India - Bihar Agricultural Extension and Research Project

Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. P-2148-IN REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA FOR THE BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT December 14 1977 This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of December 1, 1977) Rs 1.00 = Paise 100 Rs 1000 = US$0o.1160 US$1.00 = Rs 8.62 Rs 1 million US$116,000 (Since September 24, 1975, the Rupee has been officially valued relative to a "basket" of currencies. As these currencies are now floating, the US Dollar/Rupee exchange rate is subject to change. Conversions in the Appraisal Report were made at US$1 to Rs 9.00). FISCAL YEAR April 1 - March 31 ABBREVIATIONS AEO - Agricultural Extension Officer/s DAO - District Agricultural Officer/s GOB - Government of Bihar GOI - Government of India RAU - Rajendra Agricultural University SDAO - Sub-divisional Agricultural Officer/s SRPC - State Research Planning Committee VLEW - Village Level Extension Worker/s CROP SEASON Kharif - Rainy season - June-September Rabi - Dry season - October-March  FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY INDIA BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT CREDIT AND PROJECT SUMMARY Borrower: India, acting by its President. Beneficiary: The State of Bihar. Amount: US$8 million. Terms: Standard. Relending Terms: From GOI to GOB: As part of Central assistance for state development projects on terms and con- ditions applicable at the time. Prolect Description: The project would reorganize and strengthen Bihar's agricultural extension services, and help upgrade and develop adaptive research with the objective of achieving early and sustained improvements in agri- cultural production, particularly of foodgrains. The main project benefit would be an increase in produc- tion benefitting an estimated 7.6 million farm fami- lies. Small farmers with limited financial resources but excess labor would be the primary beneficiaries of the project's emphasis on efficient use of exist- ing resources. The most significant risk lies in the fact that the effectiveness of the new extension methodology is highly dependent on an efficient orga- nization and management of extension and research services, as well as on farmers' response. Experience with ongoing projects has already demonstrated, how- ever, that the new system can work efficiently in formulation and delivery of messages, and in motivat- ing farmers. Project components include the provision of: - additional staff, housing, equipment, vehicles and staff training for the extension service; - additional staff, vehicles, simple farm buildings and equipment in order to strengthen adaptive research; and - staff, equipment, vehicles and funds for project monitoring and evaluation. This document has a retricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.  Estimated Project Costs: (US$ million) Local Foreign Total Extension 9.08 0.55 9.63 Training 0.43 - 0.43 Adaptive Research 1.35 0.09 1.44 Monitoring and Evaluation 0.35 0.01 0.36 Sub-Total 11.21 0.65 11.86 Price Contingencies 3.49 0.19 3.68 Physical Contingencies 0.47 - 0.47 Total Project Cost 15.17 0.84 16.01 Financing Plan: (US$ million) Local Foreign Total IDA 7.16 0.84 8.00 Government of Bihar 8.01 - 8.01 Total 15.17 0.84 16.01 Estimated Disbursement: (US$ million) FY79 FY80 FY81 FY82 FY83 Annual 1.0 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.4 Cumulative 1.0 2.2 3.5 5.6 8.0 Rate of Return: At least 50%. Appraisal Report: No. 1754a-IN, dated December 14, 1977.  INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA FOR THE BIHAR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH PROJECT 1. I submit the following report and recommendation on a proposed development credit to India for the equivalent of US$8 million on standard IDA terms, to help finance a project to reorganize and strengthen the agri- cultural extension service and upgrade and develop adaptive research in the State of Bihar. The proceeds of this credit would be channelled to the Government of Bihar in accordance with the Government of India's standard terms and arrangements for financing of state development projects. PART I - THE ECONOMY 1/ 2. An economic report, "Economic Situation and Prospects of India" (1529-IN dated April 25, 1977), was distributed to the Executive Directors on May 3, 1977. Country data sheets are attached as Annex I. Background 3. India is exceptional among the Bank Group's member countries for its size and diversity; the country is divided into more than 20 States with a population of some 630 million speaking over 60 languages. Since Independ- ence the trend in growth of GNP has been about 3.5% per annum, or a little over 1% per annum in per capita terms, while over the five years 1971/72 - 1975/76 it fell to as low as 2.5% per annum, in spite of the record harvest of 1975/76. This unsatisfactory performance is in part the result of the low availability of investable resources: while India's domestic savings effort compares well with other countries at the same average income levels, the rate has very rarely exceeded 17% of GNP; similarly, the net transfer of resources from abroad has never been above 3% of GNP, and fell to as little as 0.8% between 1969/70 and 1973/74. The investment rate puts India in the lower third of all developing countries. More significant perhaps is the fact that in spite of a marked rise in the investment rate from about 10% in the early 1950's to about 18% over the past fifteen years, the trend in GNP growth has remained about the same. This indicates a marked decline in the efficiency of capital use, as a result of increasing capacity underutilization, long project gestation, and increased emphasis on relatively capital intensive projects and sectors. 4. Since Independence the growth of the socio-economic infrastructure (transport, education, health services, etc.) has been impressive, but has 1/ Parts I and II of this report are the same as Parts I and II of the President's Report for the Second Calcutta Urban Development Project (Report No. P-2141-IN), dated November 30, 1977.  - 2 - often been achieved at high cost and has yielded results of variable quality. Many industrial and agricultural investment schemes have been highly successful, but others have taken excessively long to be completed and have operated well below full capacity. In some regions of the country, growth and structural change have been rapid and compare favorably with developments in many other parts of the world; in other regions there has been stagnation, and in some, decline. Although national income has increased in most years, there has been no rise in the living standards of the vast mass of rural and urban poor, conservatively estimated at 200 million people with per capita incomes of US$70 per annum. 5. The structure of the economy has been slow to change. Agriculture remains the dominant sector, with its share of national product declining only gradually from about 50% to 42% over the last twenty years. The share of manufacturing industry has increased only slowly and, since the late 1960s, has remained approximately constant at about 16%. There has, however, been a shift in the composition of manufacturing production, with consumer, inter- mediate, and capital goods now contributing about one third each, compared with an overwhelming preponderance of consumer goods 25 years ago. Recent Trends 6. In March, 1977, a party other than Congress formed a Government for the first time since Independence. The state of the economy was not a promi- nent election issue; in fact the economy was generally stronger than at any time in the last six years. Although the growth of GDP in 1976/77 is not expected to have exceeded 2%, this was on top of the very good growth of 8.8% in 1975/76. Agricultural production is expected to have fallen by about 3%, but only because of the return to a more normal harvest of 110-114 million tons of foodgrains after the record 121 million tons of the previous year. Industrial growth was around 10% in 1976/77, which is significantly above the rates achieved in the late 1960's and early 1970's. Exports continued their bright performance, rising by 25% in nominal terms. The overall resource position, with record foreign exchange and foodgrain reserves, is exception- ally strong, and gives the Government considerable room for maneuver. 