India - West Bengal Agricultural Extension and Research Project

boy r nnvDocument of FILE. Cur l The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL US]E ONLY Report No. P-1938-IN REPORT AND RECONIVDENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA FOR A WEST BENGAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT March 10, 1977 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as at September 24, 1976) Rs 1.00 = Paise 100 US$1.00 = Rs 8.77 Rs 1.00 = US$0.1140 Rs 1 million = US$114,000 (Since September 24, 1975, the Rupee has been officially valued relative to a "basket" of currencies. As these currencies are now floating, the US Dollar/Rupee exchange rate is subject to change. Conversions in the Appraisal Report were made at US$1 to Rs 9.00.) FISCAL YEAR April 1 - March 31 ABBREVIATIONS AEO - Agricultural Extension Officer/s ARDC - Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation DAO - District Agricultural Officer/s GOI - Government of India GOWB - Government of West Bengal ICAR - Indian Council of Agricultural Research PCC - Policy Coordinating Committee PPIC - Program Planning and Implementation Committee SAO - Subdivisional Agricultural Officers SMS - Subject Matter Specialist/s VLW - Village Level Worker/s CROP SEASONS AND RICE CROPS Kharif - rainy season - June - October rabi - dry season - October - March aman rice - Transplanted - July - August Harvested - November - December  FOR OFFICUAL USE ONLY INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO INDIA FOR THE WEST BENGAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed de- velopment credit to India for the equivalent of US$12 million on standard IDA terms to help finance a project for the strengthening and expansion of West Bengal's agricultural extension services and upgrading of its adaptive research facilities. The proceeds of this credit would be channeled to the Government of West Bengal in accordance with the Government of India's standard terms and arrangements for financing of state development projects. PART I - THE ECONOMY -/ 2. An economic report, "Economic Situation and Prospects of India" (1073-IN dated March 29, 1976), was distributed to the Executive Directors on April 2, 1976. Country data sheets are attached as Annex I. Background 3. India is exceptional among the Bank Group's member countries for its size and diversity; the country is divided into more than 20 States with a population of some 600 million and over 60 languages. The country's poverty and inadequate domestic savings, together with a net transfer of external resources averaging over the past five years only about US$1.20 per person per annum, have imposed sharp limitations on the rate of growth. Account must be taken, also, of the uncertainties imposed by the erratic availability of water. A bad monsoon, which is likely to occur about two years out of every five, has a pervasive influence over the entire economy and can wipe out the results of years of efforts. Thus, the annual growth of national income over the last five years (1971/72 - 1975/76), which included two consecutive mon- soon failures, has averaged only 2% per annulm, less than the rate of popula- tion increase. 4. Since Independence, progress has been impressive on many fronts, but disappointing on others, and generally has fallen short of India's mas- sive needs. The growth of the socio-economic infrastructure (transport, education, health services, etc.) has been impressive, but has often been achieved at high cost and has yielded results of variable quality. Many industrial and agricultural investment schemwes have been highly successful, 1/ Parts I and II of this report are the same as Parts I and II of the President's Report for the Madras Urbarn Development Project (Report No. P-1944-IN), dated February 24, 1977. This document has re tricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be discloed without World Bank authorization.  -2- industrial and agricultural investment schemes have been highly successful, but others have taken excessively long to be completed and have operated well below full capacity. In some regions of the country, growth and struc- tural change have been rapid and compare favorably with developments in many other parts of the world, but in other regions there has been stagnation and possibly even decline. Although national income has increased in most years, there has been in general little impact upon the living standards of the vast masses of the urban and rural population. In recent years, the Government has initiated a variety of programs specifically directed toward helping the lower income strata, which - conservatively measured - consist of some 200 million people with incomes of less than US$60 per head per year. 5. The structure of the economy has been slow to change. Agriculture remains the dominant sector, with its share of national product declining only gradually from about 50% to 42% over the last twenty years. The share of industry has increased only slowly and, since the late 1960s, has remained approximately constant at about 23%. There has, however, been a shift in the composition of industrial production, with consumer, intermediate, and capital goods now contributing about one third each, compared with an overwhelming preponderance of consumer goods 25 years ago. Recent Trends 6. India entered 1975/76 having been through one of the most difficult periods since Independence. Progress in dealing with long-term development problems had been limited by poor crops, the dramatic shifts against India in the terms of trade, and inflation. Adjustments to these immediate difficul- ties thus became the principal preoccupation in economic management. However, with the support of favorable weather and additional foreign assistance, it now appears that India has successfully weathered the problems of the recent past; once again there is the basis for an upturn in the growth rate of the economy. 7. MIost important among the favorable factors have been a bumper har- vest which followed years of poor or modest agricultural output. Foodgrain production in 1975/76, estimated at around 117 million tons, exceeded the previous record of 1970/71 by 8%. Oilseeds, sugarcane and cotton also reached new production peaks and provided ample supplies for the agro-industries. In 1976/77 a good harvest is again expected of at least 110 million tons of food- grains. Secondly, deficiencies in the supply of basic commodities and of in- frastructural inputs such as energy and transport, which had been prevalent in the past, have been eased. Electricity generation and domestic production of coal, oil, cement and steel all increased by over 10% during 1975/76 and by a further 15% in the first eight months of 1976/77. Finally, the increased supply of agricultural and industrial products and of services, together with the demand restraint imposed by the Government since mid-1974, put a virtual stop to inflation. From April 1975 to March 1976 the Wholesale Price Index fell by 8.1%. Although from April to September 1976 the Index rose by 11%', it was still 5% lower in September 1976 than in September 1974.  - 3 - 8. On the balance of payments front there have been a number of en- couraging developments. Firstly, the rapid build-up of foodgrain stocks to a level of 17 million tons by December 1976 provides a buffer against the impact of a future crop failure on the balance of payments and has reduced current import requirements. Secondly, despite generally unfavorable world trading conditions, export earnings rose by 9% in 1975/76, and seem likely to rise by more than this in 1976/77. Thirdly, the value of petroleum imports was stabilized in 1975/76 (although there is likely to be a rise in 1976/77), and steel imports have been progressively reduced in 1975/76 and 1976/77 as a result of increased domestic production. Finally, increased production and lowered world prices have reduced fertilizer import values quite sharply. As a result of these factors, imports rose only 5% in value in 1975/76 and the trade deficit fell by almost $100 million. Developments so far in 1976/ 77 suaggest a more dramatic improvement in the trade balance this year. More- over, since net aid rose 49% in 1975/76 and India received substantial in- flows of private remittances during the past one and a half years, reserves rose by almost $800 million in 1975/76, and are continuing to rise at a com- parable rate in 1976/77. These reserves give India added flexibility in adjusting to a higher rate of growth in the future. Development Prospects 9. While many of the most acute problems were eased during 1975/76, longer-term constraints to growth remain. lany of these have existed for some time, but their importance had been temporarily overshadowed by the more overwhelming limitations imposed by supply sihortages and balance of payments problems. One such constraint is the deficiency of demand for a large seg- ment of the manufacturing industry. Consequently, in the midst of adequate supplies during 1975/76, the use of manufacturing capacity - especially for consumer durables - remained low. In the short and medium term, the two most promising ways of stimulating demand are to boost public investment and ex- panci exports. Both avenues are currently being pursued by the Government. Dur-Lng 1975/76, real Plan outlay rose by 18-20%, after having fallen during each of the previous two years. The 1976/77 Budget proposed a further in- crease of 16% in real terms and introduced new measures to stimulate invest- mentL in the private sector. Investment priorities remained the same as in 1975/76, namely agricultural development and increased production of critical industrial inputs, such as power, coal, oil, and iron and steel. The Budget also stressed the importance of exports as an essential condition for sus- tained stability in the balance of payments. 10. In agriculture, the basic problem remains that, despite the record foodgrain crop in 1975/76, the long-term growth rate of foodgrain production in India has been unacceptably low, at about 2.3% per annum over the last 15 years. This is about the same as the rate of population increase. Starting from a situation of deficit, this has meant that only in good years has there been a significant margin of production to cater to any per capita growth in consumption, and even in normal years it has been necessary to rely on stocks or imports to meet any growth in demand. With a major effort to expand the irrigated area and provide complementary inputs, the average growth rate of focdgrain production could be substantially increased. This is essential,  - 4 - not only because of the necessity to meet food requirements without unmanage- able consequences for the balance of payments but also because of the strong influence of agriculture on the levels of activity in other sectors of the economy. Even with a higher growth rate of foodgrain production, imports will still be required. However, in relation to India's total consumption of foodgrains, the dependence on imports has been and will remain small. In the past, domestic production has accounted for almost 100% of supplies in good weather years and about 90% when harvests were poor. 11. The energy sector in India was characterized by shortages even before the international oil crisis developed. The dramatic hike in oil prices, coinciding as it did with the accentuation of electric power shortages - caused in part by low hydroelectric generation due to poor monsoons - led to an acceleration of measures to improve performance of existing facilities and to a much higher priority for investments in the energy sector. The effects of these measures, aided by the good monsoon, are now starting to be felt. Coal production has increased by 10% or more in each of the last two years, and, partly as a result of this, power shortages and restrictions have been greatly reduced. The medium-term prospects for oil and natural gas have improved with the delineation of the offshore Bombay High field. Crude production from this field is expected to be 1 million tons in 1976/77 and to reach 6 million tons by the end of the Plan period. On this basis, petroleum imports are projected to start declining in 1978/79, as increased crude production and expanded refinery output more than offset increases in demand. 12. In the past, export growth was affected in varying degrees by in- adequate profitability, lack of access to imported inputs, poor quality, instability of the policy environment and vulnerability to ad hoc decisions. In addition, for agricultural commodities export taxes were significant. For some homogeneous commodities, such as iron ore and tea, inadequate sup- plies or limited world demand have been important constraints. In recent years, mainly because of the large trade deficit, the Government's emphasis on export promotion has intensified. As a result, although the fundamental orientation of India's industrial and trade policy and the specific instru- ments of the export regime have, by and large, remained the same, a signi- ficant shift in emphasis and in the way these policies are operated has oc- curred. These are likely to lead to a better utilization of current export potential and reflect a willingness to make policy adjustments, when neces- sary, to expand exports. 13. While it is difficult to assess the impact of the new measures in an area where policy is already very complex, some improvement has already taken place and further improvement in medium-term performance seems likely. An annual real export growth rate of over 7% should be feasible, compared to an average of 5% over the last five years. However, to achieve a higher export growth over the long run, more far-reaching policy measures will be required, including the introduction of a more uniform and more stable sys- tem of export incentives. Even so, the export drive might be impeded by controls in some developed markets.  14. India's balance of payments problems should be manageable over the next few years, even with the repayment obligations resulting from re- cent short-term OPEC and IMF borrowings. The worldwide inflation has bene- fitted India by reducing the proportion of export earnings that have to be devoted to debt service. India's debt service ratio has come down from 31% in 1970/71 to 17% in 1975/76. Provided the real growth of exports remains at about 7% per annum, the debt service ratio is unlikely to rise much above 20% in the foreseeable future. On the import side, given the adequate level of stocks on hand at the end of 1975/76 and assuming normal weather condi- tions, annual foodgrain imports could be kept to 5-6 million tons during the next three years. Within the general category of non-food imports, India has substantial medium-term import substitution opportunities for three major items -- petroleum, fertilizer and steel -- which constituted more than 60% of imports in 1975/76. If the medium-term targets for production in these areas are achieved, the total expenditure on these three import items in 1978/79 need not be any higher than in 1975/76 and could quite conceiva- bly be less, Provided the Government is willing to liberalize imports and donors continue to respond to India's needs, the easing in the external payments situation presents an opportunity to raise the level of investment (complemented by larger imports of capital goods, components, and raw materials) and, consequently, reach a more satisfactory level of long-term growth. PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN INDIA 15. Since 1949, the Bank Group has made 49 loans and 80 development credits to India totalling US$1,751 million and US$4,112 million (both net of cancellation), respectively. Of these amounts, US$799 million has been repaid, and US$1,606 million was still undisbursed as of January 31, 1977. Annex II contains a summary statement of disbursements as of January 31, 1977, and notes on the execution of ongoing projects. 