Philippines - Agricultural Education Project

Report No. 80 CONFIDENTIAL INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (LOAN 393-PH) July 30, 1975 Operations Evaluation Department  TABLE OF CONTENTE Page No. Summary - iv Project Performance Audit Report Introduction 1 I. The Development Program 1 II. Implementation of the Development Program 4 EII. Costs and Financing of Civil Works and Equipment 8 IV. Operating Outcomes of the Development Program 9 Utilization of Facilities 10 Staff Development 11 Degree Programs and Research 12 Internal Efficiency and Output 14 V. The Bank's Role 15 VI. Conclusions 17 Project Completion Report The Project Data 1 Summary 1 RecoMendation 2 The Background 3 Physical Execution of the Project 3 Cost and Financing of the Project 4 Disbursements 6 Operating Results and Forecasts 6 Organization, Management and Performance of the Borrower 9 Table of Contents (cont'd.) Page No. Overall Policies in the Sector 9 Conclusion 10 List of Annexes 1 - Officials Met (omitted) 2 - Cost Breakdown of Furniture and Equipment by Type of Accommodation 3 - Original Estimate & Actual Cost 4 - Area/cost Comparison of the New Buildings under the Project 5 - Student Enrollments, Admissions, Output, Dropouts 6 - Degreewise Enrollments and Graduate Employment 7 - Fellowships, Scholarships and Other Financial Aid for Students 8 - Summary of Responses to Student Questionnaire 9 - UPLB Staff - Numbers, Qualifications and Turnover 10 - Revisions in Salary Grades, 1963-73 11 - Curricular Structure 12 - Examples of Graduate Research Conducted in 1963 and 1972 Note: Currency Equivalent (Peso) 1964 - February 1970 ...........US$1 = - 3.90 February 1970 - 1972 ...........US$1 = - 6.50 Current US$1 =- P6.90 SUMMARY Loan 393-PH for US$6.0 million was extended to the Philippines in October 1964 to assist with the financing of a Development Program for the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture (UPCA) at Los Bafos; the loan was finally closed in May 1973. The Program comprised construction and renovation of buildings, procurement of equipment and fur- niture, staff development, and expansion and improvement of the quality of curricula and research activities. Bank participation was restricted to the partial financing of the construction/renovation and equipment/furniture components. The Development Program was appraised by the Bank in August 1964 and justified as a means to provide an improved quality of higher level agricultural manpower and to expand enrolments from 2,000 to 2,500. The Bank required establishment of a special technical and administrative unit (TAU) to supervise implementation of the sizeable construction/equipment project. Loan conditions were standard in content with the exception of a special covenant calling for an effective reorgani- zation of the Government's agricultural services. A supplementary letter on educational objectives covered staff development, including improved salaries and other amenities; curricula revision and textbook development; and expansion of research activities and enrolments. In the absence of an accurate breakdown of foreign exchange costs, the Bank offered to .finance a straight 50% of the estimated P-46.1 million equivalent construction/equipment project; the Government agreed to finance the remaining 50%. The project comprised construction of 13 major academic and administrative buildings, construction/renovation of faculty and student housing and other minor buildings, procurement of furniture and equipment and site development. The Development Program was implemented as planned, with agreed amendments in the Bank-assisted project. However, the original closing date for the Bank's loan was postponed by 2.5 years, to December 1972, in part due to late inclusion of additional project items but mainly as a result of delayed provision of Government counterpart funds. Final appoint- ments of a supervisory architect and of independent architects, responqible for design of major new buildings, could not be made until mid-1965 when the first Peso allocation was released. Thereafter, Peso allocations, as well as construction and procurement, proceeded on schedule until the middle of 1969. A series of delays then arose due to import restrictions preceding the Peso devaluation in February 1970, extended procedures for requesting Bank reimbursements and delay by the Government in providing additional Peso funds and by the Bank in agreeing to change its disbursement percentage after the devaluation - which had increased the Peso equivalent of the foreign cost by more than 50%. - ii - Detailed architectural designs and specifications and equipment/ furniture lists were approved by the Bank during 1967. Early tenders brought higher than anticipated bids and, at Bank recommendation, design standards and equipment and furniture lists were reduced in an effort to adhere to original cost estimates. A similar reduction was necessitated by the 1970 Peso devaluation, to counteract the resulting increase in the Peso equivalent of the project's foreign exchange costs. Most new construction and procurement under the project were completed by late 1971. Additional project items, including a further stage of site development and restoration of equipment items earlier deleted, were completed by the end of 1972. Civil works contracts were awarded to prequalified local contractors and thorough supervision was provided by the TAU. The quality of construction is generally good; the massive rein- forced concrete buildings are appropriate for local conditions but plastered and painted exteriors are impractical and require heavy maintenance. Design standards reflect some lack of understanding of planned schedules of accom- modation and actual class sizes; classroom space is generally in excess while lecture hall and laboratory space could be greater. Inefficiencies in procurement resulted from the unsuitability of much specialized equipment to bulking and from lengthy international com- petitive bidding procedures employed by the Government. Towards the end of the procurement process, the Bank waived requirements for international competitive bidding in cases where only single bid offers from foreign sup- pliers were received (as is current practice under more recent Bank guide- lines). The quality of project equipment and of maintenance by specially trained technicians is appropriate. The total cost of the project actually built appears to have been almost identical, in real terms, with that envisaged for the original project despite a 14% reduction in space and a 10% reduction in equipment items. In current prices, the cost of the project finally implemented, at F 51.72 million equivalent, was 12% greater than estimated,'including contin- gencies. The cost of site facilities was especially high due to the widely dispersed campus master plan. A staff development program, involving overseas fellowships for UPCA academic and administrative staff, financed by a Ford Foundation grant with cooperation from Cornell University, was undertaken during 1963-72. Cornell advisors also assisted with development of the UPCA graduate programs and improved research, teaching and extension methods. During the decade, the teaching faculty grew from 62 to 264 and the pro- portion of faculty holding higher degrees increased. Despite a 100% salary increase since 1963, however, the rate of loss of qualified faculty has been higher since the termination of the staff development program. - iii - The expanded quality and content of graduate programs has proved appropriate for the needs of higher level agricultural research and public and private institutions. The quality of the bachelors degree in agricul- ture (BSA), accounting for the majority of undergraduate students, has been biased towards general education requirements; practical courses remain optional despite the recent provision of additional farming land located near the campus, a measure recommended by the Bank to support research as well as educational objectives. Further, progress with the development of textbooks was halted during project implementation due to a shortage of funds. Enrolment targets of 2,000 undergraduate and 500 graduate stud- ents have been achieved, though graduate enrolments could be further ex- panded. The output of graduate students has exceeded the original target of 60 per year, but undergraduate output fell short of the 1973/74 target of 350 by as much as 41%, due partly to interim changes in the length of the course from 4 years to 5 and back to 4 and partly to high drop-out rates. New entrance examinations may contribute to a lowering of the drop-out rate, which had reached a high of 19% during 1972/73 but fell to 12% in 1973/74. Tracer results show a satisfactorily high level of demand for UPCA graduates with 85% employed.in agriculture-related fields. Despite the continuing need for improving curricula and internal efficiency, the UPCA offers the highest quality agricultural education in the Philippines. It has served as a model for a planned upgrading of stra- tegically located agricultural universities in other parts of the country. The UPCA has also developed improved research and extension techniques, mainly related to the production of foodstuffs. Coordination of national research, which still.suffers some overlap, is expected to improve as a result of the creation of the Philippines Council for Agricultural Research in 1972. However, application of the new techniques developed has, thus far, been limited as a result of financial constraints and a lack of progress with the reorganization of national agricultural services. In line with prevailing policy, direct Bank involvement in the Development Program was limited to the construction/equipment project. In this context, the Bank can be credited for its efforts to reduce project costs and the requirement of the TAU, which, apart from externally imposed delays, efficiently implemented the project. A further requirement for inclusion of an educational coordinator in the TAU might have improved the effectiveness of the new academic facilities. In addition, in the interest of improving the efficiency of project implementation, the Bank might have issued its 50% reimbursement directly to contractors and suppliers and (despite Philippine ineligibility for local financing at the time) raised its reimbursement percentage for the few final project items immediately after the Peso devaluation. Sim- ilarly, international competitive bidding requirements were waived only for a small amount of final equipment items, and might have been lifted earlier in appropriate cases. - iv - Despite the lack of direct involvement with implementation of the educational and research objectives of the Development Program, the Bank should have given much more attention during supervision to progress on the relevant understandings reached at loan negotiations. It might also have recommended the continuation after the termination of the Program of staff development incentive programs as well as increased operating budgets, both of which are necessary to sustain the high quality of UPCA education and physical facilities. Finally, as regards the Program's important quality goals for UPCA education and research, an attempt, at the appraisal stage, to clearly define those objectives would have provided an early base from which to develop direct measurements of achievement and subsequent monitoring of progress. PROJECT PERFORMANCE AUDIT MEMORANDUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (LOAN 393-PH) Introduction Loan 393-PH of 1964, in support of the Development.Program of the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture (UPCA), now part of the University of the Philippines at Los Bafos (UPLB), was fully disbursed by May 1973. The following memorandum presents the results of an audit of achievements under the UPCA Program. It is based on a review of the relevant Project Completion Report (PCR), issued by the Bank's East Asia and Pacific Regional Office in May 1973, and of Bank files and documents, and discussions with relevant Bank staff. In addition, a brief mission was undertaken during November 25-30, 1974 to gather data further to those presented in the PCR, and impressions on the project from Government and UPLB officials. This memorandum gives a comprehensive assessment of the project and of the Bank's involvement with it, but the PCR is also appended because of the additional factual detail it provides on various technical aspects. I. The Development Program 1.01 In January 1963, the Government of the Philippines applied for an IDA credit to help finance a five-year development program for the UPCA. The Program, prepared during early 1962 by the UPCA with assistance fran Cornell University, had already been reviewed by outside consultants spon- sored by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations. A November 1962 Bank tech- nical assistance mission assessed the Program and recommended that appraisal be undertaken. Having been judged ineligible for receipt of IDA assistance by a 1963 Bank economic mission, the Government agreed to accept Bank support in the form of a conventional loan and appraisal was carried out during August 1963. 