacity which determines its suitability for rainfed cul- tivation. The major soil groups in the region are grumosols (vertisols), ferrosols, regosols, lithosols and latosols. The grumosols include all the brown and grey soils suitable for rainfed cultivation, whereas the rest are red soils and are most suitable for coarse grazing and browsing, though some might support a crop such as groundnuts if there is a good rainfall season. 1.12 The Bay Region can be subdivided into three physiographic units with varying agricultural potential: Area ('000 ha)-/ Cleared and Potentially Unsuitable Unit Under Crops Cultivable for Cultivation Total Limestone Plateau 220 230 2,050 2,500 Limestone Depression - 60 40 100 Basement Complex 100 80 1,220 1,400 Total 320 370 3.310 4,000 1/ Hunting, 1977, based on Lockwood Survey, 1968. These figures are based on aerial photography with only limited field check- ing. The data on cultivable land availability have to be confirmed before any realistic land use planning for the Bay Region as a whole can be undertaken. Water Resources 1.13 Because of seasonal rainfall, absorbent ground surface, high evapora- tion and generally small catchments, there are no perennial rivers or streams in the Bay Region. Thus, perennial water supplies can only be obtained either by storing the seasonal flows of streams or from groundwater sources. Surface Water 1.14 A well developed drainage pattern exists only on the Basement Com- plex, particularly in the western part of the Project area. On the Limestone Plateau, there are very few drainage channels, except in the immediate vicinity of the limestone escarpment. To augment the seasonal supplies from streams and rivers, the local population has constructed many3small surface water reser- voirs or "uars" with capacities of 100 to 1,500 m , using natural depressions and intercepting minor runoff channels. These uars do not provide a reliable year-round supply of water. In 1974, 40 uars lined with heavy- uty plastic sheets were built with capacities ranging from 2,300 to 3,400 m . Each uar  -6 is fenced and has a pumping system delivering water to troughs. They are under the jurisdiction of the National Range Agency (NRA) and provide watering points within the grazing areas and along stock routes leading from the Baidoa - Bardera road to markets in Kismayo and Mogadishu. Fifteen of the forty uars have partly or totally failed due to rupturing of the buried plastic lining or insufficient inflows. In most cases, troughs are not in use because the small hand pumps used to fill them have failed. Groundwater 1.15 Basement Complex Area. Groundwater, in exploitable quantities, is mainly found in small isolated pockets, separated from each other by impermeable rock. The permeabilities of fracture or weathered zones are low and, consequently, basement wells normally produce low yields. Depth to water table is normally between 5 and 15 meters. Recharge is from local sources and in most cases can be expected to be low. Permanent depletion of the aquifers does not appear to be a serious danger with the low extrac- tion rates practiced or planned for the future. 1.16 Limestone Plateau Area: The limestone formation contains ground- water in karst features (particularly near ground level) and interstitial openings in chalky and detrital limestones. The water table near Baidoa is reported to be at about 70 m depth. However, above that level, there are many perched water bodies, some of them sufficiently extensive to never go dry at the low rates of extraction expected. Recharge of the aquifer is mainly by direct infiltration of rainfall. Groundwater quality is generally moderate to good. 1.17 Limestone Depression Area. In the Limestone Depression, the shallow water table, which is normally between 5 and 10 meters below ground level, makes groundwater development for irrigation a possibility. The characteris- tics of the aquifer are, however, not known. Groundwater quality is generally good enough for domestic supply and livestock watering, and the limited avail- able evidence, suggests its salinity and sodicity are also low enough to irrigate most crops given good management. Roads 1.18 With the exception of the Baidoa - Mogadishu road, the roads in the Bay Region are in an appalling condition. Previously constructed roads have deteriorated through inadequate maintenance to such an extent that traffic diverts to animal tracks at the sides. The lack of roads has hindered the movement of people and livestock and influenced the location and extent of settlement. There is a concentration of villages around the roads and tracks that radiate from Baidoa, while good soil areas away from these remain un- cropped. Any servicing of villages (e.g. water supply, extension, education, health, grain, livestock and charcoal marketing) is limited, as many of the roads on the good cropping soils are not passable during the rainy seasons. The lack of defined roads has also hindered livestock movement in cropped areas and resulted in damage and wastage of crops due to trespassing. There  -7- are about 475 km of main interregional roads in the Bay Region which need rehabilitation, 50 km of which are currently being improved with existing funds and about another 60 km will be the subject of a feasibility study financed under IDA's Third Highway Project. The remaining 365 km are also of vital importance for the development of agriculture in the Bay Region. In addition, access tracks are lacking in major parts of the Region. Range and Animal Resources 1.19 The Bay Region supports about 60,000 rural families and carries about 700,000 livestock units. Traditionally, it has been inhabited by pastoralists who, over the years, have taken to growing crops and become more sedentary. Currently, the majority of the livestock in the Region belongs to families who are growing crops and the proportion of traditionally dominant nomadic pastoralists has fallen to insignificant levels. The live- stock population in 1977 was estimated at about 196,000 head of cattle, 281,000 camels and 411,000 sheep and goats. In terms of livestock units, this represents approximately 9% of the country's livestock population. 