7. In agriculture the bumper crop of 1975/76 was largely due to remarkably good weather conditions; the good crop in 1976/77 - a foodgrain harvest in the region of 110 million tons would be the second largest on record - was produced under generally normal weather. A conspicuous change was the increase in fertilizer use, which rose by more than 20% over 1975/76, following marked declines in fertilizer prices. Industrial production bene- fited from fewer labor disputes, fuller utilization of installed capacity in both private and public sectors, a more liberal import policy, relatively good power availability, and increased demand because of higher consumer incomes, expanded exports and higher public expenditures. However, whole- sale prices which had fallen 14% from September 1974 through March 1976, rose 11% from the end of March to December 1976. This upsurge may be a new inflationary trend or merely a correction of the previous sharp decline in the relative prices of a range of agricultural commodities.  - 3 - 8. The balance of payments situation has improved dramatically since the 1973-1975 period. In 1975/76 the trade deficit was $1,530 million, which was more than covered by US$1,560 million in net aid, US$205 million in net purchases of currency from the IMF, and US$559 million in net miscellaneous capital and invisibles (mostly private remittances); indeed, this large aggregate net resource inflow led to a US$794 million increase in foreign exchange reserves, to a level of almost US$2.2 billion. In 1976/77, the balance of payments continued to improve, with exports provisionally, esti- mated to have increased by US$1,135 million against an imports increase of only US$15 million, so that the trade balance deficit is now estimated at a mere US$380 million. The sharply decreased trade deficit, along with a further increase in the net inflow of miscellaneous capital and invisibles from abroad of US$470 million, more than offset the fall of US$350 million in net aid and the US$365 million repurchases of currency from the IMF, and allowed a US$1.5 billion addition to reserves, which reached a level of US$3.7 billion at the end of March 1977. Development Prospects 9. The favorable economic situation gives the Government the opportun- ity to address the longer-term constraints on growth. The basic task is to raise the overall rate of growth from its historic range of 3% to 4%. In the long run this will require raising more resources for investment. But it will also be important to achieve significantly better utilization of avail- able resources, partly through an immediate boost to industrial demand. 10. In agriculture, the basic problem remains that, despite the record foodgrain crop in 1975/76 and the good crop in 1976/77, the long-term growth rate of foodgrain production has been unacceptably low, at about 2.5% per annum over the last seventeen years, and only 2% in the last ten. This has meant that only in good years has there been any margin of production to cater to per capita growth in food consumption, and in normal years it has been necessary to import food. There is considerable scope for stepping up growth both by increasing the use of inputs and by raising the productivity of existing capacity. Three promising developments in regard to the first are the sharply higher outlays on irrigation in the Fifth Plan Period along with a renewed determination to complete projects expeditiously; the indica- tions that private investment in tubewells is picking up again after a slow- down in the early 1970's; and the recent recovery of fertilizer demand. With regard to more productive use of existing capacity, there is increased aware- ness in the Government that the benefits of irrigation projects can be much increased not only through command area development but also through more efficient design and operation of major surface irrigation infrastructure. Also, hopes have been generated for increasing productivity on both irrigated and rainfed farms through a reorganized and improved extension and research system, which has been recently introduced in several States in northern and eastern India. 11. A strong effort to raise agricultural growth is essential, not only to meet food requirements, but also because of the pervasive influence of agriculture on the levels of activity in other sectors of the economy. This  - 4 - effort must also be so structured as to increase the incomes of small and marginal farmers, in order to increase production since they operate 25% of the cultivated land and account for somewhat more than 25% of production, and for welfare reasons, since they make up about 70% of rural population and constitute the majority of those living below the poverty level. 12. The industrial sector is poised for growth, as serious constraints on the supply side have been removed by the improved situation, particularly with respect to coal and imported raw materials and components; the power supply situation is once more somewhat worrisome (paragraph 13 below). There has been a progressive liberalization of controls and the 1976/77 Central Budget announced a reduction of some taxes on private industry. In many cases management of public enterprises has improved, as is reflected in their markedly higher production and profitability as a group. In the medium term it is the demand for industrial output that will determine indus- trial growth. In certain industries, export demand will provide a strong pull on production; this is true, for example, for iron and steel, certain chemicals, some electrical equipment, processed agricultural products, and vehicles. But the impact of increased exports on overall industrial demand will grow only slowly given the current low share of exports in sales. If the higher growth and productivity in agriculture discussed earlier were to materialize, it would provide a significant stimulus to industry. It is difficult to specify the linkages explicitly; but because of the large share that agriculture holds in GNP, the coefficients do not have to be large for agricultural growth and the concomitant growth in demand for industrially produced inputs and mass consumption goods to boost overall industrial demand significantly. A higher public deficit and increased public investments are the instruments most directly under Government control, and also those that can increase demand for industrial products most immediately. The interim budget of the new Government moves strongly in this direction with a 240% increase in the planned budget deficit over 1976/77. 