1.02 The Development Program appraised by the Bank comprised four main categories: staff development; improvement of curricula; expansion of research; and, a large construction/renovation and equipment/furniture procurement project. The staff development, including a faculty exchange program with Cornell University and overseas fellowships for UPCA faculty, was to be financed from a US$5.0 million Ford Foundation grant. In addition, faculty salaries, covered by the University, were to be increased by, 100% between 1964 and 1968. Part of the Ford grant and University allocations was to be used to revise graduate and undergraduate curricula and to develop appropriate textbooks and other teaching materials. Expansion of the research program, especially in the area of applied research related to production of foodstuffs, was to be financed mainly from outside grants. - 2 - A Bank loan was requested to complement Government financing of the final item, constructbn/renovation and procurement of furniture and equipment. 1.03 The UPCA, founded in 1909, and highly reputed throughout South- east Asia, was the largest supplier of higher level agricultural manpower in the Philippines and the seat of a number of agricultural research insti- tutes. The further development of the UPCA was justified by the appraisal mission mainly as one of a number of measures necessary to improve agricul- tural productivity in the Philippines. Other measures included effective reorganization of Government agricultural services, improved coordination of research activities and provision of necessary agricultural inputs. The immediate objective of the UPCA Development Program was to improve the quality of agricultuial education and research, to provide strengthened administrative and professional leadership for the Government's agricul- tural services and for public and private research institutions based in the Philippines. 1.04 The proposed new construction, renovation and equipment/furniture procurement formed an integral part of the UPCA development scheme. The campus had been severely damaged at the end of World War II. Reconstruction to minimum postwar standards had been financed from savings in the Univer- sity's operating budget, but existing facilities were inadequate to support the academic and research objectives of the Development Program and a planned expansion from 2,000 to 2,500 student enrolments. 1.05 The Bank's appraisal mission, however, found the estimated-Y 32.0 million cost of civil works and equipment significantly underestimated: preliminary designs and specifications for new buildings had not yet been prepared nor had equipment lists been drawn up. Adequate contingencies and consultant fees had not been included; the ratio of net usable academic to gross building space in prototype designs was set excessively high; and, an equipment allocation, figured on the basis of 20% of construction costs, was too low. The mission recommended preparation of more detailed plans and a revised cost estimate prior to undertaking negotiations. The Bank required agreement on three further pre-negotiations issues as well: first, in view of the inexperience of the UPCA staff with construction/equipment projects of the size envisaged, the Bank required establishment of a special technical unit to supervise project implementation; secondly, the Bank asked for evidence of a concerted effort towards effective reorganization of Government agricultural services; finally, in accordance with standard loan conditions, the Bank recommended UPCA exemption from normal Philippine legal requirements for selective bidding (favoring Philippine and US suppliers) and for payment of import duties by the University, considered an autonomous agency. -3- 1.06 In order to speed resolution of pre-negotiations issues the Bank sent a follow-up mission to the Philippines in January 1964. By February, preliminary building designs and equipment lists had been com- pleted and a revised cost estimate of # 41.8 million submitted to the Bank. Proceeding on the basis of this estimate and the Bank's agreement to finance a straight 50% of the project's cost (in the absence of an accurate breakdown of foreign and local costs), in May 1964 the President of the Philippines signed into law a bill appropriating P 21.0 million for local financing of civil works and equipment under the Development, Program. The law also provided for University exemption from import duties and lifted legal restrictions on international competitive bidding under the project. At the same time, the Government gave assurance that agri- cultural services would be streamlined to improve their efficiency and, in particular, to support implementation of a comprehensive land reform program enacted into law during 1963. 1.07 Only after the Government's P 21.0 million project contribution had been formalized were preliminary designs and specifications reviewed by the Bank's appraisal mission architect. He concluded that the revised P 41'8 million estimate was still too low, mainly because the unit costs used in calculations had been reduced without a parallel reduction in design standards. In view of the difficulty of raising the then confirmed Govern- ment contribution, the Bank recommended that a list of priorities be estab- lished in order to eliminate nonessential items. As a result, a few niew buildings were deleted; the amount of renovation was reduced; and, equipment lists were cut by 10%. In spite of these revisions, the final cost estimate rose to i 46.8 million including contingencies, or US$12.0 million equivalent in current prices. 1.08 Negotiations for a US$6.0 million loan were carried out in August 1964. At that time, Government assurance was given that the addi- tional Peso requirement, necessitated by the higher final cost estimate for civil works and equipment, would be made available as necessary and that sufficient funds would be provided to meet the increase in operating costs at the UPCA during the implementation of the Development Program. 1.09 During negotiations, staffing requirements for the Bank-required technical unit, responsible for project implementation, were agreed. The unit, to be headed by a Filipino project manager, was to comprise three sections -- architecture/engineering, procurement and accounting. Also, reporting to the project manager would be a supervisory architect consult- ant, responsible for coordinating the work of several independent architects to be retained for design of major buildings. 1.10 Only one new issue arose in the course of negotiations. The Philippine delegation expressed concern over likely project implementation delays as a result of the agreed financing arrangement: the UPCA was required to make full payments for all completed works on the basis of the Government's contribution, which amounted to only 50% of estimated expenditures. Bank reimbursement was to follow final payments. While appreciating the negotiators' concern, the Bank concluded that the most it could do would be to replenish funds as rapidly as possible upon receipt of authorized requests for reimbursement. 1.11 The loan agreement was signed on October 28, 1964 by which time the Technical and Administrative Unit (TAU) staff and consultant architects had been chosen and approved by the Bank. The proceeds of the US$6.0 mil- lion loan, made to the Government, were to be passed on to the University, and then to the UPCA, to finance one-half of the costs of construction of 13 major academic and administrative buildings, construction of student and faculty housing and other minor buildings, renovation of several exist- ing buildings, purchase of equipment and furniture, and installation of site facilities and utilities -- as shown in PCR Annex 3. 1.12 The agreement was standard in content with the exception of a covenant calling for the reorganization of Government agricultural services. A supplementary letter on educational objectives confirmed the Government's intent to support those items included in the Development Program other than civil works and equipment procurement -- the staff development item, including improved salaries and other amenities; curricula revision and textbook production; expansion of research activities and enrolments. 1.13 The loan agreement became effective on February 1, 1965, after the Bank received the legal opinion of the Government. II. Implementation of the Development Program 2.01 The UPCA Development Program was fully implemented but the period for construction/renovation and procurement was extended from the planned five and a half, to eight years, and the original closing date of the Bank's loan, June 30, 1970, was postponed three times to December 31, 1972. While the addition of new project items prolonged the final stages of project implementation, the major cause of delay was late provision of local funds. The staff development program, initiated during 1963, was success- fully implemented and phased out only at the end of 1972. Planned salary increases were effected, with some delay, by 1972-73; curricula have been continually reviewed and revised, though little progress has been made - 5 - with the production of textbooks and other teaching materials; and, the UPCA research capability has been expanded. 2.02 Delays with implementation of construction/renovation works and with procurement can be attributed mainly to a shortage of counterpart funds during the early and final phases of project implementation. Initially, the absence of funds postponed the beginning of the construction program by a half year; the Bank had approved UPCA's choices for TAU staff and archi- tects by October 1964, but appointments could not be finalized until mid-1965, when the first Peso allocation was released. Lesser works were begun on schedule during 1966 but final designs, detailed specifications and contract documents for major new buildings were completed and approved by the Bank only during 1967. While the first detailed furniture and equipment lists had been approved by January 1966, the actual procurement process was sim- ilarly delayed. 2.03 By 1969, the Government had almost caught up with planned alloca- tions, and construction and procurement were proceeding on schedule; -P 22.0 million of a revised P-23.0 million Government commitment had been released. However, implementation was again delayed when the Central Bank issued re- strictions on the importation of materials and equipment from the last few months of 1969 until February 1970, when the Peso was officially devalued. Throughout most of 1970, monetary restrictions and a slowdown in Central Bank procedures for processing requests for reimbursement under the Bank's loan further delayed the flow of project funds and their replenishment. Towards the end of 1970 the Government released the final Y 1.0 million of the revised allocation. But, of an extra roughly V 2.0 million, later committed by the Government to allow for completion of a slightly amended project, the first releases were made only towards the end of 1971, a year and a half after the original project closing date. 2.04 Bids submitted during 1967 for the first four construction works exceeded estimates by 11% to 30% as a result of continually rising construc- tion costs (on average increasing by 10% per year since 1964). Building designs were reviewed and economized where possible, at Bank suggestion, to keep construction costs in line with agreed financing, and tenders were reissued. Likewise, early tenders for equipment, particularly fixed lab- oratory items, and for furniture, brought higher than anticipated bid offers. At Bank request, revised lists were prepared by November 1967; the new lists eliminated a substantial amount of new furniture, to be replaced by existing stock, but also reduced the amount of instructional equipment below Bank recommended minimums. It was agreed that an additional US$500,000 equivalent be added to the total (pre-devaluation) equipment allocation of US$2.2 million equivalent, to be covered from the Ford grant and project contingencies. -6- 2.05 At the time of the 1970 devaluation, the Peso cost of remaining imported project items automatically increased by about 50%. Since the loan agreement provided for the Bank to reimburse 50% of total project costs rather than to cover the foreign exchange component, and the Bank refused a request at this time to increase its reimbursement percentage, the project had again to be revised downwards. Construction area was reduced and further equipment was eliminated. However, in order to make use of remaining loan proceeds -- the US$ equivalent of the cost of the project had been decreased by the Peso devaluation -- the Government, with the Bank's approval, agreed in late 1971 to increase its contribution to allow for project completion as well as for an additional phase of site development, additional renovations and restoration to the project of those equipment items deleted in 1970. 