Document of The World Bank pv FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -lz 9l S / SReport No. 2601a-IN INDIA STAFF PROJECT REPORT APPRAISAL OF THE GUJARAT COMMUNITY FORESTRY PRO. November 20, 1979 South Asia Project Department Agriculture E Division This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US$1.00 = Rupees (Rs) 8.60 1/ WEIGHTS AN0D MEASURES Metric. System FISCAL YEAR GOI, GOG and Agenicies: April 1 - March 31 ABBREVIATIONS ACF = Assistant Conservator of Forests Addl. CCF = Additional Chief Conservator of Forests CCF = Chief Conservator of Forests CF = Conservator of Forests CU = Communications Unit(s) CFW - Community Forestry Wing DCF = Deputy Conservator of Forests DDO = District Development Officer(s) DFC = District Forest Committee EC = Evaluation Cell EF = Extension Forester(s) ER = Extension Ranger(s) FE = Fuelwood Equivalent FLCS = Forest Labor Cooperative Societies GFD = Gujarat Forest Department GOG = Government of Gujarat GOI = Government of India GSFDC = Gujarat Stat:e Forest Development Corporation ICB = International Competitive Bidding KVIC - Khadi and Village Industries Commission LCB = Local Compet:itive Bidding MU = Monitoring Unit NPV - Net Present Value PA = Protection Assistant PWD = Public Works Department ROR = Rate of Return SCF = Standard Conversion Factor TDO - Taluka Development Officer 1/ Until September 24, 1975, the Rupee was officially valued at a fixed Pound Sterling rate. Since then it has been fixed against a "basket" of currencies. As these currencies are floating, the US Dollar/Rupee e-.change rate is subject to changes Con-viersions in this report have been made at US$1 to Rs 8.60. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY INDIA GUJARAT COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROJECT Table of Contents Page No. I. BACKGROUND ......................................... 1 A. Forestry in India ............................. 1 Sectoral Context ..... .............. 1 Bank Group Role in the Sector ............... 1 B. The State of Gujarat ..... ............. 2 General ...................... 2 Panchayat System ............................ 3 Present Consumption of Energy ............... 3 C. Forestry in Gujarat ........................... 4 Environmental Conditions and Forest Types ... 4 Contribution of Forests to the Economy ...... 6 Forestry Institutions ................ 7 Forestry Programs ..... ............. 8 Community Forestry ..... ............ 8 1II THE PROJECT.9 1. TEPOET........................................ 9 A. General ........................... . 9 General Description ......................... 9 Project Phasing ............................. 10 Project Area ................................ 11 B. Detailed Features ............................. 12 Village Woodlots ............................ 12 Operating Procedures ........................ 13 Reforestation of Degraded Forest .... ........ 14 Afforestation of Private Agricultural Lands.. 14 Strip Plantations ........................... 15 Farm Forestry ............................... 15 Plantation Design and Establishment .... ..... 15 Nurseries ................................. 17 Plantation Maintenance ..... ............... 17 Plantation Protection ..... ................ 17 This report is based on the findings of a Bank mission which visited India in March 1979, comprised of: Messrs. R. D. H. Rowe, P. Dax, J. H. Lindt, Jr. and Mrs. I. Girardot-Berg (IDA); and Messrs. C.W. Holloway and R. Noronha (Consultants). Assistance was also provided by Mr. C.P.R. Nottidge and Ms. L. Lassen (IDA). I This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. - ii - Table of Contents (Cont'd) Page No. Conservation of Fuelwood Supplies .... ....... 18 Introduction of More Efficient Wood Burning Stoves ........ .......................... 18 Introduction of Improved Cremation Facilities ....... ....................... 18 Research .......... .......................... 19 Project Implementation ..... ................. 19 Hiousing and Transportation for Staff .... .... 20 Expansion of Training Facilities .... ........ 22 Fellowships ........ ......................... 22 Monitoring and Evaluation ..... .............. 22 III. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING ....................... 23 A. Cost Estimates ................................ 23 B. Proposed Financing ............................ 24 C. Procurement ................................... 24 D. Disbursements and Audits ...................... 25 IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ........................ 26 Community Forestry Wing ............................ 26 Project Coordination ............................... 27 Inservice Training ................................. 28 Preserv:ice Training ................................ 28 Assistant Conservator of Forests (ACF) .... .... 29 Extension Rangers (ER) ........................ 29 Extension Foresters (EF) ...................... 29 Protection Assistants (PA) .................... 29 Monitoring and Evaluation .......................... 29 Public Information ................................. 30 V. PRODUCTION, MARKETING AND FINANCIAL RESULTS .... .... 30 Yields and Production .............................. 30 Sharing of Produce between Villagers .... ........... 31 Cost Recovery ...................................... 33 VI. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS .................. 33 Benefits ........................................... 33 Fuelwood, Small Timber and Other Forest Produce 34 Conservation of Fuelwood ...................... 34 Employment .................................... 34 Envrironment ................................... 34 Economic Rate of Return ............................ 35 Efficiency Pricing ............................. 35 Economic Net Present Value ..................... 37 - iii. - Table of Contents (Cont'd) Page No. Economic Analysis of the Introduction of Wood Saving Cremation Units ........................... 37 Project Risks ...................................... 37 VII. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................... 38 LIST OF ANNEXES l Project Models, Species and Yields T-l Comparison of Plantation Models - Designs, Establishment and Maintenance T-2 Plantation Planning Targets T-3 Comparison of Plantation Models - Yields T-4 Properties and Uses of Trees and Other Species in the Project T-5 Plantation Model I - Roadside Saurashtra and Kutch T-6 Plantation Model II - Roadside Mainland Gujarat T-7 Plantation Model III - Railside Saurashtra and Kutch T-8 Plantation Model IV - Railside Mainland Gujarat T-9 Plantation Model V - Canalside T-1O Plantation Model VI - Village Woodlot (Irrigated) Whole of Gujarat T-ll Plantation Model VII - Village Woodlot (Rainfed) Saurashtra and Kutch T-12 Plantation Model VIII - Village Woodlot (Rainfed) Mainland Gujarat T-13 Plantation Model IX - Reforestation of Degraded Forests Panch Mahals, Bharuch, Vadodara, Valsad T-14 Plantation Model X - Afforestation of Private Land Dangs District 2 Project Approval, Procurement, Disbursement and Audit 3 Financial Analysis and Cost Recovery T-l Financial Costs and Returns to GOG T-2 Cost Recovery - Model VI - Village Woodlot (Irrigated) Whole of Gujarat T-3 Cost Recovery - Model VII - Village Woodlot Saurashtra & Kutch T-4 Cost Recovery - Model VIII - Village Woodlot Mainland Gujarat 4 Economic Analysis T-l Economic Analysis - Results T-2 Sensitivity Analysis T-3 Costs and Benefits Streams at Market Prices T-4 Costs and Benefit Streams at Efficiency Prices T-5 Project Output T-6 Financial and Economic Prices T-7 Estimate of Fuelwood Price T-8 Benefits and Justification - Wood Saving Units - i.v - Table of Contents (Cont'd) 5 Schedule of Estimated IDA Disbursements 6 Implementation Schedule 7 Project Costs and Charts T-l Summary Project Costs T-2 Project Organization - Staff and Other Operating Costs T-3 Project Organization - Building, Housing, Vehicle and Equipment Costs T-4 Training and Fellowship Costs T-5 Research and Seed Testing Costs T-6 Planting Costs T-7 Stoves and Crematoria Costs T-8 Monitoring and Evaluation Costs Chart 20400 Proposed Organization Chart Chart 20399 Organization Chart: Community Forestry Field Staff Chart 20398 Funding, Planning and Implementation Linkages for Village Woodlots 8 Reference Material Available in South Asia Regional Information Center and in Project File MAPS IBRD 14322 General Map of Forest Reserves IBRD 14323 Gujarat Forestry Service INDIA GUJARAT COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROJECT I. BACKGROUND A. Forestry in India Sectoral Context 1.01 India's forests account for 23% of the total land area and cover some 75 M ha. Domestic roundwood requirements by the year 2000 are projected to be nearly 290 M m3 (fuelwood 225 M m3 and industrial roundwood 65 M m3). Continuation of existing plantation programs should ensure the supply of industrial hardwood and about half of the coniferous roundwood demand. Re- garding fuelwood, on the assumption that 150 M m3 continues to be supplied from existing resources, provision will have to be made for an additional 75 M m3 by the year 2000. This would require an annual planting program of some 450,000 ha, but in terms of availability of both land and financial resources, this target cannot be achieved. Plantings of 225,000 ha annually over the 1980s would be a more realistic target. 1.02 India's strategy for forestry development thus reflects two priorities: firstly, to develop production forestry programs to supply the growing needs of the domestic wood products industry (particularly pulp and paper) and, secondly, through community forestry programs to supply fuelwood, fodder, small timber and minor forest produce to the rural population. En- compassing both objectives is recognition of the vital role forestry plays in soil and water conservation. In order to carry out this strategy, the National Commission on Agriculture (1976) recommended that each state reorga- nize its Forest Department into two separate wings, one to remain in charge of traditional production forestry and wildlife activities, while a new wing would be created to develop community forests. The Forest Departments of Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh states were the first to create community forestry wings. Bank Group Role in the Sector 1.03 The Madhya Pradesh Forestry Technical Assistance Project (Credit 609-IN) is the initial phase of a major project aimed at the establishment of a forest-based industry in Bastar District. The recently completed feasi- bility study (November 1979), financed under the Credit, has recommended the establishment of an integrated industrial complex with one mill producing sawnwood and a pulp mill producing kraft pulp to supply a printing and writing paper mill. The Kandi Watershed and Area Development Project (appraised in 1978) involves reforestation and pasture development over some 18,000 ha of Punjab's Siwalik Hills. It is expected to be presented to the Board later this fiscal year. -2 - 1.04 In early 1978, in recognition of the need to expand community forestry activities, Government of India (GOI) and the Bank agreed to examine the possibilities of developing projects in Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. The Uttar Pradesh Project was appraised in November 1978 and a Credit for US$23 M approved in June 1979. B. The State of Gujarat General 1.05 The State of Gujarat, with an area of 19.6 M ha, has a population of about 31.5 M (1978), increasing by about 2.6% per year, of which 72% live in rural areas. Although relatively urbanized and, by Indian standards, highly industrial]ized, agriculture and allied activities still contribute 36% of the net domestic product of the state. 1.06 As a result of ecological differences and socio-cultural factors, there are large variations in the incidence of poverty between regions and different segments of the population. A significant percentage of the pop- ulation belongs to traditionally disadvantaged groups: scheduled tribes (14%) and scheduled castes (7%). The tribal population is concentrated in the hilly, forested eastern region of the State and scheduled castes are dispersed throughout the State. The labor force constitutes 31% of the total population. 1.07 Gujarat has nearly 18,300 villages of 1,050 people on average; 35% of villages, however, have populations of less than 500 persons. Tradi- tional patron-client relationships between castes in villages are breaking down and today many services, such as land preparation and planting, are paid for in cash. 1.08 Livestock form an integral part of village life; a household possesses on average either two cattle or buffalo which provide milk, draught power, manure, and dung cake for cooking. Cattle and buffalo generally graze village commons and neighboring waste lands of which there are an estimated 5.8 M ha throughout the state. Apart from grazing, the diets of cattle and buffalo are supplemented by cut grass, leaves of fodder trees, and crop stubble and residues. 1.09 Forest lands are under increasing pressure as population growth necessitates more intensive cultivation and a search for new lands for grazing and growing crops. The position has been exacerbated by distributing land to the landless and granting homesteads t:o tribal people who have cleared and cultivated forest areas. In addition,, increased cattle and buffalo popula- tions have resulted in overgrazing of village commons and over exploitation of fodder from forest areas. -3- Panchayat System 1.10 Since April 1963, Gujarat has followed a policy of gradual trans- fer of administrative powers to panchayats (i.e. elective corporate bodies at the village, taluka (subdistrict),.and district levels) (see Project File, Item 3). Provision is made at all levels for representation of women, sched- uled castes and tribes. At the taluka and district levels, members of the legislative assembly and of parliament, and the chief revenue officer are also represented. There are 12,000 village, 82 taluka, and 19 district panchayats in the State. 1.11 The scope of activities that panchayats can undertake is wide and covers almost every activity that falls within the rubric of rural development. Panchayats, operating through existing production committees, can make provi- sion for the development, maintenance, and regulation of grazing lands, pastures, village woodlots, and the storage of grass. Pursuant to this, the State has vested the control of grazing and waste lands contiguous to villages in village panchayats. The State is also empowered, under the Indian Forest Act, to assign reserved or protected forests to village panchayats. 