RP58 Volume 4 MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERALS/TANESCO SONGO SONGO GAS DEVELOPMENT AND POWER GENERATION PROJECT - WAYLEAVE VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION SCHEME SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE DA TA INSTITUTE OF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM MARCH 2005 I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION The Ministiy of Energy and Minerals (MEM) through Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (in collaboration with the World Bank) has commissioned the Institute of Resource Assessment (IRA), of the University of Dar es Salaam to undertake a socio- economic baseline survey for the Songo Songo gas project. The purpose of this baseline study is to establish minitorable social and environmental variables including monitoring the restoration of livelihood for the affected p eople and s ocio-economic i mpact o f t he project to the communities. METHODOLOGY Both secondary and primary data were collected from different sources. Secondary data were collected mainly from previous studies, literature and official reports covering the study area. Primary data were collected from villages that will be receiving different categories of services in the four districts, that is, villages with proposed gas power plus water; solar power plus water and water service only. Thirteen villages were selected for this study: eight villages from areas that would receive gas power plus water, three villages from areas earmarked for solar power plus water and two villages from areas that would receive water supply only. The distribution of the villages in each district was as follows: one village per district in Temeke and Mkuranga, six villages in Rufiji district, and five villages in Kilwa district that were randomly selected. In each village both affected and non-affected households were selected for interviews in a proportion of 1:1 ratio. About 2.5% of the households were selected randomly for interviews, making a total of 303 households. Total households per village ranged from 8 to 43 households. Apart from household surveys, the team conducted village meetings in 22 villages in the project site. The aiIn of these meetings was to gather qualitative and quantitative information on socio-economic and cultural issues such as economic activities, access to social services, cultural and ritual issues, land tenure and inheritance. The baseline survey was designed to collect data for the following monitorable variables: * Principal and secondary economic activities; * Accessibility and status of community services; * Housing conditions- quality of housing; * Ownership of assets such as cars, TV, radio, iron; * Resource base-land assets, cropping patterns, productivity, agricultural inputs, forestry resource; * Income and expenditure levels-income from various sources; total expenditure; expenditure on food and energy * Sources and type of energy for cooking e.g., electricity, charcoal, kerosene, fuel wood, and i * Sources of energy for lighting e.g.,- electricity, kerosene, candle, fire wood Data was analysed using Excel and SPSS and findings has been summarised in Tables and Figure. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION BASELINE DATA BY PEROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS (PAPS) Information on land tenure, rents and transfer systems as well as inventory and access to common property natural resources are provided in section 3.0. Generally, there are not much rent and transfers systems in the study area. This is partly because the area in very rural by nature and renting market transactions are very limited. Out of 152 non-affected respondents only 6.1% were renting and there were non-from the affected respondents. There is no difference in livelihoods patterns or sources between PAP and non-PAP in the project villages because all the rural people depend mainly on the same sources and means of livelihoods. All the PAP derives their livelihoods largely from farming and petty trading. Thus land, fisheries, water and forestry are the basis of rural livelihoods in the project area. Others are petty trading and business for some few PAP in areas where trading is a prionrty economic activity and a means of livelihoods. Women in Bungu village and some PAP in Ikwiriri village will be affected when the market or shops are moved from their current locations. A high proportion of the respondents depend on fuelwood for cooking and drinling water from shallow wells. Also they depend on natural forestry for building poles and thatching grasses. Game meat, fruits and vegetables are other sources o f livelihood for the PAPs and others in the project area. Commercial activities from natural resources include timber and logging. Livestock keeping is insignificant in the study area and therefore grazing and watering points for livestock are not significant issues. Fishing takes a small proportion of the economic activities although; some people in the project area are engaged in fishing. PAPs that live in Songo Songo Island or near Rufiji River (as well as other small rivers) practice fishing. Again fishing is on very small scale, just for subsistence. There is no public infrastructure and social services that will be affected by this project. This is partly because the land that will be undertaken by the project is very small (1 Om). Infrastructure such as roads, wells, schools and health centers will not be affected by this project as they lay away from the way leave. Farms, land and crops will be affected however; this will not make significant changes to the livelihoods of the PAP because there is still abundant land that PAP can access within the villages. Land tenure- Access to land is not a problem in many villages. Most of the respondents acquire land through allocations made by village governments, or they purchase it or inherit it from their parents and other relatives. Thus both, the Village Land Act of 1999 and the c ustomary tenure where p eople a cquire land through traditional rules (that are recognized legally) govern access and use of land in the villages in the way leave. Rural 11 communities do not pay land rent since the areas have not been surveyed. Some transfers take place, especially when an individual decides to sell his/her piece of land or any other property to another person. In this case, the seller can involve the village government about the transfer of land and the latter charges some proportion of the proceeds as administrative costs. Such transfers are however, not officially recognized until when the lands office is notified to sanctions them. The lands office cannot sanction such transfer in as long as the area in question has not been surveyed. So, transfers are indeed, informal. The average land ownership was 12.5 and 5.6 acres for affected male and female, respectively, while it was 5.2 and 4.9 acres for non-affected respondents. Almost all respondents affected and non-affected were the owner of the land. Out of the PAPs respondents 58.4% and 65.2% of the male and female respondents, respectively acquired their land through village govermnent allocation, compared to 40.9% and 56.2 for non- affected respondents. A high proportion of the head of households in both affected and non-affected respondents are men. In Rufiji district, results show that a high proportion of the respondents did not attend any formal education where it was 33.3%-arid 40.7% for male and female in affected villages, respectively compared to 21.1% and 40% for non- affected respondents. Similar trends were observed in Kilwa district. However, the highest proportion of those who did not attend any formal education was for women in both affected (50%) and non-affected (44.1%). This is not surprising in view of the numerous cultural and historical factors prevalent along the coastal communities, where women are almost marginalized in all aspects of social life. Also 16.7% of the affected males were primary school dropouts. Poverty and ignorance might have contributed to this situation. Agriculture is the principal economic activity for both affected and non-affected households, but also petty trade and wage employment are quite significant among women in both affected (20%) and non affected (18.8%) households in Rufiji and Kilwa districts, respectively. Income poverty is high among all the households in affected and non-affected households. Indeed, the condition of income poverty and non-income poverty (e.g. access to quality to environmental and social services) mirrors the national conditions where the rural areas depict worse scenarios than in urban areas. While income levels show no significant difference between affected and non-affected respondents in the two districts of Rufiji and Kilwa, the analysis across gender shows male respondents in Rufiji district to be poorer than others. About 76% of the males in Rufiji district earn less than one dollar a day compared to 70%, 64.7% and 66.7%, for affected female, non affected male and female, respectively. In Kilwa district female respondents was the poorest where 80% of them earn less than one dollar a day followed by male (76%) in the same category compared to 62.5% and 50% for non-affected respectively, households in Kilwa district. An assessment of income shows positive correlation with age in both districts. Mature people (i.e. 35-50 and 51-98 years old) earn more than younger ones (i.e. 15-30 years iii old). Housing quality is generally poor by both respondents in affected and non-affected areas although some few people have houses with roof made of corrugated iron sheets. Public infrastructure and social services There is no public service (such as schools, health service centers, water or bus stop) that will be affected by this project. There is also not much difference in terms of access and distance to social services, which ranges from 1 -2 km to water, bus stop, market or primary school. However, distance to health services and secondary school is about 5-10 km and 21-67 lkm for secondary schools considering being very long. All the respondents in affected and non-affected areas depend on uncovered shallow wells, as source of water and kerosene as the main source of lighting. Fuel wood is the main source of cooking energy in both affected and non-affected areas. Similarly, the majority of the respondents own radio, bicycles and iron. Very few own television, telephones and vehicles. QUALITATIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA BY VILLAGE MEETINGS The consultant team conducted village meetings in 22 villages (Table 1). The aim of these meetings was to gather qualitative information on economic activities, access to social services, cultural and ritual issues, land tenure and inheritance. The meetings lasted for 2-4 hours and were guided by a checklist of questions for Village meetings, which is attached as Appendix 6.3. Pattern of social interaction, social networks and social support systems are based on several factors including tribal affiliations, religious bonds or ties, proximity to settlements. Other factors include clan relationships, working relationship (for those who are working) and other informal channels. These d efine the e xtent p eople interact and build social n etworks that support them in time of need. For example, in the event of death or birth, or ceremonies such as initiation, marriage, such social networks play an imnportant role in helping each other overcome the burden of death a or share the joy of birth. Such networks can go beyond to include informal money lending and other forms of support that are so critical in an area where loans from the banks are almost non- existent. People in rural areas live in close societies with strong pattern of shared values and beliefs that cement their bonds. The project may introduce new demands such as electricity, water and other economic opportunities that be stimulated by such developments. These activities may necessitate the emergence of new patters of relationships and networks that may be required to address the new challenges. Such network can be very supportive of the new development envisioned in the project when for example; they can help people who are in need of up-front money for investing in installation of energy supply. Most of such networks are