2.06 Most construction/renovation and procurement and installation of equipment and furniture included under the originally agreed project were completed by the end of 1971 (PCR Annex 3), one and a half years behind schedule.!/ The additional items were completed by the end of 1972. Overall, 14% of originally planned construction area and 10% of equipment items were deleted from the project (PCR 5.03). 2.07 In accordance with loan conditions, all civil works contracts for major buildings were awarded to eight prequalified local firms; the relatively small bid packages did not encourage international competition. Contractor performance was satisfactory in spite of late receipt of payment for com- pleted works: an allowed one-month payment period was often exceeded as a result of authorization procedures requiring approval at several levels -- ultimately by the University President at the central campus in Diliman -- for payments in excess of several thousand Pesos. Further, during the period from October 1969 until the February 1970 devaluation, the Central Bank's foreign exchange restrictions prohibited importation of construction materials, delaying some works in progress. When the restrictions were lifted, contractors had to absorb price increases resulting from the devaluation; contract documents did not contain escalation clauses. 2.08 The TAU's construction supervision staff, comprising engineers and the supervisory architect, adequately met the need for constant supervision of ongoing works. The quality of construction is generally good, though inadequate detailing of features resulted from the inexperience of some supervisors. The massive reinforced concrete buildings are appropriate for 1/ The only change in planned works under the agreed project was the elim- ination of renovation of the library in favor of its conversion for use by the Humanities Department. In 1968, it was decided that a new library building was necessary and the Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) provided the nec- essary financing - 7 - local soil and climatic conditions but plastered and painted exteriors are impractical and will require heavy maintenance (PCR 4.07). 2.09 The campus master plan, completed prior to loan negotiations, located the new buildings in proximity with existing departmental buildings, which were widely dispersed. According to the present UPLB Physical Plant staff, in charge of new construction, a more integrated layout would have considerably reduced the amount and costs of site development under the project and allowed for more efficient post-program growth of the University. 2.10 As regards equipment, and excepting an initial purchase of US$85,000 equivalent worth of urgently needed items, most procurement was carried out in accordance with standard Bank guidelines. Despite Bank recommendations for use of sizeable bid packages, much of the specialized departmental equipment proved unsuitable for bulking and bid packages were generally too small to attract direct foreign supplier interest. Imported goods, comprising 74% of all project furniture and equipment (PCR Annex 2), were procured mainly through local suppliers representing foreign firms. The number of bid offers received for each package tendered was generally low; in many cases, equipment items were available through only one supplier. But, under the international competitive bidding procedures followed by the Government, bid packages were tendered as many as three times. Apart from delaying the procurement process, the lengthy procedures sometimes resulted in increased bid offers. During the final stages of procurement, in 1972, the Bank waived its requirements for international competitive bidding in cases where only one supplier was represented in the Philippines.!/ 2.11 Further delay and increased costs for equipmcnt supply arose in zon- nection with the 1970 P!so devaluation. For several months preceding the devaluation Central Bank approval of requested letters of credit for imported equipment was halted, in some cases necessitating new negotiations with suppliers. The devaluation also greatly increased the Peso equivalent of outstanding pay- ments to be made under foreign equipment supply contracts (by Y 1.77 million) and caused the project budgetary difficulties in view of the manner in which the financing was set up, with Bank reimbursing 50% of total costs incurred, whether in local currency or foreign exchange. 2.12 The quality of project equipment is satisfactory and most damaged or lost.items were replaced by suppliers with minimum delay. Maintenance of all equipment (excepting sophisticated scientific items), as well as buildings and other facilities, is carried out by the Physical Plant Division. Physical Plant technicians receive in-service training, in Manila firms, in the specialized maintenance areas and the quality of maintenance provided is good. 1/ More recently, procurement guidelines employed by the Bank's East Asia and Pacific Region have allowed for off-the-shelf purchase and/or local competitive bidding for small equipment and furniture contracts, to improve the efficiency of procurement. - 8 - Maintenance allocations have been around Y 1.20 million a year since 1972-73. This amount has been adequate for repair of most equipment and the purchase of spare parts, but inadequate for building maintenance. A special alloca- tion of F 2.5 million has been committed for repainting and minor renovations in the 1975 UPLB budget. III. Costs and Financing of Civil Works and Equipment 3.01 As a result of the measures undertaken to economize on construction design standards (the 14% space reduction) and equipment (the 10% reduction), the cost of the reduced original project, F 48.57 million (excluding additional items), exceeded the TAU's post appraisal estimate of F 46.1 million, including contin- gencies, by only 5%. The total project cost. including the additional items -- F 51.72 million -- exceeded the estimate by 12%. The actual costs are of course significantly affected by inflation. Adjustment of the year by year expenditures by a construction price index (for the construction component) and the overall import price index (for the equipment component) suggests that the total costs of the project actually built. (Y 41.66 million in 1966 Pesos) were, in real terms, almost identical with the appraisal's cost estimate for the original project, omitting price contingencies (Y 42.23 million in 1966 Pesos). 3.02 A comparison of actual and estimated project costs, by category, is shown on PCR Annex Table 3. Significant overruns occurred in the construc- tion of academic and communal buildings, 23%, and for the equipment and furni- ture procured, 20%, due mainly to rising prices. A 90% overrun for site facilities, however, resulted largely from inclusion of the additional stage. Proportionally, equipment/furniture expenditure, at only 36% of the cost of all new construction, was lower than a Bank suggested 40% to 45%, while the cost of installation of site facilities, representing 26% of con- struction costs, was much higher than anticipated. 3.03 Increased costs resulting from slow provision of Government counter- part funds and the Peso devaluation have been discussed in the section onk project implementation. Beginning in mid-1970, when it became obvious that the project could not be completed without further substantial delay, the Bank did finally agree to deviate from its 50% reimbursement policy. In line with estimated foreign exchange costs, a final stage of site develop- ment, carried out in 1971, was reimbursed at a rate of 70%; additional equipment, procured during 1972, was reimbursed at 100% for imported and 90% for locally procured items. However, only a small portion of loan proceeds, 5%, were disbursed on the revised basis. The Bank's overall contribution to the project, representing 51% of costs, was F 26.5 million equivalent; the total Government contribution was F 25.2 million. US$ 5.86 million of loan proceeds was disbursed and a final US$ 140,000 was cancelled. - 9 - 3.04 The pattern of loan disbursements reflects the rate of progress of project implementation: major disbursements were made between June 1968 and June 1971 (PCR 5.06). Although it was the Bank's policy to reimburse immediately after receipt of authorized reimbursement requests, prolonged Central Bank procedures caused an average delay of 4.6 months between the time a reimbursement application was filed and the time that proceeds were made available to project authorities. The Bank recommended a streamlining of procedures but little improvement was made. 3.05 Appraisal estimates for recurrent costs at the UPCA during the Development Program, and after, were given in the appraisal report: these costs were expected to rise from Y 3.3 million in FY1964 to Y 7.9 million in FY1968, thereafter levelling off at around Y 8.0 million per annum. Actual University operating allocations during the main implementation period were somewhat lower than the estimates, reaching Y 7.31 million only by FY1971, but Y 9.47 in FY1972, and were inadequate to meet all needs. 3.06 Allocations from the University budget have grown less rapidly than grant assistance or research, which has appreciably increased avail- able operating funds. 1 Of the regular University budgetary allocation to the UPCA, Y 4.45 million in FY1974 (excluding administrative expenditures covered in the overall UPLB budget), wages and salaries comprised 89%; 11% was allocated for other services, an amount inadequate for covering fully maintenance needs and the provision of consumable materials. IV. Operating Outcomes of the Development Program 4.01 The immediate objectives of the UPCA Development Program have by and large been achieved. The staff development program contributed sig- nificantly to the expansion and upgrading of academic staff though the rate of staff loss has increased since the termination of the UPCA-Cornell program due to inadequate incentives. Recent revisions of degree programs 1/ Apart from grant assistance, University operating costs are met mainly by a direct transfer from the Government to the University. Tuition and fees are reasonable (up to about P400/year) and are not a major source of University income. - 10 - and expansion of graduate level courses have improved the quality and broadened the content of education offered at the UPLB (now comprising three colleges, the Graduate School and several institutes) and improved research techniques have been employed by the UPCA. In addition, recent data indicate that UPCA graduates are largely employed and working mainly in agricultural fields. Utilization of Facilities 4.02 Utilization of academic, administrative and research space varies from building to building and should be evened out. For the depart- mental buildings, classroom space generally appears to be greater than necessary while lecture and laboratory space is inadequate; currently, plans are being made for conversion of some existing buildings to labora- tories. Standards of academic accommodation, partially standardized by the four executive architects, are more suitable in some of the buildings than others. A small part of the variation can be attributed to reduced space standards necessitated by rising construction costs, though the reductions were generally not detrimental to planned utilization. A more important problem was that lecture, classroom and laboratory space, as well as pro- visions for ventilation and natural lighting, reflected incomplete under- standing, on the part of the responsible architects, of academic schedules and class sizes: notably lacking from the TAU was an appropriate specialist to coordinate architectural design with educational needs (PCR 7.01). 4.03 The supply and quality of most equipment appears appropriate. However, limited student use of much instructional equipment, due to in- adequate budgetary allocations for materials, makes it difficult to assess the effect of reduction of equipment under the project. Under the present system, equipment items are assigned permanently to a single department. In view of underutilization of more expensive and sophisticated laboratory items it may be more economical, in terms of future procurement needs, to acquire fewer of these items and to keep them in a central depository for more widespread use; this plan is currently being considered. 4.04 In line with a Bank recommendation, utilization of student hostels, which were half empty during 1972-73 (PCR 3.01, 6.03), improved to 100% by 1974. Current demand for accommodation exceeds available space, in part because the reasonable rates, P 20/month, have became more attractive to students by comparison with rising rents for off-campus housing. By contrast, faculty housing has been fully utilized and, to date, has been in slightly short supply. 