1.12 The State provides administrative assistance to panchayats through transferred officials, and officials on deputation. Village panchayat funds are few and are obtained from cesses, tax refunds from the State, State loans and grants, and from villagers themselves. The average total annual income is about Rs 8,200 (approximately US$953) and an estimated 80% of village panchayats have incomes below the average. Taluka panchayats disburse funds to village panchayats. All accounts are audited annually by the Examiner, Local Funds Department. 1.13 Generally, the performance of panchayats has been satisfactory ex- cept that the audits are often delayed--the result of staff shortages in the Local Funds Department. The major constraint under which panchayats operate is the low level of finances, most of which are spent on administration and priority matters for development (agriculture, water, roads). Present Consumption of Energy 1.14 In 1972 an estimated 4.46 M m ton of fuelwood, 1.06 M m ton of dried dung cake and 0.16 M m ton of charcoal were consumed in Gujarat (Project File, Item 1), equivalent to 165 kg of wood, 40 kg of dung cake and 6 kg of charcoal per head. In terms of fuelwood equivalent, this amounts to 0.26 m3/person/ year, close to the national average of 0.28 m3 and would require the annual felling of some 110,000 ha of fuelwood plantations. 1.15 The costs of using dung cake for fuel, instead of using it as an organic manure to increase agricultural production, are high. In 1972, on the above figures, almost 10% of the total cow dung produced was burned. Assuming an application of 5 m ton/ha, this dung could fertilize 0.2 M ha and increase yields by some 3 quintals of food crops/ha. Thus, in terms of food production foregone, the annual loss amounts to about 60,000 m tons of foodgrains. -.4- 1.16 In 1972 fuelwood and dung cakes accounted for 84% of the energy requirements of rural households. Kerosene, coal, charcoal, and soft coke made up the balance. It is rare to find, electricity or gas being used for cooking and lighting in rural areas. Cooking is done on open fires or on small, open stoves made of clay and sand. (chulahs) which burn at very low thermal efficiency. Stoves are normally located at floor level and con- structed without chimneys. Although attempts have been made in the past by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), various government departments and voluntary organizations to introduce smokeless and more efficient stoves, success has been limited because none of the above entities have had sufficient staff to demonstrate how they should be used or to make locally acceptable improvements. 1.17 In rural areas, it is estimated that about 80% of domestic fuel is collected free by women and children whc, spend up to three hours a day in search of firewood, cattle dung and crop wastes. However, in some of the larger, more prosperous villages small quantities of fuelwood are bought at prices which range from Rs 250 to Rs 300C/m ton. Fuelwood prices range from Rs 250/m ton (Palanpur) in areas close to forest reserves, to as much as Rs 500/m ton (Rajkot) in the arid, treeless areas of Saurashtra and Kutch. In Vadodara the 1979 price of fuelwood has more than doubled since 1965 when it was Rs 120/m ton. Cow dung cake prices range from Rs 110/m ton in Surat to Rs 200/m ton in Ahmadabad. 1.18 Statewide consumption of fuelwood for cremation purposes is pres- ently estimated at about 140,000 m ton annually, costing some Rs 35 M. C. Forestry in Gujarat Environmental Conditions and Forest Types 1.19 Gujarat State divides naturally into two principal regions: main- land Gujarat, in the east, and the Saurashtra-Kutch peninsula, in the west (see Map IBRD 14322). Mainland Gujarat consists of alluvial plains and its eastern border is formed by hill ranges with altitudes of 300-700 m. The Saurashtra peninsula is an area of low hills (75-100 m altitude) that is joined to the mainland by a neck of low-lying land. Kutch adjoins Saurashtra to the north and is an undulating, dry rocky region with the Rann of Kutch, a vast expanse of arid, saline mudflats, occupying most of its northern and southeastern areas. 1.20 There are three climatic seasons: winter (November-February), summer (March-June) and the monsoon (July-September). Temperature changes can be extreme, especially in the arid north and northwest, ranging from around 10C in winter to around 450C in summer. Annual rainfall declines quite sharply from southeast to northwest, and ranges from 1,000-2,000 mm on the southern mainland to 200-400 mm over most of Kutch (see Map IBRD 14322). -5- 1.21 The forests of Gujarat may be grouped into four major types: (i) moist deciduous forests found in the southernmost dis- tricts of the mainland (Surat, Valsad and Dangs) which form the State's major source of commercial timber (Tectona grandis, Adina cordifolia, Dalbergia sisooo, Terminalia crenulata) and bamboos (Bambusa bambos and Dendrocalamus strictus); (ii) dry mixed deciduous forests of the central mainland and those parts of Saurashtra with moderate rainfall (600- 800 mm/anrum). Tree species are similar to the moist forest type but growth and quality are poorer; (iii) dry scrub forests located in northern and western regions of the State and include Acacia spp., Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Erythrina suberosa and Zizyphus spp.; thorny shrubs are frequent and trees are used primarily for fuelwood; bamboo (D. strictus) occurs only in hilly areas; and (iv) mangrove forests confined to the sea coast; the main species is Avicennia officinalis, which is of inferior quality and used mainly as fuel. 1.22 All inland forest types, except in the most arid areas, are charac- terized by considerable diversity of species. This contributes markedly to the biological efficiency and stability (against climatic fluctuations and insect or disease outbreaks) of the forest. 1.23 Virtually all forest areas within Gujarat are owned by the State and managed by the Forest Department (GFD) (See Map IBRD 14322). The total area now administered by GFD covers 1.96 M ha, divided into reserved (61.7%), protected (5.9%) and unclassed (32.4%) forest. Thus, only 10% of the State's geographical area is forest covered. Barren, uncultivable lands and grazing areas comprise some 5.8 M ha. 1.24 This deficiency in forest resources is more acute than comparisons suggest. Firstly, the distribution of the resource is uneven, substantial blocks of forest being confined to hill areas along the eastern border of mainland Gujarat and in the southern and western areas of Saurashtra. Secondly, productivity of more than half the forest estate is low, either because of aridity and low soil fertility or because of past degradation through illegal felling, overgrazing and burning. An understanding of forest conservation is lacking in most sectors of the community as, traditionally, the forest has been regarded as an apparently inexhaustible supply of free produce and as a reservoir of land for alternative uses. Over the past two decades GFD has expended considerable effort to improve productivity by forest rehabilitation, improved management and greater control of illegal degradation. - 6 - Since 1969 GFD has also embarked on a program of community forestry designed to increase local awareness of the need to replace forest resources (paras 1.37 and 1.39). 1.25 All areas under the immediate jurisdiction of GFD are managed under the supervision of its territorial staff in accordance with forest working plans, prepared and revised at regular intervals by GFD. As a result of unsatisfactory performance, exploitation by private timber contractors was abolished and since 1972 all operations have been jointly undertaken departmentally or by Forest Labor Cooperative Societies (FLCS) (para 1.33). Contribution of Forests to the Economy 1.26 In 1974--77, the State forests annually produced an average of 150,000 m3 of timber, 300,000 m ton of fuelwood (which includes fuelwood taken, without charge, by right holders), 73,000 m ton of bamboo (a third of which was trade quality) and 22,000 m ton of fodder grass. In addition, a wide variety of other minor forest products were extracted, including gums, dried leaves, edible flowers and fruits, and oilseeds. 1.27 State forests support a number of industries: some 620 sawmills; a pulp and paper mill; factories at Derol, Rajpipla, Vyara and Valsad, which produce betel nut, dyes and tannin fron Acacia catechu logs; activated carbon factories at Rajpipla, and a series of private pharmaceutical works at Junagadh, Ranitalao, Surat and Udha, manufacturing medicinal products from herbs, roots, bark and fruits. In addition, there are a great number of cottage industries making furniture, doors, window frames and shutters, matches, toys, pencils, bamboo baskets and mats from forest products. The forests' contribution to State revenue is about Rs 100 M per year (2.2% of the State's total revenue). 1.28 The forests provide considerable benefits to members of scheduled castes, marginal iarmers and landless laborers (who form the bulk of the population in and around the forests) in the form of free fuelwood, fruit, flowers, grazing, honey, poles for hut construction, and bamboo (either free or at subsidized rates) for cottage industries. Work in forest areas also provides the main source of paid employment for these people. In 1976/77, primary forest production generated 7 ]N man days of employment. 1.29 Nevertheless, shortages of primary forest products, especially fuel- wood, building poles and fodder are becoming increasingly severe and are likely to become worse in the future. Although rehabilitation and improved management of the existing forest estate would help alleviate the situation, the magnitude of the problem and the inequitable geographic distribution of existing forest resources are such that the long-term solution lies in the afforestation of rLew areas. Presently, many areas such as road, rail and canal reserves and, especially, village common lands and other wastelands that could grow trees, are unproductive. Thus, afforestation of new areas, combined with rehabilitation of existing degraded forest, would provide a reasonably well distributed forest resource, with environmental benefits as well as increased forest products. -7- Forestry Institutions 1.30 The head of the State Forest Department is the Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF), supported by two Additional Chief Conservators (Addl. CCF), responsible for forestry operations and for wildlife management. Also directly responsible to the CCF are two Conservators of Forests (CF), one for project planning, monitoring and evaluation and one concerned with the control of illegal activity in the forest (See Chart 20400). 1.31 At field level, there are presently nine operational circles, each under the direction of a CF. Four circles (each with 4-7 divisions) are responsible for production forestry and three circles (each with 5 divisions) for community forestry. The remaining two circles are responsible for wild- life management, research and working plans. In total, the Department's forestry staff is composed of 91 professionals, 1,740 technical staff, and 3,215 vocational staff. 1.32 There are four levels of formal forest institutional training. Assistant Conservators of Forests (ACF) are recruited from science graduates and undertake a one year course at the Indian Forest Colleges. Rangers are recruited from science graduates and are given a one year course at the Ranger College at Rajpipla or training centers in other states. Foresters are recruited from those having a secondary school certificate and are trained for eight months within the State at the Foresters and Forest Guard Training School at Kakrapur. Forest Guards (Protection Assistants) are recruited from high school level candidates and taken directly into service. After a period of inservice training, they are given a six month course at Kakrapur. Forestry research is presently performed under the supervision of the silviculturist in GFD. 1.33 In 1949, schemes were initiated to establish FLCS in Gujarat, with the aim of increasing financial returns to forest laborers, and encouraging responsibility among tribal people for the management and conservation of the forest. All exploitation is now done either by FLCS or GFD. There are presently 147 FLCS with a total membership of approximately 68,000 (94% of whom are tribal people), supervised by the Cooperatives Department and GFD. In mid-1977, FLCS had working capital of Rs 156.3 M, share capital of Rs 11.1 M and reserves of Rs 11.7 M. GFD determines the number of forest coupes each year and allocates them to FLCS, which then fell, extract and market the timber. Profits (from which all harvesting and marketing expenses, including interest on loans, are deducted) are shared between GFD and FLCS in the ratio 80:20. In 1977, income from sales amounted to Rs 27.8 M. 1.34 In 1976, the State established a Gujarat State Forest Development Corporation (GSFDC) to improve the efficiency of forest exploitation, to develop forest industries and to initiate grading and processing of forest products by tribal people. Unlike many other corporations of this type, GSFDC has concentrated on the production of minor forest products of high potential. Its efforts have met with considerable success. In 1978, it organized the collection, grading and marketing of 132,000 bags of bidi leaves (used for manufacture of local cigarettes), 5,039 m ton of mahuda flowers (an edible - 8; - flower, which can be used in the production of alcohol) and 1,155 m ton of mahuda seeds (which are crushed for oil). Forestry Programs 1.35 Since 1951, State programs have included reforestation of degraded forest areas, afforestation of eroded land and desert and coastal fringes, and establishment of fast growing tree plantations. Since 1970, 132,873 ha have been planted. Total expenditures unde!r the Fifth Plan amount to Rs 215 M, of which the allocation for 1978/79 is Rs 73 M. Community Forestry 1.36 In 1969, Gujarat launched a community forestry program and embarked on establishment of fuelwood plantations along roadsides and canal banks. As this early program was a success, GFD decided to expand its community forestry activities, resulting in 1974, in the creation of a separate administrative wing to deal with the establishment of plantations outside forest reserves on public and private lands in rural areas. In the same year, the first plantations on village common lands were established following an intensive publicity campaign extolling the benefits of village woodlots. Next, in 1976, a start was made on rehabilitating the! State's degraded forests with fuelwood and pole plantations. By 1978, the Ccmmunity Forestry Wing (CFW) of GFD had successfully established some 35,000 ha of plantations (Project File, Item 2, T-1), including over 12,000 ha of village woodlots, 10,000 ha of plantations on degraded areas and 10,000 ha of plantations alongside roads and canals. GFD has now established an average of 8 ha of trees in over 1,500 villages. About 20 villages have already established and now manage woodlots of their own. 1.37 The main objective of the present community forestry program is to provide fuelwood in rural areas where it is needed most. However, it has been possible to design plantations so that they also provide poles, bamboo, fodder, grass, fruits, oilseed and gum without: seriously affecting fuelwood yields. Moreover, these additional products, particularly grass and fruit, bring early returns in the rotation and are therefore much appreciated by villagers. 