13. The general improvement in the supply of energy augurs well for India's ability to meet the needs of a more rapidly growing economy. Organ- izational and transportation problems in the coal industry have largely been overcome, production is sufficient to meet demand, stocks are comfortable, and the industry has good prospects for meeting both domestic and export demand. However, the supply of electricity continues to be a concern, since the power situation is not uniformly good. Power shortages affect a number of the more industrialized states, particularly Maharashtra in the west and Tamil Nadu in the south, and as a result, there is a continued constraint on the expansion of industry. This is despite a number of favorable factors: greatly improved capacity utilization in thermal power stations; more effi- cient exchange of power between states; accelerated implementation of power projects; and somewhat improved availability of finance for power investment. The underlying reason for the weak power supply position is that capacity shortages continue despite the improved investment program. In the short-term, the situation may improve somewhat if, as is hoped, reservoir replenishment is better than average during the last stages of the monsoon. The prospects for the oil and gas sector have been further improved by major new finds of oil and gas near the large offshore Bombay High field. Crude oil from Bombay High  was brought to shore for the first time in May 1976; production reached an annual rate of 2 million tons by March 1977, and will rise to a level of 12-13 million tons by 1984/85. Although India will continue to import crude at or somewhat above the current level, much of the foreign exchange burden of rapidly rising imports will be avoided by the development of these resources. Prospects are also bright for further discoveries offshore, given the current high level of exploration activity. 14. Underlying all other development issues is that of population. Al- though India's population growth rate of a little over 2% is not high in com- parison with most LDCs, the size of the absolute increment - 13 million annually - is daunting. It appears, however, that population growth may have passed its peak in the 1960's, and it is expected to continue to slow down, both because the birth rate will continue to decline and because the death rate will not fall as steeply as in the past. With a sustained family planning effort, it should be possible to lower the population growth rate to 1.1% per annum by the end of the century. Our "best guess" projection of India's population by 2000 is 880 million. Many of the benefits of family planning policy will only be felt beyond the turn of the century, but the decline in fertility will bring about an early change in the age structure of the popu- lation. The school age group will grow more slowly or not at all after 1981 thereby reducing the pressures on the primary and secondary education system. The labor force, however, will continue to grow at a fast rate until the end of the century. 15. India's balance of payments position should be comfortable for the next few years. The combination of past global inflation and increased ex- ports have reduced the proportion of export earnings needed for debt service from 30% in 1970/71 to 16% in 1976/77. The ratio is not likely to rise above this level in the next few years. Given continuing favorable policies, the volume of exports should continue to grow by 7% to 10% annually in the near future; and import needs for fertilizer, POL and foodgrains will continue to require a diminishing proportion of available foreign exchange. The large inflow of private remittances shows no immediate signs of declining and should continue to bolster the foreign exchange position in the medium term. Imports, including a variety of capital goods, have already been liberalized signifi- cantly. Increased public investment and a revival of the domestic economy is likely to generate substantial additional import demand. However, this should be quite manageable, given the currently comfortable foreign exchange position, bright export prospects, and continuation of the current real level of net aid. The present situation presents an opportunity to raise the level of investment and, consequently, reach a more satisfactory level of long term growth. PART II - BANK GROUP OPERATIONS IN INDIA 16. Since 1949, the Bank Group has made 52 loans and 93 development credits to India totalling US$1,992 million and US$4,991 million (both net of cancellation), respectively. Of these amounts, US$854 million has been  repaid, and US$1,980 million was still undisbursed as of October 31, 1977. Annex II contains a summary statement of disbursements as of October 31, 1977, and notes on the execution of ongoing projects. 17. Since 1957, IFC has made 14 commitments in India totalling US$58.4 million, of which US$13.8 million has been repaid, US$7.6 million sold and US$6.9 million cancelled. Of the balance of US$30.1 million, US$23.6 mil- lion represents loans and US$6.5 million equity. A summary statement of IFC operations as of October 31, 1977, is also included in Annex II (page 2). 18. In recent years, the emphasis of Bank Group lending has been on agriculture. The Bank Group has been particularly active in supporting minor irrigation and other on-farm investments through agricultural credit opera- tions. Major irrigation, marketing, seed development, and dairying are other agricultural activities supported by the Bank Group. Also, the Bank Group has been active in financing the expansion of output in the fertilizer sector and, through its sizeable assistance to development finance institutions, in a wide range of geographically scattered medium- and small-scale industrial enterprises. IDA financing of industrial raw materials and components for selected priority sectors has been instrumental in facilitating better capac- ity utilization in industry. The Bank Group has also been active in support- ing infrastructure development for power, telecommunications, and railways. Family planning, education, water supply development, and urban investments have also received Bank Group support in recent years. 19. The direction of assistance under the Bank/IDA program has been consistent with India's needs and the Government's priorities. The emphasis of the program on agriculture, industry, power, urban development and water supply remains highly relevant. Projects designed to foster agricultural production through the provision of essential inputs such as credit for on-farm investments, command area development of existing irrigation schemes, intensification and streamlining of extension systems, and seed production form an important aspect of the Bank Group's program for the next several years. Special emphasis will be given to projects benefitting small farmers. Projects supporting water supply, sewerage, and urban development also form an integral part of the Bank's lending strategy to India for the next several years. Lending in support of infrastructure and industrial investments will focus on agriculture-, export- and energy-related projects. 20. The need for a substantial net transfer of external resources in support of India's economy has been a recurrent theme of Bank economic re- ports and of the discussions within the India Consortium. Thanks in large part to the response of the aid community, India has successfully adjusted to the changed world price situation. However, the basic need for readily usable foreign exchange assistance, to augment domestic resources, assure effective utilization of existing capacity, stimulate investment and acceler- ate economic growth, remains. As in the past, Bank Group assistance for projects in India should include, as appropriate, the financing of local expenditures. India imports relatively few capital goods because of the capacity of the domestic capital goods industry. The import component of  projects tends to be especially low in such high-priority areas as agricul- ture, education, and family planning. For the Bank Group to be able to make an appropriate contribution to the financing of projects in these sectors, it is important to cover a proportion of local expenditures. 21. It is clear from the review of the Indian economy that as much as possible of India's external capital requirements should be provided on con- cessionary terms. Accordingly, the bulk of the Bank Group assistance to India has been, and should continue to be, provided from IDA. H1owever, the amount of IDA funds that can reasonably be allocated to India remains small in relation to India's needs for external support, and some Bank lending to India, for which the country is creditworthy, is appropriate. As of October 31, 1977, outstanding loans to India totaled US$1,169 million, of which US$697 million remained to be disbursed, leaving a net amount outstand- ing of US$472 million. 