Gender equality and education

73031  ENGLISH Indonesia has experienced an improvement in narrowing the gender gap in some key areas of endowment (e.g. health and education), opportunities, voice and agency, and necessary legislation for gender mainstreaming, but challenges remain. Gender parity index in education has been achieved. Maternal health has significantly improved. There are no pronounce gender disparities in infant and under five mortality rates and other health outcomes. Women labor’s participation rate continues to grow with better return for educated women than men. Women’s political representation has increased. Challenges persist in MMR, HIV/AIDS, stunting and wasting, gender streaming in education, economic opportunities, access to legal justice, and voice and agency in influential decision makings. These challenges juxtapose the emerging trends of human trafficking and non-women friendly policies at sub national levels. The key achievements and outstanding-issues are presented in the eight Policy Briefs, developed by the Government (the Ministry of National Planning and The Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection) and development partners (the World Bank, AusAID, CIDA, The Netherlands Embassy, DFID, and ADB). Policy Brief 1: Gender Mainstreaming has been adopted since the issuance of Presidential Instruction No 9/2000. Presidential Instruction No 3/2010 and other ministerial regulations on gender mainstreaming further stipulate efforts on equitable and inclusive development. The emerging non- women friendly legislation at the local level signifies the importance of enforcing the aforementioned legislative and policy frameworks, coordination among national ministries and all levels of public institutions, and replication of good practices. Policy Brief 2: Gender Equality and Health in Indonesia shows positive results and remaining challenges in the four key health areas related to the MDGs. Important efforts have been made to increase women’s access to health services but Indonesia needs to work hard on reducing the high maternal mortality rate, increasing access to water and sanitation as well as HIV prevention and treatment for the increasing number of adult women living with HIV. Policy Brief 3: Gender Equality and Education has been one of the key achievements for Indonesia. The MDG targets on gender parity in net enrollment are on track to be met by 2015, especially if disparities at the provincial level are addressed. Focus is now on systematic measures to increase access to improved outcomes from a more gender responsive education. The challenge remains to mainstream a gender perspective in education which involves assessing the implication of any planned educational actions (legislation, policies or programs) to boys and girls, in all areas and at all levels. Policy Brief 4: Employment, Migration, and Access to Finance remain a challenge in that without proper measures may impede development. The average annual growth of women entering labor market is higher than men, but women continue to face lower labor’s participation and higher unemployment rates, poorer quality work and lower wages, limited access to resources, discrimination in hiring and promotion, and a higher level of economic informality. Women constitute most of self- employed, unpaid family workers, and migrant workers, making them susceptible to personal and financial insecurity, trafficking and other human rights violations. Closing these gender gaps requires focusing on the equal employment opportunities, link and match of women’s trainings and skills with the labor market, underlying factors of labor market segmentation, and wage gaps and career opportunities.  ENGLISH Policy Brief 5: Poverty, Vulnerability and Social Protection has been one of the current highest government’s development priorities. Whilst the national poverty rate fell from 16.7% (2004) to 13.3% (2010) and poverty rates amongst female-headed households (FHH) remain lower than male-headed households (MHH), the overall rate of poverty reduction for FHH is lower than MHH. This is notwithstanding the well-targeted FHH in all Social Protection programs. Improved targeting techniques will reduce exclusion and inclusion errors and ensure that more poor households receive social protection. The challenge will be to ensure the new targeting mechanisms to include poverty indicators