1.38 The early plantations alongside roads and canals involved little public participation, but nevertheless created a marked awareness among villagers. Seeing stands of trees growing on what had previously been desolate ground, people realized that tree growing was possible within their communities, and that the benefits were considerable. These new plantations also gave many people their first favorable impression of GFD. 1.39 Another important objective of the community forestry program was to encourage farmers in the countryside, and private individuals and groups within the cities, to plant trees on their own lands. To do this, GFD pro- vides free seedlings and advice to those who will plant trees. The "farm forestry" scheme started in 1970 with the distribution of some 2.2 M seedlings and by 1979 just under 86 M had been collected by growers. Little is known about the number of trees that have survived, but GFD is convinced the scheme is helping to generate the self-help attitude so necessary to the long term -9- success of community forestry. An innovative component of the "farm forestry" program is the involvement of children in tree planting. GFD supplies seed and technical assistance to schools that are prepared to set up small nur- series on their compounds. The children grow and tend the seedlings and are paid Rs 0.15 per seedling by GFD who collect and distribute the plants. In 1977, half a million seedlings were raised in this way by 5' schools. II. THE PROJECT A. General 2.01 In the past it was sound policy for GFD to assume full responsibil- ity for implementing community forestry programs, but through experience, Government of Gujarat (GOG) now recognizes that more responsibility for future tree planting and subsequent management must be passed to the beneficiaries themselves. Therefore, one of the project's aims is to gradually shift responsibility for establishment, maintenance, protection and harvesting of village woodlots from GFD to village panchayats. Although this shift cannot be entirely accomplished within the five-year project implementation period, provision would be made for about 2,300 of the 9,350 villages participating in the project to take on responsibility for tree establishment and maintenance. 2.02 The project's primary objective would be to increase supplies of fuelwood in rural areas. Secondary objectives would be to provide poles, bamboo, small timber (used, among other things, for agricultural implements), fodder, grass, fruits, oilseeds and other minor products from the same plant- ations. In addition, the project would introduce improved crematoria, develop and introduce improved stoves as fuelwood conservation measures and would provide considerable paid employment to the poorest section of the population (tribal people, scheduled castes and the landless) in tree planting and maintenance. The project, principally through soil conservation, would also help stabilize the environment. General Description 2.03 During the five year project period the project would: (a) establish 37,440 ha of village woodlots; (b) reforest 30,000 ha of degraded forests; (c) afforest 1,000 ha of privately owned eroded agricultural lands; (d) establish 37,000 ha of strip plantings along roads, canals and railroads; (e) develop nurseries to provide planting stock for project and farm forestry; - 1 - (f) maintain and protect about 25,000 ha of past plantings; (g) provide community forestry staff, particularly at the operational and extension levels, including staff required to establish one new commun:ity forestry circle and two new divisions, and also to support publicity, research, training, planning and monitoring actfivities; (h) construct staff houses, a project headquarters and two vehicle workshops; (i) provide vehicles to improve management, supervision and forestry extension services;, (j) strengthen research activities, and construct four research and seed testing/storage centers; (k) develop the training of project staff, including provision of fellowships and special trai.ning in community development skills; and (1) construct about 10,000 smokeless stoves and 1,000 cremation facilities. Prime responsibility for implementation would be with CFW. Project Phasing 2.04 Given below is the proposed planting program. In addition, about 30 M tree seedlings would be distribut:ed annually to farmers for planting around fields and homesteads. Project Planting Program (hectares) Project Year 1 2 3 4 5 Total % Category Village Woodlots 4,560 6,000 7,680 8,880 10,320 37,440 36 Degraded Forests 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 30,000 28 Private Forests 200 200 200 200 200 1,000 1 Strip Plantations Roadside 3,800 5,700 7,600 6,900 7,600 31,600 30 Railside 1,600 1,800 3,400 3 Canalside 200 300 400 500 600 2,000 2 Total 14,760 18,200 21,880 24,080 26,520 105,440 % 14 17 21 23 25 100 100 Target number of Self-help villages 300 400 500 500 600 2,300 /a /a Equivalent to the establishment of some 9,200 ha of village woodlots. Because this is an innovative project, and it is impossible to predict with certainty villagers' and farmers' response to the alternative approaches to community forestry, flexibility would be maintained during project imple- mentation to shift the proportion of planting from one category to another according to results. Provision is also made in the project (para 4.15) for monitoring the results and for an interim joint GOG/IDA review at the end of project year 3. Project Area 2.05 The project would be implemented in all of the State's nineteen districts located throughout mainland Gujarat and in the Saurashtra/Kutch regions (Map IBRD 14323). It has been estimated that some 6 M ha of land are suitable for community forestry plantations. Ultimately, some 10% of village common and other waste lands (580,000 ha), 1/ and 200,000 ha of degraded forest, 60,000 ha of private agricultural lands and 60,000 ha along- side roads, railways and canal banks would be improved. 1/ Includes: barren and uncultivable land (2.7 M ha); permanent pasture and other grazing land (0.8 M ha); and cultivable waste land (2.3 M ha). - 1,' - B. Detailed Features 2.06 All four categories of plantations (village woodlots, reforestation of degraded forest, afforestation of private agricultural lands and strip plantations) have differing conceptual., establishment, management, harvesting, marketing, legal and funding features which distinguish them from one another (see Annex 1, T-1 and T-5 to T-14). I)etails of each category are summarized in the following paragraphs. Village Woodlots (37,440 ha) 2.07 Two schemes involving different levels of community participation would be introduced: one (Village Self-help Scheme), where the panchayat would assume full responsibility for the village woodlot; and the other (Supervised Village Scheme), where parLchayats are as yet unwilling to assume this responsibility. In both cases, woodlots would be established on land either belonging to panchayats or on government land vested in panchayats. The principles involved in the Village Self-help Scheme have already been tested and accepted by some 20 villages located in areas where community forestry programs were first instigated. (a) Village Self-help Scheme - (about 2,300 villages representing 25% or more of woodlot area or about 9,200 ha): would include those villages prepared to accept full responsibility for estab- lishment, management and harvesting of woodlots. These villages would be expected to pay from their own resources at least the labor costs of land preparation, planting, maintaining, protecting and harvesting their own wocidlots. Part of the labor costs could be provided through governme!nt sources (para 1.12). Technical assistance, seedlings and other inputs required would be provided by CFW through Extension Rangers (ER) and Extension Foresters (EF). A written a[greement, defining the obligations of both parties, would be concluded between GFD and the village panchayat. Special care would be taken to provide incentives for villagers to participate in such schemes (para 5.06). In addition, villages in this scheme would be given priority for the introduction of smokeless stoves and cremation facilities. (b) Supervised Village Scheme - (involving about 7,050 villages or no more than 75% of woodlot area): would involve those villages without existing woodlots and unwilling at this stage to accept full responsibility for woodlot establishment and subsequent management and harrvesting. An agreement between CFW and the panchayats would be entered into whereby CFW would advance funds for all activities from establishment to harvest- ing and would recover direct. costs (excluding the cost of seedlings) and charge a manaLgement fee. The area developed would be limited to 4 ha per village. - 13 - Chart 20398 indicates linkages involved in planning, funding and implementing village woodlots. During negotiations, assurances were obtained that about 9,200 ha of village woodlots would be established under the Self-help Scheme. Operating Procedures 2.08 CFW, acting through ER and EF, would encourage villages to join either scheme by explaining the benefits to be obtained from the creation of village woodlots, by assisting the panchayat in demarcating areas of grazing or waste lands which can be planted to trees, and by explaining the nature and provisions of agreements to be entered into between the panchayat and CFW. Where a village panchayat wishing to create woodlots has insuffi- cient land suitable for afforestation, EF and ER would assist the panchayat in obtaining the Collector's sanction to vest government lands for the purpose of forest development. The scheme application (Project File, Items 4 and 5) would be finalized at a meeting of the village assembly. The Taluka Develop- ment Officer (TDO) or his representative, ER and EF would attend the meeting and explain to the assembly the main features of the application. The assembly would also determine the extent of resources (both labor and financial) which would be contributed by the panchayat and work out the types and number of species to be planted in the demarcated area with the assistance of EF and ER. In cases where villages panchayats lack funds to pay for labor, credit would be made available under existing arrangements (para 1.12). These funds, carrying an annual interest rate of 10%, would be recovered at time of felling. Project implementation does not depend on free village labor; such an approach would not be workable in Gujarat. 2.09 Scheme applications from village panchayats 1/ would first be for- warded to the taluka panchayat and then to the district panchayat for endorse- ment. TDO and District Development Officer (DDO) would assist taluka panchayats in making recommendations and advise on the priorities to be recommended to the District Forest Committee (DFC). District panchayats would be assisted by Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) in arriving at recommendations. Community participation in decision-making and planning would be furthered through panchayat representation on the DFC where the annual district forest develop- ment plan would be prepared and priorities finalized (See Chart 20398). 2.10 Once proposals have been agreed, village panchayats would be assisted with implementation through regular extension visits by EF and through training. Training would first be given to members of the production committee, a statutory committee of the village panchayat responsible for implementation of agricultural and forestry programs. Thereafter, training would be given to persons nominated by the panchayat. EF would develop the villagers' skills and understanding of forestry through regular visits, increased publicity (films, talks, posters) and by organizing one-day visits of groups of villagers to demonstration areas where panchayats or farmers have developed their own plantations. 1/ Alternatively, the scheme applications can be forwarded through EF/ER to DFO to District Forest Committee. - 12+ - 2.11 During plantation establishment, ER would assist the village pan- chayat in determining arrangements for future land use in the plantation arec These would include decisions such as whether grass should be allowed to be cut and carried or grazed, and what tree limbs could be lopped or fodder leaves collected. 2.12 In the case of the Supervised Village Scheme, at the end of three years from the date of commencement oi works, TDO or his representative and ER would assist the village assembly in determining whether and when the village panchayat should assume management of the village woodlot. 2.13 TDO and ER would also assist the village panchayat in preparing a scheme for the distribution of timber and poles at every thinning, felling and coppicing. In particular, TD0 or his representative and ER would advise on the percentage of timber and poles which should be distributed to the poorer sections of the village and the terms on which such distribution should take place. Reforestation of Degraded Forest (30,000 ha) 2.14 Thirty thousand ha of degraded State-owned forest reserves would be rehabilitated through replanting with fuelwood and other species. Two approaches, dependent upon prevailing labor conditions in the area and each requiring different amounts of CFW supervision, would be used. The first approach would involve the use of casual laborers employed by CFW to establish and maintain plantations. Harvesting and marketing would be done by FLCS (para 1.33), with net profits being split 80:20 between CFW and FLCS. The second approach would encourage full time employment of tribal people and other socially disadvantaged groups. Groups of 9-15 families would be housed in or near areas to be reforested. They would be assured a water supply, given materials for home construction, permitted to establish kitchen gardens and keep a limited number of cattle (no goats). Such families would not be given title to lands as it is government policy not to encourage settlement in forest lands. Harvesting would be done by this permanent labor force and net profits shared 80:20 between CFW and the laborers l/ (para 5.02 (c)). Assurances were obtained at negotiations that adequate facilities would be provided to full time laborers required to live and work in degraded forest areas. Afforestation of Private Agricultural Lands (1,000 ha) 2.15 As a pi:Lot effort, CFW would encourage tribal families to return marginal agricultural land in forest areas to trees. A variety of contract arrangements would be tested, among which would be the following plan. 1/ If the head of a family dies before final felling or coppicing, CFW would, whenever possible, continue to employ members of the family on the same terms. If, however, such employment is not possible, CFW would pay the surviving family members a proportion of expected net profits and the family would leave the community. - 15 - First, an area of at least 2 ha for each family would be selected and an estimate made of the present annual cash returns from growing food crops (usually about Rs 250/ha). Following agreement with the family as to the obligations of both parties, CFW would annually advance to the family, to be deducted from future forest product sales, an amount equivalent to present cash returns from agriculture and payable in two installments (April and August) (see Project File, Item 6). These interest-free payments would coin- cide with the times when cash is most required by farmers. CFW would then establish teak and bamboo and maintain the plantation for three years; there- after, maintenance would become the farmer's responsibility but CFW would retain full responsibility for decisions related to silvicultural matters. Harvest and sales would be supervised by CFW, at which time CFW would recover any direct costs incurred, including cash advances made, and return 100% of net profits remaining to the owner. Strip Plantations (37,000 ha) 2.16 Full responsibility for all plantations alongside roads and canals has been delegated by State authorities to CFW. Negotiations are in progress at the national level to determine how planting along railways would be handled. 