1.20 Rangelands cover about 3.7 million ha and can be broadly described as bush and grass steppe. Much has been affected by continuous overgrazing. As a result most of the previous grass cover has been depleted and replaced by invading thorn bush. This is particularly so on the red soils which make up the bulk of the region's rangelands, but less so on the drainage flood plains where crop cultivation precludes grazing until after harvest. Conse- quently, bush cover, estimated at 36% of total vegetative cover in 1963 is currently estimated at 45 to 60%; and the present stocking rate estimated at 6 ha per livestock unit, is believed excessive relative to an estimated 1964 carrying capacity at 8 ha per livestock unit. The croplands produce stover after both cropping seasons. The quantity varies from almost nothing to 1,000 kg per ha per year, depending on rainfall. Most of the stover is grazed by cattle after harvest. 1.21 The Pan African JP 15 control program has brought rinderpest under control in the area. Apart from the threat of reintroduction of this disease, contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia is known to occur and tick-borne diseases are becoming more widespread in the region. Foot and mouth disease occurs in cattle in mild form, but sheep and goats do not appear to be affected. Contageous caprine pleuro-pneumonia causes serious losses through mortality and emaciation. Agriculture in the Bay Region 1.22 Croplands under cultivation, excluding fallow, are currently esti- mated to average about 320,000 ha per year but this could vary from 200,000 to 450,000 ha due to climate. Government indicated that there is evidence that suitable land is available to double that area. Development has been by spontaneous settlement. Land is cleared, cultivated for several years until yields become unsatisfactory and then allowed to revert to bush fallow for one to three years. Practices to maintain soil fertility, conserve soil moisture,  avoid high wastages in crop residues and stored food grains are largely unknown to farmers and a complete dichotomy exists between crop and animal production. Only a small minority of farmers have adopted the use of animal traction to increase their planted acreage or save labor. Within this minority some have diversified their cropping pattern, intensified their on-farm animal husbandry activities and even entered the market economy selling groundnuts, and milk and/or purchasing seeds, and plant protection products. Overall, however, the farming system now practiced by the average farmer is land- intensive, exploitative and not very productive. It is characterized by unsatisfactory land preparation, low quality seeds, inadequate seeding rates, uneven plant coverage and inefficient weed control, and uses no other inputs besides seeds and family labor. 1.23 The average family cultivates about 5 ha annually with sorghum as the main crop often interplanted with pulses and small areas of millet, maize and more recently, groundnuts. Sorghum is grown in the Gu season and many farmers ratoon the Gu season crop or replant in the Der season. A simple hoe is the only implement used, crop varieties are low yielding, and the low average yields realized per ha per year of about 500 kg (sorghum) and 70 kg (pulses) are further eroded by high post-harvest losses. As a result, access to income derived from livestock is essential for survival and the average farm family also owns about 12 livestock units, two of which are kept near the homestead and the remainder on the rangelands. Average farm family income from all sources is about So.Sh. 3,300 per year (US$520) representing a per capita income of about US$95 per year. Institutions Serving Agriculture 1.24 The Region is administered by a Governor located in Baidoa. The Governor is assisted by four District Commissioners and by the regional coordinators of various ministries. Regional coordinators report to the Governor for administrative matters and to their respective ministries for their budgets, technical support and work program. 1.25 The regional office of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) is respon- sible for serving all farmers through extension, research, training, seed production, plant protection and cooperative organization. MOA also serves farmers indirectly through the National Tractor Hiring Agency (ONAT) which is responsible for the provision of all inputs except seeds and through the Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) which is responsible for the marketing of food grains and seeds. All MOA's regional units operate under conditions of low technical competence of staff, shortage of support facili- ties and an absence of work programs. MOA also operates a Farmers' Training Center at Bonka. This center is expected to become an Extension Training Center (ETC) under the Agricultural Extension and Farm Management Training Project. Part of the 200 ha seed farm is being cultivated under the super- vision of the Director of the Farmers' Training Center, producing mainly sorghum.  -9- 1.26 The regional office of the Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range (MLFR) is concerned with providing veterinary services, maintaining rangelands and promoting forestry development and conservation. MLFR com- prises the relatively autonomous National Range Agency (NRA), the Livestock Development Agency (LDA), the Veterinary Service, the Department of Animal Production and the Institute of Animal Health. The regional office of the NRA is responsible for management of range reserves, forest clearing, fodder production and the management of water points within the rangelands, but has neither the qualified staff nor the facilities to assume those responsibili- ties. The main function of the regional Department of Veterinary Services is vaccination against rinderpest with some treatment for ectoparasites, trypanosomiasis and other diseases, and distribution of drugs to pastoralists. The regional veterinary service is lacking both technical competence and work means. 1.27 Water development is the responsibility of the Ministry of Minerals and Water Resources through its Geological Survey Department for surveys and geological mapping and through its semi-autonomous Water Development Agency (WDA) for borehole construction, operation and maintenance and for the admin- istration of water related regulations. WDA has a regional office in Baidoa which lacks the physical and financial means and the qualified staff that would allow it to assume responsibility for water development in the region. 