4.05 Related to utilization of facilities has been the inadequate provision of experimental farming land (PCR 3.01). By 1972, the on-campus farming area had been reduced to 80 ha (PCR 4.04) and was insufficient for - 11 - purposes of teaching and research. Towards the end of the Development Program the Bank began to recommend provision of a larger farming area and in 1973 additional adjacent lands were purchased. The total local farming area now comprises about 350 ha. Staff Development 4.06 The Ford grant was used mainly to finance a staff development program under which Cornell University professors assisted UPCA staff with expansion of the graduate program and with development of improved research, teaching and extension methods. Under the program, 27 UPCA faculty earned Ph.D. degrees and 40 UPCA students earned masters degrees (mainly through Cornell or UPCA). In 1966, the need for strengthening administrative ser- vices became evident and a fellowship program for non-academic personnel was launched under the grant. In all, 24 non-academic staff were upgraded and administrative efficiency has been improved. The grant also financed some equipment, library development and research projects. 4.07 During the decade of the UPCA-Cornell program, the number of UPCA teaching faculty grew rapidly, quadrupling fron 64 in 1963/64 to 264 in 1972/73. Appraisal targets for the breakdown of all teaching and re- search staff by level of qualification was not, however, reached by 1968 as planned. The desired 30% of staff holding masters degrees was achieved four years later, during 1972/73. In the same year, only 29% (145) of the relevant 499-member UPLB staff held Ph.D. degrees, instead of the 40% (200) envisaged at the time of appraisal (PCR Annex 9). The 1972/73 breakdown of the 192-member graduate faculty was, however, satisfactory, with 70% holding Ph.D. degrees and 30% masters. 4.08 Despite the increasing numbers and overall quality improvement of UPCA staff between 1963 and 1973, a significant growth of teaching faculty turnover has been experienced since the phasing out of the UPCA- Cornell program (PCR 6.08). In 1973/74, eight UPCA assistant professors (including seven Ph.D. holders) and 40 instructors resigned. In addition, a total of 32 faculty members with Ph.Ds were serving other institutions while on special leave from UPCA. 4.09 The loss of well-qualified higher level academic staff is a serious problem for the UPCA, mainly attributable to inadequate salaries, slim promotion possibilities, and the absence of other incentives. Salaries, increased by about 100% since 1963, are high by national standards but they are not comparable to private sector .salaries, even taking into consideration housing and other services provided for nominal fees. (The current salary schedule ranges from US$1,330 equivalent per year for a first level instructor - 12 - to US$4,800 equivalent for the highest level professors.) As a result, the private sector continues to attract qualified UPLB staff. However, some faculty members are able to augment their earnings by accepting part- time research or outside positions. Promotions are very limited, mainly as a result of financial constraints and most other likely incentives, such as the opportunity of post-doctoral study or travel, have been severely reduced since the end of the UPCA-Cornell program. In order to attract and retain the high quality staff members necessary for the further develop- ment of the UPLB, staff development incentive programs should be continued (PCR 3.01). Degree Programs and Research 4.10 During 1972/73 the UPCA offered undergraduate degree programs in 12 curricula streams as compared to four during 1963/64 (PCR 6.10). Since the conversion of the Department of Humanities and Sciences to college status in 1973/74, several departments have been reorganized and consoli- dated, and only nine degree programs were offered in 1974/75.1/ Masters degrees are currently offered in 19 fields of specialization (up from three in 1963/64), the most recent addition being agrarian studies, and Ph.Ds are offered in 15 fields. 4.11 The quality and content of the expanding program of graduate studies have been appropriate for the needs of higher level research, teaching and Government and private service. However, the content of undergraduate programs, particularly the Bachelor of Agriculture (BSA) which accounted for about 75% (1,107 students) of all UPCA undergraduates in 1972/73, has suffered fran an over-emphasis on general (non-agricultural) course requirements and on research rather than practice. A five-year 180-unit BSA program (replacing an earlier 146-unit four-year program), introduced in 1967, reduced the proportion of basic science requirements from 65% to 58% of required units, increased humanities from 16% to 25% and reduced the specialized agricultural courses from an already low 19% to 15%.2/ This trend has been reversed during 1974/75: under a new 149-unit four-year program, general education requirements (comprising both the basic sciences and humanities) have been reduced from the previous 82% level to 52% of required course work and core and specialized agricultural courses have been increased from 15% to 48%. The new curricula reflect a satisfac- tory balance as between general and agricultural course requirements. However, the desired change in orientation, away from theory and research, 1/ These include: agriculture, agricultural business, agricultural chemistry, agricultural engineering, agricultural extensior development communications (emphasizing non-technical aspects of rural development), food technology, home technology and sugar technology. 2/ The additional 2% of the 1967 curricula was reserved for an elective course. - 13 - is not likely to be great under the new program. From 1967/68 to 1972/73 few students chose the one practical option, farm practice, offered as an alternative to thesis or special study as the final requirement for the BSA (PCR 6.10). While the present curriculum requires a minimum of field practice, the thesis versus farm practice option has been retained, in part as a means to select graduate candidates. Without more rigid require- ments, it is unlikely that student interest in obtaining practical experience will increase. 4.12 It has not been possible to measure quality improvements in the new educational programs directly. Measurements of student achievement, based on key indicators designed to reflect the success or failure of spec- ific educational objectives, would have permitted such analysis. (Measurement of achievement of qualitative improvements in research techniques would similarly be possible.) The Bank is currently looking into the possibility of establishing appropriate evaluation techniques for education projects, to be built-in at the appraisal stage to allow for subsequent monitoring of qualitative as well as quantitative project objectives. 4.13 In 1968, Cornell assisted in initiating a program for the develop- ment of textbooks and other teaching materials, adapted to the needs of the country and the region for use at the UPCA and other institutions. However, a lack of funds halted progress shortly thereafter. A shortage of text- books relevant to Philippine conditions continues to be a problem. 4.14 Despite the need for continual improvement of programs and courses, systematically reviewed each year, and the shortage of teaching materials, the UPCA has continued to offer the highest quality agricultural education in the Philippines. Outside of the UPCA, however, there has been uncontrolled proliferation of low quality agricultural colleges since 1963 (PCR 8.01). In an attempt to rationalize the supply of agricultural manpower, it is planned to introduce a system of accreditation for agricultural colleges and to -consolidate facilities. The UPLB has served as the model for planned upgrading of strategically located agricultural colleges in other parts of the country. Three regional universities have already been designated; eventually, there will be one agricultural college or university for each of the other eight Philippine regions. 4.15 As anticipated, grant support for UPLB research, including exten- sion, has grown considerably since the mid-1960s and, along with regular university allocations, represents about 50% of total UPLB expenditures each year. Since 1963 UPLB research has been concentrated on a group of priority projects, generally related to national food production, involving crop and animal experimentation and practical application through extension activities; recently, some emphasis has been given to environmental problems. -14 - Research techniques have been modernized and the quality of output is high. Projects are interdisciplinary and often carried out on an inter-agency basis. Coordination of national research activities, which still suffer from some overlapping and duplication of effort, is expected to improve as a result of the creation of the Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (PCAR), in 1972, charged with the monitoring of all agricultural research in the Philippines. In 1974, 15 major pmrjects, comprising about 500 sub- projects, were being carried out at the UPLB. In addition, the UPLB research staff has been responsible for most of the agricultural literature published in the Philippines, producing an average 90 articles per year. 4.16 Extension services provided by the UPLB comprise training of youth and adults, provision of specialists to Government and private agencies, dissemination of information, and assistance with the organization of farmers associations as the focal point for integrated rural development under new agrarian reform plans (PCR 6.14). The applicability of UPLB research findings and new extension techniques is not limited to the Philippines; they have been successfully incorporated by other Asian countries. Utilization of UPLB research findings and extension techniques in the Philippines has, how- ever, been limited, mainly as a result of a shortage of Government funds and, with regard to extension, a shortage of appropriately trained manpower. Further, widespread application depends to a large extent on the efficient interaction of the relevant Government agencies. The planned reorganization of agricultural services, included under loan conditions, never materialized, though a new Department of Agrarian Reform has been created. Internal Efficiency and Outputl/ 4.17 The appraisal target for undergraduate enrolments, 2,000 by 1968, was achieved on schedule and exceeded thereafter, reaching 2,568 in 1973/74 and 3,014 in 1974/75. By contrast, graduate enrolments reached the appraisal target of 500 by 1968, only by 1973/74, but had grown to 636 by the first semester of 1974/75. An overall student:faculty ratio of about 9:1 for 1972/73 was considered satisfactory but there is substantial scope for further expansion of graduate enrolments. 1/ Among important indicators of UPCA internal efficiency, only enrolments, student:faculty ratios and dropout rates are included here; meaningful recurrent costs per student are not available. It is worth mentioning, however, that the small proportion of the Government education budget allocated to higher education (12% in 1972) and the higher quality of education offered at the UPLB, and the National University generally (in contrast to the private colleges accounting for 93% of 1972 higher level enrolments), suggest that substantially higher levels of expenditure per student by the University are worthwhile. The overall national average, US$116/student/year for 1972, is extremely low by international standards for higher education. - 15 - 4.18 UPLB undergraduate admission is based on a new national uni- versity entrance examination initiated during 1972/73 and designed to stream students towards college, pre-college or vocational training. A decrease in the dropout rate, from 19% in 1972/73 to about 12% in 1973/74, may, in part, be attributable to the effectiveness of the new selective admission requirements (PCR 6.04).!V UPLB output increased fran 170 undergraduate and 24 graduate students in 1963/64 to 207 and 87, respec- tively, in 1973/74. Graduate output had exceeded the appraisal forecast of 60 by 1968 but 1973/74 undergraduate output was still 41% short of the 350 targeted, in part due to the extension of most curricula from four to five years during the period from 1967/68 through 1973/74. 4.19 Graduate employment is systematically traced by the Office of Student Affairs of the UPLB, thus far, for students having obtained bach- elors and masters degrees only. A 91% employment rate for 1969-1972 graduates indicates a high demand for UPLB graduates. Preliminary results for 1973 and 1974 graduates (based on responses from only 38% of those graduates) show: 49% in agricultural education or research; 25% in Govern- ment service; 11% in agro-industry; and 15% unemployed or working in non- agricultural fields. While incomplete, these results suggest that grad- uates are entering agriculture-related employment in satisfactory numbers. V. The Bank's Role 5.01 In accordance with Bank education policy of the 1960s, the Bank's direct involvement in the preparation and implementation of the UPCA Devel- opment Program was confined mainly to the construction and equipment project for which the loan was extended. The frequency of supervision missions, six over eight years, was adequate for that purpose. Each report dealt thoroughly with project costs and financing but only two discussed problems or progress with non-construction/equipment items. (Current practice is to include educators in supervision missions.) 