16. Since 1957, IFC has made 14 commitments in India totaling US$58.4 million, of which US$11.9 million has been repaid, US$7.6 million sold and US$6.9 million cancelled. Of the balance of US$32.0 million, US$25.5 mil- lion represents loans and US$6.5 million equity. A summary statement of IFC operations as of January 31, 1977, is also included in Annex II (page 2). 17. In recent years, the emphasis of Bank Group lending has been on agricuilture. The Bank Group has been particularly active in supporting minor irrigation and other on-farm investments through agricultural credit opera- tions.. Major irrigation, marketing, seed development, and dairying are other agricultural activities supported by the Bank Group. Also, the Bank Group has been active in financing the expansion of output in the fertilizer sector and, through its sizeable assistance to development finance institutions, in a wide range of geographically scattered medium- and small-scale industrial enterprises. IDA financing of industrial raw materials and components for selected priority sectors has been instrumental in facilitating better capac- ity ulilization in industry. The Bank Group has also been active in support- ing infrastructure development for power, telecommunications, and railways.  -6- Family planning, education, water supply development, and urban investments have also received Bank Group support in recent years. 18. The direction of assistance under the Bank/IDA program has been consistent with India's needs and the Government's priorities. Projects designed to foster agricultural production through the provision of essential inputs such as credit for on-farm investments, command area development of existing irrigation schemes, intensification and streamlining of extension systems and seed production form an important aspect of the Bank Group's program for the next several years. Special emphasis will be given to proj- ects benefitting small farmers. Projects supporting urban water supply and sewerage, and urban transport also form an integral part of the Bank's lending strategy to India for the next several years. Lending in support of infra- structure and industrial investments will focus on agriculture-, export-, and energy-related projects. 19. The need for a substantial net transfer of external resources in support of India's economy has been a recurrent theme of Bank economic re- ports and of the discussions within the India Consortium. Thanks in large part to the response of the aid community, India has successfully adjusted to the changed world price situation. However, the basic need for readily usable foreign exchange assistance, to augment domestic resources, stimulate investment and accelerate economic growth remains. Bank Group lending for critical industrial raw materials and components is likely to continue to be an element within the overall program of assistance. As in the past, Bank Group assistance for projects in India should include, as appropriate, the financing of local expenditures. India imports relatively few capital goods because of the capacity of the domestic capital goods industry. The import component of projects tends to be especially low in such high-priority areas as agriculture, education, urban development and family planning. For the Bank Group to be able to make an appropriate contribution to the financing of projects in these sectors, it is important to cover a proportion of local expenditures. 20. It is clear from the review of the Indian economy that as much as possible of India's external capital requirements should be provided on con- cessionary terms. Accordingly, the bulk of the Bank Group assistance to India has been, and should continue to be, provided from IDA. However, the amount of IDA funds that can reasonably be allocated to India remains small in relation to India's needs for external support, and some Bank lending to India, for which the country is creditworthy, is appropriate. As of January 31, 1977, the loans to India held by the Bank totaled US$976 mil- lion, of which US$502 million remained to be disbursed, thus leaving a net amount outstanding of US$474 million. 21. Of the external assistance received by India, the proportion con- tributed bv the Bank Group has grown significantly. In 1969/70, the Bank Group accounted for 34% of total commitments, 13% of gross disbursements, and 12% of net disbursements as compared with an estimated 58%, 24% and 29%, respectively, in 1975/76. On 'March 31, 1976, India's outstanding and disbursed  -7- external public debt was US$13.1 billion of which the Bank Group's share was 25%. The Bank Group's share is expected to remain around this level in the future. Because Bank Group assistance to India is predominantly in the form of IDA credits, debt service to the Bank Group will also rise slowly. In 1975/76, about 15% of India's total debt service payments were to the Bank Group. PART III - AGRICULTURE IN INDIA AND WEST BENGAL 22. Agriculture is India's most important sector. It provides employment for approximately 70% of the population, contributes about 45% to GNP, and provides a major share of exports. GOI's emphasis in the agricultural sector has been on increasing foodgrain output through improved yields re- sulting from more intensive use of seed of high yielding varieties (HYV), fertil-izer, pesticides and irrigation. With self-sufficiency in food as a national objective, investments in foodgrain production have been given top priority by Government and will continue to be the focus of national atten- tion for the foreseeable future. 23. Since independence, the overall growth of agricultural production has averaged 3% per annum. This rate has been very much affected by serious droughts in 1965 and 1966 and again in 1972 and 1973 and obscures consider- able variations over shorter periods, between crops and between regions. The success of high yielding varieties produced increases in wheat production of about 20% per annum between 1967 and 1971. This "green revolution" primarily affected wheat and was concentrated in north western India, very largely on account of the advanced state of agriculture in that area and the availability of irrigation. The strategy of the Government is to spread this technology to other regions, especially to the Eastern States which have a large untapped agricultural potential and harbor a large proportion of India's poorest far- mers and agricultural laborers. Agriculture in the Eastern Region 24. In support of the Government's strategy, Bank staff have, since September 1975, been engaged in state-by-state reviews of a number of Eastern States to analyze the problems and, more importantly, assist in devising short-term action programs to develop the potential within these States. These reviews have reconfirmed in some detail much that was already known about the Region. There is a vast groundwater resource yet to be developed; and the farm service and supply institutions are in very poor condition and operate at low levels of effectiveness. But the under- utilization of modern inputs is first a demand problem rather than one of availability. Farmers in the Eastern Region are caught in a cycle of low productivity, low income and low investment. Their holdings are small and the fragments they cultivate even smaller. They are poorly placed to take the risks associated with the new but more costly technology. There are some who have adopted the modern technical package of tubewells, HYV seeds and fertilizer, but the package is mainly applied on irrigated wheat and  -8- rice in the dry season. Up to three-quarters of the region's foodgrain, however, is produced during the monsoon period from traditional varieties and using traditional cultural practices that minimize the risk of crop failure but result in low productivity. 