Peru economic mission : urban and regional aspects

DEVELOPENT ECONOMICS DLPIRTNENT URBAIU AID REIONA ECOMICS DIVISIO URBAI AUD REGIONAJ, REPOT N0, 72-2 PER EJ_CO,i IO MTSSIMO: URBAN A R-1gT MA ASPECT` (Vol. 1) D. IJ. 3JUM.; E MORSSf; Lj ERlfjING; L. TORi,3 OC1'OER 1972 'Jhese mat~rils arei for nrna. use o.Ily. a c:-r tcv:.c c:or.:n', :1.:s r tIhos e of the m:thr ard sh.culd not be inteorirted RefInc 0i p5.LIcations to Frporto should ·· be earod with te author to protet th tentative character of thles s.r. INTERNATIONAL BPII FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PERU ECONOMIC MISSION URBAN AND REGIONAL ASPECTS VOLUME I October 17, 1972 Economics Department Urban & Regional Economics Division TABLE OF CONTENTS' VOLUIE I Page Introduction I. The Prinacy of Lima 1 II. Other Regional Comparisons 11 III. Planning and Policy Framework 18 IV. General Assessment 25 V. Possible Bank Contributions 28 VI. Recommendations 31 TABLES * ANNEXES Peru Economic Mission - Urban and Regional Aspects Intrbduction The participation of the Urban and Regional Econ(mics Division in this economic mission originated with a request to include Lima with three other cities from various parts of the world. in a research project dealing with the urban data needs of the Bank. 1/ As an extension of this research activity the Division was asked by the Area Department to spend some addi- tional time in Peru participating in the economic mission and also assess- ing how an urban "sector" mission during FY173 might best be focused. Accordingly, the research team, consisting of Elliott R. Morss, Consultant (2 weeks); Lars Jeurling (h weeks); Luis Torres (2 weeks); and Douglas H. Keare (2 weeks) worked to three objectives: 1. to gather and collate data and associated information for the above- mentioned research project; 2. to attempt, as members of the economic mission headed by Jose Guerra, to arrive at some judgments as to how Peru should be viewed for the purposes of regional and inter-urban analysis, and to contribute to the mission's analysis in the forn of a separate report on the sub- ject; and 3. to attempt to identify, through analysis of available data and information and discussions with government officials and others in Lima, appropriate investment strategies and potential projects which might provide the focus for an urban "sector" mission during FY'73. This report comprises the response that time and resources have permitted to the second and third objectives. The body of this report is concerned principally with regional analysis. The predominance of Metropolitan Lima on the national scene is also dealt with in the body of the report, whereas a more detailed description of the metropolitan area is contained in Volume II, A still more detailed description of Metro- politan Lima will be contained in the full report on the research project which will appear in draft toward the end of the year. The first three members of the missionJ/ began work in Lima on April 10. Their work, for two full weeks, was devoted almost entirely to gathering data for the research project. However, in the course of gather- ing data for Lima, they attempted also to identify items for which con- parable information was available either for other cities or by department (which is the fundamental administrative unit in Peru). Where possible they also gathered these data. 1/ RPO241, The Urban Data Needs of the IBRD. 2/ Here mission will be taken to refer to participating members of the Urban and Regional Economics Division, economic mission to refer to other members of the larger mission. ii Messrs. Morss and Torres then returned to Washington and Mr. Keare joined Mr. Jeurling in Lima on April 24. During the remaining two weeks, time was almost equally divided between rounding up the remaining data and information for Lima and gathering data and information related to other areas. In addition, over one weekend, a trip was taken to the Northern Region (Chimbote, Trujillo, Chiclayo and Cajamarca). During another weekend Mr. Jeurling visited Iquitos; and at different times, all mission members visited Cuzco. The shortness of the visit to Peru, of course, limits the per- ceptions of mission members and, therefore, their combined ability to make judgments in the absence of data or to interpret data where such inter- pretation based on observation might add to the analysis. Such judgments as have been reached, then, must be based largely on a limited data and information base, which is of variable reliability. The present judgment of the mission is that time in the field did not set the limit on the data collected. A few available items of interest were overlooked or incompletely recorded; however, a more serious constraint was the limited language and analytical skills which could be devoted to processing and analyzing the in- formation collected. The concluding chapters will include a discussion of how a follow-up mission might fill out the analysis by filling the "gaps" result- ing