5.02 In respect of project preparation and implementation, the Bank can be credited with having recognized the need for, and requiring:, the revision of cost estimates, to reflect a more realistic basis for carrying out the construction/equipment project. Further, the Bank's requirement for provision of a special technical unit, responsible for project imple- mentation, also proved to be helpful. Apart from administrative delays, outside of the control of the TAU, this adequately staffed unit carried out project implementation in an efficient manner. In addition, the Bank's recommendations for economizing on design standards, to combat rising 1/ The constant growth of student financial assistance is another-possible positive influence affecting dropouts. In 1973/74, 72% of all under- graduate, and 60% of graduate students, received some assistance, ranging from scholarships to loans (see also PCR 6.05). - 16 - construction costs, proved beneficial and did not detrimentally affect planned academic utilization. On the whole, the Bank's active role in preparation and implementation of the construction/equipment project improved the efficiency of project implementation. 5.03 The Bank might have allowed for greater divergence from agreed financing and procurement procedures when it became obvious that such procedures were causing inefficiencies in project implementation. As regards financing, it should be noted that the Government also had the power to speed the release of Peso allocations; since, during the early and final stages of implementation, it did not, the Bank might have im- proved the situation by issuing its 50% reimbursement directly to the contractor or supplier requesting payment (suggested in 1968 by the TAU), thus eliminating the need for 100% payment by the University. (Under a second education project in the Philippines, not involving the UPCA, this problem has been avoided by obtaining Government agreement to replenish a special fund each month, in amounts equal to total pagect costs minus direct IDA payments.) 5.04 Further, the Bank held rigidly to its agreement to finance 50% of the project (51% in the end) although in 1972 a small number of items were reimbursed at a higher percentage. It was not uncommon, even under the Bank's early education loans, to finance a larger portion of project costs and to cover some local as well as foreign exchange expenditures. The Bank's decision to finance 50%, in this case, was purely arbitrary since exact foreign exchange costs were not known. Had the Bank been more flexible with its reimbursement procedures, specifically right after the devaluation which had the automatic effect of substantially reducing the Bank's contribution :;n real terms, the few remaining and additional items might have been completed in less than the actual two years required. 5.05 As regards the procurement of equipment, delays associated with implementation of international competitive bidding procedures, for bid packages attracting only one supplier, caused further implementation inef- ficiency. The Bank waived this requirement only for a small amount of final equipment and might have done so earlier. 5.06 Finally, the appraisal architect had noted a lack of comprehensive understanding of academic needs in prototype building designs. The Bank could have contributed to an improved suitability of project buildings had it included among required TAU staff a specialist for coordinating archi- tectural designs with academic needs. As it was, the TAU was staffed mainly by engineers and the supervisory architect; matters of curricula and related schedules of accommodation were not within its direct interest or influence. - 17 - 5.07 Even within the limits of prevailing education policy, the Bank cold also have devoted considerable attention to qualitative objectives of the Development Program, particularly the requirements for adequate operating allocations (called for in the loan agreement) and for the estab- lishment of staff development opportunities (covered in a supplementary letter). The Bank should have emphasized the need for larger regular operating budgets, as it became evident that allocations were insufficient to provide for an adequate supply of consumable instructional materials, including textbook production, and for building maintenance. Regarding staff development, the Bank might have recognized and stressed the need for its continuation, post-Program. Further, the Bank might have promoted early progress with fulfillment of other loan conditions intended to support quali- tative Program objectives (particularly the reorganization of agricultural services and the production of textbooks) had it continually stressed thej- im- portance. In general, the construction/equipment project was a necessary and integral part of the UPCA Development Program, but it was insufficient in itself to support the desired long-term quality improvements in education and research at the UPCA. VI. Conclusions 6.01 Despite the delay with implementation of the construction/equip- ment item, the UPCA Development Program, including staff development and revisions and improvements of instructional and research programs, was fully implemented. Initial operating results confirm achievement of the major objective of the Program -- to provide a high quality of agricultural education and research and, to a lesser extent, to increase the supply of higher level agricultural manpower for Government service, teaching and public and private research institutions. In spite of the persisting need to revise and improve curricula, employers continue to indicate preference and a high demand for UPCA graduates and a satisfactorily high proportion are working in agriculture. The one significant shortcoming in program design seems to be that it did not adequately bridge the gap between program completion and the need for the continuing long-term developmentof the UPLB. Notably, a larger operating budget and improved incentives for re- tention of high quality staff are necessary to retain and further improve the present high quality of UPLB education and research. Had the Bank placed more emphasis on the fulfillment of loan conditions outside of those pertaining to the construction/equipment project, it might have had a more significant impact on improving the long-term effectiveness of the Program's operating outcomes. 6.02 Difficulties with implementation of the Bank-supported construc- tion/equipment component of the Development Program stemmed mainly from - 18 - slow provision of counterpart funds, a Peso devaluation, and lengthy internal authorization procedures. Had the Bank been less insistent on financing only 50% of total project costs, and perhaps agreed to direct payment of loan proceeds to contractors and suppliers, substantial delays and some cost overruns could have been eliminated. Earlier relaxation of Bank requirements for international competitive bidding would also have improved the efficiency of project implementation. ATTACHMENT PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE (Loan 393-PH) The Project Data 1.01 Amount of Loan US$ 6.000 million Amount Disbursed US$ 5.864 million Date of Loan Agreement October 28, 1964 Effective Date February 1, 1965 Closing Date (originally June 30, 1970) Fay 1973 Exchange Rates: before February 23, 1970 US$ 1.00 - ? 3.90 after February 23, 1970 US$ 1.00 - R 5.90 - 6.50 (fluctuating) April 1973 US$ 1.00 - 1 6.70 1.02 The loan was made to help finance the construction and equipment reqaired for the Five-Year DevelopmentProgram (1964-1969) of UPLB. The pro- ject comprised: (i) new academic and administrative buildings; (ii) renovation of some existing buildings; and (iii) communal and boarding facilities for students and faculty members. At the time of appraisal, the total cost of the project, including site development and utilities, architectural and engineering fees, administrative costs and contingencies, was estimated at US$ 12.0 million (Pesos 46,70 million). The Bank agreed to finance approxi- mately 50% of the project cost. Implementation was expected to require five years. 1.03 During the course of implementation, the Bank agreed to: (i) the inclusion of a final stage of site development of which the loan would finance 70 percent, other withdrawals being on a 50 percent basis; (ii) extension of the Closing Date from June 30, 1970 to September 30, 1971; and (iii) farther extensions of the Closing Date to December 31, 1972. Suimary 2.01 All physical facilities were completed by December 31, 1972, the new Closing Date,two-and -a-half years after the original Closing Date of June 30, 1970. Site development, all academic and communal buildings and renovations and the procurement of all equipment and furniture accord with the proposals of the appraisal mission and subsequent changes agreed -between the University and the Bank (para. 4.02). I/ Now known as University of the Philippines, Los Banos (UPLB). - 2 - 2.02 The lack of an integrated campus master plan and the wide dis- persion of buildings on the campus increased the cost of site development and utilities. As a result of the employment of four different firms of arehitects in the design of th3 various buildings and the absence of a design coordinator, the campue lacks a unified design concent (paras. 4.04 and 4.06). 2.03 Maintenance and upkeep of buildings and equipment are satisfactory. 2.04 The total final cost of the project was R 51.72 million as com- pared with the appraisal estimate of P 46.70 million; the total amount dis- bursed by the.Bank was US$ 5.86 Million of a loan of US$ 6.0 million (para. 5.01, 5.05). 2.05 Devaluation of the peso in February, 1970, and monetary restric- tions imposed by Government about the same time, which halted the provision of counterpart funds, were mainly responsible for the delay in project im- plementation. Building and equipment costs rose throughout implementation, requiring about 14% reduction in the originally planned size of construction and a 10% decrease in equipment to meet the funds available (para. 5.03). 2.06 A number of research and teaching laboratories and classrooms are under-equipped. The appraisal target for undergraduate enrollments has been achieved but postgraduate enrollments remain short of the appraisal target by 23 percent. Selective admission has been introduced to improve standards and reduce wastage. UPLB graduates are in demand by Government as well as by private employers (paras. 6.02, 6.04 and 6.06). 2.07 The strength and quality of faculty have greatly improved. Staff salaries have increased but not sufficiently to retain the best staff. For continued staff development, a replacement for the UPLB-Cornell technical assistance program (which ended in 1972) should be found (paras. 6.07, 6.08 and 6.11). 2.08 Courses and curricula have been updated and new courses have been introduced. Research has been reorganized to make it problem-oriented and to secure inter-disciplinary and inter-institutional collaboration. However, field training and field research continue to suffer from inadequate farm land at UPLB (paras. 6.09, 6.12 and 6.13). 2.09 Extension education and field extension by the University have become more effective. There is continuous feedback of field problems through extension (para. 6.14). 2.10 Although the shortage of counterpart funds, particularly from June, 1969 to June, 1971, was the main cause of delay in timely completion of the project, the Borrowers' overall performance in implementing the project was satisfactory (para. 7.01). Recommendation 3.01 The Bank should write to the Government, requesting information on the steps it intends to take to: (a) provide the college with at least 120 ha additional farming land at Los Banos; (b) utilize the presently idle hostel -3- space; and (c) continue staff development after the termination of foreign technical assistance. 