however, informal but provide services that are needed. There are few NGOs operating in the project area that includes Umoja wa Vijana wa Kistristo Tanzania - Tanzania Christian Youth Union (UVIKIUTA) and TaTEDO. These NGOs are based in Dar es Salaam. iv Cultural and rituals these are very much influenced by the coastal Swahili traditions, Islam religion (which is the religion of most of the inhabitants in these areas) and diverse ethnic composition. The major ethnic groups for Rufiji and Kilwa districts were Ndengereko, Ngindo, Makonde and Matumbi. The most practiced form of pultural activities includes initiation for both boys and girls and traditional dancing, which usually takes place after harvesting. These cultural activities have profound implications on resource use since too often; people spend so much in order to fulfill planned celebrations such as initiations. These cultural activities have also some social function of uniting the people in sharing their values and norms that bind them together. Social services- Most of the villages have a primary school but there are very few secondary schools. The quality of the primary schools is poor since most of them have insufficient classrooms, teachers, teachers' houses and offices. Health facilities are dilapidated in almost all villages and some of the villages (e.g. Miteja, Uponda and Dundani) do not have any health service. Most of the people rely on traditional medicine men for health services. Water services- water availability was cited to be a problem in most of the villages. Water was only available at a distance of about 1-5km. In areas where wells have been dug, water is obtained at a depth of 150m-200mn (e.g. in Miteja and Njopeka). Most of the villages use uncovered shallow wells during rainy season, which dries up during dry season. Women are the mostly affected as they spend about two hours or more searching and fetching water, sometimes women spend the whole night searching for water (e.g. in Mtandango). This puts women at a high-risk and diverts them from spending their valuable time in productive work. Indeed, the consequence to this situation is increasing poverty in these areas. Many villages have water committee and operating water accounts. Other villages have just established water committee and are in the process of opening account for them. (e.g. Tingi and Njia Nne). Information from village meetings shows that there were attempts to construct well through several companies. Companies frequently cited were of FinWater (in Marendego) and JICA and Chinese companies (in Miteja village). These companies attempted to dig water for villages without success. Currently, water is sold at a cost of Tshs. 20 (e.g. Mtandango, Kindwiti), Tshs. 50 (in Miteja) to Tshs. 200-300 in Tingi and Njia Nne. While water collection is predominantly the responsibility of women in most rural settings in Tanzania, men dominate many of the water committees (e.g. Miteja, Mtandango, Nyamwage, and Uponda). This is contrary to policy directives that stipulates proportions between men and women and situation and may threaten the sustainability of the water accounts. Also water obtained in Uponda, Mchukwi, Jaribu Mpakani and Dundani villages is said to be salty and therefore not suitable for human consumption. Overwhelming majority of the villagers feel the availability of water not only could improve their health but also could provide time for women to perforrn economic activities such as farmring and petty v trade. Some also think availability of water could stimulate local economic activities. through gardening of vegetables. The most important economic activities are farming. But also timber, fishing and logging are quite significant economic activities in most of the villages visited. Energy issues: With regard to power, a high proportion of the respondents expressed interest for gas power than solar. The issue of either solar or gas turned to be critical in Somanga Ndumbo village where the meetings was not completed due to violence erupted by villagers. Most of the villagers did not want to get solar power because of limited use. They all wanted gas power. While most villagers are willing to use gas power, the current tariffs are beyond the reach of the majority. This is partly supported by the answers to the two questions posed to them i.e., willingness and ability to pay. A high proportion of the villagers were willing to use gas power services but only small proportions mentioned they were actually able to afford the cost. In Mohoro village for example, all villagers were willing to use gas power but only 17 were said they could pay for the service while it was 7 said the same in Mchukwi village. The number of people who said they could be able to use gas power was much higher in Utete, Kibiti, Ikwiriri, Bungu and Chamazi villages. A high proportion of the respondents said they could afford to pay up to Tshs. 100 000 and requested the rest to be provided as loan. According to the villagers, the loan could be included in the monthly bills. Most villagers are optimistic that gas power could boost their economy. According to them availability of electricity could be used for businesses such as timber and logging as well as fishing and agricultural processing. They also hope that availability of electricity could attract investors from other regions of the country and other countries, which as a result could boost local economies and employment. However, the frequent cited timber business and logging may suggest a negative impact on natural resource especially forests. Capacity building for local authorities and institutions need to be strengthened to address some of these issues. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA BY DISTRICTS Household Characteristics and Demographic Issues Sixty eight percent of the respondents were 45 years. Average households' size for all districts is 6.5 people. This is relatively higher than both regional (i.e. 4.1 persons and 4.4 persons per household in Lindi and Pwani regions respectively) and national average (i.e. 4.9 persons per household as per 2002 census report). About 47 % of the people in Mkuranga and 89% in Kilwa were born in the same districts while 90% of the respondents in Rufiji have migrated from other areas to their present residential areas. Search for land and settlement are the main reasons that have caused such movement. Only 12% of people who moved to Temeke and Mkuranga cited better life as a reason for migration. The level of education among the people in these districts is relatively low. Less than 40% of the respondents have attended primary education. vi ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Principal Economic Activities Principal economic activities are activities that form the main source of livelihoods and income earnings of the people in a specific area. Figure 1 presents the principal economic activities in the four districts in the study area. Figure A: Principle economic activities (%) 120 - 100 - *n 80 Craft UM 8 0 - . OWage employment _ 60 0 Petty trading - .U- * Business *D 40-' - 4 a4 - '1Agriculture 20 : . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ....:.. TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA Districts Figure A shows that agriculture is the principal economic activity and means of livelihood for majority of people in all the three districts. In Rufiji, Kilwa and Mkuranga districts the dependency on agriculture is over 80% while it is 36% for Temeke. These figures show an increasing trend of dependency on agriculture as principal economic activity from the 1994 figures. In 1994 dependency on agriculture was about 69% for the households in Lindi and Coast regions. The increasing dependence on agriculture could be attributed to factors such as increased demand for food following the start of the Songo Songo gas project, road construction and bridge construction that have attracted large numbers of labourers, and the improvement of infrastructure (the road and the Mkapa bridge), which has improved access to markets. Other economic activities include petty trading, wage employment and business. These activities are widely practiced in Temeke district. A small proportion of respondents practice casual labour. Secondary Economic Activity Secondary economic activities supplements primary economic activities as means of livelihoods for the people. In most cases, secondary economic activities take place during off-seasons for the principal economic activities although sometime they may co-exist. Secondary economic activities in the study area include agricultural gardening, petty VIl trade and construction. Figure B shows proportion of households that are engaged in specific secondary economic activities in the study area. Figure B: Secondary Economic Activities (%) 120 100 - Casual labour * Fishing 8 Craft (mason, carpenter) > 60 OWage employment @ 40 0 Petty trading X Business 20 , Agnculture LU 0::L Districts Agriculture is also an important secondary economic activity in all districts. However, in Mkuranga, petty trade is the major secondary economic activity where it engages about 67% of the respondents in the area. Land Ownership and Farming Technology Land ownership ranges from an average of 3.9 acres per household in Temeke to an average of 6.3 acres per household in Rufiji district. Few people practice-shifting cultivation for crops such as cassava, paddy, millet and simsim. Access to land is not a constraint. A high proportion of respondents get land through bush clearing. Also land is acquired through inheritance as well as through village government allocations. Farming technology is poor. Cultivation is done without any mechanization and input use is very limited. Farmers follow a rotational fallow system involving a few years of cultivation followed by up to six years of fallow. Yield in both pure and mixed stand is low. Income Levels Income levels are low to most of the respondents. In Temeke and Rufiji district, average incomes for the respondents was Tshs. 800,000 per annum while it was Tshs. 700 000 and Tshs. 600 000 for Mkuranga and Kilwa districts, respectively. These annual income levels translate into marginal per capita income of Tshs. 125,000, Tshs. 117,126, Tsh viii 123,000 and Tsh 98,236 for Temeke, Mkuranga and Kilwa districts respectively. This is lower than the national average, which is about Tshs. 266,400 per capita per annum. With such levels, over 60% of the respondents eam below Tshs. 365,000 per annum or less than one dollar a day. These findings are consistent with Household Budget Survey report of 2002, which shows that income poverty is still rampant in rural areas and that most people are still in the absolute poverty category. Household Expenditure Household expenditure per month varies from one district to another. For exarnple, it is Tshs. 53,000 in Mkuranga; Tshs. 103.000 in Temeke; Tshs. 87,789 in Kilwa and Tshs. 72,828 in Rufiji. In all the districts, over 60% of the expenditure is on food. Overall these figures indicate that expenditure is higher than income. The interesting question is how do local people cope with this situation? Dependency on Natural Resources Level of the respondents' dependency on natural resources for their livelihoods is shown on Table 1 below. Overall, the level of dependency on natural resources is higher in all the districts except in Temeke where only 38.9% of the respondents have indicated that they depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Temeke is an urban district in Dar es Salaam, where numerous opportunities exists for the people to earn a living. Natural resource use is mainly for medicinal plants, fuel wood and building poles. With the provision of electricity in the area, it is possible that demand for charcoal and fuel wood may decline in the long run, however, harvesting for timber may increase if more saw mills are established due to improved roads and availability of electricity. Also people who have lost their houses would temporarily put pressure on natural resource especially for building materials. It is estimated that about 1612 people will be affected by the Songo Songo project. Table A: Dependency and access to Natural Resources (%). DISTRICTS TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFLII KILWA OVERAL Access to natural 38.9 93.3 89.8 83.2 