22. Of the external assistance received by India, the proportion con- tributed by the Bank Group has grown significantly. In 1969/70, the Bank Group accounted for 34% of total commitments, 13% of gross disbursements, and 12% of net disbursements as compared with an estimated 58%, 24% and 29%, respectively, in 1975/76. On March 31, 1976, India's outstanding and disbursed external public debt was US$13.1 billion, of which the Bank Group's share was 25%. The Bank Group's share is expected to remain around this level in the future. Because Bank Group assistance to India is predominantly in the form of IDA credits, debt service to the Bank Group will rise slowly. In 1975/76, about 15% of India's total debt service payments were to the Bank Group. PART III - AGRICULTURE IN INDIA AND BIHAR 23. Agriculture is India's most important sector. It provides employ- ment for approximately 70% of the population, contributes about 45% to GNP, and provides a major share of exports. GOI's emphasis in the agricultural sector has been on increasing foodgrain output through improved yields resulting from more intensive use of seed of high yielding varieties (HYV), fertilizer, pesticides and irrigation. With self-sufficiency in food as a national objective, investments in foodgrain production have been given top priority by Government and will continue to be the focus of national attention for the foreseeable future. 24. Since independence, the overall growth of agricultural production has averaged 3% per annum. This rate has been very much affected by serious droughts in 1965 and 1966 and again in 1972 and 1973 and obscures considerable variations over shorter periods, between crops and between regions. The success of high yielding va-rietiestproduced. increases in wheat production of about 20% per annum between 1967' and 1971. This "green revolution" primarily affected wheat and was concentrated in north western India, very largely on account of the advanced state of agriculture in that area and the availability  - 8 - of irrigation. The strategy of the Government is to spread this technology to other regions, especially to the Eastern States which have a large untapped agricultural potential and harbor a large proportion of India's poorest farmers and agricultural laborers. Agriculture in the Eastern Region 25. In support of the Government's strategy, Bank staff have, since September 1975, been engaged in state-by-state reviews of a number of Eastern States to analyze the problems and, more importantly, assist in devising short-term action programs to develop the potential within these States. These reviews have reconfirmed in some detail much that was already known about the Region. There is a vast groundwater resource yet to be developed; and the farm service and supply institutions are in very poor condition and operate at low levels of effectiveness. But the under-utilization of modern inputs is first a demand problem rather than one of availability. Farmers in the Eastern Region are caught in a cycle of low productivity, low income and low investment. Their holdings are small and the fragments they cultivate even smaller. They are poorly placed to take the risks associated with the new but more costly technology. There are some who have adopted the modern technical package of tubewells, HYV seeds and fertilizer, but the package is mainly applied on irrigated wheat and rice in the dry season. Up to three- quarters of the region's foodgrain, however, is produced during the monsoon period from traditional varieties and using traditional cultural practices that minimize the risk of crop failure but result in low productivity. 26. These State reviews have also succeeded in identifying short-term action programs which typically concentrate on re-organizing extension ser- vices, improving adaptive research, accelerating the development of low-cost shallow tubewells and simple dug wells, and improving the efficiency of existing public irrigation schemes. With some exceptions, it has not proven possible to identify parallel measures to strengthen short-term credit and input supply services in the same time frame because of the weaknesses of available institutions. However, in the Eastern Region, where few farmers have experience of modern inputs, credit or irrigation, a rapid shift to a high-input technology is at best difficult. Rather, as an immediate first phase, the State reviews have stressed the potential for achieving a signi- ficant and broadly distributed increase in production by improving basic cultural practices, using the resources already available to small farmers, in particular Eastern India's high rainfall and abundant labor. 27. The key to this development is a strengthening of research and its re-orientation toward the needs of the small farmer, and a re-organization of extension services along lines that have recently proved highly successful elsewhere in India. First tried in canal commands of three Bank Group assisted projects in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Loan. No. 1011-IN, Credit No. 502-IN and Credit No. 562-IN), where dramatic production increases are being achieved, the new extension service puts great emphasis on concentra- tion of efforts, on systematic and regular training, close supervision of staff at all levels, and a fixed schedule of visits to farmers' groups.  - 9 - Coupled with an expanded program of adaptive research, the system has the capacity to transmit appropriate recommendations from the policy maker to the village level quickly and effectively and at little extra cost to Government. Once farmers have increased their production and hence gained confidence in the extension service, they can be expected to adopt better and more costly technology based on purchased inputs and on-farm investments. Hence, this short-term strategy may prove an important first step towards breaking the vicious circle of poverty. If it succeeds, it will create the very demand now lacking for the inputs of the modern technology. 28. This approach to improving extension services has been introduced in India through a series of five projects assisted by the Bank Group. Under these projects, nearly 15 million farm families in Orissa, West Bengal, Assam, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, are expected to benefit as a result of strength- ened and upgraded extension and research services. This project would extend the improved system to the State of Bihar. Bihar 2 29. Bihar has a total land area of approximately 174,000 km , of which about 60% is cultivated. Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in the State employing over 80% of its 62 million people and contributing nearly half of the State's net domestic product. Rice, wheat and maize which are grown primarily in the kharif season, are the three principal crops grown in Bihar accounting for 73% of the net cultivated area. Of the State's 17.3 million ha, 8.3 million ha are cultivated. On average 10.7 million ha are planted to crops annually giving a cropping intensity of 129%. Only 23% of the net cultivated area is irrigated. 30. With the exception of wheat, largely grown under irrigation, yields have not shown any significant improvement in Bihar over the past decade. Foodgrain production has increased at about 1.6% per annum over the past fifteen years, failing to keep pace with the rate of population growth of 2.2%. Consequently, Bihar remains one of the poorest states in India with an annual per capita income estimated at about US$76, as compared with the national average of US$107 over the period 1972/73 to 1974/75. 