1.28 With the exception of roads in the Baidoa municipality, the con- struction and maintenance of roads in the region is the responsibility of the Civil Engineering Department (CED) under the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) in Mogadishu. The CED has a regional office with a Regional Director at Baidoa. Due to the lack of current funds, there is no regular road main- tenance program or even any maintenance equipment. Funds and equipment are made available only for periodic maintenance and rehabilitation. An ongoing rehabilitation program on the Baidoa - Audinle - Luk road is well equipped and making good progress. The regional office has a useful nucleus of road foremen, mechanics and equipment operators. The mechanical facilities for equipment maintenance are run down and obsolete. C. Present Constraints to Increased Production 1.29 Water: The lack of permanent water for human and animal use during the dry seasons is a major constraint. The traditional method of collecting rainfall in small uars leaves farmers with the need to either transport the barest minimum of water they require over long distances to their villages, or to migrate with their animals and their subsistence food to places with permanent sources of water, often outside the Bay Region, during at least three months of a normal year. This has hindered the intensification of the farming system and the integration of crop and livestock production. Moreover, the need for livestock to walk long distances for water and the necessity to gather around a few permanent water points with consequent lack of feed, results in weight losses, reduced fertility and increases in diseases and deaths.  - 10 1.30 Road Access. As a consequence of the unsatisfactory road condition in the Project area, substantial quantities of surplus grain are not finding their way to the urban centers and are wasted in ADC collection centers or in inefficient storage facilities on farms. In addition, livestock being moved on the hoof to main markets suffer considerable weight losses. The lack of access tracks has also hindered the effective use of vast areas of rangeland. Moreover, delivery of services such as extension and veterinary services to farmers is quite difficult and in places, impossible. 1.31 Farming System. The practice of shifting cultivation coupled with a complete dichotomy between crop and animal production needs to be replaced by a more permanent, sedentary farming system that returns adequate amounts of organic matter to the soil, develop the potential for complementary relation- ships between crop and livestock production, and preserve the carrying capacity of the rangeland areas. Such practices could include the alternation of land use between crop years and pasture years during which soil fertility is being restored and animals utilize the herbage. To bring this about several services would have to be provided simultaneously: (a) The research service would have to study appropriate rotations for the area and develop appropriate technological packages; (b) the extension service would have to bring the technological packages to the farmer; (c) the animal health service would have to control animal diseases; (d) assistance would have to be given in range management; (e) inputs such as disease-free seeds, adequate tools for cultiva- tion, drugs for the animals and - possibly - supplementary feeds would have to be made available; (f) existing local communities, their structure, organization, control and relationships with each other and the various district and regional institutions would have to be identified, studied and strengthened. 1.32 Qualified Manpower. The Bay Region lacks the qualified manpower needed for its development. The existing institutions not only are short of staff, but they also lack the facilities that would allow them to utilize their existing staff effectively. All regional government agencies are short of transport facilities, equipment and inputs. In addition, the absence of clear lines of responsibility makes the implementation of any task difficult. II. THE PROJECT A. Project Concept 2.01 Despite the recognized potential for increased production, develop- ment in the Bay Region would not be possible without major improvements in infrastructure and the existing information base, which is at present in- adequate to define and choose between alternative strategies. To accommodate these deficiencies the proposed Project is conceived as the first of two phases in which the first phase would provide the infrastructure, institutional strength and information base, funds and facilities required to prepare a second phase Project for implementation. In addition, because of the many  - 11 - technical and institutional questions that remain unanswered the first phase Project would be implemented in two stages. The first stage would last three years and concentrate on procuring Project goods, staffing, training, gather- ing information, extending assistance to farmers (within the limits of proven region specific technology), and initiating applied research program to find solutions to already identified farming problems. This first stage would culminate in the preparation of a work plan that specifies the timing, ways and means for completing the implementation of each phase I Project component during the proposed second three-year stage. Disbursements of Credit funds for each Project component following this mid-term review would be contingent upon agreement between IDA and Government to continue with the implementation of each component as originally defined or as modified as a result of the review. B. General Prolect Description 2.02 The Project would aim to increase crop and livestock production in the Bay Region. Over a period of six years, it would improve the potable water supply, upgrade the road network, support the development of an inte- grated permanent and non-exploitative farming system, train Somalis and help build institutions capable of carrying on the agricultural development task in the Bay Region. Specifically, the Project would provide for: (a) improving the supply of potable water in the region for human and livestock consumption through (i) drilling and developing about 60 deep boreholes on the Limestone Plateau (of which six would serve selected pilot range improvement units, and the remainder, crop producing areas); (ii) an investigation/production