'THE REPORT The Background 4.01 At the time of appraisal, Government agricultural services, with respect to their organization, quality of staff, research support and the effectiveness of extension, were considered unsatisfactory. Support in the form of well-trained graduates wps considered essential for improvement. UPLB was selected as the key institution which could provide the number and the quality of agricultural graduate manpower needed. Accordingly, the main objectives of its development program were to improve the quality of agricultural education and research and to achieve some expansion in the student enrollment and output. These objectives were to be achieved through doubling and upgrading the staff, improvement in their terms and conditions of employment, strengthening curricula, stronger support for agricultural research and the creation of adequate physical facilities in terms of academic and administrative buildings, communal and boarding facili- ties, equipment and furniture. Physical Execution of the Project Civil Works 4.02 All construction work was completed by December 31, 1972, two-and- a-half years after the original Closing Date of June 30, 1970. Project com- pletion thus took about eight years from the date of the Loan Agreement instead of the six years envisaged in that Agreement. Site development, all academic and cownunal buildings and renovations and the procurement of all equipment and furniture have been completed in accordance with the proposals of the ap- praisal mission and subsequent changes agreed between the University and the Bank. 4.03 In order to redude costs and remain within available funds, the size of some academic and communal facilities were reduced by about 14%, construction of staff houses was reduced to "low cost housing" standards and original equip- ment procurement was reduced by about 10%. In spite of these reductions, the final cost was about 12% higher than the appraisal estimate including contingen- cies. The absence of (i) detailed architectural worksheets and space standards; (ii) well-defined scope of site development and utilities; and (iii) accurate identification of foreign exchange requirements contributed to the changes in the original physical targets. 4.04 The campus master plan, developed as part of the Five-Year Develop- ment Plan, was prepared before the loan negotiations were finalized. While the local architects cuncerned with the UPLB development project seem to have been consulted, the University authorities'overriding consideration in the design of the master plan appears to have been the siting or the new buildings in proximity to existing departmental buildings. An integrated layout based largely on functional and cost criteria would have considerably shortened walk- ing distances for students and faculty and substantially reduced vehicular road building and the cost of site development and utilities. In addition, the plan did not take into account the need to ensure sufficient area for an experimental farm which would meet the instrucLional and research requirements of UPLB at full development; the farm Las at present a total of 80 ha.as against the minimum need of 200 ha. .05 Site Development. T4je wide dispersion of building on the campus ltrgely contributed to the extensive site development. Cost amounted to al- most 26% of construction costs. Vehicular road building, campus electri- fication, four deep wells, standby generators and landscaping of large areas almost doubled the cost of site development compared to the appraisal estimates. U.06 Building design was undertakon by four different firms of architects. These firms appear to have competed in designing attractive and occasionally ornate exteriors but some basic functional matters, such as classroom and laboratory sizes, natural lighting, ventilation, water drainage from open corridors and floors have received inadequate treatment. Generous circulation areas have contributed to increased costs. 4.07 Construction contracts were packaged into numerous bids that did not attract international bidders. Most of the major contracts were awarded to eight local firms. The presence of so many different contractors on site at the same time increased supervision problems. The quality of construction - reinforced concrete throughout - is satisfactory but the plastered and painted exteriors will require frequent maintenance. 4.08 Furniture and Equipment. Procurement methods were slow and cumber- some, principally because the Technical and Administrative Unit (TAU) of UPLB, responsible for overseeing implementation of the project, could only authorize payments for, and the Dean of Agriculture could only sign, contracts not exceeding Y 10,000 (or some US$ 1,500 equivalent). Final authority rested with the office of the University of Philippines' President, located in Manila. This involved delays in processing payments and caused complaints by con- tractors and suppliers. A breakdown of the cost of furniture and equipment by type of accommodation and source of supply is given in Annex 2. Cost and Financing of the,Project 5.01 Although the.originally planned construction areas were reduced by about 14% and equipment procurement by about 10%, the final cost was 12% higher than the appraisal estimate including the contingencies. The following table gives a comparison of the allocations and the final cost: Project Original Estimates1/ Final Cost Items (Peso millions) % of total (Peso millions) %.2f Total I. CMSTRUCTION: a) Academic and Comunal 21.445 46.5% 26.433 51.1% b Staff Housing 3.600 7.8% 3.077 6.0% o Renovation 0.400 1.0% 0.504 1.0% d Site Development 3.969 8.6% 8 14.6% Sub-total 29.414 63.9% 37.582 72.7% II. EQUIPMENT AND FURNITURE a) Equipment - - 7.171 - b) Furniture - - 3.397 - Sub-total 8.768 19.0% 10.568 20.4% III. PROFESSIONAL FEES 1.821 3.9% 1.658 3.2% IV. PROJEcT ADMiNISTRATIoN COSTS 0.680 1.5% 1.911 3.7% V. CONTINGENCIES 11.7%- Total 46.100 100.0% 51.719 100.0% A complete cost breakdown of the project is given at Annex 3 and an area/cost comparison of the originally planned new buildings is at Annex 4. 5.02 The financing by the Bank of 50 percent of the overall cost of the pro- ject up to a maximum of US$ 6.00 million or P 23.05 million was not consistent with actual foreign exchange requirements which were (i) not more than 30-35% for construction; (ii) up to 90-95% for equipment and (iii) a small indirect amount in professional services and administrative costs. It is difficult to assess accurately what percentage of the loan was actually used to meet foreign exchange requirements and what percentage was used to finance local expenditures. 5.03 During the first two years of project implementation only R 4.07 million counterpart funds were provided by the Government compared to 9 10.68 million stipulated in the Loan Agreement. The Government almost met its comit- ment, by June, 1969, to provide the total counterpart funds estimated during appraisal but, due to monetary restrictions and devaluation of the peso at about the same period, completion of the project required an additional P 2.60 million in counterpart funds. This was provided about two years later, causing delays in implementation. During the period of delay, building and equipment costs rose. (Overall, construction area was .reduced by about 14% and equipment by about 10% to meet the funds available.) While the peso requirement increased due-to the devaluation, 17 Prepared by Technical Assistance Unit (TAU) subsequent to appraisal. -6- the dollar requirement decreased and thus the total loan amunt of US$ 6.0o million was still sufficient t,, cover the agreed percentage financing by the 3rnk of the extra P 5.62 million which was needed to complete the arn,ided project. From June, 1969, to March, 1971, only one million pesos was re- lased by the Goverment whica.led to a corresponding decrease in the rate of disbursements. 5.04 Towards the final stages of the project implementation, a revised financing pattern was adopted. The Bank agreed to finance 70 percent of the expenditures on the final stage (Stage IV) of site development, 90 percent of the cost of locally procured and 100 percent cost of imported equipment in place of 50 percent in each case. Of the total disbursement of US$ 5.86 million, only US$ 0.30 million was covered by the revised pattern. Additional renovation of existing buildings was also agreed to (Annex 3). Disbursements 5.05 The first application for reimbursement was made in July, 1965, about 10 months after the effective dkte of the loan. A total amount of US$ 5.86 million was disbursed throughout a period of almost eight years (from the effectiveness date of February 1, 1965 to Fecember 31, 1972). A total of 93 applications were made to the Bank ranging from a minimum of US$ 8,713 to US$ 415,584. 5.06 The major portion of the loan was disbursed between June, 1968, and June, 1971, (P 17.0 million equivalent). Only P 6.76 million equivalent was disbursed from the effective date to June, 1968 and the remainder (P 2.7 million equivalent) was disbursed from June, 1971, up to the Closing Date (December 31, 1972).. The bulk of disbursements occurred in the fifth, sixth and seventh year of project implementation. Operating Results and Forecasts 6.01 Use of Buildings and Equipment. The facilities available, in terms of lecture theatres, classvooms, seminar rooms and laboratories, are adequate on an overall basis and there is considerable scope for increased utilization. Certain classrooms and laboratories are too large for the average size of the classes actually using them. In addition, some facilities do not allow for an effective use of teaching aids, e.g., lecture theatres lack projection screens. Building maintenance is satisfactorily carried out by the TAU. 6.02 A number of laboratories are under-equipped because in some of them equipment has yet to be installed permanently. It was difficult to assess the extent of equipment use because log-books are not kept. Equipment maintenance is satisfaetry; technicians in the instrumentation cell have been trained in maintenance and repairs at the National Institute of Science and Technology. 6.03 Only about 50% of the student hostel accommodation is fully utilized due to: (i) the lack of requirements for student residence; (ii) the fees charged by UPLB for boarding; and (iii) the student preference for off-campus dormitories not subject to the regimentation of hostel life. Off-campus living is also in- directly encouraged by the inadequacy of the experimental farm which would involve practical field instruction and require student attendance early in the day. Some of the available hostel accommodation is now being used for junior staff members. This situation, however, needs to be rectified and the Bank should urge the - 7 - Government to take steps to in.-ve hou;tel occupancy as part of a program to redirect instrucion toiard a m prcctical content. 5.04 Enrollment. Drta o., Student enrollment, admissions, output and dropouts are given in Annexes 5 and 6. The appraisal target. of 2,000 for ardergraduate enrollment has ren achieved but graduate enrollments fell short ok the appraisal target of 500 by about 23%. The present intake into undergraduate and graduate classes is 539 and 134 p.a. respertively. Output was 213 and 76 (only two at Ph.D level) in 1971-72 compared to 170 and 24 respective] in 1963-64. Graduate admiission3 and output are still rising. About 80% of the students come from nearby towns and villages and the proportion of students from Southern Luzon has been increasing. The number of foreign students has increased slightly. The dropout rate (19% in 1973 compared with 11% in 1963) has been increasing. To avoid this wastage, UPLB introduced selective admission in 1972-73. 6.05 Student support in terms of scholarships, grants-in-aid, loans and student assistantships "ha increased considerably since 1964. The number of scholarships has risen from 67 to 125 for undergraduates and from 9 to 1)44 for graduate students. Loans have more than doubled. In addition, 521 students received grants-in-aid in 1972-73 and 10% benefitted from part-time employment. The decline in foreign scholarships has been more than compepated by scholar- ships now offered by Government, private agencies and SEARCA-.I (Annex 7). 6.06 The Graduate Placement Service created in 1971 is rendering useful service by counselling students for employment, maintaining data on the job market and close contact with prospective employers. According to a recent survey (1969-72), 91% of UPLB graduates were found to be employed. Of the employed, 31% were working in education and/or research institutions, 47% in Government service and 21% in private companies. Less than 1% has taken up farming. A summary of the responses from 118 BS27 students (final year) to a questionnaire prepared by the mission is given in Annex 8. 3/ 6.07 Staff The total UPLB scientific and academic staff- has increased from 439 to as high as 545 since 1964, and the UPCA faculty has risen from 64 to 264 in 1972-73; of these 192 are graduate faculty. Due to the rapid rate of growth and the cautious promotion policy, the proportion of senior positions is low for the size of the institution. Only 29% of the staff have Ph.D. degrees compared to 40% projected at the time of appraisal. However, in the case of the graduate faculty, the targets fixed for Ph.D. and MS degree holders have been fully achieved (Annex 9). 6.08 Movement of staff salaries is given in Annex 10. Despite an almost 100% increase in staff salaries from 1963-64 to 1972-73, they are insufficient to retain better qualified senior staff. On an average, 40 staff members, mostly senior staff, have been leaving UPLB per year. Some staff do consultancy work or have a second job to supplement their income. 