which reflect characteristics of poor and vulnerable FHHs and the male-female intra-household equal access to program benefits. Policy Brief 6: Gender Equality in Disaster Management and Climate Adaptation highlights the gendered differentiated impact of disasters. There has been significant learning from Aceh Tsunami on good practices for gender responsive disaster management. These need to inform and further strengthen all related national and local-level policies, institutions and programs to tackle the root causes of gender-based vulnerabilities, ensure use of gender analysis and sex-disaggregated data, as well as give equal weight to men’s and women’s rights and capacities. Policy Brief 7: Women’s Voice in Politics and Decision Makings in Indonesia has increased due to, among others, affirmative action for women candidacy and political participation in 2008. Women’s representation in the Parliament (DPR) increased from 11% (2004-2009) to 18% (2009-2014). Representation remained below the desired 30% and inadequate in other critical areas of public service and decision-making roles. Significant disparities within political parties and across levels of national and sub national government constrain the MDGs’ achievement for women’s empowerment. Indonesia’s Constitution and legal framework assure the equal rights of women. Strengthening current laws/regulations as well as implementation and monitoring could more effectively address women’s institutional and socio-cultural barriers. Policy Brief 8: Violence Against Women (VAW): Domestic Violence and Human Trafficking in Indonesia show both important progress and outstanding issues. More efforts are needed for law enforcement, capacity building of service provider and wider community, and extend services to urban and rural areas. The increased trend of human trafficking demands more integrated efforts for prevention, protection, prosecution and reintegration.  POLICY BRIEF 3 GENDER EQUALITY AND EDUCATION T his Policy Brief highlights the significant progress made in increasing access and parity to achieve the MDG goals for gender equality and education (Table 1). Focus is now on systematic measures to increase access to improved outcomes from quality education which is more gender responsive. The MDG targets to achieve gender parity in net enrollment at all levels of education are on track to be met by 2015, especially if disparities at the provincial level are addressed. The challenge remains to mainstream a gender perspective in education which involves assessing the implication for females and males of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programs, in all areas and at all levels. Gender-responsive education programs consider females and males concerns as an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of education policies and programs. Current Status Gender disparities among provinces are still found at junior, senior and higher edu- The literacy ratio of females and males has cation levels. been achieved in the 15-24 years age group (MDG Goal 3 target). I ndonesia has made significant progress towards gender equality in net enrollment rates (NER) at the G overnment programs such as combined primary & junior secondary schools (Satu Atap), provision of small schools (Sekolah Kecil), satellite schools in national level. In 2009, the GPI at primary schools (SD/ MI/Package A) was 99.73, while at the junior secondary level (SMP/MT/Package B) was 101.99, at the senior sec- poor and remote areas, School Operational Assistance ondary level (SMA/MA/Package C) was 96.16, and high- (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah -BOS), scholarships for er education was 102.95. Disparities remain among poor children (Beasiswa Siswa Miskin), the conditional and across provinces (see Figure 1 and 2). Susenas cash transfer program and earmarked funding (Dana 2009 data shows that the GPI for NER at the primary Alokasi Khusus) have been successful in reducing bar- level ranged from 96.39 (Papua Barat) to 102.5 (Kepu- riers to access to education. In 2009, the national Gen- lauan Riau) which indicates that the NER of females to der Parity Index (GPI) for literacy of the 15-24 years age males does not widely differ among provinces. group was almost 100, with the female literacy rate at 99.4% and the male literacy rate at 99.5% (ref.Figure 1). At the junior secondary level the GPI ranged