drilling program in the Basement Complex involving about 40 drilled boreholes, 10 dug wells and 4 uars, and (iii) testing the availability of water for irrigation in the Limestone Depression by drilling about 6 boreholes and 2 test production wells. Funds would be provided for drilling equipment, transport facilities, staff housing, surveys and studies, and incremental operating costs; (b) upgrading and maintaining all roads in the Bay Region to give all-season access to areas where agricultural production is presently or potentially significant, by (i) rehabilitating about 350 km of 6 m wide low standard main roads (class II), (ii) constructing about 210 km of 4 m wide feeder or access roads (class III), and (iii) clearing about 250 km of access tracks. The Project would provide for road construction equipment, transport facilities, staff housing, a mechanical workshop and incremental operating costs; (c) intensifying the farming system in the Bay Region through (i) introducing simple improved production practices and  12 initiating a program of adaptive research and field demonstration trials aimed at crop production, animal husbandry and range management, (ii) creating four pilot agricultural development units (PADU) to integrate crop and livestock activities and test the technical and insti- tutional means of integrating farm and range activities, (iii) strengthening the veterinary service in the region, (iv) strengthening the agricultural extension service in the region (to be financed under the Agricultural Extension and Farm Management Training Project), (v) producing quality seeds, (vi) testing means to improve on-farm storage of grains and fodder, and (vii) supporting the production and diffusion of improved farm tools and animal-drawn implements. The Project would provide for staff housing and office space, machinery and equipment for the seed farm and the research center, transport facilities, surveys and studies and incremental operating costs; (d) technical assistance and training including (i) training abroad for key Somali staff, (ii) short term study trips abroad for selected Somali staff, (iii) expatriates to fill key positions during Project implementation, and (iv) consultancy services. The Project would provide for the construction of staff housing and office space, transport facilities and operating costs; and (e) strengthening the national monitoring and evaluation facility (NMEF) of the State Planning Commission in Mogadishu which would be responsible for the independent monitoring and evaluation of, initially, agricultural development projects and, ultimately, all development projects in the country. The Project would provide for the construction of housing facilities and office space, transport and incremental operating costs for the Unit. C. Detailed Project Features Water Supply 2.03 During the first 3 year stage the Project would be concerned with studies to obtain a better understanding of groundwater occurrence, and the effective use of uars, dug and drilled wells. Geological maps (1:100,000) would be compiled from existing air photos, satellite imagery and geological maps, supplemented by field checks. Particular attention would be paid to determining the size and form of the aquifer in the Limestone Depression, mapping the alluvial outcrops of the major wadi beds in the region, and compiling a full inventory of existing water points. Field work would be confined to drilling or digging wells and other preliminary investigation needed to identify the location and number of boreholes to be drilled on  - 13 - the Limestone Plateau (where the chance of success is "high"), and the pre- paration of a water development strategy for the Basement Complex and Lime- stone Depression (where the chance of success is "low"). Once approved by Government and IDA, these plans would then be implemented during the second 3 year stage of the Project investment period. 2.04 Water Development in the Basement Complex. Work in the Basement Complex aims at preparing rational guidelines for improving the efficacy with which uars, dug and drilled wells can be located, designed and constructed to supply water for domestic and livestock use. The validity of the resultant guidelines and the criteria on which they are based would then be tested by constructing four pilot uars and ten dug wells and drilling up to 40 8-inch diameter boreholes to a maximum depth of 60 meters, monitoring the performance of the uars and testing the wells and successful boreholes for yield and water quality. Only half of the 40 boreholes are expected to be successful. At the end of the Project period, a manual would be issued to serve as a guide for further development of water supplies in this area. 2.05 Water Development in the Limestone Plateau. The main item in the Limestone Plateau area is the construction of about 60 deep boreholes for domestic and livestock use, mainly in currently cropped areas. Six of these boreholes would be located in the range areas of the PADUs. The available evidence suggests that such drilling would result in successful boreholes. Information gathered during the first 3 year stage would result in a well based selection of sites. This coupled with sound design and good maintenance would minimize failures. Upgrading of the data base would be emphasized in the beginning of the drilling campaign. The first, say ten boreholes, would be spaced widely throughout the area to study variations in aquifer properties and groundwater quality. During the Project implementation period, all wells, completed and fully equipped, would be operated and maintained by the regional unit of WDA and would be carefully monitored. WDA would prepare an operation and maintenance manual on the basis of this monitoring. 2.06 Water Development in the Limestone Depression. The work in this area would be largely concerned with investigating groundwater availability, methods of exploiting this water and investigating the technical and economic feasibility of establishing and running two 5 ha pilot irrigated farms during the Project investment period. First, geophysical surveys (resistivity and magnetometer) would be carried out to study the geometry of the aquifer and determine the location of about six exploratory boreholes and two test pro- duction wells. The wells would be about 70 m deep. They would be fully tested with step drawdown, constant discharge and recovery tests. Investi- gations would also be undertaken to identify ways of improving the use of water along the escarpment and the feasibility of introducing alternative lifting devices such as the "shaduf", animal drawn devices and possibly small centrifugal pumps. At the end of the Project implementation period, a report on the technical feasibility and economics of irrigation would be issued, giving recommendations for the next stage of development.  - 14 - 2.07 The Project would provide technical assistance (consisting of six internationally recruited specialists and middle level technicians), vehicles and equipment, training of Somali staff and operating costs. 2.08 The time gap between ordering and commissioning the drilling equip- ment would be used to carry out studies designed to upgrade the data base. As soon as the equipment is available for use, the drilling investigations of irrigation possibilities in the Limestone Depression would be carried out so that, if feasible, the pilot irrigation farms could be established reasonably early in the Project period. Drilling in both the Basement and Limestone Plateau areas, would follow. Each drilling rig is expected to average about ten complete wells per year. The dug wells to be constructed in the Basement Complex would be done by directly hired labor. The experimental uars would be designed by Project staff and contracted out to the central unit of WDA for implementation. Access Roads 2.09 The Project would provide all-season access to all parts of the Bay Region where agricultural production is presently or potentially significant (Map 1). The improvement of the main roads would also have beneficial effects on regions to the north and west of the Bay Region, which send their produce to Mogadishu through Baidoa. Currently, some of the existing main roads carry over 50 vehicles per day, many of which are large trucks and trailer units. A 6 m wide gravel road (class II) would be needed for the size and weight of vehicles presently using the roads and would provide a margin for traffic growth. A 4 m gravel standard road (class III) would be appropriate for the access/feeder roads which would be carrying less than 50 vehicles per day. 2.10 Road Construction. Road construction costs are relatively low because the country is flat to moderately undulating and laterite gravel and limestone surfacing material is readily available in most districts. There are no major river crossings and, because of the seasonal rainfall, submersible paved fords would be adequate. Road construction and mainte- nance would be by force account supported by Technical Assistance staff. Since no tender documents are required for the construction of roads, the extra costs of detailed engineering would not be justified, given the standard of road envisaged. Due to the year-round agricultural activities in the area and the nomadic nature of part of the population, a labor-intensive approach to the construction of Project roads would not be feasible and the use of mechanical equipment provided for under the Project would be necessary for the timely and proper achievement of the aims of the Project as a whole. In order to service and maintain the equipment, a mechanical workshop would be constructed and equipped. Internationally recruited technical staff would also be provided to plan and execute the road component. Due to the changing and sometimes difficult soil conditions, the analysis and testing of sub-soils and the selection of fill and surfacing materials would play an important part in the design and quality control process. Provision is made, therefore, for a mobile soils laboratory to be used at Baidoa for simple analyses, leaving major analyses to be done at the soils laboratory in Mogadishu.  - 15 - 2.11 Road Maintenance. Road maintenance would start from the beginning of the Project period. New equipment would be used to make the existing main roads more passable until they are upgraded under the Project. By the end of the Project period, about 560 km of gravel roads would be under routine maintenance. 2.12 The Project would provide equipment for road construction and maintenance, mechanical workshop equipment, transport facilities, incremental operating costs, technical assistance to the Regional Civil Engineering Department of MPW, and training for Somali staff. Implementation of the road program would be reviewed in conjunction with the review of progress in implementing other Project components at the end of the first 3 year stage and, where necessary, adjusted in accordance with the work plans adopted for the water, research, veterinary and range components. Intensification of the Farming System 2.13 Intensification of the Farming System would be undertaken through two major efforts -- extension and adaptive research. The effectiveness of both is heavily dependent on the availability of the infrastructures to be provided in the road and water supply components of the Project. The physical inputs required by farmers to implement the recommended extension packages would be made available through the strengthened regional veterinary service and the seed farm subcomponent of the adaptive demonstrative research com- ponent. The PADUs would provide the means of identifying a practical way of organizing farmers/pastoralists and their local communities into entities capable of managing and policing their own resources. The range component appears as an integral part of the PADUs. 2.14 The Regional Extension Service. The Bay Region would be the first major area to be strengthened as part of the National Extension Service (NES) provided for under the Agricultural Extension and Farm Management Training Project. The region would ultimately require about 106 Field Extension Agents (FEAs), each initially serving about 500 families. FEAs would be supervised by District Extension Officers (DEOs) who, in turn, would be supervised by the Regional Extension Officer (REO) who, assisted by Subject Matter Specialists (SMS), would head the regional extension program. It is expected that it would take 3 - 4 years before enough FEAs are deployed in the field to cover the four Districts in the Region. The initial FEA messages would concentrate on the few important crops, a limited number of easily understood tasks and practices that could produce substantial increases in output using existing farmer resources without unduly adding to the risks inherent in the production environment. These would include husbandry practices such as field prepara- tion, sowing and weeding and methods of improving the post-harvest utilization of food crops and crop residues. The introduction of more sophisticated technologies and inputs such as pesticides, new seed and crop varieties, and ox plows would follow as they are identified and developed by the strengthened Regional Research Service and can be appropriately packaged for extension. 