25. These State reviews have also succeeded in identifying short-term action programs which typically concentrate on re-organizing extension services, improving adaptive research, accelerating the development of low- cost shallow tubewells and simple dug wells, and improving the efficiency of existing public irrigation schemes. With some exceptions, it has not proven possible to identify parallel measures to strengthen short-term credit and input supply services in the same time frame because of the weaknesses of available institutions. However, in the Eastern Region, where few farmers have experience of modern inputs, credit or irrigation, a rapid shift to a high-input technology is at best difficult. Rather, as an immediate first phase, the State reviews have stressed the potential for achieving a signi- ficant and broadly distributed increase in production by improving basic cultural practices, using the resources already available to small farmers, in particular Eastern India's high rainfall and abundant labor. 26. The key to this development is a strengthening of research and its re-orientation toward the needs of the small farmer, and a re-organiza- tion of extension services along lines that have recently proved highly successful elsewhere in India. First tried in canal commands of three Bank Group assisted projects in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Ln. No. 1011-IN, Cr. No. 502-IN and Cr. No. 562-IN), where dramatic production increases are being achieved, the new extension service puts great emphasis on concentration of efforts, on systematic and regular training, close supervision of staff at all levels, and a fixed schedule of visits to farmers' groups. Coupled with an expanded program of adaptive research, the system has the capacity to transmit appropriate recommendations from the policy maker to the village level quickly and effectively and at little extra cost to Government. Once farmers have increased their production and hence gained confidence in the extension service, they can be expected to adopt better and more costly technology based on purchased inputs and on-farm investments. Hence, this short-term strategy may prove an important first step towards breaking the vicious circle of poverty. If it succeeds, it will create the very demand now lacking for the inputs of the modern technology. 27. This project in West Bengal is the second of a series of projects resulting from the Eastern State reviews. All these projects will have as their centerpiece a research and extension component. In addition, where possible and depending on the readiness of State level institutions, there will be a provision for other components essential for boosting agricultural production in the short term or laying the groundwork for longer term advances. West Bengal 28. Agriculturally, West Bengal is more advanced than some of the other Eastern States. However, it still suffers from many of the same problems. With a population of nearly 50 million, it is the second most densely populated  - 9 - State in India. Despite its relatively small size, it ranks fourth in India's foodgrain production (first in rice), and accounts for 60% of India's jute and 25% of its tea. Although the State has the second largest industrial base in India, centered around Calcutta, agriculture provides nearly 50% of the State's income and accounts for nearly 60% of statewide employment. 29. Many of the difficulties of raising agricultural productivity in West Bengal stem from the large number of small farms. About 82% of hold- ings comprising 47% of the cultivable land, are of less than 2 hectares, many of which are fragmented. Despite land tenure legislation, it is estimated that about 40% of West Bengal farmers are share-croppers or tenants. Produc- tion of foodgrains (rice and wheat) in the decade to 1974/75 increased at about 3.5% per annum to 7.4 million tons. Preliminary estimates for 1975/76 indicate a record harvest of about 8 million tons. 30. Growth in foodgrain production in West Bengal has come mainly from increases in cropped area and yields of irrigated rabi (dry season) crops, which constitute only 17% of the area harvested. In contrast, yields of the main kharif (wet season) crops (rice and jute) and of crops grown on residual moisture (pulses and oilseeds), constituting about 83% of the area harvested, have remained more or less static for the past decade. Kharif rice (aman) is the major crop in West Bengal (4.8 million tons in 1974/75) contributing over two-thirds of total foodgrain production and involving the great majority of small farmers. It is, t!herefore, essential that efforts be concentrated upon increasing the yields of *kharif crops if small farmers are to benefit. 31. In 1972, GOI requested Bank Group assistance to cover the first phase of a wide-ranging agricultural and rural development project in West Bengal, which ultimately resulted in 1975 in a US$34 million credit (West Bengal Agricultural Development Project - Credit 541-IN) which supports a four- year agricultural development scheme in six of West Bengal's seventeen dis- tricts. The primary emphasis of this project is on minor irrigation, includ- ing the development of shallow tubewells by individuals or groups of farmers and development of deep tubewells and river lifts. Also included are a number of agro-service centers to improve input distribution and a pilot agricultural markets component. Finally, the project provides for the reorganization of existing extension services in the six project districts. The project as a whole has experienced delays in implementation of the minor irrigation compo- nent as a result of poor coordination and the failure of the local banking system to provide credit. Following recommendations of a recent supervision mission, the GOWB has taken steps to strengthen project coordination and management. Though implementation is expected to improve considerably, the project will continue to be closely monitored. In sharp contrast to the pace of project implementation overall, the extension component has made considerable progress and has already produced encouraging results. 32. This has led to the present project which is designed to support the State Government's recent decision to reorganize extension services and to extend the new system to the whole state. Prior to the initial phase of the reorganization, in July 1975, 75% of West Bengal's extension workers  - 10 - were under the charge of the Department of Community Development and the balance with the Department of Agriculture on special crop schemes. In theory all extension workers were devoting their energies primarily to agriculture. In practice, they were saddled with many non-agricultural duties including health, nutrition, family planning, procurement and col- lection of statistics and other administrative tasks. Their areas of jurisdiction, covering on average 2,000 farm families or more, were too large to permit them to provide effective services. Regular farmer contact was impossible with no provision for transport or suitable accomodation in proximity to their assignments. Lines of responsibility were multiple and confused. Supervision of agricultural extension work was inadequate as there were too few supervisors in relation to village level workers. In brief, the extension worker was not performing a useful agricultural service. Consequently, farmers were neither seeking, nor responsive to, his counsel and the morale of extension staff was extremely low. Moreover, there was a lack of coordination between research and extension which was detrimental to both disciplines. Without the link with research the mes- sage extension workers were trying to convey remained static and stale. Similarly, without the problems of the farmer being relayed back to research institutions much of the research undertaken remained academic. PART IV - THE PROJECT 33. The project was prepared by a Government of West Bengal (GOWB) working group assisted by Bank staff and consultants during 1975. It was appraised by IDA in May/June 1976. The Appraisal Report No. 1288a-IN, dated March 10, 1977 is being distributed separately. Negotiations were held in Washington in January 1977. The negotiating delegation for India was headed by Mir. B. R. Gupta, Chief Secretary, GOWB. A credit and project summary is attached as Annex III. 34. The proposed project entails, over a five year-period, the expansion and strengthening of West Bengal's reorganized agricultural extension serv- ices to provide farmers, on a regular and systematic basis, with up-to-date advice on farming practices having an immediate impact on yields. The proj- ect would upgrade West Bengal's adaptive research facilities, which would be reoriented towards the current and practical needs of farmers, and which would be closely linked to the extension effort. The proposed project would provide additional extension staff and housing, transport, training fellowships and facilities for extension staff. Research services would benefit through improved laboratory facilities, additional staff and equipment. A project component would also provide for monitoring and evaluating project impact. 