2.17 Villages that have strip plantations adjacent to their lands would be allowed to collect grass, fodder, fallen wood and other minor produce from these areas but not cut trees, poles, bamboo or small timber. The latter would generally be destined for urban areas and would be sold by CFW. Net profits from plantations would be split on a 50:50 basis between CFW and the taluka concerned. The taluka panchayat would then distribute profits equit- ably among village panchayats, thus enabling villages not adjacent to strip plantations to also benefit from the scheme. Priority would be given for the use of these funds for further village woodlot development. Farm Forestry 2.18 Under the project, CFW would continue to make about 30 M seedlings available annually to farmers, private individuals and groups within cities to plant on their land; these would be provided free of charge. Both naked root and polypot seedlings would be raised in State nurseries and farmers would obtain these upon request at the nursery site or at temporary distribu- tion centers (such as taluka headquarters, selected villages and schools). Farmers receiving seedlings would be given instructions on planting, care and utilization of the plants. A roster would be maintained of the recipient's name, address, and number of seedlings obtained to allow spot monitoring of seedlings distributed and their survival rate (para 2.30). Plantation Design and Establishment 2.19 Overall, approximately 90% of trees planted would produce fuelwood or poles; the balance would be mainly fruit trees. Thirty percent of trees planted for fuelwood and poles would also produce good leaf fodder. Fodder - 16 - would be supplemented by grass that would be cut within plantations, either from natural grasses whose production would be increased by protection from uncontrolled grazing or, in village areas, from high-yielding grasses and legumes sown or planted between rows of trees. Every tree species grown would be multipurpose in that it would produce two or more products. Plantation species have been selected primarily for their adaptability to the proposed sites and their ability to meet the project's production requirements. Gujarat has a wide range of environmental conditions and the list of recom- mended species is correspondingly diverse. A list of the principal and subsidiary tree species and selected grasses and legumes and their uses is given in Annex 1, T-4. 2.20 A number of plantation modeLs have been developed to meet the vary- ing ecological conditions found throughout the State and to satisfy various cultural conditions (irrigated or rainfed) and social needs. Details are given in Annex 1, T-1 and T-3. In vil.lage woodlots, fruit trees would occupy 18-20% of plantation areas and village models would have 50% or more of the ground surface area sown to improved grasses or legumes. Bamboos would be restricted to mainland and irrigated sites. Degraded forests would be refor- ested with miscellaneous pole and fuelwood species (84% of the plantation areas) and some bamboo. In degraded i-orests, there would be no provision for fruit trees. In the case of private forest plantations, teak would occupy 90% of the area and would be thinned at 11 years, coppiced at 15 years and again at 30 years after planting. Bamboos would provide the balance of stock to be planted. Fuelwood and pole species would occupy the bulk of strip planta- tions (57 to 100%--the latter in Saurashtra-Kutch railsides) with higher proportions of Leucaena (44%) and EucaLlyptus (50%) in irrigated canal areas. Planting costs are shown below: Range of Category of Plantings Planting Costs /a (Rs/ha) Village Woodlots Self-help 900 - 1,000 /b Supervised 2,600 - 4,500 Reforesitation of Degraded Forests 1,800 Afforestation of Private Lands 2,000 Strip P:Lantations 2,700 - 8,400 /a Expenditures incurred during first three years, including nursery, planting, protection and maintenance costs. On average, labor costs represent 72% of total planting expenditures. /b Excludes labor costs paid by the villages. - 17 - 2.21 Annual planting programs would be agreed at meetings involving state, circle and divisional officers. Firstly, planting sites would be selected and surveyed in November-April, some 14-20 months before planting. Soils would be examined and, if existing vegetation suggests high alkalinity or nutrient deficiencies, remedial treatment undertaken. In November-April of the following year (2-8 months before planting), land pr-paration would be undertaken. Planting pits would be aligned and dug in all areas except in private agricultural lands which would be staked in preparation for planting with teak stumps. Protection barriers would also be constructed during this period. Seedlings for the current year's planting would be transported to planting sites in mid June in preparation for planting with the onset of the rains in late June or early July. 2.22 Nurseries. At present there are some 210 forest nurseries (40 permanent and 170 temporary) for raising nursery stock under the community forestry program in Gujarat. It is proposed to increase this number to 440 nurseries and to enlarge some existing sites to meet the increased planting requirements of the project. It is estimated that 15% of new nurseries would be permanent and the rest temporary. Where required, each nursery would be equipped with a water pump. Each nursery would be in the charge of an EF. Casual labor, frequently women, would prepare nursery beds, fill polypots with soil, sow seed, and weed and water plants. 2.23 All tree seed, except improved strains of Leucaena leucocephala (koo-baval) would be obtained from within the State. All seed would be tested and stored at four regional testing and storage units (para 2.29). There would be no direct sowing of tree seed at planting sites. All planting stock would be six months to a year old seedlings, except for trees used for replace- ment in the second year which would be two years old at planting. 2.24 Plantation Maintenance. Tending operations would consist primarily of replacement, weeding and hoeing around trees, and irrigation or watering in certain areas. For costs, see Annex 1, T-5 to T-14. Funds are also in- cluded for the maintenance of about 25,000 ha of existing plantations. 2.25 Weeding and soil working around the base of each tree would be undertaken six times in all plantations: three times in the first year, twice in the second year and once in the third year. Thereafter, no further labor would be required as shade would be sufficient to suppress weed growth. Grass cutting would normally eliminate the need for weeding in spaces between trees. A nitrogenous fertilizer would be applied to trees during the first weedings in the first and second years. Plantations on canalsides and on irrigated village land would be irrigated as necessary. A high proportion of drought-resistant tree species would be grown in rainfed plantations. 2.26 Plantation Protection. All plantations would require protection against livestock and occasional attack by insects; certain areas would require special protection against fire. Extensive strip planting in Gujarat began seven years ago and local people have become familiar with these areas and appear to have accepted communal responsibility for excluding livestock from - is - plantations. This situation has enabled GFD to use cheap, light weight fence- which are more of a psychological deterrent to entry than a physical one. Five types of perimeter barrier would be used; the choice dependent on inten- sity of stock pressure, availability of materials and the type of area Lo uc protected. They are, in ascending order of linear cost: (i) piled brushwood and thorn fence (Rs 335/km); (ii) live hedge (using the fast-growing cact-i_ Euphorbia royaliana) (Rs 600/km); (iii) bamboo and wire fence (four-strand, plain galvanized wire stretched through drilled bamboo poles) (Rs 970/km); (iv) trench and live hedge (Rs 2,500-:3,000/km); and (v) rubble walls (dry stone or rubble) (Rs 5,000/km). Further details are provided in Project File, Item 8. Watchmen would be employed to patrol all strip plantation fencing for the first three years and each would be responsible for 10 ha of plantations in the first year after establishment and 20 ha thereafter. Conservation of Fuelwood Supplies 2.27 Introduction of More Efficient Wood Burning Stoves. By making simple adjustments to the fire box and by addition of a smokestack, a more fuel efficient stove can be manufactured from local clay and sand at small cost (approximately Rs 50 per stove). In cooperation with the KVIC, Depart- ment of Health and other private organizations concerned with the design and promotion of such improved stoves in Gujarat, the Training, Research and Communications Unit would launch a program to popularize the use of these improved stoves. Within each of the four Communications Units (CU), there would be a group, headed by a female social worker, whose task would be to determine and encourage the use of the most appropriate stove for the locality concerned. Three or four demonstration stoves would be constructed in each village establishing Self-help Woodlots (including one to be built in the local EF's home). The social worker would be assisted by five artisans who would construct 100 stoves each per year. The Monitoring Unit (MU) would play an important role in determining receptivity, utility and fuelwood savings. Assurances were obtained during negotiations that 10,000 improved stoves would be built and demonstrated in at least 2,300 villages over the five-year project implementation period. 2.28 Introduction of Improved Cre!mation Facilities. Improved, socially acceptable cremation facilities which reduce the amount of fuelwood needed from 400 to 240 kg per cremation would' be provided 1/ to those villages establishing Self-help Woodlots and in the State's main urban centers where the need is greatest. The units would. cost about Rs 4,000 each. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that, at project completion, some 800 units in rural areas and 200 units in cities would be installed by artisans employed by CFW or by local manufacturers. The! CF (Training, Research and Communi- cations) would be responsible for overall implementation of this component, including the selection of sites and liaison with other organizations such as the Sadvichar Parivar (a private ch,aritable organization) who have already been involved in promoting these units. 1/ On the basis of one unit per 3 to 4 villages. - 19 - Research 2.29 The project would provide for increased research, seed testing and storage. The research program would be under the direction of the Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) (Research) who in turn is responsible to CF (Training, Research and Communications) (See Chart 20400). Close liaison would be maintained with GFD's silviculturalist and the territorial forest research organization, The project would develop four field stations and a small research institute, staffed by five professionals and supporting laboratory personnel, which would be located in the Forest Ranger College complex at Rajpipla. The institute's professional staff would compose an agrostologist, a horticulturist, an ecologist, a soil scientist and an ACF in charge of seed testing. Together, this staff would provide the main scientific support to field units of CFW. The four field research stations would be located at: Bhuj (Kutch), Rajkot (Saurashtra), Mahesana (north mainland Gujarat), and Rajpipla (central and south mainland Gujarat). Staff would be involved in the establishment, demarcation, management and measure- ment of field trials and be responsible for routine seed testing and seed storage within their region. 2.30 The principal objectives of the research program would be to increase tree productivity and decrease establishment and maintenance costs. Research would involve collaboration with other government departments, research institutes and universities, experienced in these fields. A tech- nical committee to review the progress of the research projects has been constituted. The research organization would also be involved in'the mon- itoring of farm forestry activities (para 2.18) by devising sampling tech- niques, collecting data, and selecting tree species and management techniques of special relevance. 2.31 A tentative research program for the project has been prepared by GFD but its scope is too broad and requires more limited and specific objectives that can be achieved within the project period. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that a research program, acceptable to the Association, would be prepared by September 30, 1980. Project Implementation 2.32 The success of the proposed community forestry program would depend largely upon an efficient organization with suitably trained and equipped staff acting in full cooperation with rural people. To achieve these objectives, the project would expand and strengthen CFW through transfer from production forestry to CFW of two rehabilitation divisions (responsible for degraded forest areas); establishment of one new community forestry circle and two new community forestry divisions (para 4.01 and Charts 20399, 20400); and creation of special support units, including establishment of four units responsible for publicity at the village level, a monitoring unit, an evaluation cell and a planning, information and reporting unit. It is anticipated that no foreign consultants would be employed under the project. - 29 - 2.33 Annual planting targets (para 2.04) have been geared to the rate at which CFW can recruit and train staff. With nearly 35% of all operational staff already in position, 17 of 19 divisions operational and three of four circles established, the build up of field staff required to implement the planting program does not pose difficulties except for ACF, some of which would be provided by emergency appoinl:ment (see para 4.11). Staff require- ments are detailed in Annex 7, T-2, T-5 and T-7 and shown below: Project StaEf Requirements Additional Total at Full Existing Required Development Addl CCF - 1 1 CF 4 3 7 DCF 18 7 25 ACF 3 69 72 ER 134 295 429 EF 464 980 1,444 PA 343 438 781 Housing and Transportation for Staff 2.34 Much of the success of CFW's activities would depend on regular and frequent visits by EF and ER to village panchayats, individual farmers, and supervision of other plantations scatt:ered over wide areas. It is, therefore, vital that field level staff and their supervisors live near their work and that they are sufficiently mobile to enable them to function effectively. At present, housing for rent in rural areas is limited and staff often live far from their work and rely on public transport. GOG housing policy would con- tinue to encourage the use of rented accommodation wherever possible. Since rental property is not available in all areas, the project would provide housing for about 50% of project staff. Assurances were obtained at negotia- tions that GOG would ensure that field staff would live in the area assigned for their operations and for this purpose would provide housing or rent allowance as necessary. Design standards and cost estimates were reviewed during project appraisal and the mean cost of housing for field level staff would be about Rs 14,300 (US$1,663). Designs would be in accordance with existing government standards which apply to all government departments. Apart from a new CFW headquarters building, all other office buildings would be rented. For this purpose, and for office furniture and equipment, funds would be provided under the project. Housing requirements are given below and detailed in Annex 7, T-3. - 21 Housing Requirement-. (numbers) Unit Cost Project Year Cate, . (Rs '000) 1 2 3 4 Total Senior FieLd Staff 70.0 6 4 2 1 13 Senior Field Staff 60.0 12 12 12 1 37 Senior Administrative Staff 50.0 1 1 Field Staff (Junior Grade) 17.2 76 76 76 5 233 Field Staff (Junior Grade) 16.2 306 304 304 67 981 Field Staff (Assistants) 8.6 264 264 263 22 813 2.35 The project would also provide for additional equipment and vehicles at headquarters, divisional and circle levels, motorcycles for ER and bicycles for EF and Protection Assistants (PA). Motorcycles and bicycles would be sold on credit to staff who wish to purchase them. The table below summarizes vehicle requirements, further details of which are given in Annex 7, T-3. Incremental Requirements of Vehicles (numbers) Project Year Category 1 2 3 4 5 Total Cars 4 1 5 4-wheel drive 17 5 1 23 Trailers 6 2 8 Vans 11 3 14 Buses 6 6 Tractors & Trailers 27 20 21 11 11 90 Water Tankers 27 21 21 11 11 91 Trucks 27 21 21 10 11 90 Motorcycles 180 93 91 59 69 492 Bicycles 612 203 229 238 386 1,668 2.36 Project support would be provided by the four communications units, a monitoring unit, an evaluation cell, and a planning, information and report- ing unit. Under the project, funds would be provided for staff, operating costs of the units and a limited amount of equipment and instructional aids, including the making of films required for staff training and public informa- tion. A bus would be provided for each communications unit which would also be used for staff training trips. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that two Communications Units would be established, no later than September 30, 1980 and two additional units by September 30, 1981. 2.37 The Public Relations Unit, located at Ahmadabad, would be headed by DCF, under the CF Planning, Information and Reporting. The Unit would be responsible for receiving visitors and providing information to the public. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that this unit would be formed by September 30, 1980. - 2 2.38 The project would support a planned program of increased staff training which woluld include regularly scheduled inservice training (para 4.07) and preservice training (para 4.10), expansion of training facilities and provision of fellowships. In order to carry out the training activities, the project would provide additional staff, buildings, vehicles, equipment and course support (see Annex 7, T-4 for cost details). Expansion of Training Facilities 2.39 Existing hostel and classroom facilities would be expanded at Rajpipla to accomraodate 40 additional trainees. Two additional instructors would also be provided, including one in extension/communications. Facilities at Kakrapur would also be expanded to accommodate an additional 60 trainees. This would increase total capacity to 360 trainees annually. An instructor in extension commtnications would be added to existing staff. A DCF would be provided at State headquarters to coordinate staff training activities. Fellowships 2.40 Since Gujarat would profit by the exchange of information with other states and countries, short duration fellowships for domestic (12 man months) and foreign (8 man months) study would be provided under the project. In addition, selected staff would attend short courses and training workshops sponsored by GOI Directorate of Agricul]tural Extension, Extension Education Institute (Anand) and various other organizations and universities to develop extension techniques in community forestry. Under the project, a total of 40 man months of fellowships would be funcded for attendance at these courses and workshops; they would be attended primarily by ACF, DCF and members of the communications and research units. Twc, one-year domestic fellowships in ex- tension techniques would be provided to selected staff members who would then be assigned to the forest training schools at Rajpipla and Kakrapur as instruc- tors. Two, two-year overseas fellowships for project economists would also be provided. CFW staff sent overseas for study tours would remain within CFW for at least three years, and those ser.t for two-year overseas training would remain within CFW for at least five years after their return. Monitoring and Evaluation 2.41 A Monitoring Unit would be established. It would test experimental designs for project implementation, assess villager acceptance of community forestry activities, determine survival percent of the farm forestry compo- nent, and carry out a mid-term evaluation of the project (para 4.15). An Evaluation Cell would be set up under the Director of Evaluation, General Administration Department, GOG (para 4.16). - 23 - III. COST ESTIMATES AND FINANCING A. Cost Estimates 3.01 Project costs are estimated at USS76.0 M, of which US$3.6 M would involve foreign exchange expenditures. Duties and taxes included in total costs are estimated at US$2.3 M. Details of costs, summarized below, are in Annex 7. Summary Cost Estimate Foreign % of Exchange /b Component Rs M US$ M /a Base Cost US$ M Project Organization Staff 112.70 13.10 20.6 Operating Costs 21.54 2.50 3.9 1.0 Vehicles and Equipment 30.00 3.49 5.5 0.9 Buildings and Housing 30.76 3.58 5.6 Subtotal 195.00 22.67 35.6 Training and Fellowships 8.21 0.96 1.5 0.1 Research and Seed Testing 3.67 0.43 0.7 0.1 Plantings Village Woodlots /c 97.42 11.33 17.8 Reforestation of Degraded Forests 52.54 6.11 9.6 Afforestation of Private Forest Lands 1.90 0.22 0.3 Strip Plantings 146.64 17.05 26.8 Maintenance of Past Plantings 4.74 0.55 0.9 Subtotal 303.24 35.26 55.4 1.0 Farm Forestry 29.70 3.45 5.4 Stoves and Cremation Facilities 4.50 0.52 0.8 Monitoring and Evaluation 3.30 0.38 0.6 0.1 Total Base Costs 547.62 63.67 100.0 3.2 Physical Contingencies 22.50 2.62 4.1 Price Contingencies 83.47 9.71 15.3 0.4 TOTAL 653.59 76.00 119.4 3.6 /a US$1 = Rs 8.6 /b Foreign exchange cost = operating costs 40%, vehicles 25%, equipment 30%, plantings 3%. /c Including costs of labor. - 24 - 3.02 Cost estimates are based on actual costs for similar nursery, plant- ing, and protection techniques and on findings of the mission during appraisal. Physical contingencies have been added at rates of 10% for housing, research and seed testing, and of 5% for nurseries and plantings to meet unforeseen expenditures. Price contingencies totalling 15% of base costs, calculated in accordance with Bank estimates of future price movements in India, 1/ are also included. B. Proposed Financing 3.03 An IDA Credit of US$37.0 M, representing 50% of total project costs net of duties and taxes, is proposed: Project Financing Local Support Panchayats GOG/GOI IDA Total US$ M 3.5 35.5 37.0 76.0 % 5.0 47.0 48.0 100.0 The Credit would be made to GOI on standard terms and would be channelled to GOG on GOI's terms and arrangements for development assistance to the States. Written confirmation of GOG financial arrangements for the project has been received by the Association. 3.04 In order to ensure an early start to the project, and speedy and effective implementation thereafter, retroactive financing, not exceeding US$0_5 M, would be provided from June 1, 1979 to date of credit signing for nursery expenditures incurred to provide planting stock and advance work on land preparation and plantation protecIion necessary for the 1980 planting season, which starts in July. Retroactive financing would also cover addi- tional staff who need to be in place by the start of the planting season and purchase of equipment and vehicles required for staff involved in tree planting. C. Procurement 3.05 Direct plantation works (US$38.7 M), including nursery expenditures, planting, protection works, and farm forestry would be scattered over a wide area and would be carried out over different periods of time. Therefore, con- tracts following competitive bidding would not be practical. Nursery works, including the production of seedlings, would be carried out under force account by CFW. Land preparation, planting and maintenance for village plantations would also be carried out by CFW with varying degrees of participation from village panchayats (para 2.07). However, some materials such as fencing wire, tools, and fertilizers would be procured under local competitive bidding (LCB) 1/ Currenitly estimated at an annual rate of 5% p.a. - 25 - procedures which are satisfactory. Contracts for civil works (costing US$3.7 M) would be small and widely dispersed in time and place and, therefore, would not be suitable for international competitive bidding (ICB) and would be let following LCB, advertised locally, or by force account and in accordance with established GOG procedures that are satisfactory to IDA. Design and supervision of housing and building construction would be carried out by GFD or Public Works Department (PWD). Vehicles (US$2.7 M) would be purchased over three years and, as adequate maintenance and availability of spare parts would be of paramount importance, this would necessitate purchase of locally made vehicles of types already used by Government departments. Thus, procurement would be by LCB under existing government procedures which are acceptable to IDA. Imported research equipment would be required in small lots and would not, therefore, be suitable for procurement under ICB procedures. These items and other miscellaneous equipment (US$1.0 M) would be bulked whenever possible and procured through LCB except where valued at less than US$20,000 when they would be purchased by prudent shopping through usual trade channels. Stoves and crematoria (US$0.5 M) would be built under force account. The balance of project costs (US$29.4 M) would be staff salaries and related expenditures (US$16.3 M), training (US$0.7 M), and contingencies (US$12.4 M). D. Disbursements and Audits 3.06 Disbursements under the Credit would cover: (a) 55% of expenditures for civil works (US$2.30 M); (b) 100% of foreign expenditures for imported equipment, or 70% of locally procured vehicles and equipment (US$2.9 M); (c) 55% of direct planting expenditures (US$21.4 M). (d) 55% of total staff salaries of CFW (US$7.90 M); (e) 100% of the cost of training (US$0.70 M); (f) 55% of costs of stoves and crematoria (US$0.3 M); and (g) unallocated (US$1.5 M). Direct planting expenditures include: nursery costs (including farm forestry); land preparation; planting; protection and maintenance of plantings. 3.07 Disbursements for all force account work, salaries, local training, civil works contracts costing less than Rs 100,000, and other procurement involving expenditures of less than Rs 50,000 for vehicles and equipment for which it would not be practical to submit documents, would be against state- ments of expenditures certified by the Addl. CCF of CFW. Full documentation would be required for all other disbursements. For the purpose of disburse- ments against statements of expenditure, GFD's institutional and staffing capabilities, as well as budgeting, accounting, internal control and auditing, are adequate and satisfactory. 3.08 Assurances were obtained at negotiations that GFD would keep separate accounts of expenditures made under the project. These would be audited annually for each fiscal year in accordance with sound auditing principles consistently applied. GFD accounts would be audited not later than nine months after the end of the financial year, and the audited reports submitted promptly to IDA. Certificates of expenditures would be audited at least once every year and the reports furnished to IDA. Such reports would show, inter alia, that the funds withdrawn were used for the purpose intended, that goods have been received or work performed, and that payments have been made. IV. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Community Forestry Wing 4.01 The project would strengthen the existing Community Forestry Wing (CFW) of Gujarat Siate's Forest Department (GFD). To handle increased adminis- trative responsibility, an Addl. CCF, would be appointed who would be directly responsible to CCF for all community forestry affairs. To cope with increased planting and maintenance programs, one new community forestry circle (making 4 altogether) and two new community forestry divisions (making 17 altogether) would be created. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that the Addl. CCF and supporting staff would be appointed and the new circle and two new divisions created by June 30, 1980. In addition, two territorial divisions (Dohad and Himatnagar) presently concerned with reforestation of degraded forests would be transferred to CFW. Thus, there would be 19 community forestry divisions covering the whole Si'ate (Chart 20400 and Map IBRD 14323) In addition, three new support units would be created within CFW, each headed by a CF: one responsible for planning, information, reporting, public rela- tions and preparation of a follow-up project; one for training, research and communications; and one for operations. A separate evaluation cell would be set up in project year 3 under the Director of Evaluation, General Administra- tion Department, GOG. 4.02 At full development, organizat:ion at the divisional level would depend on whether the division is responsible for reforestation of degraded forests as well as the the establishment: of village woodlots and strip plant- ations. Each DCF would be assisted by t:wo or more ACF: one responsible for village woodlots, the second for strip plantations and, where required, additional ACF responsible for reforestation dependent upon the acreage to be planted and maintained (Chart 20399). 4.03 At the lowest level of administration, PA would be used for super- vision of planting and forest protection in reforestation of degraded forests - 27 - where casual labor is employed. Where permanent l1ubor is employed, this labor would be responsible for forest protection. For the first three years after planting, the EF would supervise the protection of village woodlots, there- Pftp" one PA per 120 ha would be employed for protPcticn purpCses. In strip plantations, EF would supervise protection for the first four years; there- after one PA per 50 ha would be employed for protection purposes. 4.04 ER and EF would be responsible for maintaining liaison with the taluka and village panchayats and for implementing the planting program. ER and EF, who would thus be the main forestry extension agents, would receive special training in extension techniques and community relations. Project Coordination 4.05 Coordination of community forestry activities with programs of other government agencies at state and district levels would be achieved through committees described below. In addition, CFW field staff would be instructed to work closely with officers of other government departments in day-to-day activities. (a) The State Policy Review Committee would be established to ensure coordination between the various departments involved and to determine overall policy. It would be expected to meet once every year and would be chaired by the Minister for Forests. Members would include: Secretaries for Home Affairs and Finance; Secretary for Agriculture, Forests and Cooperation Department; Secre- tary for Labor, Social Welfare and Tribal Development; Secretary for Public Works; Secretary for Panchayat, Housing and Urban Development; Inspector General of Forests; Chief Conservator of Forests and representative from Western Railway Authority. Addl CCF (CFW) would act as convener and secretary of the committee. (b) District Forest Committees would be established under the project, comprising the Collector, who would be chairman; President of the District Panchayat, DDO, and representa- tives from government departments covering public works, irrigation, railways, agriculture and animal husbandry and, when appropriate, the Tribal Area Administrator. The DCF (also referred to as the Divisional Forest Officer) would act as convener and secretary. The committee's main task would be to prepare annual district plans for the establish- ment of village woodlots. It would also coordinate the activities of the various departments concerned, review pro- gress, identify constraints to project implementation and suggest remedies, advise on how to improve village and pan- chayat participation, particularly in expanding the community self-help concept, and advise on the stove and cremation facilities components. The committee would meet at least once every four months. - 28 - Assurances were obtained at negotiations that the above committees would be established by June 30, 1980. 4.06 Village level committees would not be set up as village panchayats already 'nave agricultural production committees which, with the assistance of ER and EF, would also be able to deal satisfactorily with community forestry affairs. Inservice Training; 4.07 Regular staff training is central to maintaining skills in forestry, forage, soil and moisture management. To this end, each DCF would, in con- sultation with his staff, identify for each four-month period the most important knowledge and skills to be communicated to villagers by ER and EF. These "impact points" would be the sub ject of subdivisional inservice train- ing sessions, run under the guidance oi DCF, assisted by circle and other support staff, the forest research unit:, and State forestry schools. To assist the DCF, one officer would be assigned to coordinate training activ- ities. This practically-oriented training would emphasize the knowledge necessary to carry out program objectives and demonstrate extension method- ology and techniques. 4.08 Full day training sessions, held every four months, would be sched- uled for groups of 30 to 40 EF and ER. These sessions would concentrate on not more than five "impact points". 1/ Not more than one-third of each session would be devoted to lectures as emphasis would be placed on the practical application of knowledge gained and group discussion. 4.09 Since the knowledge required by community foresters would include methods of communicating with villagers, existing ER and some EF would receive training at the Extension Education Institute (Anand) in extension methods. For newly recruited staff, extension and communication methods would be added to the curriculum at the Forest Ranger Training School in Rajpipla (para 4.12) and the Foresters and Forest Guard School at Kakrapur (para 4.13) and two instructors in extension methods would be provided under the project for this purpose. Preservice Training 4.10 The project would require the following new staff to be recruited 2/ and trained: 3/ 1/ If more than five "impact points" need to be covered, it is suggested that the interval between training sessions be reduced. 2/ Senior staff positions (DCF and above) would be filled by transfer and promotion. Allowance for replacement of those promoted to higher ranks is provided. 3/ In addition to training for new staff, a backlog exists of staff pre- sently in position who have not yet: received training. Training for 330 PA would be delayed until project years 4 and 5. A continuous training program would be required throughout the project period. - 29 - Posts to be Filled By Direct Promotion from Staff Level Recruitment Lower Rank ACF 51 25 ER 215 105 EF 727 358 PA 796 - Curriculum for each level of staff trained at the Ranger and Foresters schools at Rajpipla and Kakrapur would be adapted to the needs of community forestry. 4.11 Assistant Conservator of Forests. Candidates for these posts would be trained at the Indian Forest Colleges operated by the central government. As these institutes provide training on an all-India basis, it is anticipated that only 30 positions would be allotted to Gujarat. However, 51 graduates are needed in order to meet project needs. To meet the shortfall, emergency appointment of agricultural and science college graduates would be authorized. They would then undergo six months of practical training in forestry at the State Forest Ranger School (Rajpipla) and, subject to passing an examination, be appointed as ACF. Persons appointed as ACF under this procedure would not be eligible for promotion until they had completed the regular ACF training course at the college located in either Dehra Dun or Byrnihat. 4.12 Extension Rangers would be trained at Rajpipla and out-of-state at institutes located at Chandrapuri (Maharashtra), Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), Korseong (Assam). Recruits would receive one year of training (two years at Korseong). Newly recruited agricultural and science college graduates would complete the one year ER course. Beginning in 1980, approximately 240 train- ing positions would be available annually. No training at these institutes would be given to Foresters who are promoted to ER (approximately 33% of incremental positions). 4.13 Extension Foresters would be trained at the Foresters and Forest Guard School located in Kakrapur. Recruits would receive eight months of training. Guards promoted to EF would be given a six month course at the same institution. Approximately 240 EF can be trained each year. 4.14 Protection Assistants would also be trained at the Foresters and Forest Guard School in Kakrapur. This training would be started in the fourth year of the project following expansion of facilities. Training for this staff category is of less priority than that of those discussed above as most positions would be filled by direct appointment followed by on the job instruction. Monitoring and Evaluation 4.15 Because project concepts are somewhat innovative in nature and would require adjustment in the course of project execution, a strong Monitor- ing Unit (MU) is essential. MU would be under the direct control of Addl. CCF - 30 - (CFW) and would he headed by a CF who would be assisted by an experienced sociologist, an economist, and the head of the field survey team, and backed by a data processing unit headed by a statistician. Field subunits would be located at each of four circles and be comprised of one survey supervisor and five survey assistants. MU staff would carry out spot checks in the field to verify the accuracy of data and quali:y of work. MU, by visits to sample villages, ad hoc studies, surveys or village case studies, would assess the receptivity of villagers to the project, and progress made in fostering local initiative. In particular, MU would follow up closely on implementation of village schemes, assess their effectiveness and promptly inform management about findings and suggest improvement:s for further replication. Continuation of the farm forestry scheme would be decided following an interim project evaluation to be carried out jointly by GOG and IDA at the end of project year 3. Finally, using data made available by the accounting unit, the economist would monitor planting and protection costs. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that MU would be established by June 30, 1981, that an officer of CF level would be appointed to heac. MU, and that a work program would be submitted to IDA for review no later than December 31, 1981. 4.16 At the end of project year three, an Evaluation Cell (EC) would be established to carry out an interim evaluation of the project. EC would be administered by Director of Evaluation, General Administration Department, GOG. MU and GFD would be obligated to provide the records and data requested by the EC for independent evaluation and the formulation of recommendations which would be passed to the Addl. CCF for discussion and implementation. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that EC would be established no later than December 31, 1982 and that GOG would submit a work program to IDA for review no later than June 30, 1983. Public Information- 4.17 Since the support and participation of the rural population are primary requisites for project success, a DCF (Communications) would coordi- nate four Communications Units (para 2.36) set up to encourage participation. One unit would be established in each of the four circles, each headed by an ACF, and would complement a small existing unit based at Vadodara which would serve as headquarters. Each unit would be responsible for publicity, organiz- ing orientation tours, preparation of instructional material and training aids and introduction of more efficient wood burning stoves and cremation facilities. V. PRODUCTION, MARKETING AND FINANCIAL RESULTS Yields and Production 5.01 The main products of project forest plantations would be: fuel- wood, building poles, leaves and pods, animal feed, and edible fruits. Subsidiary products would include timber, from the felling of avenue shade trees, edible mahuda flowers, oilseeds, tree gum and bidi leaves. Summaries of yields and production are provided below and detailed in Annex 1, T-3 and Annex 4, T-5. - 31 - Estimated YieldsL and Production Yields /b Total at full development Production Product m ton/ha/year '000 m ton Fuelwood 3.40 14.40 9,900 Poles (timber) 0.66 5.44 1,370 = 86,200 poles Bamboo 0.48 3.62 870 = 192,200 poles Timber 0.75 350 = 500 m3 Leaf fodder 1.72 9.00 2,200 Fruits 1,810 Oilseed 0.80 180 /a Data provide the range of estimated yields from a fully planted ha of pure plantation. /b Range of estimated theoretical yields from a pure plantation of these species at the densities and cutting cycles adopted in the project; data provided for purposes of comparison. Sharing of Produce between Villagers 5.02 The sharing of produce between villagers would vary according to the type of plantation and method of establishment. (a) Village Woodlots: Under both schemes harvesting of fuelwood, poles, bamboo, and timber would be undertaken by villagers for wages and organized by the village panchayat, under the super- vision of CFW staff. Sufficient major forest produce would be sold to meet outstanding debts. Whether the balance of the panchayat's share of fuelwood, poles, bamboo, and timber is distributed free or sold would be up to each panchayat to decide. However, under both schemes TDO would assist panchayats in arriving at an equitable scheme, taking into consideration the needs of the landless and poorer sections of the community. The CFW would provide statements of accounts to the panchayat at the end of the third year following woodlot establishment and thereafter within 30 days on request of the panchayat. Under the Self-help Scheme, the village panchayat would retain all profits. Under the Supervised Village Scheme, gross value of major forest produce would be split 50:50 between CFW and the village panchayats (para 5.06). (b) Strip Plantations: Villages with strip plantations passing through their lands would be allowed minor products free of charge. Leaf fodder and fruit collection would be organized and supervised by the village panchayat under the guidance - 2,2 - of CFW staff. All other produce from strip plantations would be the property of CFW and harvested and marketed by them. However, net profits from the sale of fuelwood, poles, bamboo, timber, etc. would be split on a 50:50 basis between CFW and the taluka concerned in the case of planta- tions alongside roads and canals and on a basis still to be determined for railside plantations. TDO would distribute net profits equitably between the panchayats in his taluka and the profits would be credited to the panchayat. (c) Reforestation of Degraded Forests: Where reforestation is done by casual labor under CFW supervision (para 2.14), tribal people and villagers traditionally have rights to free collection of minor products from forest reserves and these rights would continue under the project. Harvesting would be done by FLCS and net profits split 80:20 between CFW and FLCS. Where reforestation is done by a stabilized labor force, the labor would be given first preference to forest produce traditionally collected free of charge. Net profits would be shared 80:20 between CFW and permanent laborers. (d) Afforestation of Private Agricultural Lands: Grass and minor forest produce would all beLong to the owner. Poles, bamboo and small timber, not required by the owner for his own use, would be harvested and sold by CFW on the owner's behalf. After deducting direct costs and advanced payments (para 2.15), 100% of net profits would be retained by the owner. Assurances were obtained at negotiations that GOG would, by June 30, 1980, agree with the Association on the format and content of model contracts for the establishment of village woodlots and afforestation of private lands (see Project File, Items 4, 5 and 6). 