2.15 As the NES would be at its early stage of development when the Bay Region Project is expected to start, the Project would provide for an  16 additional internationally recruited extension specialist to work exclusively in the Bay Region to establish the links between the Projects at the oper- ational level, participate in the formulation of regional research programs, and translate research findings into extension messages for the Bay Region. 2.16 The Reaional Veterinary Service. The regional veterinary service would be strengthened and made operational through the provision of technical assistance, training, transport facilities, equipment and supplies to allow vaccination campaigns and programs for parasite control and disease diagnosis to cover the whole of the Bay Region. Specifically, the project would (i) staff and equip two mobile vaccination teams, each covering two Districts, (ii) train and equip resident veterinary staff in the Districts, (iii) esta- blish and stock 13 new dispensaries and stock 17 existing dispensaries at the village level, (iv) strengthen the headquarters of the veterinary service at Baidoa and provide laboratory facilities, and (v) train Somali staff and provide technical assistance. 2.17 Because of lack of qualified veterinarians in Somalia, the project would provide for an internationally recruited veterinarian who would be attached to the veterinary service headquarters at Baidoa and who would be responsible for establishing and coordinating work programs and supervising their implementation, both at headquarters and at the District level, and for training Somali staff on the job. In addition, the project would provide for transport facilities, staff housing, equipment, operating costs, training abroad two Somali veterinarians and short term study trips. 2.18 Adaptive/Demonstrative Research. The regional research service would be broadened and adapted to meet the immediate needs of farmers. This would be done by expanding the activities of the Bonka Research Station to include the present varietal testing and screening, and add applied research activities relating to: soil moisture conservation practices; the selection and improvement of farm tools and implements; the use of animal-power for land preparation, row seeding and intra-row cultivation; the production of better quality seed; the integration of crop and animal production, both on-farm and rangelands; and the identification of appropriate crop and crop/ pasture rotations that emphasize crops already known to farmers such as sorghum, pulses and groundnuts. The applied nature of this expanded program would be reinforced by: introducing field trials on selected farmers' fields using the Bonka Research Station staff to program and implement the work and actively motivate farmers to participate by providing certain goods and services free of charge and offering compensation at a previously agreed rate for any unforeseen losses resulting from their participation; establishing four Pilot Agricultural Develoment Units (PADUs) and including a range component, as an integral part of each PADU; and staffing and equipping the existing 200 ha seed farm near Bonka. 2.19 The four PADUs would be established to provide a workable answer to the question of how to organize farmers and pastoralists in the Bay Region in such a way that they would be motivated to preserve the productive potential of crop and rangelands. Existing family and village structure would be the starting point in identifying such an organizational set-up. The four PADUs  - 1/ - would be located in areas that would reflect differences within the region as to soils, rainfall and relative importance of crops and livestock as a source of family income. Two would be located in the Limestone Plateau, one at Kansa Dere and one at Malmaud. Two others would be located in the Basement Complex, one at Bur Akaba and one at Dinsor. Each would have the potential to accom- modate about 750 families with approximately 7,500 ha of cultivable land for crop production and on-farm animal husbandry, and around 55,000 ha of range- land to support off-farm livestock. Both crop and rangelands would be supplied with potable water. Legal control of the water supply as well as the crop and rangelands would lie with the villages' traditional authorities, techni- cally assisted by the extension service, the regional unit of WDA and the regional unit of NRA. 2.20 The 55,000 ha range component associated with each PADU are pilot in nature and would be supervised and implemented by the regional unit of the NRA to focus on both institutional and technical aspects of range utilization and improvement. Each would be demarcated and subdivided for grazing in rotation and establishing a limited program of range research primarily geared to identifying efficient procedures for rehabilitation, including alternative ways of bush clearing, the feasibility of reseeding using appropriate legumes and grasses and the possibility of improving existing charcoal production technology to make range improvement a more economically and financially attractive proposition. 2.21 In addition to regular adaptive/demonstrative trials, research in cropped areas of the PADUs would focus on testing practices with potential for preserving soil fertility, providing sufficient fodder to maintain on-farm livestock on a year-round basis, conserving moisture in the soil and increasing productivity. For this purpose, an integrated rotation of crops and sown pas- tures would be introduced by research staff on selected participating private farms and would be closely monitored by the Bonka Research Station staff over the Project period in order to generate sufficient farm management data to serve as a basis for planning a more intensive agricultural development program for the Bay Region and to provide the extension service with proven practices to extend to crop and livestock producers. 