35. As the proposed project entails the efficient delivery of a useful message to West Bengal's predominantly small farmers, it can best be described in answering the following questions: (i) How will the message be formulated? (ii) How will it be delivered? (iii) How will it be kept relevant and up to date? (iv) How will the whole process be supervised and monitored?  - 9 - State in India. Despite its relatively small size, it ranks fourth in India's foodgrain production (first in rice), and accounts for 60% of India's jute and 25% of its tea. Although the State has the second largest industrial base in India, centered around Calcutta, agriculture provides nearly 50% of the State's income and accounts for nearly 60% of statewide employment. 29. Many of the difficulties of raising agricultural productivity in West Bengal stem from the large number of small farms. About 82% of hold- ings comprising 47% of the cultivable land, are of less than 2 hectares, many of which are fragmented. Despite land tenure legislation, it is estimated that about 40% of West Bengal farmers are share-croppers or tenants. Produc- tion of foodgrains (rice and wheat) in the decade to 1974/75 increased at about 3.5% per annum to 7.4 million tons. Preliminary estimates for 1975/76 indicate a record harvest of about 8 million tons. 30. Growth in foodgrain production in West Bengal has come mainly from increases in cropped area and yields of irrigated rabi (dry season) crops, which constitute only 17% of the area harvested. In contrast, yields of the main kharif (wet season) crops (rice and jute) and of crops grown on residual moisture (pulses and oilseeds), constituting about 83% of the area harvested, have remained more or less static for the past decade. Kharif rice (aman) is the major crop in West Bengal (4.8 million tons in 1974/75) contributing over two-thirds of total foodgrain production and involving the great majority of small farmers. It is, therefore, essential that efforts be concentrated upon increasing the yields of kharif crops if small farmers are to benefit. 31. In 1972, GOI requested Bank Group assistance to cover the first phase of a wide-ranging agricultural and rural development project in W4est Bengal, which ultimately resulted in 1975 in a US$34 million credit (West Bengal Agricultural Development Project - Credit 541-IN) which supports a four- year agricultural development scheme in six of West Bengal's seventeen dis- tricts. The primary emphasis of this project is on minor irrigation, includ- ing the development of shallow tubewells by individuals or groups of farmers and development of deep tubewells and river lifts. Also included are a number of agro-service centers to improve input distribution and a pilot agricultural markets component. Finally, the project provides for the reorganization of existing extension services in the six project districts. The project as a whole has experienced delays in implementation of the minor irrigation compo- nent as a result of poor coordination and the failure of the local banking system to provide credit. Following recommendations of a recent supervision mission, the GOWB has taken steps to strengthen project coordination and management. Though implementation is expected to improve considerably, the project will continue to be closely monitored. In sharp contrast to the pace of project implementation overall, the extension component has made considerable progress and has already produced encouraging results. 32. This has led to the present project which is designed to support the State Government's recent decision to reorganize extension services and to extend the new system to the whole state. Prior to the initial phase of the reorganization, in July 1975, 75% of West Bengal's extension workers  - 10 - were under the charge of the Department of Community Development and the balance with the Department of Agriculture on special crop schemes. In theory all extension workers were devoting their energies primarily to agriculture. In practice, they were saddled with many non-agricultural duties including health, nutrition, family planning, procurement and col- lection of statistics and other administrative tasks. Their areas of jurisdiction, covering on average 2,000 farm families or more, were too large to permit them to provide effective services. Regular farmer contact was impossible with no provision for transport or suitable accomodation in proximity to their assignments. Lines of responsibility were multiple and confused. Supervision of agricultural extension work was inadequate as there were too few supervisors in relation to village level workers. In brief, the extension worker was not performing a useful agricultural service. Consequently, farmers were neither seeking, nor responsive to, his counsel and the morale of extension staff was extremely low. Moreover, there was a lack of coordination between research and extension which was detrimental to both disciplines. Without the link with research the mes- sage extension workers were trying to convey remained static and stale. Similarly, without the problems of the farmer being relayed back to research institutions much of the research undertaken remained academic. PART IV - THE PROJECT 33. The project was prepared by a Government of West Bengal (GOWB) working group assisted by Bank staff and consultants during 1975. It was appraised by IDA in May/June 1976. The Appraisal Report No. 1288a-IN, dated March 10, 1977 is being distributed separately. Negotiations were held in Washington in January 1977. The negotiating delegation for India was headed by Mr. B. R. Gupta, Chief Secretary, GOWB. A credit and project summary is attached as Annex III. 34. The proposed project entails, over a five year-period, the expansion and strengthening of West Bengal's reorganized agricultural extension serv- ices to provide farmers, on a regular and systematic basis, with up-to-date advice on farming practices having an immediate impact on yields. The proj- ect would upgrade West Bengal's adaptive research facilities, which would be reoriented towards the current and practical needs of farmers, and which would be closely linked to the extension effort. The proposed project would provide additional extension staff and housing, transport, training fellowships and facilities for extension staff. Research services would benefit through improved laboratory facilities, additional staff and equipment. A project component would also provide for monitoring and evaluating project impact. 35. As the proposed project entails the efficient delivery of a useful message to West Bengal's predominantly small farmers, it can best be described in answering the following questions: (i) How will the message be formulated? (ii) How will it be delivered? (iii) How will it be kept relevant and up to date? (iv) How will the whole process be supervised and monitored?  - 11 - Formulating the Message 36. The Commissioner and Secretary for Agriculture is West Bengal's senior agricultural officer. Under him the Department of Agriculture, headed by the Director of Agriculture, administers a system which consists of six agricultural ranges into which the states 17 districts are divided. Under the proposed project the District Agricultural Officers (DAO) and their tech- nical staff would supervise 50 newly appointed subdivisional agricultural officers (SAO) who would be assisted by Subject Matter Specialists (SMS). The SA0s would be solely responsible for super-vising the work of 450 Agri- cultural Extension Officers (AEO) who in turn would supervise the 4,000 Village Level Workers (VLW). The VLWs who are at the base of the pyramid are the most critical link of the extension chain. They are now all united in the Department of Agriculture and working under a unified command since the abolition of special crop schemes. 37. For each crop season basic extension guidelines and district-wise plans would be formulated on the basis of a series of meetings starting at the subdivisional level. The focus would be on the principal crops in each area with a view to identifying and defining a limited set of improved agricultural practices which would have a noticeable i-mpact on yields. Initially, efforts would be concentrated on making better use of available resources instead of promoting increased use of purchased inputs. The practices concentrated upon would include better land and seed bed prepara- tion, improved nursery maintenance, use of good seed, seed treatments, pro- per spacing of plants and proper scheduling of such operations as planting, replanting and weeding. 38. The resultant district-wise plans would be collated and summarized for the Commissioner and Secretary for Agriculture by the Director of Agri- culture and the Additional Directors for Agricultural Extension and Research. Their recommendations would be reviewed by the Program Planning and Implementation Committee (PPIC) which is chaired by the Commissioner and Secretary for Agriculture and includes research and extension staff concerned, as well as the head of the Socio-Economic and Evaluation Branch of the Directorate of Agriculture, and representatives of the Finance Department and the Agricultural University. The PPIC would meet at least four times a year to review seasonal extension and research results, particularly field trials and demonstrations and to approve (i) a basic program for additional field trials; (ii) detailed district programs for extension; (iii) an annual program of proven field demonstration practices. The PPIC would also assess input and credit supply requirements (See Sections 1.01 (a) and 2.09 (a) of the Project Agreement). PPIC would review any further measures required to improve coordination between research and extension. Delivery of the Message 39. Once formulated, the message would be conveyed, again through a series of meetings, to the VLW for transmittal to an estimated 4 million farm fami- lies. Each VLW would cover about 800 to 1,200 farm families divided into  - 12 - eight groups of 100 to 150 families, the numbers varying according to popula- tion density and distances involved. From within each group VLW would select 10 to 15 contact farmers in consultation with farmers themselves. Selection would be from among farmers of all categories who are known to be of potential influence and willing to adapt the new extension methodology. The VLW would visit each group once every fortnight on a fixed day of the week. At each location, he would work primarily through the contact farmers. In the morning he would tour the farmers fields and in the afternoon he would hold a meeting in the village at a predetermined hour. The VLW in turn would meet with his supervisor, the AEO, once every fortnight to learn the recommended practices to be transmitted to farmers' during the next two weeks and to bring to the AEO's attention special problems encountered by farmers. At these meetings the AEO would be supported by the SMS and by the staff of research stations. In addition, the AEO would join each VLW once every fortnight to supervise his field work. The housing and transport provided under the project would make it possible for AEOs to cover efficiently the groups assigned to them. The number of extension workers, supportive technical staff and supervisory staff would be increased as necessary for effective project implementation. Keeping the Message Up to Date 40. The message would be kept relevant and up to date primarily through a reoriented and expanded adaptive research effort and through expansion and improvement of training facilities for extension workers. Research results would be transmitted to AEOs through the Administrative machinery described above (paras 36-39), and equally importantly there would be a reverse flow to the research organizations of information about practical problems encountered by the VLW. 41. Research. The principal institutions devoted to agricultural re- search in West Bengal are the Department of Agriculture, the Agricultural University, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The recently established Agricultural University in Kalyani is devoted to basic research but has yet to establish a major effort in this area. The ICAR conducts basic and applied research on jute, potatoes and water salinity and in addition finances research schemes by the University and the Depart- ment of Agriculture. The major adaptive research effort in the State is conducted by the Agriculture Department. 42. Under the project the commodity oriented adaptive research program of the Department of Agriculture would be supported by strengthening five existing research stations and establishing a new station for crop production research with emphasis on wheat. In addition, two existing zonal research substations would be upgraded and four new zonal substations would be es- tablished. The commodity research program would seek to identify and select improved varieties of the most important crops obtained from national and international research institutions as well as a package of economically significant agronomic practices directed to substantially increasing crop production of rice, pulses and oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, sugarcane and  - 13 - wheat. The zonal stations would concentrate on development of improved cultural practices, suitable for the particular agro-climatic conditions in their zones, for the major crops recommended by the commodity research stations. In addition, one Department of Agriculture seed farm in each of the 50 subdivisions would be converted into an experimental farm. On these, with the help of extension and research staff, research station recommendations would be tested and demonstrated to VLWs and local farmers. The project would include the necessary infrastructure, equipment and in- cremental operating costs of establishing and strengthening research stations and experimental farms. 43. Training and Technical Assistance. Fortnightly training on the job of VLW by AEO and monthly training of AEO by district and research staff would be a routine and important feature of the new system. In addition, seven existing training centers would be improved and expanded through con- struction of classrooms, hostels, and housing and provision of staff, teaching equipment and vehicles. These centers would provide pre-service training for future VLW and upgrading courses for older VLW. A number of short-term fel- lowships and longer-term scholarships would also be provided for improving present extension staff. In order to assist commodity and zonal stations in upgrading their agricultural research programs and advise on specialized research and development needs that are likely to arise the project would provide for 15 man-months of short term consultancies. 