5.03 Fuelwood, poles, bamboo, and timber from all areas but village woodlots and degraded forest reforested by casual laborers would be marketed by GFD either from roadsides (in the case of roadside plantations) or from sale depots through the current practice of auctions. FLCS/GFD would be responsible for marketing products from degraded forest areas reforested with casual labor. 5.04 Both GSFDC and KVIC would continue to handle the marketing of non- edible oilseed (para 1.34). GSFDC/KVIC representatives located in strategic villages collect and pay for the seed brought in by villagers, which is then transported for storage and processing; into soap, etc. by small locally-owned enterprises that obtain credit for equipment and working capital from KVIC. 5.05 Minor forest produce such as gum, bidi leaves, doli and mahuda flowers are purchased from villagers and tribal people by the GSFDC which also helps tribal people set up cooperatives to process these products further. In view of the acute shortage of forest products, no marketing difficulty is foreseen for any of the products generated by the project. - 33 - Cost Recovery 5.06 The benefits expected from the project are considerable and, there- fore, it would be in the interest of GOG to recover as much of its investment as possible. Under the Self-help Village Scheme, the direct costs of planting (excluding seedlings) incurred by CFW are minimal (Annex 3, Tables 2 to 4) and amount to between 1% and 8% of the expected value of major forest produce. Therefore, for administrative convenience and to provide added incentive to village panchayats to participate in the scheme, no cost recovery would be made and the village community would thus benefit from 100% of the produce of the woodlot. The situation is different, however, under the Supervised Village Scheme where all direct costs incurred by CFW would be recovered from village panchayats, except for seedlings (which are fully subsidized by Government for all community forestry activities). In addition, a management fee of 25% of direct costs would be charged and cost recovery phased over the life of the plantation (30 years) and bear a 10% interest rate. To ensure such cost recovery, CFW share of major produce would be approximately 50% of the harvest at each cut (Annex 3, Tables 2, 3 and 4). Since, however, villagers under this scheme can collect minor forest produce at all times, the proposed sharing arrangement would leave the village community with between 60 and 68% of total benefits. It was agreed at negotiations, that not later than September 30, 1980, GOG would prepare and furnish to IDA for its comments, proposals for sharing major forest produce or revenue derived from its sale. Thereafter, GOG would implement these proposals with such modifications or additions as agreed with IDA. 5.07 On the basis of the sharing arrangements described above and in para 5.02, the project's financial rate of return to Government would be 5%; i.e., the return would pay off Government investments in the project (including staff and officer recruitment) in 34 years and yield a 5% interest rate on such investment. The corresponding cost recovery index 1/ for the project over the entire period (34 years) would be 51%, if recovered at 10% interest rate (Annex 3, Table 1). This index is considered satisfactory, given that the project would provide employment to a disadvantaged section of the popu- lation, meet some of the basic needs of rural communities, and yield substan- tial indirect benefits by improving the environment since the costs of advi- sory services (e.g., agricultural extension) are generally not recovered from beneficiaries. VI. BENEFITS, JUSTIFICATION AND RISKS Benefits 6.01 The increase in forest produce expected under the project would benefit all of the State's population, but enhanced employment opportunities and the right to gather free fodder, fruit and other minor produce would favor the rural poor. 1/ Ratio of NPV of financial return to Government to the NPV of financial costs of Government. -- 34 - 6.02 Fuelwood, Small Timber and Ocher Forest Produce. From project year 10, the average annual production of fuelwood from project village woodlots would be 386,000 m tons of which 45% would be utilized by rural people. Annual project output of fuelwood would be sufficient to satisfy the need of about 2.5 M people at the current annual consumption level of 165 kg per capita. In addition, an average of 4.8 M poles and large bamboos would be produced annually. Fruit production would be sufficient to provide 10 kg annually for 6 M people. The greater abundance of fodder would also result in additional milk production of about 2 M liters annually at no significant additional cost. 6.03 Conservation of Fuelwood. The introduction of some 10,000 improved stoves and 1,000 crematoria would result in savings of at least 15,800 m tons of fuelwood annually. (Annex 4, T-8). 6.04 Employment. Over the five year project implementation period, 105,440 ha of idle or underutilized land would be brought into productive use, largely through use of labor 1/. In total, 38.4 M man days would be required for project activities, equivalent to 2.5,600 people fully employed for five years. In practice, most forestry operations would be concentrated over a two to three month period each year, and thus, from the first year, would actually employ at least 100,000 temporary laborers annually. This would mainly benefit the disadvantaged sections of the population since most manual jobs such as digging pits and trenches are normally done by them. 6.05 Environment. The major environmental impact of project plantations is expected to be on soil conservation and, in some cases, restoration of soils. Nearly all of the tree species to be planted are indigenous and 20% of those to be planted in arid areas have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. In arid areas of western and northern Gujarat, plantations would assist in arresting wind erosion. In alkaline areas in the east of the State and wetter areas of the south and east, soil stabilization by tree roots, accumulation of leaf litter and reductiDn of the impact of rain on the soil would restrict run--off and, in hill areas, reduce siltation of rivers. On village common lands, the protection of soil within plantations from over- grazing and trampling would improve water percolation of the soil, restore ground vegetation and increase the percentage of perennial grasses. Strip plantations along roadsides, which have frequently suffered locally severe sheet and gulley erosion arising from run-off from the road surface, would help prevent further damage. 6.06 Project production of more than 10 M m ton of fuelwood over the next 30 years would result in the diversion to agricultural land of consider- able quantities of cow dung and vegetable waste, which would otherwise have been used for cooking. Other beneficial effects of the project plantations, especially strip planting, are shade for road users and nesting, feeding and roosting sites for birds. 1/ Labor represents 72% of direct planting expenditures. - 35 - 6.07 Negative effects of project plantations are expected to be few. Recent research in India, under the direction of the Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun), has confirmed that Eucalyptus hybrid plantations grown on short rotations can cause depletion of certain soil nutrients. Provision has been made for project plantations of this species to be evaluated under the research program (para 2.30) and for remedial measures to be taken, if required. Economic Rate of Return 6.08 The return of the project to the economy has been calculated for each planting component, excluding farm forestry (the costs of which comprise 3% of total project costs), and for the project as a whole, including the cost of technical support, but excluding research. The farm forestry component has been excluded from the analysis because of lack of data (para 6.13). Only direct benefits have been quantified. To obtain the incremental benefit stream, foregone benefits from existing fodder or fuelwood production have been deducted in all planted areas from the forecast project output. (i) in all rainfed areas, foregone benefits would be meager grass production resulting from continued overgrazing. It has been estimated that "with project" grass produc- tion would be at least equal current grass yields because cutting would replace grazing and net incremental grass production would therefore be nil. (ii) in irrigated areas, "without project" grass output could be substantial. The project would therefore lead to a loss of actual or potential grass production which has been quanti- fied to 10 m ton per ha (canalsides) and 25 m ton per ha (irrigated village lands). (iii) in degraded forest lands, "without project" production has been taken as existing fuelwood production (0.2 m ton/ha/ year). Grass growth with and without project would be the same. (iv) in private agricultural lands, the opportunity cost of using the land under the project has been equated to the economic value of the cereal harvest (estimated at Rs 250/ha/year). 6.09 Efficiency Pricing. Key assumptions and adjustments made in the economic analysis of the project in efficiency prices are as follows: (a) Economic Cost of Unskilled Labor. The shadow wage rate for labor in domestic prices is best reflected in the free market wages, which vary during the year. During the planting and harvesting seasons (June, July and October, November), there is virtually full employment. At this time, the observed wage rate equals the minimum wage of Rs 5.5/man day; this rate has been applied to project labor employed in those months (30% of total project - 36 - labor). In the period of November to April, when the bulk of project activities would take place (70% of required labor), the observed wage rate is about Rs 3/man day. The economic cost of project labor, estimated as a weighted average of prevailing rates during peak and low labor demand, is Rs 3.75/man day or 68% of the financial cost. No shadow wage rate has been applied to skilled labor. (b) Border Price Ratios. Different conversion factors have been used for the major categories of project expendi- tures to reflect the different degrees of distortion they are subject to in the Indian economy in relation to international (border) prices: Category % of Project Cost Conversion Factor Unskilled labor 43 0.84 /a Staff Salaries 23 0.82 /b Materials 15 0.70 /c Vehicles and Equipment 6 0.70 /c Buildings 7 0.75 /d Others 6 0.80 /e /a Consumption Conversion Factor at the critical consumption level. /b Consumption Conversion Factor at the average consumption level. /c After exclusion of local taxes (12% on average) and multiplication by the Standard Conversion Factor (0.80). /d Construction Conversion Factor as calculated for Gujarat Report No. 1943a-IN. /e Standard Conversion Factor (SCF). (c) Output Prices. Fuelwood, poles and minor forest produce have been considered as non-traded goods. Their financial prices, multiplied by the Standard Conversion Factor (SCF) 0.80, have been estimated to represent t:heir economic value. Milk has been considered as a traded commodity because two internationally traded commodities, skim milk and butter oil, are used to re- constitute a milk substitute. The economic price of milk (Rs 1.21/1) 1/ used in the analysis was derived from the projected CIF price of this substitute adjusted for handling, transportation, and reconstitution charges and production costs (in turn adjusted by the SCF). Prices of all above- 1/ As calculated in National Dairy Project Report No. 1964-IN. - 37 - mentioned commodities except milk have been assumed to remain constant in real terms at their 1978 level (Annex 3, T-10). 6.10 Economic Net Present Value. Since the project components are not independent, a separate economic rate of return (ROR) for each component can- not be calculated. The overhead costs do not vary with the size of any par- ticular component. However, as indicated in Annex 4, T-1 by the net present value (NPV), each component would make a positive contribution. The farm forestry component was not included in this analysis, but it is reasonable to assume that NPV for this component would be positive. Over 34 years, at efficiency prices, the overall ROR would be 17.0%. The economic NPV, dis- counted at 10%, would be Rs 297.8 M (US$34.6 M), or 99% of costs in present values. Net present values and sensitivity analysis for each component are presented in Annex 4, T-1. 6.11 Economic Analysis of the Introduction of Wood Saving Cremation Units. The analysis presented in Annex 4, Table 8 indicates an overall ROR of at least 15% for this component. It also indicates that the introduction of such units in one village or in groups of villages would be economically viable for a population of 1,500 or more. Project Risks 6.12 The project faces no major risk in terms of an unsatisfactory rate of return since the ROR could withstand huge cost increases (up to 100%), substantial price drops (up to 50%), or large losses, such as destruction by livestock (up to 50%), each of which is improbable. Cost estimates are based on actual costs of past plantings. Forest products are becoming increasingly expensive as a result of the ever growing shortage. Protection of project plantings would be no more risky than the methods previously used with a large degree of success on similar plantings. 6.13 There is a risk that the free distribution of seedlings might lead to excessive waste. Statistics regarding the survival rate of trees distri- buted to the public are not reliable. For this reason, the project monitoring unit would continuously monitor the actual survival rate through spot checks (para 2.18), and would study the overall impact of the free distribution. Based on these factors, GOG and IDA would jointly review the merits of free distribution of seedlings in project year 4. 