2.22 The project would provide: technical assistance to the Bonka Research Station and the regional range service; the equipment necessary for range demarcation and uar rehabilitation; research equipment, transport facilities, staff housing, and operating costs; training abroad for two Somali Range Management Specialists for NRA, and two Agricultural Research Officers for the Bonka Research Station; and, short-term study trips. 2.23 The Seed Farm. The existing 200 ha seed farm near Bonka would be staffed and equipped to bulk up already screened improved sorghum, groundnut, pulses, and some pasture seeds for general distribution to farmers. In an area where most people tend to be self-employed for at least part of the year, the farm would be equipped for mechanical production, cleaning, treatment and storage of seeds. Moreover, a workshop would be established on the seed farm to service both the seed farm's machinery, and that used on the Regional Research Station. This workshop would also serve as a center for developing  prototypes of appropriate farm tools and implements that are identified by the Regional Research Station, and would cooperate with the staff of the Bonka Extenoion Training Center to train interested private blacksmiths in the manufacture and repair of these tools and implements. 2024 Distribution of seeds is the responsibility of ADC. The seed farm would rely on the extension service to inform farmers of the merits of quality seeds and of their availability, and on ADC to distribute seeds to farmers who would be willing to buy them. Because farmers are not used to purchasing inputs, a system would be established that would encourage them to exchange their own seeds for quality seeds. 2.25 The Project would provide for an internationally recruited seed production specialist as the Farm Manager and for the periodic services of a consulting agricultural engineer, particularly to assist with the establish- ment of the proposed workshop and the development of a program for improving farm tools and implements. The project would also provide for farm machinery, implements and seed handling equipment, the establishment of the workshop, transport facilites, operating costs, training abroad of a Somali farm manager and a seed production specialist, and study trips for Somali staff. The Project Management Unit (PMU) 2.26 A PMU would be established at Baidoa. It would implement the Project on behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and would work closely with the regional units of the Ministries involved in the Project. The PMU would coordinate its activities with other development activities undertaken by the Regional Government and assurances were obtained at negotiation that all development activities in the Bay Region, which are not included in the Proj- ect, shall be co-ordinated and consistent with the purpose of the Project. In particular, it would be necessary that the PMU develop close working relations with the Governor and the District Commissioners. The PMU would consist of a Somali Project Director, an internationally recruited Project Technical Manager and a Financial Controller, their deputies and technical and administrative support staff. The PMU would be responsible for planning and coordinating Project activities, procuring of Project financed goods and services and for monitoring and evaluation of Project activities. The PMU would require the services of a procurement agency to assist in drawing up specifications, preparing tender documents and analyzing bids for all project related procurement. It would also require the services of construction specialists to supervise the construction of buildings on its behalf. Assur- ances were obtained at negotiations that procurement and construction consul- tants with qualifications acceptable to IDA would be appointed by February 29, 1980. 2.27 Internal Reporting. A sound internal reporting system would be established by PHU to provide essential information for the successful manage- ment of the Project. Project staff in the field would keep diaries which would be inspected by their immediate supervisors. These diaries would reflect the progress in implementation of various Project components, the  - 19 - problems encountered and possible suggestions for improvement. These diaries would be discussed at regular intervals with supervisors who would submit monthly written reports to the PMU based on discussions with the field staff. 2.28 Monitoring and Evaluation. All Project components would be moni- tored by the PMU to provide management with an assessment of the progress made in achieving Project objectives. A monitoring and evaluation section would be established within PMU and would consist of two services, one for data collection and one for data processing. Data collection would be undertaken by a team of investigators who would primarily monitor physical progress in Project implementation. Such data would be handed over to the data processing service to be put into a form usable by Project Management for assessing whether schedules and targets set out in the program are being met, quantify- ing changes from the baseline over the program period and introducing changes in Project interventions, should this become necessary. 2.29 The ultimate test of the utility of the Project is the effect it would have on increasing crop and animal production and farmers' incomes. The Monitoring and Evaluation section would gradually build up a system for gathering information on the variables affecting farmers' incomes. Such variables include crop and animal husbandry practices and production, input and output marketing channels available to farmers, yield levels, production constraints and indicators of performance of the institutions serving farmers. The Project Technical Manager would supervise the organization, collection and analysis of the data for his own and his staff's use and would establish a system for communicating results to various interested parties within the Project area, to concerned Ministries, to IDA and to the NMEF in the State Planning Commission (to be established under this Project for independent monitoring and evaluation of development projects in Somalia). 