81.8 resources Bush meet 2.8 13.3 22.9 22.1 19.8 Timber 8.3 20.0 32.5 23.2 26.1 Medicinal plants 19.4 80.0 53.5 90.5 49.8 Wild fruits 5.6 40.0 38.9 31.9 32.8 Beekeeping 2.8 6.7 8.3 9.5 7.9 Building poles 44.4 100 81.5 90.5 80.9 Fuel wood 55.6 100 89.8 94.7 87.8 ix The Status and Quality of Socio-Economic Services. The quality of the houses varies from one district to another. The majority of the respondents in Temeke district have relatively good houses that have brick walls, concrete floors and corrugated iron sheets for roofing. The quality of the houses. in the other districts i s generally bad. Most o f t he respondents have h ouses that are thatched with grass or coconut leaves, poles and mud walls and earth floor. Also majority of the respondents rely on sources of drinking water that are not covered. Mkuranga district has the worst situation followed by Kilwa and Rufiji. Pit latrine is the common type of toilets in the study area. The major source of lighting is kerosene. Although s ome v illages s uch a s D undani i n Mkuranga district have access to grid power services, majority of people do not utilize it due to unaffordable cost. Fuel wood is by far the major source of energy for cooking. Except in Temeke district, dependency on fuel wood ranged from 79% in Rufiji to 100 percent in Mkuranga. The use of charcoal is significant in Temeke district followed by Rufiji district. The ownership of assets in all the sampled households in the study area is low, except for radios that are owned by majority of households. Most of the respondents in Temeke district own television sets, pushcarts and telephones. Socio-Economic Baseline Conditions by Villages Receiving Different Services. An attempt was also made to document the socio-economic baseline conditions of the villages by service that will be provided. These are villages that would receive gas power plus water, solar power plus water and water supply only. Such data are important for monitoring and future assessment of the impact of the Songo Songo project to the local people. Quality of Houses Table 2 shows that the quality of houses in village by type of services is poor. About 80% of the respondents have houses of mud floor; over 70% have houses with walls made of poles and mud. However, over 50 % of the respondents in villages with proposed gas power and solar power supply have houses that have corrugated iron sheets as roofing materials compared to only 12.5% of the respondents in villages with p roposed water supply only. The majority ofthe respondents in the villages that are proposed to have water supply only have houses that have grass thatches or coconut leaves. x Table B: Housing Condition in Villages by type of Services to be provided. SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED Gas power Solar power Water House construction-floor (%) Mud 80.3 79.5 81.3 Cement 19.7 20.5 18.8 House construction-wall (__l Poles and mud 72.5 84.6 100 Sun dried bricks 2.0 2.6 - Concrete brick and burnt bricks 24.5' 12.3 - House construction-roof (%) Grass 12.9 5.3 12.5 Coconut leaves 34.7 39.5 68.8 Corrugated iron sheets 50.5 55.3 12.5 Access and dependence on Socio-Economic Services by type of services to be provided. Figure 3 shows percentage of household accessing specific type of services by in the project site. This figure shows that the majority of the respondents rely on uncovered sources of water for the drinking, they use pit latrines, and they depend on kerosene as the major source of lighting and fuel wood as source of cooking. However, households in villages with the proposed solar power plus water supply scheme seem to have the poorest kind of socio-economic services. In these villages all respondents depend on uncovered sources of water for drinking purposes and over 95% use pit latrines, and all depend on kerosene as the source of energy for lighting and fuel wood as source of energy for cooking. lThis sample includes households from Singino village (Kilwa Masoko), Ikwiriri, Kibiti and Chamazi (Temeke). The four townships make a total of 135 households out of 303 interviewed (Table 1). Even if all the respondents from these four townships had houses of corrugated iron sheets, concrete/burnt bricks and cement floor, it would have made only 44% of the total sample. Unfortunately not all houses had the three qualities mentioned above. While majority have corrugated iron sheets (50.5%) the walls are of poles as well as earth floor. Similarly, since the sample was stratified by service category and randomly selected households, the findings above are not unusual. xi Figure C: Quality of socio-economic services (%) 120 100 _ _ > 80 -mi _Uncovered water R I 6 Pit latrine toilets 0 Kerosene as source of lighting a) 40 - Fuel wood as source of cooking 20 0 Gas Power plus Solar Power plus Water service only Water Water Villages' Services Monthly Expenditure Average monthly expenditure is about Tsh. 78,000 per household and most of it is on food. There is not much difference across the villages with proposed different services to be provided. Expenditure on energy shows interesting trends. Villagers proposed for gas power appear to have high expenditure on energy for cooking than the other two categories. The expenditure on kerosene in gas power proposed villages was about Tshs. 6,200 per month. This was higher than in other villages earmarked for other services. Expenditure on charcoal for cooking was higher in villages that are to get water supply only but the difference between villages on this type of expenditure; overall it was about Tshs. 4,000 per month in all the villages despite type of services to be provided Expenditure on dry cell batteries for radios and expenditure on electricity for TV and videos in villagers proposed for gas power supply is higher than in other villages - about Tshs. 4,500 per month. However, expenditure on dry cell batteries alone is about Tsh.2, 000 per month. Villages that are proposed to get gas power service have high expenditure on energy for lighting i.e. about Tshs 4,700 per months as opposed to Tshs. 2,495 and Tshs. 1,150 for villages that will get water supply and solar power supply, respectively. The main energy for lighting is kerosene. Few respondents in villages under gas power villages use electricity for lighting e.g. in Kibiti and lkwiriri. Other sources of energy in all villages include touches and candles whose costs is also low. Overall, total monthly expenditure on energy is slightly higher in villages that will get gas power (Tshs. 16,707.9) than in that will get water supply only (Tshs. 10,851.3) and those for solar power supply (Tshs. 10,133.6). However, the costs on energy as indicated above should be taken as indicative rather than conclusive. A separate and detailed study would be needed to provide comprehensive and more reliable data that may shed more light in to the dynamics of energy costs against the xii proposed development. For example, many people in rural areas do not buy fuel wood; they simply go to the woodlots/forest and collect dry wood. In this study people who collect fuel wood themselves use 1.8 to 2.0 hours. Converting such a time into money terms would require more analysis of the parameters and is at the moment not intention of this study do so. Although, expenditures on energy appear to be on the high side, this does not directly imply the ability of the people to shift to alternative sources of energy. The underlying issue would be the costs effectiveness of the new sources and changes in the mind set of the targeted communities. A high proportion of the respondents use kerosene for lighting and fuel wood and charcoal for cooking. These are purchased in small lots for use on daily basis and in rural areas; some of these are treated as free goods obtained from the common resource pool. Dependency and Access to Natural Resources Access to natural resource is high by all respondents in all the villages however, households in the villages with proposed solar power supply have the highest level of respondents who rely on building poles for houses and fuel wood for cooking. Since these villages are proposed for solar power, the dependence on fuel wood will perhaps continue to increase, as population increases following the improved socio-economic services in the area. Table C: Dependence and Access to Natural Resources by proposed services (%) Gas power Solar power Water Overall plus water plus water service only Access to natural resources 86.3 94.9 100.0 93.7 Bush meet 20.6 35.9 6.3 20.9 Timber 34.3 34.3 - 22.9 Medicinal plants - 28.2 31.3 19.8 Wild fruits 52.0 64.1 37.5 51.2 Beekeeping 40.2 30.8 50.0 40.3 Building poles 84.5 100 100 94.8 Fuel wood 76.5 92.3 87.5 85.4 Socio-Economnic Baseline for Songo Songo Island Socio-economic services in the Songo Songo Island are summarized in Table 4. Comparing with villages on mainland districts of Rufiji, Mkuranga and Kilwa, Songo Songo Island appears to have better houses and socio-economic conditions. Proportions of houses with corrugated iron sheets roof are much higher in the island than in other villages on the mainland in the project area. xiii The main economic activity is fishing. Other economiic activities are agriculture, business and craft. Petty trade and wage earnings are not very important as in the mainland areas. Secondary economic activities are once again high for fishing and agriculture. About 14.3% of the respondents are also wage employees. However, like in the mainland districts, the quality of toilets, water and lighting facilities is poor. There is high dependency on forestry resources for medicinal plants and fuel wood as source of energy for cooking. Asset ownership is limited; a high proportion of the respondents have radio and bicycles and only few own irons. The condition and access to socio-economic services such as primary schools, shops and health services is good, but not so good for secondary schools, roads and markets. Household income expenditure is high in the Island totaling to Tshs. 100,000 per month and about two thirds of this is used for buying food only. Table D. Quality of housing and socio-economic services for the Songo Songo Island Service Percentage Economic activity Principal-Fishing 43.8 Economic activity Secondary-Fishing 42 House construction - Cement floors 83.3 House construction - Bumt or concrete brick walls 33.3 House construction - Corrugated iron sheets roof 66.7 Water supply from uncovered well 50 Households with pit latrine toilet 66.7 Households using kerosene as source lighting 100 Households using fuel wood as source of cooking 83.3 Households owning radio and bicycle 83.3 xiv Conclusions and Recommendations From the above analysis, Temeke district appears to have relatively better socio- economic conditions followed by Rufiji and Kilwa. Mkuranga district has the least socio- economic conditions. Overall, however, there are no significant differences between affected areas and non-affected areas in most of the parameters examined in the project areas. Women lag behind men in different aspects including education and income levels. This project may contribute significantly in improving the socio-economic conditions and the livelihoods of the people in the project site. Electricity and water will be available to more people, which may then stimulate further developments and changes in the livelihoods of the people. However, given the low incomes and high expenditures on food, the shift to better services such as having electricity in homes and even using it for development activities will depend on a number of factors i ncluding t ariffs, e conomic growth and the general willingness of the people to invest in electricity. Also, major changes may not be seen in the short term period and therefore, the govemment, the Private Operator and the District Councils may need to develop strategies that would ensure the services that are provided to the people are sustainable and beneficial to all the people. The project is also likely to improve access to clean and safe water. However, this will also depend on availability of reliable sources of water. Through the Limited Environmental Assessment, which is part of this study, it has been established that there is insufficient amount of water from the sources to meet the planned extended supply to all the villages earmarked for water supply. Detailed analysis and studies to determine availability of water is needed in order to ensure sustainable supply to the communities. Such initiatives are already underway as the project is now carrying out studies to determine the sources and availability of water that will be provided through the project. xv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................i LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................x...x... ...... . xix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................ xx GLOSSARY ......................................x.................................. xxi 1.0 INTRODUCTION .. 1.1 Background to the study ..1 1.2 Objective of the study ..1 1.3 Justification of the study .. 2.0 METHODOLOGY ..2 2.1 Secondary data collection ..2 2.2 Primary data collection .2 2.2.1 Sampling framework .................2................................2 2.2.2 Sample size ............3.................3 2.2.3 Socio-economic monitoring variables .4.................. .. 4 2.3 Data analysis ..4 2.4 Report Structure ..6 3.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .6 3.1 BASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS . 6 3.1.1 Household characteristics ........................6....................................6 3.1.2 Land Tenure, Rents and Transfer Systems ......................... 8 3.1.3 Principal economic activities ........................9..............................9 3.1.3a Economic Activities in Ruriji District .9 3.1.3b Economic Activities Kilwa District .10 3.1.4 Income levels by affected and non affected respondents in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts ............................... 10 3.1.5 Income levels by Gender ... 11 xvi 3.1.5b Income levels by gender in Kilwa District ............................................. 12 3.1.6 Income levels by age in affected and non affected HH in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts ............................................. 12 3.1.7 Housing Quality ............................................... 14 3.1.8 Accessibility to social services by gender ............................................... 16 3.1.9 Sources of water by affected and non affected households ................................. 18 3.1.10 Source of Lighting for Rufiji and Kilwa districts .............................................. 20 3.1.11 Source of energy for cooking in Rufiji and Kilwa districts ............................... 21 3.1.12 Ownership of Assets ............................................... 21 3.2 BASELINE CONDITION ACROSS DISTRICTS ............................................... 22 3.2.1 Social and Demographic Issues ............................................... 22 3.2.2 Present Principal Economic Activities. ............................................... 23 3.2.3 Present Secondary Economic Activities ............................................... 24 3.2.4 Total Household Annual Income ............................................... 25 3.1.5 Income Eamings ............................................... 26 3.2.6 Household Monthly Expenditure Levels ............................................... 26 3.2.8 Access and dependence on Natural Resources ............................................... 27 3.2.9 Quality of Houses ............................................... 28 3.2.10 Access and Quality of Socio - Economic Services ........................................... 29 3. 2.11 Ownership of Assets ............................................... 30 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE BY SERVICE CATEGORY ......................... 31 3.3.1 Quality of Houses ........................................................... 31 3.3.2 Distance to Services ........................................................... 32 3.3.3 The Quality of Socio-Economic Services by Village Service Category . ............ 33 3.3.4 Monthly Household Expenditure by category of services to be provided ........... 34 -3.3.5 Access to Natural Resources ........................................................... 38 3.4 SOCIO- ECONOMIC BASELINE DATA FOR SONGO SONGO ISLAND .... 39 3.4.1 Principle and Secondary Economic Activities ..................................................... 39 3.4.2 Quality of Houses ........................................................... 39 3.4.3 Access and use of Socio-Economic Services on Songo Songo Island ................ 40 3.4.4 Ownership of Durable Assets .............................................. 41 3.4.5 Access to Social Services .............................................. 41 3.4.6 Status of Social Services .............................................. 41 3.4.7 Dependence to natural resources on the Island .............................................. 42 3.4.8 Monthly Household Expenditure on the Songo Songo Island ............................. 42 4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 43 4.1 CONCLUSION ................................................ 43 4.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 43 xvi'i 5.0 REFERENCES ............ 44 6.0 APPENDICES .45 Appendix 6.1: Terms of Reference .............................................. 45 Appendix 6.2: Baseline Survey Questionnaire .47 Appendix 6.3: Checklist of Questions for Village Meetings .53 Appendix 6.4: Socio- Economic Baseline Data for the Four Districts Under the Project .54 Appendix 7.0: Socio-Economic Baseline by Services Provision .67 Appendix 8.0: Socio-Economic Data for Sougo Songo Island .72 xviii I LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. HOUSEHOLD SAWLE PER VILLAGES .....................................................5 TABLE 2: HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS OF AFFECTED AND NON- AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS IN RUFIJI DISTRICT (%) .........................................7 TABLE 3: HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS OF AFFECTED AND NON- AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) .......................................8 TABLE 4: LAND TENURE RENTS AND TRANSFER SYSTEMS ............... ................9 TABLE 5: ECONOMIC ACTIMTIES IN RUFIJI DISTRICT (%) . ............................... 10 TABLE 6: PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) ......... 10 TABLE 7: INCOME LEVELS BETWEEN AFFECTED AND NOT AFFECTED PERSONS ......................................................... 11 TABLE 8: INCOME LEVELS BETWEEN AFFECTED AND NOT AFFECTED PERSONS IN RUFUI DISTRICT (%) ......................................................... 11 TABLE 9: INCOME LEVELS BETWEEN GENDER BY AFFECTED AND NON AFFECTED PERSONS IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) .............................................. 12 TABLE 10: HOUSING QUALITY IN RUFUI DISTRICT (%) ...................................... 15 TABLE 11: HOUSING QUALITY IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) ................... ................. 16 TABLE 12: SOURCES OF WATER BY AFFECTED AND NON AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS IN RUFUI DISTRICTS ......................................................... 19 TABLE 13: SOURCES OF WATER IN KILWA DISTRICTS BY AFFECTED AND NON AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ....................... 19 TABLE 14: TYPE OF TOILETS IN RUFIfl AND KILWA DISTRICTS ........... .......... 20 TABLE 15: SOURCE OF LIGHTING IN RUFLII AND KILWA DISTRICTS ............. 20 TABLE 16: SOURCE OF COOKING ENERGY IN RUFIJI AND KILWA DISTRICTS ................................................................................................................................... 21 TABLE 17: OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS IN KILWA AND RUFIJI DISTRICTS (%) ... 22 TABLE 18: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA BY DISTRICTS ............................................................. 23 TABLE 19: PROPORTION (%) OF HOUSEHOLDS' INCOME BY LEVELS (TSHS)26 TABLE 20: ACCESS AND USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES (% RESPONDENTS)28 TABLE 21: ACCESS TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES (%) ................................... 30 TABLE 22: OWNERSHIP OF ASSETS (%) ............................................................. 31 TABLE 23: QUALITY OF HOUSES BY SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED .................. 32 TABLE 24: PROPORTION (%) OF RESPONDENTS SUGGESTING THAT SOCIAL SERVICES THEY RECEIVE IS OF GOOD QUALITY ........................................ 34 TABLE 25: ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES (%) ............................................. 38 TABLE 26: SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES ON THE ISLAND ................................ 39 TABLE 27: ACCESS AND USE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES (%) ................. 40 TABLE 28: ACCESS TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES .......................................... 41 xix LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: INCOME LEVELS BY AGE CATEGORIES BY AFFECTED OR NOT AFFECTED (%) ..................................................... 13 FIGURE 2: INCOME LEVELS BY AGE IN KILWA DISTRICT (%) ........................... 14 FIGURE 3: DISTANCE TO SOCIAL SERVICES BY GENDER IN RUFIJI DISTRICT (KM) ..................................................... 17 FIGURE 4: DISTANCE OF SOCIAL SERVICES BY MALE AND FEMALE FOR KILWA DISTRICT (KM) .......................................................... 8 FIGURE 5: PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (%) ................................................. 24 FIGURE 6: SECONDARY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (%) ........................ .................. 25 FIGURE 7: HOUSEHOLD ANNUAL INCOME (TSHS) .............................................. 26 FIGURE 8: EXPENDITURES LEVELS (TSHS.) ......................................................... 27 FIGURE 9: QUALITY OF HOUSES ......................................................... 29 FIGURE 10: DISTANCE TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES BY VILLAGE SERVICES (KM) ......................................................... 33 FIGURE 11: MONTHLY EXPENDITURE BY VILLAGE SERVICE (TSHS.) .......... 35 FIGURE 12: EXPENDITURE ON DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR COOKING (TSHS) ......................................................... 36 FIGURE 13: EXPENDITURE ON DRY CELLS FOR RADIOS BY SERVICE CATEGORY ......................................................... 36 FIGURE 14: EXPENDITURE ON LIGHTING ENERGY ............................................. 37 FIGURE 15: TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON ENERGY ................................................... 38 FIGURE 16: QUALITY OF HOUSES (%) ......................................................... 40 FIGURE 17: RESPONDENTS' ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SERVICES AS GOOD OR MODERATE (%) ................ ..................................... 42 xx GLOSSARY MEM MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERALS IRA INSTITUTE OF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TANESCO TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED SPSS STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES VIP VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT LATRINE TSHS TANZANIAN SHILLING LEA LIMITED ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT SIA SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT URT UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA PAPS PROJECT AFFECTED PERSONS PIU PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT DSM DAR ES SALAAM HH HOUSEHOLD TV TELEVISION NGO NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION Yr YEAR xxY i i i I 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study The Government of Tanzania acting through Tanzania National Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO) is implementing the "Songo Songo Gas Development and Power Generation Project ". The project involves village land up-take for the pipeline wayleave. It also includes compensation and socio-economic impact mitigation packages for the affected villages along the gas pipeline and Songo Songo Island. Some of the impact mitigation includes the following activities: * Establishment of 4.5MW generation plant at Somanga to generate enough electricity for 10 villages/townships, vs.; Kilwa Masoko, Kilwa Kivinje, Nangurukuru, Somanga Ndumbo, Muhoro, Utete, Ikwiriri, Kibiti, Mchukwi Village and Hospital and Bungu; * Establishment of electricity feeder from Somanga to Utete and also serving lkwiriri, Kibiti and Bungu after a line split at Nyamwage, including Rufiji River crossing as well as Songo Songo Island; * Management and operation of the gas based power generation and transmission to 9 villages; * Build-Own-Operate (BOO) solar home system providing services to 26 villages; * Construction of water facilities to 44 villages. TANESCO and the Government of Tanzania expect these development activities to boost socio-economic development of the concerned villages and contribution to poverty reduction. TANESCO commissioned the Institute of Resource Assessment of the University of Dar es Salaarn to undertake socio-economic and environmental assessment of the above-mentioned activities. The focus of the assignment is to address three main issues: (a) inventory of socio-economic baseline information; (b) limited environmental and socio-economic impact assessment and; (c) resettlement action plan for the affected population. This report addresses the q uestion o f s ocio-economic b aseline d ata for the affected communities. 