6.14 Another risk might be that the proposed target of 2,300 villages willing to participate in the Self-help Scheme might not be met. Therefore, special care has been taken to provide adequate incentive. Under the Self- help Scheme, village panchayats would receive 100% of all woodlots benefits, and would also retain control of the use of such benefits. Furthermore, CFW would give priority to those villages which are willing to participate under the scheme. 6.15 There is also the risk that better-off people in the village, being the more powerful, would be the major beneficiaries of woodlot produce. This risk has been recognized and, therefore, steps would be taken to minimize such risks. CFW staff and project CU would inform villagers of their rights. The - 38 - TDO would assist the panchayats in arriving at equitable distribution of forest produce among villagers. In particular, he would recommend that a fixed per- centage of poles and small timber be distributed at concessional rates to the weaker sections of the village who need these for house improvement. Finally, MU and EC would carry out spot checks and would evaluate the social impact of the village woodlot schemes. 6.16 Overall risks are low. Nevertheless to optimize the objectives of the project, particularly with regard to community activities and the impact of the free distribution of seedlings, an interim evaluation of the project would be carried out in year 4 to draw lessons for future activities of the program. VII. RECOMMENDATIONS 7.01 During negotiations, assurances were obtained that: (a) about 9,200 ha of village woodlots would operate under the cormmunity Self-help Scheme so that villages involved would accept full responsibility for establishment manage- ment and harvesting of said woodlots (para 2.07); (b) full time laborers required to live in degraded forest areas would be ensured adequate facilities, i.e., water supply and be given materials for home construction (para 2.14); (c) improved stoves (10,000) woulld be built and demonstrated in at least 2,300 villages lhat select to establish wood- lots under the community SeLf-help Scheme (para 2.27); (d) cremation facilities would be provided both in urban areas (200) and in villages (800) that establish village woodlots under the community Self-he:Lp Scheme (para 2.28); (e) a research program judged satisfactory by IDA would be prepared by September 30, 1980 (para 2.31); (f) field staff, including PA, EF and ER would live in or near areas assigned for theiLr operations and for this purpose would be provided housing or rent allowances as necessary (para 2.34); (g) two Communications Units would be established not later than September 30, 1980 and two additional units by September 30, 1981 (para 2.36); (h) the Public Relations Unit would be established not later than September 30, 1980 (para 2.37); - 39 - (i) GFD would keep separate accounts of expenditures made under the project to be audited annually for each fiscal year, in accordance with auditing principles consistently applied. GFD accounts would be audited not later than nine months after the end of the financial year, and the audited re- ports submitted promptly to IDA (para 3.08); (j) the Additional CCF in charge of CFW, and supporting staff, would be appointed and the new circle and two new divisions would be created by June 30, 1980 (para 4.01); (k) the State Policy Review Committee and District Forest Committees, would be established by June 30, 1980 (para 4.05); (1) a Monitoring Unit would be established no later than June 30, 1981 and would be headed by an officer of CF level and would submit a work program to IDA for review no later than December 31, 1981 (para 4.15); (m) an Evaluation Cell would be established not later than December 31, 1982 and, submit a work program to IDA for review no later than June 30, 1983 (para 4.16); (n) GOG would agree with the Association by June 30, 1980 on the format and content of contracts for the estab- lishment of village woodlots and afforestation of private lands (para 5.02); and (o) Not later than September 30, 1980, GOG would prepare and furnish to IDA for its comments, proposals for sharing major forest produce or revenue derived from its sale. Thereafter, GOG would implement these proposals with such modifications or additions as agreed with IDA (para 5.06). 7.02 In order to prepare for the 1980 planting season, it is recommended that there be retroactive financing of up to US$0.5 M to cover nursery, staff, equipment and vehicles expenditures from June 1, 1979 until the signing of the proposed project (para 3.04). 7.03 With the above assurances and conditions, the project would be suitable for an IDA Credit of US$37.0 M on standard IDA terms. The Borrower would be the Government of India. November 20, 1979 GOUJARAT CO04MMUITY FORESTRY PROJECT Cp.neaiao of Plantation Models - Design,s. Etobith-at sod Maincensc Plantation Models C SI~~~~~~~~1 SEC IV V VI VII Vill IS 0 Category of Plantation ROADISDE ROADSIDE RAILSIDE RA ILS IDIE CAN1ALSIDE VILLAGE LANDS VlIAGE 1ANI5 VILIAGE lAND DEGRADED FORESTPIAELR (MalkE) L-satlon aS-anhnrs/Ktoth Malolod GaJeret Sao-aehtra/Kitnh Mainland GoJarat stenewide statewide S-nrahtrs/Kstnh Mainland GJerat Mainland Gojarl-anetlato (ErrEgatad) (Irrigated) J-ni.diction G5G 0O Railways gB-d, GOD Rol-oys Boad, MI5 GOG Village Panhay-t Villoge Poonhayt Village Pancheyst Foret Dept. 00 rvt Area cc In planted (1 y-.r) 13,000 ha. 18,600 he. 1,400 he. 2,000 ha. 2,000 h.. 2,080 he. 168050 ha. 17,760 ha. 30,000 a ,0 e PLA ITATION DESIGN fo atn-/ha fotTo fo %o ToO %of Tot Y.o bE are steno/ha nra stes/ha a a tac/e aces/h.t.ho ra see/a a steno/he area stne/ha area at-aha area stel/hean aenh Rain P-edoct Shade A. Iodine 267. 82 97. 27 oth-n heds app. l1 7%. VS 34% 112 1. 497 0c hale 17. 91 3%. 45 Sly. 83 57. R3 447. 1,112 157, 333 20% 333 10%4 167 nie.pos io pp. 1 43% 276 30%. 107 90% 999 hOC. 666 457. 500 217. 278 E-noyptos hyb. 90% 137 L147. 226 2%. 83 15% 230 50%1 1,250 60%. 1,333 10% 167 40%. 666 T. grandie cis. pole/ foal app. a./ 04. ho E ,5 b.habos 27. 13 5%. 55 3% 69 37. 20 2%/ Ii 'VA 30 013 D.ttlioa. 87/. 51 157. 167 37. 69 37. 20 2% 30 12%4 90 2%4 niec. f-oit pp.~' 197. 116 257. 156 50% 116 Ziaph-e app. -(22 120) /2) (20)' (20) (30) rain pp. L/ /50%.) (50%) 10(%) ToteD aton/ha (averag) 641 661 1,165 1,221 2,500 1,822 1,156 1,267 MO ,2 PIANTATIOM ESTABLISHMMNT 4 MAINJTENANC0E Principal pronentine Banhe & wire- non 2071 B-eto nine Bnbno I e se f 20% lnbon 6 cite 7C% Machon wits Trench& lien hedge Trenh & Ien Tran.. 6A Ies Robbie call Re eo ec l.tetseoa fenc 301% lie hedge dtcho- teen 30% lien hedge Deane30%7 lIve hedge Watchmen hedge Wenatne- hedge Wtne- Land prepartion pleating 907. pits Ch5co2) 90%. pEns (45.2n2 90pnChc2 90%. pita (45c-2) 90% pust (45_2)79000%ppus (45cc 2 100%. pita (45c- 2 100% ppin.(l45e22 1007% pIts (30cc 1 10% pEtsit (3Scn2 I 10% nande 10% -oodo 10%, -oods 10%. c-nd 10%. cods 600 r.n. gradonis/hs 90. stakes large polypota large polypote large polypota large polypots large polypois asial pelypois' noa pelypota snai polypets snal polypots 10% polypots aat-ricg/ Irigation partIal irlggaton aPpprt wateing partial irrigatioo ePppt wa.teing irrigated irrigatd non nos noenn Fire traiag Yes Yns Ys yes nnoasooye W-seing/bsating-op W5o6 / B-p.ap2 W al / B-opn SslW. / n-ope . aWl / B-sps.2 Wfs6 / B-opn 2 asIC6 B-ope2 WSni / 0-opo) Wel /0B-spa? Wsh / O-ops.2 ao -p / ether sheds specIes Models 0 & II): oninly Alhienia 1eIbsk; C..dia dichotoon; M.Aigf-r iodics; Peltonho-o p a.ce Ia; Tacaildos indico 1/ nisceilannoos foelood specIe,: (Models 6 lEO): esfnlyAoaciatortilla; Albiezia Salebbc; t~ron..ni.a~ l Modls II, IV06 VIlI): eninly Acscia nilotici; Anodea tortilla; Ahibizzi Iled..; DDglIbb-ia aino. 11-.e...nos pole/foeloo.d species (Models IX ): Anec.iL cateo.ho; . Aeia totillia; Albiesa lebbeck; Da1bernia siseoc; visce, rnnl-lo Coron pnlents; Gcelina arborna; tLeescoroendnlica; Madhoca indice; Tectona ara-dia. d/caolnosfrot species (Models VI, VII & OuST -ilyO lCordia dichotoe; Madhoas iedica; Moriaaa oelifero; Plthscolbuiiindulce; ISyion cunie. ___ 4gross and i.Sge species (Madels VI, Vi0 & VlIl): caiely Cenc.hroncilianio; Dicha-thion annolat; Madinas settee; PennnE2tonjp-poreo; Snhiee serene; Trifolion i-eadelias. INDIA GUJARAT COMMUNITY FORESTRY PROJECT Plantation Planning Targets Plantation Plantation Targets Category Model Yea.r Year Year Year Year Total % 1 2 3 4 5 -----------hectares------------------- Strip Plantations 35 Roadside Saurashtra & Kutch 1 1,400 2,400 3,000 2,900 3,300 13,000 Mainland Gujarat II 2,400 3,300 4,600 4,000 4,300 18,600 Subtotal 3,800 5,700 7,600 6,900 7,600 31,600 Railside Saurashtra & Kutch III - - - 600 800 1,400 Mainland Gujarat IV - - - 1,000 1,000 2,000 Subtotal - - - 1,600 1,800 3,400 Canalside (Statewide) V 200 300 400 500 600 2,000 Village Woodlots 36 Irrigated VI 240 480 720 720 720 2,880 Rainfed (Saurashtra & Kutch) VII 1,920 2,640 3,360 4,080 4,800 16,800 Rainfed (Mainland Gujarat) VIII 2,400 2,880 3,600 4,080 4,800 17,760 Subtotal 4,560 6,000 7,680 8,880 10,320 37,440 Reforestation of Degraded Reserve Forest 28 Full-time Labor Scheme IX 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 5,000 Casual Labor Scheme IX 5,500 5,250 5,000 4,750 4,500 25,000 Subtotal 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 30,000 Afforestation of Private Forest Lands X 200 200 200 200 200 1,000 1 , TOTAL 14,760 18,200 21,880 24,080 26,520 105,440 14 17 21 23 25 100 Farm Forestry Seedlings Millions 25 26.3 29.6 32.9 36.,2 150 UJU'RAT COTMME ITY FORESTRY PROJECT Cmparison of Pla-satio- Models - Yteldr (N.B. For the purpose of comparisom, a11 yields pot hectare refer to the barvyst fron pure plantation. of trees at the denitties isdicated) Prodoct Species - Modelr - Stems/ho St.s/ho Year of R.rv-st Yieldu/tree- m of Poles d/ YieIe/ha ________ ci~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e cY2 s3- MAIa 1. Cross Fodder satoral grass 1, II, III, IV I every year 0.2 Ox I every year 0.4 V I every year 0.6 so,,n grass VIE I every year 1.0 VIII I every year 1.5 sown *egumes VI I every year 5.0 2. Icaf Fodder koo-b-vol I, III, VII 1667 1333 4 5-14, 17-20, 23-26 4.0 5.3 4 pods II, IV, VIll 1667 1333 4 5-14, 17-20, 23-26 5.0 6.6 V 2500 2000 3 4-5, 8-10, 13-15 18-20, 23-25 5.5 11.0 VI 2222 1777 3 4-5, 8-10, 13-15, 6.2 11.0 18-20, 23-25 misc. fNel I, II 667 533 4 5-10, 13-20, 23-30 4.0 2.1 spp. III, IV, VIES 1111 888 4 5-10, 13-20, 23-30 2.5 2.2 VII 1111 888 4 5-14, 17-20, 23-26 2.5 2.2 3. Fuel..od eucalypto 1, III, Vil 1667 1333 8 14, 20, 26 14.0 18.7 22.0 6.3 II, IV, VIII 1667 1333 8 14, 20, 26 16.0 21.3 25.1 7.1 V 2500 2000 5 10, 15, 20, 25 16.0 32.0 37.6 13.9 VI 2222 1777 5 10, 15, 20, 25 20.0 35.5 41.8 14.0 koo-baval I, III, VII 1667 1333 8 14, 20, 26 30.0 40.0 58.6 9,0 (. II, IV, VIII 1667 1333 8 14, 20, 26 40.0 53.3 78.4 12.1 V 2500 2000 5 10, 15, 20, 25 36.0 72.0 105.9 21,2 VI 2222 1777 5 10, 15, 20, 25 40.0 71.1 106.5 20.9 misc. fuel 1 667 533 10 20, 30 65.0 34.6 45.5 4.6 app. 11 667 533 10 20, 30 70.0 37.3 49.1 4.9 I1I 1111 .888 10 20, 30 45.0 40.0 52.6 5.2 IV, VIII 1111 888 10 20, 30 55.0 48.8 64.3 6.4 VI1 EEEE 888 8 14, 20, 26 40.0 35.5 45.5 7.0 seen I, 11 100 80 30 replant 60.0 4.8 6.8 1.3 other shade .pp. 1, II 100 80 30 replant 330.0 26.4 39.8 1.3 !-1 tr-np VIl, Vill 625 500 30 replant 150,0 75,0 104.2 3.e VI 625 500 30 replant 200.00 100.0 13h.9 46(, pA4r/f-l Opp. I 68( 544 1S 30 1f0.0 38.1 54.3 3.8 4. Tliber ane 1, 11 10;1 80 30 replant 0.4 32.0 1.3 y - Yields/ha Prod.et Spectei - Memdla - Ste.. /h. stens/ha Y-r of 11orve.t Yteld,/tree No. of Poles pl-ated ..r-ivirg fIrst th-chfte- kg. o3| m.t. m 3/ ct c2 c3 c4 sc Al 5. Poles eooolyptas I, III, VII 1667 1333 8 14, 20, 26 19.2 106 1066 i066 1066 6.3 II, IV, VIII 1667 1333 - 8 14, 20, 26 21.3 1066 1066 1066 1066 7.1 v 2J00 2000 5 10, 15, 20, 25 32.0 1600 1 6C0 1600 1600 , 1A l 33.1 VI 2222 1777 5 10, 15, 20, 25 28.4 1422 1422 1422 1422 1422 1' C bOb.oos 11 167 133 10 20, 39 1.90 to K: 78 156 234 5.08 M: 420 720 960 IV 278 222 1i 20, 30 6.19 to K: 135 270 405 14.16 Ms 690 1197 1596 V 278 222 6 9. 12, 15. 18, 21 3.1%5 1 M. 200 401. 601 860 80V 24, 27, 30 1O.a6 M: 401 601 801 1001 1001 VI 156 124 6 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 1.77 to K: 113 225 338 450 450 24, 27, 30 6.11 M: 225 338 450 563 563 VIII 156 124 10 20, 30 1.86 to K: 75 150 225 4.79 M4: 389 666 888 IX 120 96 8 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 1.44 70 K- 57 1145 171 171 171 3.70 M4: 305 522 696 696 696 x 178 142 8 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 3.00 t0 K: 258 516 774 774 774 8.70 M: 147 252 336 336 336 teok X 1600 1280 11 15, 30 600 680 680 1.0 polslfael npp. IX 680 544 15 30 163 103 3.5 6. Edible Fruits greftea hor 1, I1I 2 2 3 every ye.r to 15 12 0.024 II, IV 20 20 3 every year tv 15 15 0.300 VIII 3n in I every -eer tso so 0. n VI 20 20 3 evejy yea- to 15 20 0.400 sO-SgO- VII, VIII 625 50C 3 4-8 years 10 5.0 9.20 years IS 7.5 21-30 yeses 30 15.0 VI 625 500 3 4-8 yenrs 15 7.5 9-20 years 20 10.0 21-30 yearn 35 17.5 other fruits VII, VIII 625 500 8 9-20 yesre 10 5.0 21-30 yeore 20 10.0 VI 625 500 8 9-20 yesee 5 7.5 T1-30 yeers 25 12.5 .hade tree- 1, 11 100 80 8 9-20 ye..r 10 0.8 21-30 yeor. 20 1.6 7. Edible Flo,re mehudd VIII 625 500 8 every year 20 10.0 IX 680 544 8 9-15, 22-30 yeore 20 10.8 VI 625 500 8 -vcry yoor 25 12.5 8. Oil Seeds neem 1, II 100 80 8 9-20 yo.rs 3 0.24 21-30 yeor. 10 0.80 9. C.. b..vol ,1 11 667 533 6 7-13, 16-20, 26-30 0.2 0.107 T--oril bhval III, IV, Vil 1111 888 6 7-10, 16-20, 26-30 0.2 0.178 10. Bidi Loso-t tirru IX r-no 100 1 every yeor 2.5 0.250 (r.tur.lly occurriog) ai Species: See An-ec 1, T-2 for scIentifIc 0405s. b/ Modelr: 1: Roadoide, S-oraohtra/Kucth; 11: Roadaidc, Gai jlrd Iojsrot; III: Ra.iiode, Saraehtr./Kutch; IV: Reillidc, vi.nl..d Gujarnt; V: C.nalslde, i-rlsated; VI: viligoe land, Irrigated; VII: Vill0g1 Isnd, a4.r-vhtr./KVt,hi VIII? Village Iavd, vlinl.nd CGJorat; IXI; Der-ded foren-, m lniond aji.r.t; XI Privat. for-et Dlrge listrio c/ YVvldo/troo; Viyldo/tree in Veo are ve-ighr, air dry. d/ Yleldt of Poles: (I) KM: M-l b-oboh Illol- s:o M~ ioooovl booboo '.lob: ccaloocs o:ri<coo) (2) cl to o4: n-mbers of .olen pr-d-cad at first, 0e-ond, third Sod fourth cuts. tc: number of polo. produced at -obsoquo- cots.* "'5Al: -vo - 3annUl t1-r-trit cover -col --boclIon of wood (fucl.o-d, *Imber .ad polos) *o opproprlte.v ,Ai.NrX 1* j z v . ~~~~~~~~~~aL e 4 45 INDLA GUJURJAT COG{MNITY FORESTRY PFxOJECT Properties and Useu of Tree and Other fpecies in tbe Project c - .* v ct t 9 ~~~~ t ~~ C ' r' r 5 4, C 4 4, 0 4 44 .,5 4 Sciz,tifin Name Cozzn Na..e r t 4 -' a
Группа Всемирного банка · Staff Appraisal Report
India - Gujarat Community Forestry Project
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