44. Staffing. The project would entail about 750 staff appointments, excluding junior level appointments, to strengthen extension, research and training activity, as well as to provide essential field, laboratory and office support services during the entire project period. This would be accomplished by making new appointments and by upgrading existing staff. The extension component would be strengthened by the appointment of 50 SAOs, an equal number of Farm Managers and 150 SMSs. Research Staff would increase from 121 to 260, an increase of 72 and 67, respectively, in the zonal and commodity oriented station cadres. Additional training staff would account for approximately 36 new positions. The balance would consist of support and office staff. Technical extension and research staff, such as district specialists and SMS, currently have limited avenues of promotion in their own fields and consequently tend to seek positions as general administrators. In order that the services of such experienced staff would not be lost, assurances were sought that GOWB would ensure that they would continue to work within their own disciplines as required by the Project. (See Section 2.11 of the Project Agreement). Project Management and Monitoring 45. There is no need to establish any new organizations for project implementation which would be the responsibility of the existing chain of command in the Department of Agriculture as described in paragraph 36 above. However, the Department of Agriculture would need to be strengthened by the addition of a full-time Assistant Director of Agriculture (Research) and a full-time Joint Director of Agriculture (Extension). To help ensure efficient  - 14 - and effective implementation of the research and extension programs, it would be a condition of effectiveness that these appointments had been made (see Section 5.01(b) of the Credit Agreement). The building component of the project would be undertaken by a cell to be established within 100 days from signing of the Agreement within the GOWB Department of Public Works or such other Department as may be agreed with the Association (see Section 2.12 (c) of the Project Agreement). Coordination with and cooperation of other De- partments and agencies would be secured through a Policy Coordinating Com- mittee (PCC) chaired by the Chief Secretary. The PCC would meet as often as necessary and would include senior representatives of all relevant State Government Organizations as well as of GOI, and ICAR (See section 2.03 of the Project Agreement). To evaluate project impact and to introduce improvements and modifications as necessary, a program of monitoring and evaluation would be carried out by the Socio-Economic and Evaluation Branch of the Directorate of Agriculture in conjunction with the Agricultural University in Kalyani, West Bengal. Because of the need to have uniform procedures for monitoring and evaluating this project, the recently negotiated Orissa Agricultural Development Project (Appraisal Report No. 1301-IN), and other State projects with an extension and research base, GOI, concerned States, and IDA are currently working out detailed monitoring and evaluation procedures. These would be agreed by July 1977. Thereafter, the results of monitoring and evaluation undertaken would be made available to IDA at least once a year. (see Section 2.07 (c) of the Project Agreement). Project Cost and Financing 46. The estimated cost of the proposed project is about US$28.1 mil- lion, including about US$1.1 millior. of duties and taxes. The principal components net of contingencies are: strengthening of extension services (US$12.0 million); upgrading training centers (US$1.1 million), Commodity and Zonal Research Programs (US$8.5 million) and Evaluation Unit and Farm Surveys (US$0.2 million). Physical contingencies average about 5% for all items (US$1.3 million), and price contingencies account for 20% (US$5.0 million). The latter results from the large civil works component (US$11.6 million), for which the annual price escalation has been estimated at around 10-12% for the period from 1977 onwards, and from the length of the project implementation period (5 years). 47. The civil works component of the project (US$11.6 million) consists of the provision of new low-cost housing for about 25% of VLW and 40% of AEO field extensiDn staff and farm managers, plus necessary buildings for research and traininq. The employment of additional administrative, research and support staff, as well as the upgrading of the existing cadre, would involve incremental salaries which together with travelling allowances for extension work account for US$6.9 million. Other operating costs account for US$3.8 million and local and overseas training and consultant services US$1.6 million. The balance of total project costs would be taken up by vehicles (US$1.1 million), motor bicycles and bicyles (US$0.5 million), scientific equipment (US$0.9 million), other equipment (US$1.3 million) and land (US$0.4 million). 48. Of the total cost of US$28.1 million, US$3.5 million equivalent would be financed under the ongoing West Bengal Agricultural Development  - I5 - Project-Credit 541-IN (paragraph 31). This consists of US$1.3 million pro- vided by West Bengal and US$2.2 million provided by IDA under the first proj- ect for six districts which, with the agreem'ent of the Association, would be used for the whole state in order to sustain the momentum of the statewide extension effort. No disbursements would be made under the proposed credit until these funds have been fully disbursed (see Schedule 1 (4) of the Credit Agreement). The proposed credit of US$12.0 million would cover about 50% of the balance of project costs, i.e., US$23.5 million, excluding duties and taxes. It would cover all foreign exchange costs (approximately US$2.0 million) and about US$10.0 million of local costs. The balance of US$12.6 million equivalent would be financed by GOWB. The proceeds of the credit would be made available by GOI to GOWB for the use of its Department of Agriculture on standard terms as part of Central assistance provided to State Governments for development purposes. Procurement and Disbursement 49. Contracts for civil works (US$11.6 million) would be awarded on the basis of local competitive bidding in accordance with procedures satis- factory to the Association. Civil works contracts would be small, scattered throughout the State, and spread over time, and would not be suitable for international competitive bidding. Mfaximum use of local materials will be ensured in the construction of housing for extension staff and buildings for research and training. Designs for low cost housing for each category of staff would be provided to the Association by GOWB within a specified time frame (see Section 2.12 (b) of the Project Agreement). There are nume- rous qualified local contractors to ensure satisfactory execution of the civil works component of the project. About 100 motor vehicles of various types (US$1.1 million), including two power boats, would be required under the proj- oct. The motor vehicles would be purchased in small quantities as required over four years. To ensure adequate maintenance and supply of essential spares for the small number of vehicles involved, these would be procured from locally manufactured types already widely used by Government Departments through local competitive bidding procedures. Scientific equipment (US$0.9 million) for research stations would involve many small contracts from various suppliers of specialized items. It would not, therefore, be practical to procure these items under international ccmpetitive bidding procedures. As most of the world's leading manufacturers of scientific equipment are repre- sented in India, are competitive, and could offer local maintenance service, these items would be obtained under the GOWB's normal procurement procedures which are satisfactory, utilizing local competitive bidding where appropriate. Orders for purchase of minor equipment and furniture (US$1.3 million) would be bulked wherever possible and would be purchased following satisfactory local competitive bidding procedures, except where valued at less than US$50,000, when they would be purchased by prudent shopping. Motorcycles and bicycles (US$0.5 million) would be purchased by individual staff, according to their preferences. The above amounts include US$3.5 million of procurement to be financed under Credit 541-IN (see para 48).  - 16 - 50. The proceeds of the credit would be disbursed against 100% of foreign expenditures for equipment, training and consultants services, and 90% of locally procured equipment, vehicles, and civil works. The credit is expected to be disbursed over five years. Economic Benefits and Risks 51. The main project benefit would be an increase in yields as a con- sequence of the impact of the new extension system. Small farmers, including tenants and share croppers, with limited financial resources but excess labor would be the primary beneficiaries of the project's emphasis on efficient use of existing resources. 52. Attributing a precise level of benefits to this type of project is difficult since the expected benefits of improved agricultural practices, which also require additional inputs, cannot be attributed solely to extension and research. However, there is no doubt that the substantial improvement in the efficiency of utilization of resources which would be brought about by the project, would generate a high rate of return. It would be reasonable to expect that by Year 7 yields of rice State-wide would increase by at least 15 kg/ha, or by less than 2%, over the "without-project" situation giving an economic rate of return of 50%. In the IDA-financed Chambal and Rajasthan Command Area Development Projects provisional figures indicate that over a three-year period yields of rice increased by an average of 60%, wheat by 80% and those of mustard and gram more than doubled as a result of imrproved exten- sion services of the type this project would provide. While these are largely irrigated areas, it shows the magnitude of the possible response. There is little risk that project induced yields would not increase by an average of at least 15 kg/ha since the best farmers in West Bengal already obtain nearly twice the current average yield and on research stations substantially higher yield levels than these are achieved. These high rates of return should be treated with caution since, as improved agricultural practices spread, further investments in infrastructure and services become necessary. 53. The delivery of the new methodology is particularly dependent on an effective organizational effort. In view of West Bengal's agricultural backwardness, there is the risk that the organizational effort would not succeed. Indeed, as already mentioned experience under the ongoing West Bengal Agricultural Development Project (Credit 541-IN) has not been en- tirely satisfactory (paragraph 31). However, the extension component of the first project is being implemented successfully. Moreover, the State Government's decision to extend the scheme to the whole state in advance of additional Bank Group financing indicates its commitment to the concept underlying this project. Thus, the risk of the organizational effort failing, while present, seems small. A second generation risk would be faced when the success of the new methodology generates demand for addi- tional inputs. If this were not met the resultant frustration could affect the continuing success of the extension effort. It is minimized by the  - 17 - fact that, to some extent, deficiencies in the existing network for supply- ing farmers' inputs are related to lack of demand and there is slack in the network which can be taken up to meet additional demand. There is also the fact that the Program Planning and Implementation Committee, which is charged with overseeing the planning of the extension effort, is also responsible for assessing seasonal input requirements. PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 54. The draft Development Credit Agreement between India and the Inter- national Development Association, the draft Project Agreement between the State of West Bengal and the Association, the Recommendation of the Committee provided for in Article V, Section l(d) of the Articles of Agreement and the text of a draft Resolution approving the propc)sed Development Credit are being distributed to Executive Directors separately. 55. Special conditions of the Project are listed in Section III of Annex IV. 56. Additional conditions of effectiveness, specified in Section 5.01 of the Development Credit Agreement, would be: (a) the execution of the West Bengal Project Agreement; (b) the appointment of one full-time Additional Director of Agriculture (Research) and one full-time Joint Director of Agriculture (Extension). 57. I am satisfied that the proposed credit would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association. PART VI - RECOMMENDAITIONS 58. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed credit. Robert S. McNamara President March 10, 1977  I  ANNEX I LANC AREA (THOU KM21 I iNDIA MTA S 1 TOTAL 3280.5 MOST RECENT AGRIC. 1T81.: 1960 1970 ESTIMATE INDONESIA PHILIPPINES BRAZIL** GNP PER CAPITA (USS) 70.0 110.0 150.0 110.0 230.0 540.0 POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS POPULATION (MIO-YR, MILLIONI 429.0 542.7 609.6 116. 3 36.9 92.8 POPULATION OENSITY PER SQUARE KM. 131.0 i65.o t86.0 61.0 123.0 11.0 PER SC. KM. AGRICULTURAL LAND 245.0 290.0 319.0 /_a 405.0 279.0 66.0 VITAL STATISTICS CRUDE BIRTH RATE PER THOUSAND 43.2 42.7 39.9 45.9 44.2 38.4 CRUCE DEATH RATE PER THOUSANO 23.9 18.8 15.7 20.6 13.2 9.9 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (/THOUI 139.0 L .. 120-140.0/b .. 80.0 110.0 LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH IYRS) 41.7 47.2 49.5 45.0 55.6 59.7 GRCSS REPRODUCTION RATE 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.3 2.6 POPULATICE GROwTH RATE (Xi TOTAL 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.0 3.0 2.9 URBAN 2.5 / 3.2 3.1 3.7 /a 4.0 5.0 URBAN POPULATION (I OF TOTAL) 17.9 19.8 20,6 17.0 Ab 27.6 56.0 AGE STRUCTURE (PERCENT) U TO 14 YEARS 41.0 4A.6 40.1 44.u 45.6 42.0 15 TO 64 YEARS 55.9 55.3 56.7 53.5 51.6 55.0 65 YEARS ANC OVER 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 AGE OEPENDENCY RATIO 0.8 0.8 0.8 o.9 0.9 0.8 ECUNCPIC DEPENDENCY RATIO 1.3 /a *- l.2 tb c .. 1.5 1.5 FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS (CUMULATIVE, THOU) 1000.0 /d 11308.0 26566.0 259.3 354.0 250.0 USERS IS OF MARRIED WOMEN) .. .. 15.8 /t .. 2.0 1.6 EPPLCYMENT TOTAL LABOR FORCE ITHOUSAND) 189000.0 .. 221000 .D 12300.0 29600.0 LABCR FORCE IN AGRICULTURE (tI 73.0 .. 72.0 55.0 /a 44.0 UNEMPLOYED IX OF LABOR FORCE) 1.0 Le 2.0 .. 7.0 INCCME DISTRIBUTION I OF PRIVATE INCOME REC*D BY- HIGHEST 52 OF HOUSEHOLOS 26.7 25.0 ^ ., .. .. 35.0/a HIGHEST 20Y OF HOUSEHOLDS 51.7 53.1 / 62.0 a LOWEST 20r OF HOUSEHOLDS 4.1 4.7 3.0/ LOWEST 40X OF HOUSEHOLDS 13.6 13.1 7_ .a. .. .. IO.O DISTPIBUTION OF LAND OWNERSHIP ______________________________ 2 OWNEO BY TOP 102 OF OWNERS .. .. .. .. .. 45.0 Y iWNEn BY SMALLEST lOS OWNERS .. .. .. .. .. 1.5 HEALTH AND NUTRITION PCPULATION PEP PHYSICIAN 5800.0 /f 4800.0 Ia62O.3 'I 27650.0 .. 1950.0 PDPULATION PER NURSING PERSON -;2o . 7f 5110.0 426C.O r,,, 8010.0 .. 3300.0/b fCPIJLAT(COf PER HOSPITAL BEC 2600:0 7j 1620.0 ,, 1720.0 650.0 260.0 PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF - CALORIES (3 OF REQUIREMENTS) 95.0 93.0 94.0 A 89.0 1oo.0- 109.0 PROTEIN (GRAMS PER DAYI 55.0 53.0 52.U < 43.0 45.0 64.0 -CF WHICH ANIMAL AND PULSE 19.0/1 16.0 .. 14.0 22.0 39.0 DEATH RATE (/THOU) AGES 1-4 44.0 .. .. .. 9.0 EDUCATION ADJUSTED ENRCLLMENT RATIO PRIMARY SCHOOL 36.0 / 68.0 Z 79.0 lb 69.0 108.0 lb 87.0 SECONDARY SCHOOL 9.,028.0? 12.0 48.0 7V 28.0/C YEARS OF SCHCGLING PROVIDEC (FIRST AND SECOND LEVEL) 12.0 12.0 12.0 10.0 13.0 VCCATIONAL ENROLLMENT IX OF SECCNOARY) 8.0 6.oCL .. 29.0 6.O /c 17.0 ADULT LITERACY RATE (U) 24.0 33.0 3o.u /bi .. .. 68.0 HOUSING PERSCNS PER ROOM (AVERAGE) 2.b/k .. 2.8 .. .. 1.0 CCCUPIED DWELLINGS WITHOUT PIPED WATER (t) .. .. .. .. 66.0 /.e 73.0 /d ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY tr OF ALL DWELLINGS) .. .. .. .. 23.0 d 48.0 -.NAl DWELLINGS CONNECTED TO ELECTRICITY CZ) .. .. .. .. 6.0 /t 8.0 CONSUMPTION RADIO RECEIVERS IPER THOU POP) 5.0 21.0 23.0/A 114.0 45.0 60.0 PASSENGER CARS (PER THOU PCP) 0.7 1.0 1.0/a 2.0 8.0 25.0 ELECTRICITY (KWH/YR PER CAP) 46.0 114.0 125.0 20.0 235.0 491.0 NEoSPRINT (KG/YR PER CAP) 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.2 /f 2.7