1.2 Objective of the study The objective for this socio-economic baseline study is to document the socio-economic baseline for the Songo Songo project area for future monitoring and assessing the impact of the proposed development (i.e. transmission lines ad supply of energy and water) to the affected communities. 1.3 Justification of the study The implementation of Songo Songo project will have impact to the communities in two aspects. First, some people will lose their assets permanently or will be disconnected to their current livelihoods as well as social cultural ties. According to the government valuation report (URT 2004) 1612 people will be affected. Even if these people are 1 compensated fairly it is not clear whether they will be able to restore their current livelihoods or even improve it. Assessing whether livelihoods have been restored or not, is only possible if baseline data has been collected before project implementation starts. This report thus contributes to meeting this objective. Second, the government, through TANESCO is spending huge sums of money in developing the infrastructure. The main objective of such investment is to stimulate development in the areas. Unless socio- economic baseline data are collected at the beginning, it may be difficult to assess the impact of the projects on people's welfare and development. 2.0 METHODOLOGY In order to establish baseline information, this study used a variety of methods and approaches as outlined below: 2.1 Secondary data collection The team undertook an extensive review of the earlier work in the project area, including the following sources: Socio-economic Baseline Survey Data of affected communities prepared by ACRES International (2004). * Socio-economic conditions on the Songo Songo Island by SonGas. * Social and Environmental Monitoring and Compliance consultancy managed by the MEM's Project Implement Unit (PIU). * The Environmental and Social Assessments and Management Plan (2001); * Limited environmental analysis (LEA) and social assessment framnework (SAF) and preliminary water survey 2003; * Environmental impact assessment by MEM/HBT AGRA Limited (1994) * Also, the team reviewed other reports related to this assignment from IRA and other sources. 2.2 Primary data collection 2.2.1 Sampling framework Although the terms of reference required the focus of t he s tudy t o b e for t he a ffected persons only, the team undertook broader area stratification based on affected and non- affected, service provision (gas power, solar power and water supply) and by districts in the four districts in the study area. The study identified and listed all the persons who have been directly affected by the project and should be compensated and some of them were included in the household sample interviews. The decision to have broader sampling framework rather than focusing on the affected persons only was based on a number of reasons. 2 * The review of earlier work shows that generally the four districts have more or less similar socio-economic and cultural characteristics. What makes a difference is probably the accessibility and proximity to Dar e s S alaam C ity, c apacity for local institutions and availability of socio-economic services. * The impact of the project will affect all the people in the project area either negatively or positively. * All the people who have been affected directly have decided to get compensation by cash. This means, there will be no need for physical relocation to new areas. Consequently, majority of the affected persons will remain within the villages of their current residence. * Baseline data will provide comprehensive monitoring benchmarks for all the people in the project site and not just affected persons. 2.2.2 Sample size Villages were stratified by service provision. Thirteen villages were selected for household sampling as follows. * 8 villages from areas that would receive gas power plus water supply, * 3 villages from areas that will get solar energy plus water, and; * 2 villages from areas that would get water service only. In Temeke and Mkuranga districts one village was selected per district for household data collection. These were Chamazi and Dundani respectively. In Rufiji district, six villages were randomly selected i.e. Bungu A, Ilwiriri, Kibiti, Uponda, Jaribu Mpakani and Nyamwage while in Kilwa, five villages were selected. These were Singino, Nangurukuru, Somanga Ndumbo, Matandu and Marendego. About 2.5% of the households per village were selected randomly for interviews, making a total of 304 households. Baseline information collected included: * List of eligible people for compensation; * Livelihood system, * Income and expenses pattern, * Production systems, * Labour force, * Social organization. * Standard of living; * Information on health; * Access and quality of socio-economic services; * Durable assets; * None fixed assets. 3 Identification of vulnerable people e.g. by ethnic, disabilities etc were also made. Also land tenure systems, cultural issues, access and quality of services and infrastructure were examined. A household questionnaire was developed as tool for data collection. The questionnaire is attached as appendix 5.1. Table 1.0 summarizes villages that were sampled and the number of households that were selected per village. Apart from household surveys, the team also conducted village meetings in 22 villages under the project. The aim of these meetings was to gather qualitative and quantitative information on economic activities, access to social services, cultural and ritual issues, land tenure and inheritance. 2.2.3 Socio-econoniuc monitoring variables The purpose of developing baseline information i s to d evelop m initorable v ariables t o assess the impact of the project to the affected conmmunities. The study adopts the approach developed by ACRES Intemational (2004) and modified where it was necessary to address these specific terms of reference. The principal monitorable variables d eveloped r elate t o p hysical l iving c onditions a nd income earning capacities. However, this study adds indicators on sources of energy for lighting and cooking. This is important for future research on the impact of Songo Songo gas project on people's livelihood and welfare because large part of the project is about the supply of energy. In survey data for the following variables was collected. * Economic activities-principal and secondary- Principal economic activities refer to p rimary economic activities, which are the m ajor s ource o f I ivelihoods while secondary economic activities refer to seasonal and generally supplements principal economic activities. * Community services-accessibility and status; these refers to schools, health services, markets, transport and water supply * Housing conditions- i.e. the quality of housing; size, quality of roofing material, walls and floor * Ownership of durable assets- cars, TV, radio, iron etc; * Resource base-land assets, cropping pattems, productivity, agricultural inputs, forestry resource; * Income and expenditure levels-income from various sources; total expenditure and food expenditure. * Energy sources for cooking-electricity, charcoal, kerosene, firewood; * Energy sources for lighting - electricity, kerosene, candle, firewood 2.3 Data analysis Data was analysed using Excel and SPSS and findings have been sumnmarised in Tables and Figures below. 4 Table 1. Houselhold Sample per villages Region District Villages Village selected Villages selected No. HH selected for Total HH Type of service under the for meetings for HH interviews selected project interviews DSM Temeke 2 1 1 Chamazi 36 Gas power Water Coast Mkuranga 4 1 1 Dundani 15 Gas power Water Rufiji 30 11 6 Bungu A 23 Gas power and Water Uponda 18 Solar power and Water Jaribu mpakani 21 Water Nyamwage; 16 Gas power and Water Ikwiriri; 36 Gas power and Water Kibiti 43 Gas power and Water Lindi Kilwa 14 9 5 Singino; 20 Gas power and Water Nangurukuru 16 Gas power and Water Somanga Ndumbo; 30 Solar power and Water Marendego; 8 Solar power and Water Matandu 22 Water service only Total 50 22 13 304 5 2.4 Report Structure The Report is divided into 6 sections. The first section is introduction of the study, which includes background, objectives, and justification of the study. Section two provides methodology while section three provides findings and discussion. These are provided in four areas, by affected, by districts, by service provision (i.e gas power, solar power and water service only) and by Songo Songo Island. Section four is conclusion and recommendations while section 5 provides References and Appendices are in Section Six. 3.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 BASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS The following section provides details of the baseline information for the affected households in the project site. The information is compared with non-affected households. 3.1.1 Household characteristics 3.1.1a Rufiji districts In Rufiji district, about quarter o f t he respondents in a ffected households were female compared to 12.5% for the non-affected households. The size of household was slightly higher in affected household both for male (7.0) and female (7.2)-headed households compared to the non-affected households. Education-wise there was not much difference between affected and non-affected h ouseholds. B oth c ategories h ad h igh p roportion o f respondents who did not attend any formal education. There was no head of household out of all respondents who was disabled and very few households in the sample had some disabled members of the families. Primary school dropouts were relatively high among male-headed households both for affected and non-affected respondents. 6 Table 2: Household characteristics of affected and non-affected households in Rufiji District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Sex of the head of Household (%) 75.3 24.8 87.5 12.5 Household size 7.0 7.2 6.5 5.2 Disabled (%) 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.2 Education (%) None 37.9 33.3 21.4 40.0 Completed Primary education 44.8 44.4 55.7 40.0 Completed Secondary education 10.3 22.2 5.7 10.0 Attending Secondary Education 0 0 1.4 0 Drop outs primary 6.9 0 12.9 0 Dropouts secondary 0 0 14.0 0 College 0 0 1.4 0 Technician/vocational training 0 0 1.4 0 3.1.1b Kilwa District Majority of the head of households in both affected and non-affected HH were men. Male-headed households in affected respondents had the highest family size of 7.6 while it was 4.0, 5.6 and 5.0 persons for affected female, non-affected male and female respondents, respectively. Education levels were worse in Kilwa district compared to Rufiji. Majority of the respondents had no formal education and women without formal education were the majority. Very few of the respondents in all categories managed to go to secondary schools. About 16% of the male respondents in affected households are primary school dropouts. The high dropouts are attributed by factors such as lack of funds and low educational motivation in the area. 7 Table 3: Household characteristics of affected and non-affected households in Kilwa District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Sex of the head of Household (%) 93.8 6.2 91.5 8.5 Household size 7.6 4.0 5.6 5.0 Disabled (%) 0.1 0 0.1 0 Education (%) ____ None 20.9 50 39.7 42.1 Completed Primary education 48.8 25 46.6 57.9 Completed Secondary education 11.6 25 3.4 0 Attending Primary Education 0 0 0 0 Attending Secondary Education 1.4 0 1.7 0 Drop outs primary 16.3 0 5.2 0 Dropouts secondary 2.3 0 0 0 College 0 0 1.7 0 3.1.2 Land Tenure, Rents and Transfer Systems Generally, there are not much rent and transfers systems in the study area. This is partly because the area in very rural by nature and renting market transactions are very limited. Out of 152 of the non-affected respondents only 6. 