from the above factors and adding data provided by the 1972 census. A further problem is occasioned by the fact that several different bases must be used, e.g., cities (and here the cities included frequently vary), departments and regions or zones. (Here there are variations depend- ing upon purpose and user and, as a result and to avoid confusion, few "regional" comparisons have been made.) Taking all bases together, the data remain sketchy. As has been mentioned by other economic mission members, even basic population statistics (from 1940 and 1961 censuses, a 1971 "pre-census" and various estimations made by different bodies for different purposes between 1961 and 1971) may leave wide margins of error. Therefore, the figures presented in the Tables and referred to in the report can be interpreted only as indicating order of magnitude differences. As we are concerned primarily with inter-spatial comparisons, and those can be fairly rough, this is not as serious a draw- back as the sketchiness of the data. A more serious problem for the purposes of analysis is that very few time series exist on any sort of urban or regional basis. In most cases, it was possible only to collect figures for a given year and, as will be seen in the Tables, this year frequently varied -- for most of our figures, from 1967 to 1971. The few exceptions are data on population (the limitations of which have been discussed), the power sector (where an apparently comparable series exists from 1967) and certain other exceptions such as motor vehicle registrations, bank deposits, etc. A final problem is that Lima-Callao or Metropolitan Lima can mean a number of things: (1) Lima (i.e., the Province of Lima); (2) Metro- politan Lima, which can be either a vaguely defined concept attempting to embrace the "urbanized" portions of Lima and Callao or a specified number of iii districts within Lima and Callao. (For the mission's research work on Lima proper, which will be reported separately, 29 districts were chosen.); (3) Lima-Callao (which includes Lima and Callao Provinces); and the Department of Lima plus the Constitutional Province of Callao. The second and third concepts -- which are not terribly different in terms of numbers -- are the ones which are of greatest interest for the purposes of this report; however, the mission collected whatever information and data could be found, and such information is recorded where it is felt that this adds to the analysis. I. The Primacy of Lima 3/ The predominance of Lima in the Peruvian life and economy is mentioned by most observers; it can hardly be overlooked.4/ This is true in terms of population (which is the "currency" in which such comparisons are most fre- quently made); however, the dominance of Lima, as with most primate cities, occurs least of all in the field of population. This can be seen immediately by glancing at Table I.1, and will be explored further in this section of the report. Table I.1: Percentage of National Total in Metropolitan Lima Total Population: 1961 17 1970 22 Urban Population: 1961 47 (a) 1970 43 (a) Literate Population: 1970 40 Voting Population 1967 43 National Income 1961 42 1965 50 Local Government Spending $0 Public Sector Employees: 1970 47 Manufacturing: Establishments 64 (1968) Employees 72 Value Added 67 Unions: Number 72 (1970) Member3 67 (a) Lima-Callao/Total Urban 3/ In the body of the report the concepts of Metropolitan Lima and Lima- Callao are used interchangeably; in Table I.1 the ratios are Metro- politan Lima to National total except as noted in the footnotes. 4/ Of a selection of 2$ countries which met the following three conditions -- (1) average annual IBRD and IDA total lending program planned for FY172-76 of more than $$OM, (2) largest city over one million, except for Eastern and Western Africa where the minimum is $00,000; and (3) average annual growth rate of urban population over $% -- Peru ranked in the middle on the basis of overall urban population, but first among all countries on the importance in terms of population of the largest city compared to that of all localities of 100,000 population and above and second in the comparison of the largest city to the sum of the populations of the next three largest cities. -2- Percentage of National Total in Metropolitan Lima Total Bank: Deposits 80 (1970) Loans 81 Motor Vehicle Registration: Total 69 (1971) Private Cars 85 Registered Taxis & Colectivos 45 Traffic: Accidents 79 (1970) Fatalities 32 Electric Power: Population Served 63 (1970) Capacity 39 (b) Production 47 (b) Consumption 4h (b) Telephones: 1971 91 (c) International Calls: 1971 99 International Flights: 1971 100 Port Tonnage: 1969/70 31 University Students: 1970 58 Doctors: 1969 67 Hospital Beds: 1969 49 (b) Lima-Callao/Rest of Country (c) Metropolitan Lima/Sum of Sample Cities (thus overstated) A. Population According to one set of estimates, the population of Metropolitan Lima grew from about one and three-quarter million in 1961 to almost three million in 1970, or from about 17% to about 22% of total population. During the same period, since urban population growth in general more or less kept pace, Lima's proportion of urban population apparently remained about constant. 