2.30 The Project would provide for housing, office space, transport facilities, training of Somali staff and operating expenditures for the PMU. The National Monitoring and Evaluation Facility (NMEF) 2.31 In addition to internal monitoring and evaluation of development Projects by their respective PMUs, there is a need in Somalia for building a capability for independent monitoring and evaluation of development projects in the country. A NMEF would be established in the State Planning Commission and would be responsible for evaluating the progress in achievement of objec- tives in each development project and checking the consistency of such objec- tives and the desirability of their aggregate effects. Monitoring by the NMEF would draw heavily on the information gathered through monitoring at the level of individual projects. Such information would, nevertheless, have to be supplemented through special studies and surveys aimed, first, at checking, supplementing and deepening the critical information signals received from projects, and second, at making possible cross-project and cross-subsector comparisons of objectives, performance and impact. The NMEF would be headed by an internationally recruited monitoring and evaluation specialist assisted  - 20 - by an internationally recruited sociologist, an internationally recruited statistician/economist and Somali staff. The specific functions of the NMEF would be to: (i) provide technical, social and organizational assessement of various project results and of the wisdom of the approaches adopted for reaching such results; (ii) facilitate quick inter-project and inter-regional transfer of experience in PMU level monitoring and evaluation and experience in effective methods of Project implementation; (iii) provide methodological guidance to the PMUs in the program- ming of monitoring and evaluation work, in the design of statistical data collection and in sampling procedures; (iv) standardize evaluation procedures so as to minimize duplication of efforts in preparing investigation tools (questionnaires, etc.) by PMUs; (v) develop imaginative studies and innovative approaches to evaluation work from which the PMUs can benefit; (vi) foster an interdisciplinary (economic, institutional, sociological, etc.) approach to the integrated evaluation of the impact of development projects; (vii) periodically articulate the lessons derived from project implementation and submitting possible alternative solu- tions to policy making agencies; (viii) organize under its direct responsibility, the ex-post evaluation of the results of projects after completion of the investments. The Project would provide for housing, office space, transport facilities, training of Somali personnel and operating expenditures to the NMEF. An assurance was obtained from Government at negotiations that a work program for the NMEF would be prepared by NMEF and submitted to IDA for review and approval by February 29, 1981. Technical Assistance and Training 2.32 Institution building is a major objective of the Project. The intention is that, by the time the 6-year investment period is over, the Bay Region would have the manpower base and institutional strength to continue developing its agriculture with a minimum of outside help. The manpower capability for the Bay Region would be developed through on-the-job and formal training. Hence, although the Project proposals call for the provision of internationally recruited staff for the implementation of given physical  - 21 - tasks, training would be among their major responsibilities. Skills would be brought into the Bay Region by 20 internationally recruited specialists representing a total of 100 man-years, by 30 Somali graduates receiving long term formal training abroad at the MSc level, normally taking 2 to 2 1/2 years, and by about 16 Somali field staff receiving short term in-service training abroad in the form of organized study trips (Tables 2.1 and 2.2). The training of all extension staff would be undertaken under the Extension and Farm Management Training Project, at the Bonka Extension Training Center for the Field Extension Agents, and at the Farm Management and Extension Training Center at Afgoi for the District and Regional Extension Officers. Because of their importance for the successful and timely implementation of the Project, it would be a condition of negotiations that Government had identified definite sources for recruiting technical assistance staff with qualifications acceptable to IDA. The programming, location and nature of training abroad would be determined by the Project Director assisted by the Project Technical Manager and an overseas training program would be submitted to IDA for approval by June 30, 1980. Assurances to that effect were obtained at negotiations. 2.33 The Project would also provide for consultancy services to supple- ment the resident manpower resources, particularly in agricultural engineering, on-farm storage and research design and statistical analysis. These services would be used to support the development of adequate farm implements, the improvement of the present system of on-farm storage, and the generation of statistically reliable research results that are transferable to farmers. The extent of the need for consultancy services would be established by the Project Director and the Project Technical Manager in consultation with the technical staff. The Project would also require manpower support and facili- ties to undertake studies and surveys needed for the implementation of this Project and for the preparation of a second phase Project. In addition, the PMU would require the services of a procurement agency to assist in drawing up specifications, preparing tender documents and analyzing bids and the services of consultants to supervise the construction of buildings on behalf of PMU (para 2.27). The PMU would also employ 3 consultants, namely a hydrologist, a research agronomist and a livestock specialist to assist in preparing a work plan by February 28, 1983, specifying steps to be undertaken to complete the implementation of the Project during the second three year stage. Assurances to the above were obtained at negotiations. 2.34 The Project would provide for housing for the internationally re- cruited staff, transport facilities, operating costs, the cost of and training abroad of Somali staff.  -22 - Table 2.1: Technical Assistance Required Total Item Number Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6