1% were renting houses and there were none from the affected respondents. Overall however, rural communities do not pay land rent since rural areas have not been surveyed. Some transfers take place, especially when an individual decides to sell his/her piece of land or any other property to another person. In this case, the seller can involve the village government about the transfer of land and the latter charges some proportion of the proceeds as administrative costs. Such transfers are however, not officially recognized until when the lands office is notified to sanctions them. The lands office cannot sanction such transfer in as long as the area in question has not been surveyed. So, transfers are indeed, informal. Land tenure- Both, the Village Land Act of 1999 and the customary tenure where people acquire land through traditional rules (that are recognized legally) govem access and u se o f 1 and in the villages in the way leave. Land ownership and tenure has been presented in Table 3. Land is still not a problem in many villages. Most of the respondents acquire land by allocation from village governments, purchase or inherit. In this study average land ownership was 12.5 and 5.6 acres for affected male and female, respectively, while it was 5.2 and 4.9 acres for non-affected respondents. Almost all respondents affected and non-affected were the owner of the land. Out of the PAPs respondents 58.4% and 65.2% of the male and female respondents, respectively acquired 8 their land through village government allocation, compared to 40.9% and 56.2 for non- affected respondents. Also acquiring land through purchasing was considerable by all respondents affected and non-affected. Table 4: Land Tenure rents and transfer systems Affected Non-affected Male Female Male Female Land Owned 12.5 5.6 5.2 4.9 Land Tenure . Owner 100 100 100 93.9 Tenants 0 0 0 6.1 How acquired? Through Village Government allocation 58.4 65.2 40.9 56.2 Purchased 33.3 30.4 45.0 28.1 Inherited 8.3 4.3 13.6 15.6 Distance to the farm (km) 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 3.1.3 Principal economic activities Significant source of livelihood by PAPs in the study area is extracted from common resources such as land, forestry and water. A high proportion of the respondents depend on agriculture, fuel wood for cooking and shallow water for drinking. Also they depend on natural forestry for building poles and thatching grasses. Game meat, fruits and vegetables are other major resource of livelihood for both the PAPs and Non-PAPs respondents. Commercial activities from natural resources include timber and logging. Although village governments exist in every village and are supposed to manage the resources, they d o not have c apacity to implement them. As a result, m ost the natural resources (except timber and logging) are extracted freely without any consultation from the governrnent. Livestock keeping is insignificant in the study area and therefore grazing and watering points for livestock are not significant i ssues. F ishing also t akes a s mall proportion of the economic activities. It is only the people who live either in the Songo Songo Island or near R ufiji River (as well as other small rivers) who practice fishing. Again fishing is very informal whereby people do fishing mainly for subsistence. However, in areas such as Songo Songo Island where fishing contributes to almost 40% of a living, there some informal institutions established to coordinate and oversee interests of the fisherrnen. The following section provides economic activities by affected and non-affected respondents. 3.1.3a Economic Activities in Ruriji District Majority of the respondents in Rufiji districts for affected and non- affected HH depend on agriculture for livelihood. Except for non-affected female households who 57.9%% of 9 the respondents depend on agriculture, other three categories had more than 75% of the respondents who depend on agriculture. Petty trade (21.1%) was also important for women respondents from non-affected households while wage employment was important to female households both in affected (20.0%) and non affected (18.8%) villages. Table 5: Economic activities in Rufiji District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Agriculture 75.9 80.0 75.9 57.9 Commerce 8.6 0 8.6 4.2 Petty trade 5.7 0 3.4 21.1 Wage 5.2 20.0 5.2 18.8 Carpenter 1.4 0 5.2 0 Fisher 0 0 1.7 0 3.1.3b Economic Activities Kilwa District Kilwa district had a high proportion of male respondents who depend on agriculture both in the affected and non-affected households. Women dependency on agriculture was relatively low in the affected households - i.e. 33.3%. Table 6: Principal Economic Activities in Kilwa District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Agriculture 77.3 33.3 72.2 50.0 Cornmerce 0 33.3 11.6 25.0 Petty trade 9.1 33.3 0 25.0 Wage 2.3 0 7.0 0 Carpenter 0 0 0 0 Fisher 9.1 0 2.3 0 3.1.4 Income levels by affected and non affected respondents in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts An assessment of the income levels show that both affected and non-affected households have more people who earn less than one dollar a day. Income per annum is Tshs. 938,250, and Tshs. 721,750, for affected and non-affected households in Rufiji districts compared to Tshs 791,538 and Tshs. 648,462, respectively for Kilwa distnrct. These incomes translates into Tshs. 134,036 and Tsh. 100,243 per capita incomes for affected and non affected, respectively, in Rufiji district compared to Tshs. 121,775 and Tshs. 124,704, for Kilwa district, respectively. 10 Table 7: Income levels between affected and not affected persons RUFIJI K[LWA Income level Affected Non-Affected Affected Non affected income/year 938250 721750 791538 648462 Per capita income 134036 100243 121775 124704 Below 50,000 21.1 19.7 27.4 21.7 50,001-364000 43.4 46.1 40.0 39.2 364001-500,000 6.6 5.3 6.5 15.2 500,001-1000,000 13.1 21.0 15.2 17.4 Over 1000000 15.8 7.9 10.9 6.5 3.1.5 Income levels by Gender 3.1.5a Income levels by gender in Rufiji District An examination of income levels by gender show a s light and i nsignificant difference between males and female in low income levels in both areas but differences emerge as incomes increases (Table 15). For example, overall, it appears male respondents are the poorest among in all the categories. This category had 76% of the people who earn less than one dollar a day compared to 70%, 64.7% and 66.7%, for affected female, non- affected male and non-affected female, respectively. Only female in both affected and non-affected households had 20% and 33.3% of respondents, respectively who earn between Tshs. 500, 000 and Tshs. 1,000,000 per annum while male respondents in both affected and non affected who earn this level of income was very low. Table 8: Income levels between affected and not affected persons in Ruriji District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Below 50,000 24.0 30.0 19.4 0 50000-364,000 52.0 40.0 45.3 66.7 364,001-500000 6.0 10 5.0 0 500001-1000000 8.0 20.0 5.5 33.3 Over 1000 000 8.0 0 2.8 0 11 3.1.5b Income levels by gender in Kilwa District In Kilwa district, affected households seem to be poorer than non-affected households. In this category 76% and 80% of the male and female respondents earned less than one dollar a day compared to 62.5% and 50% for non-affected respectively. Also about 40.8% of the male in non-affected households earned b etween T shs. 3 64,001 t o T shs. 500,000 compared to other categories. However, 50% of the female respondents in non- affected households earns between Tshs. 500,000-Tshs. 1000,000. Table 9: Income levels between gender by affected and non affected persons in Kilwa District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Below 50,000 24.0 20 25.0 50.0 50000-364,000 52.0 60 37.5 0 364,001-500000 8.0 0 40.8 0 500001-1000000 8.0 20 4.2 50.0 Over 1000 000 8.0 0 12.5 0 3.1.6 Income levels by age in affected and non affected HH in Ruriji and Kilwa Districts Looking on the income earnings across the age categories the results show again that most of the respondents earn less than Tshs. 364,000 per annum. Affected persons in Rufiji district seem to be poorer than the not affected persons. There was no respondent under age 15-30 years who earned above Tshs. 364,000 compared to 37.5% for non affected respondents. However, 6.7% of the affected respondents of the age 31-50 years earned above one million while there was non from the same age in non affected respondents. A lso t here w as n o one who earned over a million for respondents of age between 51-98 in non- affected, but 27.3% o f t he respondents in affected respondents earned between Tshs. 364,001 and Tshs. 500,000 per annum. 12 Figure 1: Income levels by age categories by affected or not affected (%) Affected Non affected 80 70- 60 - c Below 50000 X50 U * | *50000-364000 = 40 -0364001-500000 30 @ 30 - - 0500001-1000000 IL - S - _ | * Over 1000,000 20 10 0 15-30 31-50 51-98 15-30 31-50 51-98 Age categories Most of the respondents in Kilwa district eam below Tshs. 364,000 per annum. Examining income eamings across age categories between affected and non-affected, shows that 33.3% of the respondents with age of 15-30 years earns below Tshs. 50,000. There is not much difference in income earnings for the age group 31-50 years for both affected and non-affected. However, quite high proportion of the respondents from the age of 51-98 are eaming above one million shillings that is 16.7% in affected households and 12.5% in non-affected households. 13 Figure 2: Income levels by age in Kilwa District (%) Affected Non Affected cs40- S 4D- 40- 10 i" t || 0 15& 31d) 51-93 1530 31@ 5t9B~~~~135000-la 3.1.7 Housing Quality 3.1.7a Housing quality in Rufiji District The quality of houses is not very different from the districts' analysis and analysis by service provision in section 3.1.9 .and 3.2, respectively. Most of the respondents had poor quality houses of mud floor, poles and mud walls and coconut/grass roofs. A comparison between affected and non-affected people also shows not much difference as majority had poor houses. 14 Table 10: Housing Quality in Rufiji District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Floor 82.8 78.9 80.0 70.0 Mud 17.2 21.1 20.0 30.0 Cement Wall Poles and Mud 81.0 73.7 77.1 80.0 Sun dried brocks 8.6 5.3 2.9 0 Burnt bricks 8.6 10.5 7.1 10.0 Concrete bricks 1.7 10.5 12.9 10.0 Roof . Grass 15.5 16.7 7.2 0 Corrugated iron sheets 39.7 44.4 53.6 60.0 Tiles 1.7 0 1.4 10.0 Coconut leaves 43.1 38.9 37.7 30.0 3.1.7b Housing quality in Kilwa District In Kilwa district, almost all respondents both affected and non-affected had poor houses. The situation was more serious for over 90 % of the male in affected households who had poorest housing quality. 15 Table 11: Housing Quality in Kilwa District (%) Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Floor Mud and poles 95.5 66.7 65.1 75.0 Cement 4.5 33.3 34.9 25.0 Wall Poles and Mud 95.5 66.7 90.7 75.0 Sun dried brocks 0 0 4.7 0 Bumt bricks 0 0 0 0 Concrete bricks 4.6 33.3 4.7 25.0 Roof Grass 15.9 50.0 23.2 50.0 Corrugated iron sheets 6.8 0 23.3 25.0 Tiles 0 0 2.3 0 Coconut leaves 77.3 50.0 51.2 25.0 3.1.8 Accessibility to social services by gender 3.1.8a Accessibility to social services by gender Basic social services are found at a distance of about 1 and 2 km for both affected and non-affected households in Rufiji district. However, access to secondary school is furthest - 9.6km. 16 Figure 3: Distance to social Services by gender in Rufiji district (km) Affected Non Affected 12- EY10 \4= Drinking water 8 ~~~~~~~~~~~-U-W-Shops Markets 8 6 - x \ >- Primary school -*.