31. Apart from technical and institutional difficulties of raising agricultural productivity, increasing population pressure, insecure tenancy arrangements, and a significant tribal population (8%), are additional constraints to modernizing agriculture in Bihar. At present, there is, on average, about 0.7 ha of cultivable land available to each family. This unfavorable land/man ratio is further accentuated by skewed land distribution as about 80% of holdings, comprising 30% of the cultivable land, are less than 2 ha, many of which are fragmented. Land tenure arrangements are com- plex with tenancy and sharecropping prevalent. It is estimated that about 40% of the cultivated area is under sharecropping arrangements, and in addi- tion almost 45% of small farmers (less than 2 ha) are tenants mainly with oral contracts.  - 10 - 32. In the past, the strategy to raise productivity has been to encour- age the use of modern inputs--HYV seeds, fertilizer and irrigation. Although some farmers have adopted the use of these inputs, many have not, and overall yields have remained low. To redress this situation and to raise foodgrain production in the short run, emphasis needs to be placed on raising yields by transferring to farmers the knowhow of proven low cost, simple improvements. This can be achieved by improvements in agricultural extension methods. However, such improvement needs to be backed by an effective and responsive adaptive research program. The Government of Bihar has recognized the advan- tages of this approach and has decided to reorganize and improve its extension service and adaptive research program on a statewide basis. The proposed project is aimed at assisting the Government in this task. Previous Bank Group Operations in Bihar 33. The Bank Group has been involved in the agricultural sector in Bihar through three previous credits. In March 1972, Credit 248-IN (US$14 million), was approved to provide funds for the development of agricultural wholesale market facilities in 50 selected towns in Bihar. Initial progress under this project was slow due to problems of land acquisition. These difficulties have, however, been overcome and progress has since been satis- factory. A number of markets have been constructed and opened for business. Credit 342-IN (US$12 million), approved in November 1972, provides support for the development of the Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU) in Bihar, and the Assam Agricultural University. The project focuses on the development of campus facilities and curricula, including those for basic and applied agri- cultural research. Physical implementation at RAU began slowly for a variety of reasons, but has recently begun to pick up. Progress is now satisfactory. As this project includes development of basic and applied agricultural research, it is complementary to the proposed project. Finally, Credit 440-IN (US$32 million), approved in November 1973, provides long and medium-term credit, primarily for minor irrigation, to farmers in Bihar. Of approximately 50,000 on-farm investments envisaged at appraisal, about 43,000 had been fi- nanced by May 1977. The credit is expected to be fully disbursed by June 30, 1978. PART IV - THE PROJECT 34. The project was prepared by a Government of Bihar (GOB) working group assisted by Bank staff and consultants. It was appraised by IDA in April 1977. The Appraisal Report No. 1754a-IN, dated December 14, 1977, is being distributed separately. Negotiations were held in Washington in November, 1977. The negotiating delegation for India was headed by Mr. D.K. Chatterjee, Director, Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India. A Supplementary Project Data Sheet is attached as Annex III. Project Description 35. The project would reorganize and strengthen the agricultural extension service throughout the State of Bihar, and develop and strengthen  - 11 - adaptive research. The main objective is to achieve early and sustained improvements in agricultural production, particularly of foodgrains. The project would be executed over a five-year period. Project components include: - additional staff, housing, equipment, vehicles and staff training for the extension service; - additional staff, vehicles, simple farm buildings and equipment for adaptive research; and - staff, equipment, vehicles and funds for studies to monitor project progress and evaluate its impact. Project Implementation 36. It would not be necessary to establish any new organization for project implementation. The Agricultural Production Commissioner has overall responsibility for agriculture in Bihar. Under him the Department of Agri- culture, headed by the Director, is responsible for agricultural extension and adaptive research. The project would provide for an Additional Director of Agriculture (Extension) and a suitably qualified senior official to head Adaptive Research to assist the Director on a full-time basis. The Additional Director of Agriculture (Extension) has already been appointed and is in position. To ensure efficient and effective implementation of the research programs, the appointment of the Head of the Adaptive Research Service has been made a condition of credit effectiveness (see Section 5.01 of the Development Credit Agreement). 37. Neither extension nor research can function effectively without close co-ordination. At State level, this would be ensured through the already established Seasonal Workshops and State Research Planning Committee. Seasonal Workshops, chaired by the Agricultural Production Commissioner, would meet, as at present, twice yearly (before the kharif and rabi cropping seasons) to discuss the implications of extension recommendations and ensure cooperation among the various government input supply agencies. The Seasonal Workshops would ensure that problems of credit, marketing and supply are given due attention. The Workshops include the Director of Agriculture, as well as senior representatives of all relevant State and Central Government organizations concerned, including the Vice-Chancellor of the Rajendra Agricultural University. 38. Additionally, the State Research Planning Committee (SRPC) would provide a formal mechanism for review of University agricultural research results and formulation of future research programs. SRPC would review the results of field trials and recommended agricultural practices put up by the District Adaptive Research Committee to be established under the project (see para 39). SRPC is chaired by the Vice-Chancellor, Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU), and includes senior officers from the University and Depart- ment of Agriculture. It would continue to meet twice a year. Its meetings would precede those of Seasonal Workshops.  - 12 - 39. At district level, District Adaptive Research Committees chaired by the District Agricultural Officer (DAO) would be established. These com- mittees would meet at least twice a year to formulate extension practices, and adaptive research and field demonstration programs. They would make proposals to the Head of the Adaptive Research Service, who, together with the Additional Director of Agriculture (Extension), would be responsible for their submission to the State Research Planning Committee (see para 38). Each District Committee would comprise relevant staff concerned with extension and research at the district level. Assurances were obtained on these orga- nizational arrangements (see Section 2.11 of the Project Agreement). Agricultural Extension 40. Under the project, the agricultural extension service would be reorganized and intensified to provide farmers with relevant and practical technical guidance aimed at increasing production and incomes. The new system would replace existing arrangements which have proven largely ineffec- tive. Under the previous system, village level workers were responsible for agricultural extension and were supposed to devote 80% of their time to this task. However, their efforts were hampered by the considerable time required for regulatory and other functions. They were employed by the Community Development Department, and were administratively responsible to Block Devel- opment Officers, but received technical guidance from the Department of Agriculture. Hence, while village level workers were locally responsible for agricultural extension, their effectiveness was reduced by the many functions expected of them, complex lines of technical control and supervision, and large numbers of farmers each village level worker was expected to reach. This resulted in little time being devoted to agricultural production, few and sporadic farm level contacts, and low impact on yields, particularly of small farmers. 