6.09 Resident Instruction. Degree programs as well ab course content have been under continual review and have been kept updated with a view to relating them to national and regional needs. Several new courses have been added. A system of departmental evaluation has been introduced to maintain the relevance and quality of instruction. A program of publishing syllabi manuals and textbooks has been initiated. These developments have greatly contributed towards the im- provement of course content in many areas but curricula do not yet place sufficient 1/ SEARCA: South East Asia Regional Center for Agriculture. 2/ Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. 2/ Including such categories of personnel as research assistants, agronomists, laboratory technicians and the like. - 8 - emphasis on practical work becaus- Lf the inadequacy of the farm and some of changes in degree programs sumiarized below. 6.10 At the undergraduate level, instruction programs are offer!d by 15 partments (12 in 1963). BS degrees are given in 12 curricula streams compare. with four in 1963 but BSA alorj,btill accounts for about 751 6V enrollment. A revised five-year curriculum wa introduced in 1967 for all +Ograms except BS in Home Technology. Three electives - "Thesis", "special courses" and "farm practice" - were introduced. The total course requirement was increased from 146 to 180 units but with no change in the technical course requirement (27 units); as a result the basic sciences content was reduced from 65% to 58%, but the humanities content was increased from 16% to 25%. No students have taken "farm practice" as an elective in the final year, 1972-73. Some 10% of students have taken "special courses" and 90% thesis". In brief, the outcome of the 1967 cur- ricula revision has been unsatisfactory. UPLB is now considering a reduction in the present over-emphasis on humanities and revision to a four-year program; this should be encouraged by the Bank. Specifically, the Bank should ask the Government to be kept informed of curriculum development at UPLB and of the steps planned to make instruction more practically oriented. 6.11 Master's degree programs are now available in 16 subjects compared with three at the time of appraisal. Doctorate programs are offered in eight of the subjects. About 155 graduate courses are offered by the Graduate School. Most of the technical assistance for the Graduate School was provided by the UP- Cornell Graduate Education progral/ which ended in June 1972, and unless alternate sources are found, it may be difficult to maintain the momentum of development. The Bank should write to the Government inquiring on future plans for staff develop- ment. 6.12 Research. While research funds in the University of the Philippines' budget have increased only from P 776,$8 to P 1,782,392, the combined support from Goverment agencies, international organizations and chemical companies has grown to P6.Omillion per year. This has substantially replaced the research support previously given by the Ford Foundation. In order to streamline research,15 major projects requiring inter-disciplinary and inter-departmental collaboration have been developed in priority areas. The concept has been extended to develop inter-institutional projects for evaluating regional performance of crop varieties and techniques developed at UPLB. On average, 90 research papers are published by UPLB scientists every year. UPLB publications account for 85% of the technical material published in agriculture in Philippines. Annex 12 illustrates the kind of research problems taken up by students in 1972 compared to 1963. 6.13 Experimental Stations. Farmarea required for instructional and research purposes at Los Banos continues to be a limiting factor for improving the practical training content of the instruction (para. 6.09). With increasing emphasis on research, the problem is becoming more acute. To relieve pressure on campus land, attempts have been made to develop cooperative research programs with other institu- tions and to locate experiments off campus. Land (288 ha) at La Granja, located in another region, has been developed and some regional trials have been transferred there. It is intended to develop, possibly with assistance from the Asian Develop- ment Bank, land in Laguna (3,500 ha) for pasture and possibly horticultural re- search. Efforts are also unde-way to acquire 25 ha of cultivable land near Los Banos. The Bank should request the Government to provide the college with an ad- ditional 120 ha. of farming land, at the Los Banos campus, for instructional and research purposes. 1/ Ford Foundation provided the financial assistance under this program to enable Cornell University to help .1velop UPLB Graduate School staff development consultant services, financial support for research, library and equipment were the main components of technical assistance received under this program. 6.t4 Extension. Extension wo.r iy UPLB has increased, the operational budget of the extension departmest haing risen by two-and-a-half times since 1963. It emphasizes farmer traLning prograas for youth and adults, agricultura communications, action research, and far.ers' associations. A pilot project - the Barrio (Village) Developr-tk. High School - has been set to provide oc- cupational training in farming for youth. The recently startJ Social Laboratory aims at transforming the present traditional farming into modeinized commercial agriculture by organizing farmers' associations. To judge from the spread of new machinery, poultry and piggery as subsidiary occupations, increased use of credit, increase in farm production levels and prosperity of the farmers in areas where such programs have been carried out, the extension programs have been ef- fective. There has been a continuous feedback of field problems to the UPLB laboratories. Organization, Management and Performance of the Borrower 7.01 In spite of the cumbersome procurement procedures and delays (para -.08), project implementation has been satisfactory. A technical and Administrative Unit (TAU) was established by UPLB to implement the project with the superintendent of the P)Wsical Plant Division (PPD) of TAU as project manager. This dual ap- pointment had advantages in that PPD is also responsible for maintaining the physical facilities constructed and procured under the project. This is being done satis- factorily. The TAU has about 200 employees and a total budget of P 1.20 million a year, about 50% of which is available for supplies and spare parts. It also operates a training program in equipment maintenanci for UPLB technicians. However, TAU lacked a program specialist whose assistance would have been useful in coordinating physical facilities with the educational deVelopnent program. Overall Policies in the Sector 8.01 Since appraisal, the number of agricultural colleges in the Philippines has increased from 18 to 54 and the supply of agricultural graduates greatly exceeds effective demand. .Uncontrolled expansion and inadequate resources have led to deterioration in standards of agricultural education. UPLB remains the best in- stitution in the country, 'coptinues to attract the best talent, and accounts for 25% of the total yearly enrollment. UPLB graduates are still in strong demand (para. 6.06). 8.02 The Government has reorganized some of the services and institutions concerned with agricultural research and education. Specifically: (i) The Philippine Council of Agricultural Research (PCAR) was created in 1972 to promote and coordinate country-wide agricultural research. The University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) has been recognized as the National Agriculture Research Centre (MARC) and in order to insure full integration with the resources and programs of the NARC, PCAR headquarters will be located at Los Banos. (ii) The University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) was created in 1972 as part of the University of the Philippines System. The UPLB complex will consist of the UP College of Agriculture, UP College of Forestry, Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Institute (ACCI), Dairy Training and Research Institute (DTRI), Graduate School, the College of Arts and Sciences (newly created), the Agrarian Reform Institute (to ba transferred from Diliman) and such other units as may subsequently be created. The UPLB will be autonomous and will be headed by a chancellor. The creation of two more colleges - Home Science and Agricultural Egineering - as well as the transfer of the Veterinary College from Diliman to Los Banos is under consideration. Two new affiliate units - the Rodent Research - 10 - Centre (RRC) and the South East Asian Regional Centre for Agriculture (SEARCi) have been established at Los Banos. 8.03 To be fully effective, these measures need to be complemented by the cjxablishment of a central accrad2.tation and coordination age gy (perhaps PCAR) to control further expansion in the number of agricultural c 4eges, prevent deterioration in the quality of agricultural education and pr!mote the employ- ment of agricultural graduates. Conclusion 9.01 In the opinion of the mission, the loan has been utilized effectively to develop physical facilities for the development of high quality education, re- search and extension. UPLB has emerged as a leading institution in the region, attracting further assistance and collaboration from government foreign agencies. 9.02 The lessons to be learned from implementation include: (i) comprehensive academic planning should be the basis for physical and financial planning. CaMuxs planning should form an integral part of physical planning. Use factors should take class sizes into account. Use factors for costly equipment should also be assessed. Adequate basic data should be included in appraisal reports or working papers for later reference; (ii) government and institutional comitments in terms of the national educational policy, institutional growth, financial support and pro- vision of technical assistance should be clearly spelt out to en- sure the validity of appraisal assumptions; (iii) complementarity of existing institutions and those created during project operation after appraisal must be ensured to avoid functional overlapping; and (iv) in order to sustain quality of education and research on a long- range basis, staff development plans should include both.staff- training and'staff-retention schemes. East Asia and Pacific Regional Office May 1973 IMILIFFIGE AUCATION FIOJECT LOAN PD. 393-r CDST MEADMM 07 TAMITW AND 1QUIPMER BY TYTPE OP ACIDATION F U i U RZ MC 1 9 93T Clasearom, Lab, aResidential, Administration Total for Scientifte & Maintenance 6 Residential Union, Taftr- Total for and Prep. Room Union Building, and Others Furnitute Research Equipt. :Physica Plant and Staff :sary. Admils- Equipment GRAND TCTAS Infirnry : and Technical Houses tratien & Others Agrt-ttonomtces 61.816.80 P 61,816.80 9 61,aE Physical Plant Building 9 169,56.4.50 P 169,564.50 P 694,259.43 P 105.48 .95 799.75.38 969.3VY.01 Administration Building 143,868.63 145,868.65 220.80.98 220,802.98 366671.63 Animal Husbandry v 25,954.75 25,954.75 74.300.25 74,300.25 100,255.00 DAIC-PIDO 28,467.00 18,978.00 47,445.00 88,564.00 22,141.00 110,705.00 I!4,150.GO Physical Science Buildlag 232,874.65 56,387.88 309,262.53 1,410,851.90 126,606.65 1.597.458.55 1.906.721,08 Staff Housing 1 46,646.50 46,666.50 1 69,945.14 69.945.14 116,591.64 Biological Sciesx 888,439.40 . 193,265.78 1.03,705.I8 1.362.77.49 262,S&S.28 1,625.552.77 2.709,257.95 Agro-Sous Building 508,558.45 84,183.00 592,743.45 94.118.91 101,118.85 1.04,237.76 1.636.981.21 .aedent Union Building 101,904.73 W1,906.73 576,.t9.97 574,119.07 676,04.& 12 Food Science & Technology bolidig 217,065.03 217,045.03 154,214.97 154,21417 371.760.'0 Men's and Wen's Dom 90,607.10 90,607.10 14.507.10 14,507.10 105,116., L.P. Rural High School 69.750,00 69,750.00 69,750.00 Auditorium 116,502.00 116.002.00 88.168.00 88,168.00 206,670.00 ASTcultural Enginaaering Bilding 184,060.00 184,060.00 276,090.02 t76,090,02 460,150.02 Home Technology 43,849,75 43,"89.73 139,228.45 139,228.45 182,718.20 Infirmary gl,95.70 81,895.70 277,567.75 359,463.45 Hununitie 70,723.28 70,723.28 70,723.28 Agro-Sotle Greeanbouso 24,825.00 24,025.00 24.825.00 M1o-Science Greenhouse 17,518.56 17,516.56 17.518.56 P2,289,362.31 9 321,054.05 9 786,751.81 P 3,397,168.17 94,613,236.35 9 694.250.4 P 86,6452.24 91,778,895.43 97.170,636.65 p10.568.002.82 10oCESOFORIGIN F U WITURE sqUIPE NI TOTa ALS 1. Philippines or local Pesos p 816,720.86 p 1.995.576.45 9 2,812,299.31 2. Other Countries: a) United States 2.481.434.56 4,301,99.50 6,062.114.06 b) Japan 78,948.75 356,970.25 435,919.00 c) Germany 95,850.40 95,830.40 d) England 20,04.00 65,147.75 85,191.75 e) Puerto Rico 102,67Z.00 102.672.00 f) Belgium 2,280.00 19.780.00 g) Switzerland 45,952.65 45,952.65 h) Austria 35,197.40 35,197.40 t) Denmark 8,120.00 8,120.00 J) Netherland 1A,655.65 28,655.65 k) Spain 4550.60 4565t.60 P 3,397,146-17 P 7 3170 .6 P 10.68.002.