-\Secondary school .4- Health services 2 - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ A I ~~~~~~~~Bus stop 2 Male Female Male Female Sex of respondents 3.1.8b Accessibility to social services by gender in Kilwa district Distance to Secondary school and Health services are very long for all categories of persons. Secondary school services are available at a distance of 63.4km for affected males while it is 45km, 24.7 km and 21.5 km for affected females, non affected male and female respondents, respectively. Average distance to water services for affected females is 3.5 km. Also Health services were far especially for non affected females (7.5km) compared to 3.8kn for males. In affected households health services were are located at least at 5.1km and 4.4 km for male and female respondents respectively. 17 Figure 4: Distance of social services by male and female for Kilwa District (km) 70- 60 50 - \ Drinking water AX \+-w Shops . 40- trkets - Rimary school C X 30 ---- Secondary school F- + ealth services 20 - | ---Bus stop 0 Male Female Male Female Sex of the respondents 3.1.9 Sources of water by affected and non affected households 3.1.9a Sources of water by affected and non affected households in Rufiji Districts The quality and access of water services is very poor for almost all respondents. A high proportion of the respondents depend on uncovered shallow wells for both drinking and cooking water. Respondents who depend on other sources apart from uncovered wells such as piped water and communal pipe stand are very few. Few females in affected households depend on buying water (33.3%) and borehole wells (25.0%). 18 Table 12: Sources of water by affected and non affected households in Rufiji Districts Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Pipe inside house 0 0 2.3 0 Pipe outside 0 0 2.3 0 Communal pipe stand 2.3 0 2.3 0 River 9.1 0 7.0 0 Covered wells 13.6 0 2.3 0 Uncovered wells 72.7 66.7 76.7 75.0 Rain water 2.3 0 2.3 0 Bought water 0 33.3 2.3 0 Boreholes 0 0 2.3 25.0 3.1.9b Sources of water in Kilwa districts by affected and non-affected households Like-wise, in Kilwa district a high proportion of respondents ranging from 57.9% to 80% depend on uncovered wells. The second source of water is covered wells for respondents from affected male (20.7%) and female (21.1%) affected households and female (20.0%) non-affected households. Table 13: Sources of water in Kilwa Districts by affected and non affected households Affected Non affected Male Female Male Female Pipe inside house 1.7 0 0 0 Pipe outside. 3.4 0 4.3 0 Communal pipe stand 8.6 10.5 7.1 0 River 1.7 0 0 0 Covered wells 20.7 21.1 5.7 20.0 Uncovered wells 60.3 57.9 80.0 70.0 Rain water 1.7 10.5 0 0 Bought water 1.7 0 12.9 10.0 19 3.1.9c Type of toilets in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts Pit latrines are the main toilets for over 90% of the respondents in both Rufiji and Kilwa districts. Table 14: Type of Toilets in Rufiji and Kilwa districts Affected Non affected Rufij i Male Female Male Female Flush toilets 1.7 0 1.4 0 Pit latrines (VIP) 8.6 10.5 5.7 10 Pit latrine 89.9 1 89.5 92.9 90.0 Kilwa Male Female Male Female Flush toilets 0 0 4.7 0 Pit latrines (VIP) 2.3 11.1 9.3 0 Pit latrine 97.7 88.9 86.1 100 3.1.10 Source of Lighting for Rufiji and Kilwa districts Kerosene is almost exclusively the only source of lighting for both affected and non- affected respondents in both Rufiji and Kilwa districts. Electricity use is very low in both Kilwa and Rufiji district where about 4.5% and 2.3% males in affected and non affected respondents in both Rufiji and Kilwa districts have reported use of electricity. Table 15: Source of Lighting in Rufiji and Kilwa Districts Affected Non affected Rufiji Male Female Male Female Kerosene 93.0 100 98.6 90 Electricity 3.5 0 1 .4 10 Generator 3.5 0 0 0 Fuel wood 0 0 0 0 Kilwa . Kerosene 95.5 100.0 93.0 100 Electricity 4.5 0 2.3 0 Generator 0 0 0 0 Candle 0 0 0 0 20 3.1.11 Source of energy for cooking in Rufiji and Kilwa districts Fuel wood is the major source of energy for cooking for affected and non-affected respondents. However, the dependence on fuel wood for cooking is slightly higher in Kilwa district where about 90% of the respondents depend on fuel wood compared to about 80% for Rufiji district. Charcoal use is higher in Rufiji district where 35% of both affected and non-affected households reported using it. Table 16: Source of cooking energy in Ruriji and Kilwa districts Affected Non affected Rufiji Male Female Male Female Fuel wood 77.6 77.8 81.4 80 Charcoal 17.2 16.7 15.7 10 Kerosene 5.2 5.6 2.9 10 Kilwa Male Female Male Female Fuel wood 95.5 88.9 93 95 Charcoal 4.5 11.1 4.7 5 Kerosene 0 0 2.3 0 3.1.12 Ownership of Assets Many people own radio, bicycles and iron. Respondents who own TV, motorcycle, pushcart and telephone are very few. Only 1.7% of the male respondents in Rufiji district own vehicles. The s ame appears to b e the c ase i n Kilwa district where majority owns radio, bicycles and iron. Only 2.2% of the respondents own vehicles. 21 Table 17: Ownership of assets in Kilwa and Rufiji Districts (%) Affected Non affected Rufiji Male Female Male Female Radio 81.0 63.2 78.6 70 Television 6.9 5.3 5.7 10 Bicycles 70.7 26.3 65.7 60 Motorcycle 10.3 5.3 2.9 0 Pushcart 8.6 15.8 10.0 10 Vehicle 1.7 0 0 0 Telephone 5.2 0 5.7 10 Wheelbarrow 0 0 1.4 0 Iron 44.8 21.1 44.3 60 Affected Non affected Kilwa Male Female Male Female Radio 84.4 66.7 88.4 50.0 Television 0 0 4.7 0 Bicycles 68.9 33.3 51.2 25.0 Motorcycle 2.2 0 0 0 Pushcart 4.4 0 2.3 0 Vehicle 2.2 0 0 0 Telephone 0 0 2.3 0 Wheelbarrow 2.2 0 0 25.0 Iron 24.4 33.3 46.5 25 3.2 BASELINE CONDITION ACROSS DISTRICTS 3.2.1 Social and Demographic Issues Average household size in Temeke, Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa districts is about 6.5 people per household (Table 2). This is relatively higher than the national average. About 47% of the respondents in Mkuranga and 89% in Kilwa were born in the same village while 53% of the people in Mkuranga and 90% in Rufiji have migrated from other areas to their present areas of residence. Search of settlement is the dominant reason for 50% of those who have migrated in Mkuranga and for 20% in Temeke and on 17.6% in Rufiji. Only 12% of people who moved to Temeke and Mkuranga cited search for better life as reason for migration. This situation may change in future with the provision of services such as water and electricity. The level of education among the people in the districts is relatively low. About 41% of the respondents in Mkuranga, 4 1.1% i n K ilwa h ave n ot attained any level of education. About 25% of the respondents in Rufiji, Kilwa and Mkuranga have attained primary level education. 22 Table 18: Demographic characteristics of the study area by districts TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA Household size (persons) 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.5 Number of disabled person in HH - 0.1 0.1 0.1 Place of birth (%) In the district - 46.7 9.6 89.1 Other places 100 55.3 90.4 10.9 Reasons for moving into this village (%) Settlement 20.0 50.0 17.6 14.3 Better life 12.0 12.5 - - Villagisation 8.0 12.5 17.6 2.4 Employment 28.0 12.5 12.1 14.3 Follow relatives 12.0 12.5 12.1 2.4 Business 4.0 - - 2.4 Looking for land 8.0 - - 11.9 Marriage - - 6.6 7.1 Farmning - 6.6 21.4 Other 20.0 - 27.4 23.8 Age categories (%) 0-25 years 20.7 22.2 24.6 21.8 26-45 years 9.7 8.1 7.7 7.3 Above 45 years 69.6 69.6 68.4 68.0 Relation to the head (%) Head 14.9 15.8 15.1 15.5 Spouse 14.5 17.9 15.9 15.8 Child 52.2 56.8 52.1 52.4 Other 6.1 1.1 7.7 3.9 Education level (%) None 16.7 41.1 37.5 41.4 Primary 31.1 23.2 40.5 43.7 Secondary 7.9 1.1 3.1 2.0 Other 18.5 7.4 7.8 7.4 Male head of proportion 52.6 50.5 48.8 52.6 3.2.2 Present Principal Economic Activities Principal economic activities are presented in Figure 1. Except for Temeke district, agriculture is the principal source of livelihood in all the villages in the project area, 23 where dependency on agriculture is over 85% on average compared to 36.7% for Temeke. These findings show an increasing trend of dependency on agriculture as principal economic activity. In 1994 dependency on agriculture was 69% and 64.5%.for Lindi and Coast regions, respectively (MEM/HBT AGRA 1994). This might have occurred due to a number of reasons including the opening up of the southern areas and accessibility to markets following the opening of the Rufiji Bridge. Other significant sources of incomes include petty trading, wage employment and business. These activities are especially important for Temeke district that is in Dar es Salaam. Also fishing and casual labour are practiced but only by small proportion of the respondents, with the exception of Songo Songo Island, where fishing is the principle economic activity. 3.2.3 Present Secondary Economic Activities Secondary economic activities are presented in Figure 2. Like in the principal economic activities (Figure 1), agriculture also dominates secondary economic activities. About 47% and 41% of the respondents in Temeke and Rufiji, respectively cite agriculture as their major secondary economic activity. In Mkuranga and Kilwa districts, agriculture is a secondary activity for 33.3% and 35.4% of the respondents, respectively. Also about 66.7 % of respondents in Mkuranga cited petty trade as secondary activity, while only 24.6%, 22.7% and 6.7% cited the same in Kilwa, Rufiji and Temeke districts respectively. Figure 5: Principal Economic Activity (%) 120 - 100 - m) 80- lPg*riculture 80 U ~~~~~~~~~~~Business = 60 - o Pettytrading fL 420 EWage employment 40- 20 2 0 CD Districts 24 Figure 6: Secondary Economic Activities (%) 120 - 100 u, 80 * Wage employment 0 * Petty tading co |* Business r 60 *Agrculture o * *Casual labour L 40 0 Rshting El Craft (mason, carpenter)i 20 0 TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA Districts These findings suggest that agriculture still dominates livelihood of the many villages as a principal and secondary economic activity. Dependency on agriculture is higher even in urban areas like Temeke. This could be associated with retrenchment of the government employee, increased privatization (ACRES Int. 2004) and increased urban farming as income generating activities. Despite the high dependency on agriculture, farming technology is poor and input use is very limited. Many farmers follow a rotational fallow system involving a few years followed by up to six years of fallow. 3.2.4 Total Household Annual Income Information on economic activities varies considerably in the four districts. While more income appears to come from secondary activities for Mkuranga district it is just the opposite for Temeke, Rufiji and Kilwa. Such a situation in Mkuranga could be associated with the high proportion of the respondents who have more secondary economic activities than in other districts. Total average income ranges from just over Tshs 800,000 for Temeke and Rufiji to just about Tshs. 700,000 for Kilwa. Mkuranga has the lowest income per annum per household; of about Tshs 600,000. Based on these figures, per capita income levels are also very low in all the districts. These are about Tshs. 125,248, Tshs. 122,969, Tshs. 117128 and Tshs. 98236 for Temeke, Rufiji, Mkuranga and Kilwa districts, respectively. 