41. The proposed project has been designed to overcome these constraints by a statewide reorganization of extension staff into a single line of command under the Department of Agriculture. The Government of Bihar has issued an administrative order transferring the village level workers required for proj- ect implementation to the Department of Agriculture and has redesignated them as Village Level Extension Workers (VLEW) to reflect their exclusive extension role. Based on an average of one VLEW to every 850 farm families, about 9,000 VLEWs would be adequate to cover the estimated 7.6 million farm families loca- ted throughout Bihar. The actual number of farm families covered by each VLEW would vary from 700 to 900 depending on population density and the communica- tions network. VLEW would be directly supervised by Agricultural Extension Officers (AEO) located at the Block level (the lowest administrative unit). 42. To ensure satisfactory supervision, training and control of field staff, the 31 existing administrative districts would be divided into 76 sub- divisions each headed by a Sub-Divisional Agricultural Officer (SDAO). Where sub-divisions are large, the SDAO would be helped by an Assistant SDAO. Each SDAO would on average supervise the work of between 6 - 8 AEO who, in turn, would supervise about 8 VLEW. To strengthen technical support, three subject  - 13 - matter specialists would be appointed at each sub-division, one each in agronomy, plant protection and training. In addition, at district level, an Assistant District Agricultural Officer (ADAO) would supervise the work of sub-divisional staff, while specialists would provide additional technical support, in such matters as water management, farm implements, entomology and horticulture. 43. All 9,000 VLEW and about 90% of the 1,120 AEO needed to provide recommended staffing levels are already in service. At sub-divisional level a total of 228 subject matter specialists would be required, of which 92 are available. There would be no difficulty in recruiting and training additional staff required for the project. Assurances were obtained that the new staff required would be appointed according to an agreed schedule (see Section 2.07 of the Project Agreement). 44. Under the reorganized extension system, an intensive farm visit program would be introduced. An estimated 7.6 million farm families in the project area would be divided into some 9,000 groups of from 700 to 900 fam- ilies, and one VLEW would be allocated to each group. Each group would be further divided into 8 sub-groups of about 100 farmers. From each sub-group VLEW would select 8-10 contact farmers in consultation with the farmers them- selves. Selection would be from among farmers of all categories who are known to be of potential influence and willing to adopt the new extension methodology. VLEW would visit each sub-group once every two weeks on a fixed day of the week. At each location, he would convey extension messages pri- marily through the contact farmers, concentrating on the most important crops of their locality, and initially on a few improved cultural practices of imme- diate relevance. In the morning, he would tour farmers' fields, and in the afternoon he would hold a meeting in the village at a predetermined hour. In irrigated areas the visits may be more frequent. Training of VLEW and field visits would take 9 days per fortnight. The three days remaining in the two week period (with one day rest per week) would be devoted to demonstrations, making up missed field visits and administrative work. Agricultural Research 45. Basic and applied agricultural research was transferred to the Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU) in 1970, while adaptive research re- mained the responsibility of the Field Experiment Service of the Department of Agriculture. RAU, which has still to develop a fully comprehensive research program, is currently being assisted in its establishment by IDA under an Education Project (Credit 342-IN). Funds provided under this earlier credit are being used to develop campus facilities and staff, including those associated with RAU's basic and applied agricultural research activities. These efforts are complementary to the proposed project and RAU has produced a reservoir of relevant research recommendations which are immediately available. There is, however, a-general lack -6f research staff and facilities to test and adapt these recommendations in the different agroclimatic regions of the State.  - 14 - 46. To serve the immediate needs of the project for such adaptive agricultural research, and to evolve technological packages of practices suitably adapted to local conditions, support would be provided under the proposed project to the Field Experiment Service of the Department of Agri- culture. At present, the Field Experiment Service carries out a large program of field experimentation. Under the project, this service would be reorganized and expanded by the provision of additional field staff and facilities at 36 government-owned seed farms (to be known as Adaptive Research Farms), and the service would be renamed Adaptive Research Service to reflect more fully its new role. The strengthening of at least one Adaptive Research Farm in each district would enable district level staff to become fully involved in the adaptive research program. In addition, staff of the Adaptive Research Service would assist VLEW in carrying out demonstrations in farmers' fields. A total of about 36 professional staff would be required to strengthen the Agricultural Research Service and additional support staff would be provided to adaptive re- search farms. The new staff would be appointed according to an agreed schedule An assurance on this was obtained during negotiations (see Section 2.07 of the Project Agreement). Staff Training 47. The project would emphasize training to upgrade the quality of extension and research staff. AEO are usually direct recruits from colleges, VLEW are generally secondary school leavers, recruited after a two year pre- service training at departmental agricultural schools. There is minimal in-service training for VLEW and AEO to keep them abreast of more recent technological advances. The project would, therefore, provide fortnightly training on the job of VLEW by AEO, SDAO, and subject matter specialists. Also once every four weeks, the District Agricultural Officer would hold a two-day seminar with SDAO, sub-divisional specialists, staff responsible for input supply, and at least one AEO from each Block in his district, at which trainers would be research workers from regional stations, district special- ists and occasionally sub-divisional specialists themselves. At these semi- nars, overall project progress would be reviewed and the coming four-week program planned and prepared. 