from However, in 16 provinces the literacy rate for females 89.54 (Papua) to 116.17 (Gorontalo), while at the se- in this age group is still slightly lower than for males, nior secondary level ranged from 68.60 (Papua Barat) (Bappenas, 2010). to 143.22 (Kepulauan Riau). Provinces with GPI less 1 NEW brief 3.indd 1 6/13/2011 2:13:04 AM  POLICY BRIEF 3 than 90 for senior secondary include DKI Jakarta, Jawa school drop out rate for males is 8 times that of fe- Barat, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Papua, and males (8% and 0.02% respectively). In Bangka Belitung Papua Barat (6 provinces). These disparities indicate province the junior secondary drop-out rate for males a need to identify the factors contributing to signifi- is 7 times higher than females. In Sulawesi Tenggara cantly low achievement in indicators at provincial and province the senior secondary drop out rate is 10.98% district levels to inform gender responsive planning for males and 8.41% for females. The higher education Riau). Provinces with GPI less than 90 for senior secondary include DKI Jakarta, Jawa and Barat, budgeting.  Jawa  Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Papua, and Papua Barat (6 provinces). These drop out rate shows 22.5% males and 14.5% females disparities indicate a need to identify the factors contributing to significantly low achievement in indicators at provincial and district levels to inform gender responsive drop out, (MONE, 2008). In Madrasah elementary Is- planning  with GPI less than 90 for senior secondary include DKI Jakarta, Jawa andbudgeting. Riau). Provinces Figure 1: Gender Parity Index (GPI) of Net Enrollment Rates (NER) for Primary lamic schools, significantly more boys drop out at all   Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Papua, and Papua Barat (6 provinces). These Barat, (SD/MI/Package A) and Junior Secondary Schools (SMP/MTs/Package B) byA)provinces   more female than male dropͲouts (ref. Figure 3). In NTT province the primary Figure disparities 1:Gender  indicate  Parity a needIndex(GPI)  to  Enrollment ofNet  identify Rates the factors  contributing Province, 2009SecondarySchools(SMP/MTs/PackageB)byProvince,2009 (SD/MI/Package (NER)forPrimary  to significantly  lowand school  levels. drop Madrasah At for  out rate  males is 8Ibtidaiyah (MI)  times that of schools,  females 61.3%  (8% and  0.02%boys respectively). In achievement inJuniorindicators at provincial and district levels to inform gender responsive Bangka Belitung province the junior secondary dropͲout rate for males is 7 times higher planningandbudgeting. drop thanfemales. InSulawesi Tenggaraby out, followed 66.4% province the at Madrasah senior secondary Tsanawiyah dropoutrateis10.98%  for Figure1:GenderParityIndex(GPI)ofNetEnrollmentRates(NER)forPrimary(SD/MI/PackageA)and (MTs) and 57.1% at Madrasah Aliyah (MA), (MORA   males and 8.41% for females. The higher education drop out rate shows 22.5% males JuniorSecondarySchools(SMP/MTs/PackageB)byProvince,2009 and 14.5% females drop out, (MONE, 2008). In Madrasah elementary Islamic schools, Website, significantly 2008/2009).  more boys drop out at all levels. At Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) schools, 61.3% boysdropout,followedby66.4%atMadrasahTsanawiyah(MTs)and57.1%atMadrasah Aliyah(MA),(MORAWebsite,2008/2009).  Figure 3: Drop out rate for Primary and Junior Secondary and by Sex 2003/2004 Figure – 2007/2008 3:Dropout rateforPrimaryandJuniorSecondaryandbySex2003/2004–2007/2008 DropoutRate(%)atprimary&juniorsecondaryschoolby sex,2003/2004 Ͳ2007/2008 6  5 Source:Susenas2009/BappenasReportontheAchievementofMDGsinIndonesia2010 Source  : Susenas 2009/Bappenas Report on the Achievement of MDGs in Indonesia 2010 4 Figure 2: Gender Parity Index (GPI) of Net Enrolment Rates (NER) Senior Secondary Schools by Province,2009 3  Source:Susenas2009/BappenasReportontheAchievementofMDGsinIndonesia2010  Figure 2: Gender Parity Index (GPI) of Net Enrolment Rates (NER) Senior 2 Figure  2: Gender Secondary  Parity Index Schools  (GPI) of Net by Province,  Enrolment Rates (NER) Senior Secondary Schools by 2009 Province,2009 1 0 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 Pri ma ry School  (SD/MI ) Boys Pri ma ry School  (SD/MI ) Gi rl s Juni orSe conda ry(SMP/MT)  Boys Juni orSe conda ry(SMP/MT)  Gi rl s  Source:CenterforEducationStatistics,“EducationalIndicatorsinIndonesia2007/2008