25 Figure 7: Household Annual Income (Tshs) Annual Incomes 1000000 900000 800000 - 700000 - 600000-_ 500000- 400000-_ 300000- 200000-_ 100000 Temeke Mkuranga Rufiji Kilwa 3.1.5 Income Earnings The results from Figure 3 show that over 60% of the respondents earn incomes below Tshs. 365, 000 or less than one dollar a day (Table 3). Mkuranga has the highest level of respondents who receive less that a dollar a day (86.7%). Respondents who earn between Tshs. 500,000 and above are only relatively higher in Rufiji (35.9%) followed by Temeke (35%). Income inequality and therefore income poverty is increasing even in rural areas where small proportions of the people are earning very high levels of incomes while the majority are living in absolute poverty. Table 19: Proportion (%) of Households' income by levels (Tshs) DISTRICTS TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL Below 50,000 5.0 26.7 23.6 17.9 18.4 50,001-364,000 55.0 60.0 37.7 48.7 49.1 364,001-500,000 5.0 6.7 2.8 10.3 4.7 500,001-I,000,000 25.0 6.7 20.8 17.9 17.1 Over l,000J000 10.0 0 15.1 5.1 10.8 3.2.6 Household Monthly Expenditure Levels 26 Figure 4 shows household expenditure levels. The figure shows that household expenditure per month ranges from Tshs. 53,000 for Mkuranga to Tshs. 103,000 in Temeke. Household expenditure for Kilwa and Rufiji is about Tshs. 87,789 and Tshs. 72,828 respectively. In all the districts, expenditure on food takes a high proportion ofthe monthly household's expenses. Figure 8: Expenditures Levels (Tshs.) 120000- 100000 80000 Expenditure per month i60000 ----- Expenditure on food 40000 20000 0 Temeke Mkuranga Rufiji Kilwa Districts 3.2.7 Land Tenure and Ownership Average land ownership ranges from 3.9 acres per household in Temeke to 6.3 acres per household in Rufiji district. Few respondents practice shifting cultivation for crops such cassava, paddy, millet and simsim. Access to land is not a constraint, since a high proportion of respondents get land through bush clearing especially in the districts of Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa. Through this way, they establish user rights on the land for as long it is continuously being used by the same person or family member. Also land is acquired through inheritance or through village governments' allocations. *** 3.2.8 Access and dependence on Natural Resources Access to natural resources is presented in Table 4. A study by URT (1994) show that the coastal people rely much on traditional medicine also, Swantz (1974) has documented 77 potential medicinal plants along the coast area that the people use. In this survey the dependency on natural resource is much higher in three districts of Mkuranga (93.3% of respondents), Rufiji (89.8% of respondents) and Kilwa (83.2% of respondents); but it is relatively low in Temeke district (38.9% of respondents). Natural resource use includes search for medicinal plants, fuel wood and building poles. With the 27 provision of electricity in the area, dependence on natural resource for charcoal and fuel wood may decline in the long run. However, due to improved communication and availability of electricity for saw milling, pressure on natural resources many increase, especially for timber and building materials as it has been observed in recently with the case of illegal logging. Table 20: Access and use of natural resources (% respondents) DISTRICTS TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL Access to natural 38.9 93.3 89.8 83.2 81.8 resources Bush meet 2.8 13.3 22.9 22.1 19.8 Timber 8.3 20.0 32.5 23.2 26.1 Medicinal plants 19.4 80.0 53.5 90.5 49.8 Wild fruits 5.6 40.0 38.9 31.9 32.8 Beekeeping 2.8 6.7 8.3 9.5 7.9 Building poles 44.4 100 81.5 90.5 80.9 Fuel wood 55.6 100 89.8 94.7 87.8 3.2.9 Quality of Houses Except for Temeke where a high proportion of the respondents have houses with corrugated iron roofs, concrete walls and floors, the majority of respondents in Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa have poor and simple houses thatched by either grass or coconut leaves, poles and mud walls and earth floor (Figure 5). These findings are consistent with those of MEM/ACRES Int. (2004), which shows that only 14% and 3% of the population in the study area had houses with bumt bricks and concrete blocks respectively. 28 Figure 9: Quality of houses 90- 80 |c1 60- U Cenent floor 50. , * l* Burnt bricks w alils 40- * L _ a Concrete brick walls 30- t f f- | _ Coconut leaves roof 20 * Corrugated iron sheets roof 10 . Corrugated iron sheets and tles 0 TEMEKE WURANGA RUFUI KLWA Districts 3.2.10 Access and Quality of Socio - Economic Services Overall status of access to socio-economic services is shown in Table 4. Water services: About 66% of the respondents rely on uncovered sources of water for their drinking water. Very few have access to covered water sources, communal standpipes and piped water. This is however different in Mkuranga district where all the respondents rely on sources that are not covered for their drinking water, thus risk getting diseases. These findings however, show that percentage of people having water connected to their houses has declined from the 1994 figures. For example, in 1994, 23.1% of the Temeke population had water connected within their houses but today it is only 8.3% of the population. These changes may reflect the unmet demand of rapidly growing population in urban areas or an ever increasing breakdown of the infrastructure or both. Lack of unreliable and clean water has had negative impact on people's health. In most villages in the project area, the common diseases mentioned were typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea. Providing clean water services in these villages will improve hygiene and reduce water born diseases. Pit latrine: Except for Temeke, pit latrines are the common type of toilet for majority of the people in the project area. Over 87% of the respondents use pit latrines while an insignificant number have VIP latrines and flush toilets. Sources of energy for lighting: The major source of energy for lighting is kerosene where over 95% of the respondents in all the districts use it. Electricity use is very limited and is only common in Rufiji (for 3.2% of respondents and Kilwa (for 1.1% of respondents). 29 The trend in electricity connection is shows declining levels in some districts. For example in 1994, 2.2% of the residents in Kilwa district were connected to electricity but today (2004), only 1 .1% o f the respondents have their h ouses c onnected to electricity. This decline may be associated with an increased population in the area rather than simply being a question of shift to other sources. Overall however, population being connected to electricity i s expanding c ountrywide, and i f c onnection c osts are ieduced and other related facilities are available at affordable prices, more people will opt for this source of energy. Fuel wood is by far the major source of energy for cooking. Except for Temeke district, the dependency on fuel wood ranged from 79% of respondents in Rufiji to 100 percent respondents in Mkuranga. The use of charcoal is significant in Temeke district (36.1% of respondents). Although charcoal-making activities are quite significant in Kilwa, Mkuranga and Rufiji most of it is targeting the Dar es Salaam market, suggesting that even in cities, dependence on charcoal as an alternative source of energy is high despite having electricity supply relatively well distributed. Table 21: Access to socio-economic services (%) DISTRICTS TEMEKE MKURANGA RUFIJI KILWA OVERAL Drinking water from 11.1 100 69.4 74.7 65.7 uncovered water Drinking water from 63.9 14.0 7.4 17.2 covered water Pit latrine toilets 16.7 100 90.4 87.4 81.2 Pit latrine (VIP) toilets 66.7 7.4 6.3 13.9 Kerosene as source of 97.2 100 94.9 94.7 95.4 lighting Fuel wood as source of 50 100 79.0 91.6 80.8 energy for cooking I Charcoal 36.1 15.9 7.4 14.9 3. 2.11 Ownership of Assets Proportion of respondents owning different types of assets is shown on Table 6. Ownership of a variety of assets in all the villages in the study area is low except for radio and bicycles. However, for Temeke district, a considerable number of respondents owned television sets (33.3%), pushcarts (50%) and telephone (38.9%). 30 Table 22: Ownership of assets (%) DISTRICTS TEMEKE MKURANGA RUIJFI KILWA OVERAL Radio 97.2 80 77.1 84.2 81.8 Television 33.3 - 6.4 2.1 Bicycle 44.4 - 62.4 57.9 - Motorcycle 5.6 - 5.7 1.1 57.4 Pushcart 50.0 - 10.2 3.2 4.0 Vehicle 16.7 - 0.6 1.1 12.2 Telephone 38.9 - 5.1 2.1 2.6 Wheelbarrow 5.6 6.7 0.6 2.1 2.6 Iron 75 26.3 42.7 34.7 43.2 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE BY SERVICE CATEGORY The analysis presented in subsection 3.1 above is based on socio-economic baseline by districts. The comparison was made across the four districts of Temeke, Mkuranga, Rufiji and Kilwa. In this section the analysis is focused on villages as categorized by proposed services to be provided. These are gas power plus water supply, solar power plus water supply and villages which will get water supply only. The objective of this analysis is to document the current baseline data in these areas in order to enable monitoring and assessment of the impact of the proposed service provision. Table 7 presents the quality of houses by villages' service category. 3.3.1 Quality of Houses Overall, the quality of houses is poor in all the villages. Most of the houses are made of earth floor and mud and pole walls (Table 7). However, over 50% of the respondents in villages that would get gas power plus water and solar power plus water have houses roofed by corrugated iron sheets compared to only 12.5% of respondents in villages that will get water supply only. 31 Table 23: Quality of houses by services to be provided VILLAGE SERVICES Gas power Solar power Water Overall plus water plus water service only House construction-floor (%) Mud 80.3 79.5 81.3 80.4 Cement 19.7 20.5 18.8 19.7 House construction-wall (%) Poles and mud 72.5 84.6 100 85.7 Burnt bricks 9.8 7.2 - 5.7 Concrete brick 14.7 5.1 - 6.6 House construction-roof (%) Coconut leaves and grass 47.6 44.8 81.3 57.9 Corrugated iron sheets 50.5 55.3 12.5 39.4 3.3.2 Distance to Services Distance to socio-economic services is indicated on Figure 6. Villages that will get water supply only are relatively closer to many of the socio-economic services. Most of the services in these villages are within one kilometre distance. Distance to secondary school is extremely high for villages earmarked for proposed gas power plus water supply while distance to shops and health services is much higher in villages planned to receive solar power plus water supply. 32 Figure 10: Distance to socio-economic services by village services (km) 6 * Distance to source of dnnidrg water 5 * Distance to shops 4 3 * _ zDistanceto market v _ 0 | a Distance to Primary School 2 1 - - _U_ * Distance to Secondary School O . r u I v .. . Distance to dispensary/Health 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~services Gas power plus Solar power plus Water service only * Distance to Bus stop water water Villages by service 3.3.3 The Quality of Socio-Economic Services by Village Service Category. Table 8 shows respondents' assessment of the quality of the services they receive. A high proportion of respondents mentioned the quality of primary and secondary schools to be good in all villages. Also about half of the respondents in gas power plus water supply villages and villages that would get water supply only indicated that the quality of water supply and shops were good. Further, a small proportion of the respondents in villages that will get solar power plus water have reported that services for water, shops and access to fuel wood were good. The quality of roads was reported to be good by less than 30% of the respondents and the situation was extremely bad for Mkuranga where only 2.6% mentioned the quality of road to be good. 33 Table 24: Proportion (%) of respondents suggesting that social services they receive is of good quality VILLAGE SERVICES Gas power Solar power Water Overall plus water plus water service only Quality of water services 58.8 38.5 68.8 55.4 Qualityof shops services 58.8 38.5 68.8 41.1 Quality of market services 38.2 53.8 31.3 45.8 Quality of primary school 84.3 87.2 93.8 88.4 services Quality of secondary school 71.4 77.8 60.0 69.7 services Quality of health services 49.0 30.6 75.0 51.5 Quality of road services 37.3 2.6 43.8 27.9 Availability of fuel wood 51.0 48.7 68.8 56.2 services _ 3.3.4 Monthly Household Expenditure by category of services to be provided. 3.3.4a Total monthly expenditure Average monthly expenditure in villages that are proposed to receive gas power supply was higher than in other villages in other categories of services (Figure 7). In all three villages, expenditure on food took the highest proportion of all monthly expenses. 34 Figure 11: Monthly expenditure by Village Service (Tshs.) 90000 - 80000 - 70000 - 60000 -
Группа Всемирного банка · Resettlement Plan
Tanzania - Songo Songo Gas Development Project - resettlement plan (Vol. 4 of 8) : Socio economic baseline data - Wayleave Village electrification scheme
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