48. Furthermore, prior to each of the two main agricultural seasons, rabi and kharif, a 2-3 day course for village level extension workers would be held at sub-divisional or district level. These courses, conducted by headquarters, zonal and district extension and research staff would cover the main crops grown during the season and practices recommended for them. The courses would initiate the extension campaign for the coming season. 49. The project would also provide fellowships, short-term and spe- cialized training courses as well as scholarships for career advancement for a limited number of extension staff who show exceptional talent. In addition, 60 man-months of fellowships, for periods of up to two months, would be provided to permit research staff to visit key institutions in India to keep abreast of developments that would be useful to their disciplines.  - 15 - Housing and Transportation 50. The proposed extension methodology is based on regular and frequent farm visits by extension staff. It is, therefore, essential that field staff of all grades live near their place of work and are sufficiently mobile to function efficiently. At present, housing available for rent in rural areas is either limited, or inconveniently located, necessitating reliance on public transport. Consequently, extension workers spend much of their time travel- ling. GOB housing policy would continue to encourage the use of rented accommodation whenever possible. Since this would not be feasible in all areas, the project would provide for construction of low-cost housing for about 25% of VLEW and AEO in areas assigned for their operations. Assurances were obtained that by December 31, 1978, GOB would undertake and complete a survey to locate appropriate sites for housing to be constructed. (See Section 2.08 of the Project Agreement). The design standards and detailed cost estimates for housing to be provided were reviewed at negotiations. Similarly, to enable field staff to cover large stretches of rural areas on a given time schedule, it is essential that they be sufficiently mobile. The project would therefore provide motor vehicles for supervisory staff at head- quarters, district, division, and sub-divisional levels. Credit would be provided to enable AEO and VLEW to purchase motorcycles and bicycles, respec- tively. Credit terms and travelling allowances were reviewed to ensure adequate incentive for the purchase and utilization of motorcycles and bicycles by field staff (see Section 2.09 of the Project Agreement). Monitoring and Evaluation 51. An essential feature would be the monitoring of project progress and evaluation of its impact. At headquarters level, responsibility for monitoring would lie with the Deputy Director of the Statistics Section, Department of Agriculture. An evaluation unit would be set up within the Statistics Section for this purpose. The unit would be adequately strength- ened by the provision of a senior agricultural economist, a farm management specialist, and supporting staff. At district level, a senior statistical assistant, supported by sub-divisional field investigators, would be respon- sible for data collection. 52. Funds would be provided to the Agricultural Production Commissioner to employ local consultants to carry out ad hoc studies to supplement the ongoing evaluation undertaken by the Statistics Section. Because of the need for uniform procedures for monitoring and evaluation of this project, and of similar projects being undertaken in other states, detailed procedures have recently been worked out by GOI, the states concerned, and the Association. These were discussed and mutually agreed upon during negotiations. The results of monitoring and evaluation would be submitted to the Association for review at least once a year (see Section 2.12 of the Project Agreement).  - 16 - Project Cost and Financing 53. The estimated cost of the proposed project is about US$16.01 million, including about US$0.8 million of duties and taxes. The principal components net of contingencies are: strengthening of extension services (US$9.63 million), agricultural staff training (US$0.43 million), adaptive research (US$1.44 million), and monitoring and evaluation (US$0.36 million). Physical contingencies average about 4.5% for all items (US$0.58 million), and price contingencies account for 22% (US$3.68 million). The latter is due primarily to the civil works component (US$4.94 million) for which the annual price escalation has been estimated at around 4% for the year 1977, and 8% for the period thereafter. 54. The civil works component of the project (US$4.94 million) covers the provision of new housing for VLEW and offices-cum-residences for AEO, as well as small farm buildings for the Adaptive Research Farms. The employment of additional extension and research staff, as well as the upgrading of existing cadre, would involve incremental, salaries which together with allowances for extension work account for US$4.94 million. Incremental operating expenditures for the Adaptive Research Service, offices and vehicles account for US$2.04 million, while local training and consultants, fellowships and external evaluation would cost US$0.38 million. The balance of total project costs of US$3.71 million would be taken up by motor vehicles (US$1.59 million), motorcycles and bicycles (US$1.47 million) and minor equipment and furniture (U$0.65 million). 55. The proposed credit of US$8.0 million would cover about 53% of project costs, net of taxes and duties. The credit would cover all foreign exchange costs (approximately US$0.84 million), together with US$7.2 million of local costs. The remaining local costs would be financed by GOB. The proceeds of the credit would be channelled through GOI to GOB on standard terms as part of central assistance provided to State governments for develop- ment purposes. Procurement and Disbursement 56. Contracts for civil works (US$4.94 million) would be awarded on the basis of local competitive bidding in accordance with procedures satisfactory to the Association. Civil works contracts would be small and spread geograph- ically and over time, and would not be suitable for international competitive bidding. There are numerous qualified local, contractors to ensure satisfac- tory execution of this component of the project. About 200 motor vehicles of various types (US$1.59 million) would be required under the project. These would be purchased in small quantities as required over five years. In the interest of ensuring adequate maintenance and spares, they would be procured by local, competitive bidding under procedures which are satisfactory to the Association. Orders for the purchase of minor equipment and furniture (US$0.65 million) woul]d be bulked wherever possible and purchased following satisfactory local competitive bidding procedures, except where valued at less than US$50,000 when they woul]d be purchased by prudent shopping. Motor- cycles and bicycles (US$1.47 million) would be locally purchased by individual staff, according to their preferences.  57. The proceeds of the credit would be disbursed against 80% of the cost of local staff training, fellowships, evaluation, locally procured equipment, vehicles and civil works; 10% of total staff costs for extension and adaptive research; and 100% of the cost of consultants and foreign costs of imported vehicles and equipment. No disbursements would be made against land acquisition and operating expenditures of adaptive research farms, offices and vehicles as these would be difficult to identify for purposes of disbursement documentation. To help expedite disbursements, disbursements against civil works contracts for one or more progress payments not exceeding Rs 50,000 (about US$5,500), and for locally procured items of equipment and materials costing Rs 20,000 (about US$2,200) or less, against incremental staff costs, and local staff training would be on the basis of certificates of expenditure. The supporting documentation would not be submitted for review but would be retained for inspection by review missions. There is provision for periodic local auditing of these certificates of expenditure. Disbursements against all other items would be fully documented. Economic Benefits and Risks 58. The main project benefit would be an increase in production as a consequence of the impact of the new extension and research system. Small farmers with limited financial resources but excess labor would be the primary beneficiaries of the project's emphasis on efficient use of existing resources. 