-2  P H I L I P P I N E S EDUCATION PROJECT - LOAN 393 PH ORIGINAL ESTIMATE & ACTUAL COST (in million pess PROJECT ITEMS ORIGINAL ESTIMATE ACTUAL FINAL COST 1. CONSTRUCTION OF NEW BUILDING a. Staff Housing 3.60 11 units 0.30 21 units 0M66 6 units 0.23 10 units 0.40 15 units 0.23 3 units 4-door Apartment 0.33 14 units Low Cost Housing 0.35 Fencing 0.01 Landscaping & Site Dev. Works 0.03 Guard House 0.01 Dean's Residence & Guest House 0.33 Social Hall 0.22 Subtotal 3.60 3.10 b. Bio-Science Building 3.73 4.32 c. Bio-Science Greenhouse 0.25 0.34 d. Physical Science Building 2.70 3.40 e. DAIG-FHDO 0.71 1.27 f. Administration Building 1.23 1.82 g. Student Union Building 2.30 2.74 h. Men's Dormitory 1.68 1.63 i. Women's Dormitory 1.38 1.67 J. Agro-Soils Building 2.33 2.80 k. Agro-Soils Greenhouse 0.28 0.27 1. Physical Plant Building 0.65 0.71 m. Auditorium Building 1.44 2.10 n. Agricultural Engineering Building 0.80 0.99 o. Food. Science & Technology Building 0.97 1.27 p. Infirmary Building 0.91 1.02 q. Property Warehouse 0.08 0.08 R2hM.Ma 21.44 26.43 2. RENOVATION OF EXISTING BUILDING a. Women's Dormitory for the Rural High School 0.10 0.11 b. Library for Humanities 0.10 0.11 c. Textbook Board 0.05 0.05 d. Warehouse for Property Office 0.07 0.06 e. Agro-Soils for Agricultural Education 0.08 007 -.... vu e aurat hlgn bchooi tor Agricuiturai Lconomccs 0.10 Subtotal 0.40 0.50 3. EQUIPMENT & FURNITURE a. Physical Plant Building 0.50 0.56 b. Administration Building 0.10 0.27 c. Animal Husbandry 0.10 0.10 d. DAIG-FHDO 0.15 0.16 e. Physical Science Building 0.60 1.91 f. Staff #ousing 0.20 0.12 g. Bio-Science Building 1.90 2.71 h. Agro-Soils Building 1.14 1.64 i. Student Union Building 0.72 0.68 J. Food Science & Technology Building 0.39 0.37 k. Men's & Women's Dorm. 0.15 0.11 1. U. P. Rural High School 0.06 0.07 m. Auditorium 0.63 0.20 n. Agricultural Engineering Building 0.50 0.46 o. Home Technology 0.10 0.18 p. Infirmary 0.38 0.36 q. Humanities 0.10 0.07 r. Agro-Soils Greenhouse 0.03 0.02 s. Additional Equipment 0.02 1. Research 0.06 2. Maintenance Tools & Equipment 0.41 3. Miscellaneous 0.10 Subtotal 8.77 10.56 4. SITE FACILITIES & UTILITIES 3.97 a. Circulation, Parking Area, Landscaping and Miscellaneous Civil Works 2.97 b. Water Distribution System 1.11 c. Sanitary Sewer System 0.45 d. Storm Drainage System 0.45 e. Electrical Distribution System 2.51 f. Low Pressure Gas System 0.07 Subtotal 3.97 7.56 5. ARCHITECTS' AND ENGINEERS' FEES 1.82 a. Site Facilities 0.32 b. Buildings 1.34 Subtotal 1.82 1.66 6. ADMINISTRATIVE COST 0.68 1.91 Subtotal 0.68 1.91 Contingencies 5.42 Grand total 4 . 51.72 PHILIPPINES - EDUCATION PROJECT LOAN 39-PH Area/cost comparison of the New Buildings under the Project Approximate Gross Areas (sq. a.) Cost (peso million) Name of Building Original Actual Constructed Original Estimate Actual Final Cost 1. Biological Science 13,720 13,000 3.735 4.317 2. Physical Science 9,390 9,170 2.702 3*00 3. Department of Agricultural Information - Farm and Home Development 2,53Q 2,320 0.710 1.266 4. Administration 3,840 2,9940 1.227 1*824 5. Student Union 8,230 5,910 2.304 2.736 6. Men's Dormitories 5,390 Ir,050 1.686 1.634 7. Women's Dormitories 4,10 4,540 1.380 1*674 8. Agronomy/Soils 9,70 7,390 2.328 2*791 9. Physical Plant 2,350 1,850 0.653 0.715 10. Auditorium 2,300 2,370 1 J425 2.098 11. Agricultural Ebgineering 4,00 2,880 0.797 JDy9?9 12. Food Science and Technology 2,560 2,510 0.974 1 0271 13. Infirmary 2,270 1,840 0.913 1.020 Totals 70,510 60,770 20.834 25.74o PHILIPPINES - EDUr;ITION PROJFrT LOAN 393-PH FTTDFNT PNROLTMFNTS, ADMISSIONS, OUTPUTI DROPOUTS A* Eurollmentas 1936 .pas11 . ~Appraisal / 1963-66 TarLet 1968-__ 1972-73 Undergraduate 1747 2000 2578 1997 Graduate 280 500 302 385 Total. 1027 2500 2880 2382 B. Admissionst 1963-64 Appraisal. (I-Semester) Taret, 1970-71 1972-73 Undergraduate 659 - 910 539 Graduate 121 - 127 13 Total 780 - 1037 673 C. loutwotI 4ppraisal 2I 1963-64 Target 1968-69 1972-73 J Undergraduate 170 350 26. 213 Graduate 2b 50-60 47 76 (Mq 7b PhD 2) Total 19b 400-1,10 311 289 D. Prormts: Apprai-ail 1963-6h - Target 1967-68 1972-73 Undergraduate (R) Nos. 192 N.A. 536 450 (h) Percent of' 11.0 N.A. 20.8 19.3 Reduction from 1968-69 due to selective enrollment. P Maximum enrollment figures. ANTI F' 6 PHTTJPPTNS - EDUWATION PR0JTCT LOAN 491-PR DIRERWISP ENROLLMNTI- *.N"' GRADUATE EIPLOYMENT (a) UNDERGRATATE ENR0LLMENTS AT UPCA (1971-72) BS BS BS SB Degree Freshmen BSI Ayr. Chem. Aqr. EnP. %ar Tech. Apr. is. Home Tech. Tot,0 Pnrollment 846 1107 82 115 35 38 105 2328 Total 8)16 1107 375 (b) GRADITATE ENROLLMENTS AT UPCA 1963-61 1967-68 1968-69 1969-70 1970-71 1971-7? 1972-73 M.S. N.A. 269 285 351 386 361 343 Ph.D. N.A. 23 17 24 42 Il 12 Total 280 292 301 375 428 402 385 (c) UPCA GRADUATE EMPLOYMENT (percent) 1969 196)4 Graduate Post-graduate 1. Technical work Jn agr. services 3h 39 11 2. FAucation and repearch wo-k 45 51 79 3. Private and self- emplnyment- 8 10 10 4. Others 13 Annex 7 PHILIPPTNES - EDUCATION PROJTCT LOW 393-PH FELLOWSHIPS, SCHOLARS4IPS AND OTHEP FINANCIAL AID FOR 1;T1DENT8 Type of Aid 1963-6h 1966-77 1969-70 1972-73 Remnrks %%.uate Scholarships 9 12 139 144 Fellowships -,ir- (a) Scholarship 67 75 82 125 jraduates (b) Grant-in-aid - - - 521 (c) Loans 210 240 210 565 (d) Student-Assis tantships 156 142 138 107 :.rign B.S, 87 27 All foreign stiu- Students* dents receive M.S. 31 87 scholarships or fellowships. Ph.D. 5 22 Speci" l Total 123 143 f (1) Number of forei*n students at B.S. level hAs decreased to one-third. (2) Number of foreign 9tudents- at M.S. level has mone up by about three times. (3) Number of foreign students at Ph.D. level has gone up by about 4-5 times. 1) The overall increase in the number of foreign students is only 16-17%. ANNEX R PHILIPPINES - EDUCATION PROJECT LOAN 393-PH Summary of Responses to Student Questionnaire Clasc - BSA (Final Year) Participants - 1l6 Sixty-eight percent respondents were in the age group 17-21 and 27 percent in age group 22-25. Fifty-five percent of students came fiom the Provinces of Laguna (40%), Batangas and Quezon (8% each). Twenty-eight percent came from farming families, parents of 31% were in industry and Commerce and those of 37% in-service. After graduation, 35% wanted to go to agriculture, 38% to commerce and industry and 20% to service. Seventy-five percent of parents had 10 years full-time schooling or more and 18% only 4 years or less. Eighty percent had Filipino as mother tongue, but in 23% cases father spoke English or Spanish as a second language. Forty percent had only 25 or less number of books in their homes. Seventy-five percett reoeived one or more newspapers at home.. Twenty-three percent received none. All except one had the benefit of watching TV or listening to the radio at home. Twenty percent had 1-3 brothers and sisters and 78% more than three. Ninety-five percent students came from families of 5 members or more. Only 17% students had a room for themselves at home. Others shared with 1 to 5 family members. Ninety-three percent had 10 or more years of schooling. Sixty-five percent had no service experience whatsoever before joining college. Others-had 1-13 months whole or part-time jobs. Eighty-three percent joined BSA because they were interested in practical farming, agricultural research and teaching, thiity percent because of prestige and better pay prospects in agricultural service and about 10% because no other opportunity was open to them. Eighty percent students were financed by their families or relatives and 13 percent were covered by scholarships. Ten percent had to borrow money from bank or friends. Seventy-three percent expected a job immediately after graduation, 21% within six months of graduation. Forty-two percent expected a salary of V 400-600. Thirty-five percent wanted jobs in the home province, W4% anywhere in Phililipines and 13% wanted to continue with postgraduate studies. In the opinion of 46 percent students, field work was not enough and 47% thought it was just about right. Thirty-five percent thought that theory courses were excessive and 57% thought they were just about right. Fifteen to twenty-five percent thought the learning materials in terms of textbooks, equipment, chemicals and field equipment were not sufficient. Annex 9 page 1 of 2 PHTLTPPTN- - cTouTlTOW PPn%rT T,()A? WoI.Pq UPL STAFF - NUMBERSt, QUALTFIC4TIONS AND TITFNOVPR Academic and Scientific Staff (R) Nhmbere, Qualifications and 'Tirnovpr: 1963-64 1965-6A 1967-68 1969-70 1971-72 1972-73 B.S. 282 268 254 265 308 193 M.S. 105 1o6 116 124 96 158 PhD. 5? 55 7 108 1 1 A Total lo9 429 41d 497 565 499 Turnover: (a) AcAd.Sep.32 [3 19 83 170 62 138 41 114 2? 9C (b) AdViinist.11 6h 126 76 73 77 (b) Staff Degree Profile (in percentage) Academic and Scientific St;ff: (percent) Achievement 1963-614 AppraislLTzirgat 1971-72 1972-73 B.S. 64 30 56 40 M.S. 26 30 18 1 I Ph.D. 10 40 26 29 Ivnilinte Paculty (percent) 1972-73 M.S. 5n 30 Pb.). 46 70 TotAl Iumber 76 192 page 2 of 2 (d) UWTB Famulty Rank Structure (1965-71) Rank 1965-66 Percent 1970-71 Percent Instructor 211 77.2 189 57.2 Assistant Professor 14 16.1 102 30.6 AssoolAte Professor 13 4.9 24 7.4 Professor 5 1.8 161/ 1.8 Total. 273 100.0 331 100.0 1/ Six hold administrative positions. ANNEX 10 PHTT,TPPTN' - 47TrATTOV POJrr TOAYl 393-PH UPLB Revisions in Splary Grades- 1963-1973 Positions 1963-65 196567 1967-71 1971-73 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min . Max. Instrurtors P29110 P3840 911623 P5865 P520 R666o R66oo R9120 Asst. Professor 14320 5220 6555 8004 7440 9120 8880 11580 Assoc. Professor 56)j0 6500 8625 10074 9810 11400 11400 1000 Processor 6960 10200 10695 13800 12120 14880 13860 24600 NOT& The Den.ns and T)irectors receive allowances for their'additionAl assinments. PHILIPPINES - EDUCATION PROJECT LOAN 393-P8 CURRICULAR STM== : RQUIRED : BASIC : :ORES0 D EGR E S : TOTAL COURSE.: COURSES : H1KAITIES : TEHCL CURSE : SIECTIVES : WAD (Unita) No ,aPrrent : E 1. 9SA - 19641 95 (.65%) 24 27 - 1st. - 4th RqP (Revised - 1967) 1i 105 (.59%) 45 27 3 2. RSAr - 1965 r177 22 (.40%) 42 63 - 99AR (Revised - 1968) L193 89 (.6%) 39 65 3. 1VT - 1964 r147 102 (.69%) 24 18 3 .BHT (Revised - 1969) L159 77 (.48%) 36 25 21 4. RSAgrd - 1964 r146 101 (.69%) 24 18 9Agrd (Revised - 19691 Lis 90 (.49%) 45 40 6 5. CAr* (Two year course after Bachelor's degree) 1964 26 - - 26 - * - Certificate in Agricultural rducption 6. JATC* (Two year course for Agricul- 84 39 (1460) 24 21 - tural Higt. 3chool Graduates) 1964 * - Junior Agric. Teacher's Certificate 7. W9AgChem - 1965 Major in Ag. Chemistry 170 76 (.42%) 42 61 (Total Chemistry courses in first year) Major in Sugar Technology 187 .41 (.43%) 42 64 (Total Chemist and Sugar Tech courses) S. r9Ag Chemistry 1969 - (Revised) 193 100 (.51%) 39 42 12 9. RqAgric fttension - 1969 (New) 181 103 (.56%) 45 27 6 10. 91Agric iusiness - (New) 1971 189 87 (.46%) 45 36 21 11. 9'qugar Tech (New) 1971 191 94 (.490%) 42 55 . 12. RSApl. Math (New) 1972 148 53 (.35%) 45 29 21 13. rST;iology - (New) 1972 161 69 (.42) 42 44 6 14. RIChemistry (New) 1972 165 67 (.41) 39 50 9 N Hot offered now. F 2kt+ - Thesi 18+12 - farm practic7l 21+ 6 - Special course . ANNEX T2 PHTUPPINES - EDUCATION PROJT LOAN 393-PH Examples of Graduate Research Conducted in 1963 and 1972 lnnducted in 1963 1. Heredity Pnd variability in seed characters of Ricinus cuimmnis Linn. 2. Agronomic studies on some cultivars of coconut (Cocos micifera L.) in the Philippines. 3. The effect of weanin. pias at different ages on some aspects of the per- formance of the weanlings and of their dams. 4. Studies on the isolation and bioessay for the activity of gibberellic acid. 5. Ecology of fungi in coconut soils.- 6. Studies on the identity of abaca mosaic through transmission %.nd physical properties. 7. OccupAtional placement of graduntes of the teacher training centers in vo- cation-rl agriculture covering the period 1950-1960. 8. Production estimates and trends. 9. Factors affecti.ng the composition of Sta. Cruz cheese. 10. A comparative study of the in-schodL and out-of-school supervised farmina progrAms in 10 agricultural schools in the Philippines. Conducted in 197 1. Wtty acid commosition of fat from swine fed rations containing coconut by- products and cmnte meal by gAs liquid chromotography. 2. Studies on the nnalysis of chlorinqted pesticides (Ph.D.). 3. Faculty moblitr in sele!teO state colleges and universities in the Philippines. 4. Iron toxicity and phosphorus deficiency in lowland rice soils in the Philippines. 5. The determinntion and effective utilization of efficloncy factors and pro- ducation goals in selected farming enterprises fo- ari.cultural instruc- tion (Ph.D.). 6. Survey and pathogenecity studies on potasitic nematodes associated with rice grown in the Philippines. 7. Light interception And photosynthetic efficiency among selected grain sorghum varieties of diverse plAnt types (Ph.D.). 8. Improvement of lysine and trytophqn content of locally adapted corn varieties. 9. Soil -nd pinnt 1.nter-relp tionshi.S na phehon'r-zn nutrition in sugarcane (Ph, 10. Systems analysis of swine ziarketing channels in the Philippines (Ph.D.).