59. Attributing a precise level of benefits to this type of project is difficult since the expected benefits of improved agricultural practices, which also require additional inputs, cannot be attributed solely to extension and research. Moreover, there is not enough experience in Bihar to estimate acceptance rates with any degree of accuracy. However, there is no doubt that the substantial improvement in the efficiency of utilization of resources which would be brought about by the project, would generate a high rate of return. The principal economic benefit of the project would be an increase in agricultural production, particularly foodgrains. Given the present cropping pattern (paddy 50%, wheat 20%, pulses 10% and other lower valued cereals 20%), it would be reasonable to expect that by Year 7 crop yields over at least 50% of all cropped land, would increase by 12 kg per hectare or by less than 1% over the "without project" situation, giving an economic rate of return of 50%. Given the performance of the new extension service elsewhere in India, there is little risk these yield increases would not be attained, since the best farmers in Bihar already obtain nearly twice current average yields, while on research stations substantially higher yield levels than these are achieved. This high rate of return should, however, be treated with caution since, as improved agricultural practices spread, further investments in infrastructure and services would become necesary. 60. The most significant,risk lies in the fact that the effectiveness of the new extension methodology is highly dependent on an efficient organi- zation and management of extension and research services, as well as on farmers' response. Experience with ongoing projects (see paragraph 27) has already  - 18 - demonstrated, however, that the new system can work efficiently in formulation and delivery of messages, and in motivating farmers. The proposed project is different from the ongoing activities in that it mainly concentrates on rain- fed, rather than irrigated, areas and for this reason there is a somewhat higher degree of risk concerning achievement of yield increases. However, there are a significant number of improved practices and research findings suitable for dissemination which can substantially improve yields, even under rainfed conditions. Furthermore, farmers in rainfed areas tend to be less affluent and in greater need of technical advice. Thus, even though benefits may be lower in rainfed than in irrigated areas, these would still be consid- erable, both in economic and social terms. A second generation risk would be faced when the success of the new methodology generates demand for addi- tional inputs. If this were not met, the resultant farmer frustration could adversely affect the success of the extension effort. However, at this juncture and for some time to come, the deficiencies in the existing network for supplying farmers' inputs are related to the lack of demand and there is slack in the network which can be taken up to meet additional demand. The Seasonal Workshops, charged with overseeing the planning and execution of the extension effort, are also responsible for assessing seasonal input requirements and should be able to ensure the development arrangements capable of coping with increased demand. PART V - LEGAL INSTRUMENTS AND AUTHORITY 61. The draft Development Credit Agreement between India and the Association, the draft Project Agreement between the Association and the State of Bihar, the Recommendation of the Committee provided for in Article V, Section 1 (d) of the Articles of Association and the text of a draft Reso- lution approving the proposed Development Credit are being distributed to Executive Directors separately. 62. Special conditions of the project are listed in Section III of Annex III. 63. An additional condition of effectiveness, specified in Section 5.01 of the Development Credit Agreement, would be the appointment of a full-time suitably qualified senior officer to head Adaptive Research. 64. I am satisfied that the proposed credit would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Association.  - 19 - 65. I recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed credit. Robert S. McNamara President December 14, 1977  ANNEX I TABLE 3A INDIA - SOCIAL INDICATORS DATA SHEET Page 1 of 4 LAND AREA (THOU KM2) ------------------------------------------------ --------------- INDIA REFERENCE COUNTRIES (1970) TOTAL 3280.5 MOST RECENT AGRIC. 1780.7 1960 1970 ESTIMATE INDONESIA PHILIPPINES BRAZIL** _ - - -- --- -- - --- - ___-- _ - -__ --_- _- - ----------- - - ___- __-- __-- ---_-_- _ --_- -- - __---- GNP PER CAPITA (USS) 60.0* 100.0* 150.0/a* 130.0* 230.0* 550.0* POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS POPULATION (MID-YR, MILLION) 434.9 547.6 620.4/a 117.6 36.9 92.8 POPULATION DENSITY PER SQUARE KM. 133.0 167.0 189.0/a 62.0 123.0 11.0 PER SQ. KM. AGRICULTURAL LAND 252.0 308.0 348. 0Ta- 414.0 375.0 49.0 VITAL STATISTICS CRUDE BIRTH RATE (/THOU, AV) 43.2 41.0 37.0 45.9 44.2 36.4 CRUDE DEATH RATE (/THOU,AV) 23.9 19.0 17.0 20.6 13.2 9.9 INFANT MORTALITY RATE (/THOU) 139.0/a ,, 130.0 . 80.0 110.0 LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (YRS) 41.7 47.2 49.5 .. 65.6 3; GROSS REPROOUCTION RATE 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.2 3.3 2.6 POPULATION GROWTH RATE (%) TOTAL 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.9 URBAN 2.5/b 3.2 3.1 3.7 /a 4.0 5.0 URBAN POPULATION (% OF TOTAL) 17.9 19.6 20.6 17.5 /b 27.6 56.0 AGE STRUCTURE (PERCENT) 0 TO 14 YEARS 41.0 41.6 40.1 /b 44.0 45.6 42.0 15 TO 64 YEARS 55.9 55.3 56.7 7w 53.5 51.6 55.0 65 YEARS ANO OVER 3.1 3.1 3.2 7F 2.5 2.6 3.0 AGE DEPENDENCY RATIO 0.6 0.8 0o. 0.9 0.9 0.8 ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO 1.1/C 1.1/a 1.2 /c ,, 1.5 1.5 FAMINY PLANNING ACCEPTORS (CUMULATIVE, THOU) 71.0 14585.0 37658.0 259.3 354.0 250.0 USERS (% OF MARRIED WOMEN) .. .. 18.7 ., 2.0 1.6 EMPLOYMENT TOTAL LABOR FORCE (THOUSAND) 175000.0 218000.0 248000.0 /a .. 12400.0 29400.0 LABOR FORCE IN AGRICULTURE (%) 71.0 69.0 68.0 5s.0 /a 40.4 UNEMPLOYED (% OF LABOR FORCE) 1.0|d .. 1.7 .. 7.6 7.5 INCOME DISTR!SUTION X OF PRIVATE INCOME RECOG a.- HIGHEST 5% OF HOUSEHOLDS 26.7 25.0/b .. .. .. 35.D /a HIGHEST 20% OF HOUSEHOLDS 51.7 53.17w .. .. *. 62.o7Ef LOWEST 20% OF HOUSEHOLDS 4.1 4.7 .. .. .. 3.01/ LOWEST 40% OF HOUSEHOLDS 13.6 13.17l5 ,. . . o.o 7ia DISTRIBUTION OF LAND OWNERSHIP % OWNED BY TOP 10% OF OWNERS .. .. .. .. . 45.0 % OWNED BY SMALLEST 10% OWNERS .. .. .. . . 1.5 HEALTH AND NUTRITION POPULATION PER PHYSICIAN 540.0/e f4890.0 4220.0 26370.0 .. 1910.0 POPULATION PER NURSING PERSON 5310. 7 220.0/C 3680-.0/d 7630.0/c .. 3220.0/b POPULATION PER HOSPITAL BED 2590.0 771610.0- . 1640. 60.0 260.0 PER CAPITA SUPPLY OF - CALORIES (% OF REQUIREMENTS) 95.0 92.0 89.0/e 91.0 93.0 109.0 PROTEIN (GRAMS PER DAY) 55.0 53.0 52.07h 43.0 45.0 64.0 -OF WHICH ANIMAL AND PULSE 19.0 16.0 .. 14.0 22.0 39.0 DEATH RATE (/THOU) AGES 1-4 44.0 .. .. .. 6.6 EDUCAT ION ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIO PRIMARY SCHOOL 38.0 65.0 79.0/b 69.0 13.0 87.0 SECONDARY SCHOOL 9.0 .- 28.07T 12.0 49.0 YEARS OF SCHOOLING PROVIDED (FIRST AND SECOND LEVEL) 12.0 12,0 11.0 12.0 10.0 11.0 VOCATIONAL ENROLLMENT (% OF SECONDARY) 8.0 6.0/d . 29.0 6.0/b 17.0 ADULT LITERACY RATE (%) 24.0 33.0- 36B0/b,f 59.0