6 In the event, it may turn out that Lima's percentage of urban 5/ The 1961 data are from the census; the 1970 figure for Metropolitan Lima is fram the 1971 pre-census; that for national population is based on an earlier estimate of 3.1% annual growth over the period. 6/ One set of figures indicates that the percentage of urban population re- siding in Metropolitan Lima remained constant from 1961 to 1970; a second -3- population actually declined during the period. This could well be the case if the 1971 pre-census data are more or less confirmed by the 1972 census; however, as explained in footnote 6, this would still not mean that Lima's primacy was decreasing --even in terms of population. There is one other pcpulation ratio which, although it does not appear to be particularly important within Peru at this moment given the nature of the government and the origins of its authority, may one day assume considerable importance. This is the portion of voting population residing in the Metropolitan area. In 1967, at a time when Lima's percent- age of total population stood at about 20%, 43% of voters resided in the Metropolitan area. The fundamental explanation for this would appear to be that the voting privilege is based upon a literacy standard for, whereas the overall literacy ratio for the country is approximately 75%, that for Lima is close to 95%, which means that approximately IO% of the literate population resides in the Metropolitan area. B. Eaployment Clo In the aggregate, about 50% of public sector employment is in Lima- Callao.~ Thus, on a per capita basis, this means that the Lima resident has approximately thrice the opportunity of obtaining a government job as his "representative" countryman elsewhere. When it is further appreciated that a disproportionate share of the higher-ranking jobs are in the Capital city, it will be seen that, on the basis of remuneration, the bias in favor of Lima is even greater. This fact is borne out by the figures for a few representative ministries in Table 2.3, As for the private sector, two sets of figures may be consulted. Figures for those registered with the social security administration (See Table 2.2.) indicate that 69% of registered employees in the private sector worked in Lima-Callao in 1970. Figures for the manufacturing sector, also for 1970 (See Tables 2.4 and 2.5), indicate that 72% of employees in manufacturing establishments worked in Lima-Callao. set indicates that it declined slightly. (See Summary Table 0.) Whatever the case -- i.e., constancy or slight decline -- one in- curs the same difficulty in attempting to interpret such figures as is incurred for all countries; that is, if the primate city is recorded as growing no more rapidly or slightly less rapidly than total urban population, in reality its primacy is increasing. This is because a part, frequently an important part, of the growth of total urban population is accounted for by the inclusion, in the latest year statistics, of towns moving across an arbitrary line (taken to be 20,000 in Peru) chosen to separate urban from non- urban settlements. 7/ This is also the approximate ratio for local government spending. (See Table I.1.) C. Economic Activity In 1961 somewhat more than 40% of national income was generated in Lima-Callao.8/ We do not have reliable figures for any year since then; however, the percentage has almost certainly risen commensurate with the rise in population -- perhaps into the neighborhood of 50%. We also lack figures on the public sector contribution to national income. Current ex- penditures might be expected to have approximated the percentage of public sector employment in Lima-Callao; however, we have no figures showing a regional breakdown of public sector investment, except as regards estimated investment in 1970. In the private sector, manufacturing enterprises in Lima represent 64% of all such establishments in the country and provide 72% of employment, 65% of gross production value and 67% of value added. Figures for numbers of unions (72%) and union membership (67%) are consistent with the above; however, those for strikes (50%), loss of time (32%) and loss of income (26%) are lower -- perhaps indicating a higher incidence of union activities in the major mining areas. One way of interpreting the above statistics is that the chances of obtaining a job in manufacturing are almost eight times as great, per capita, in the Metropolitan area as elsewhere in the country; whereas value added per capita is six times as great. The above statistics tend to confirm the importance of Lima on the national economic scene; however, it is perhaps more instructive to look also at figures for capital stock in manufacturing. Although these show that capital stock in Lima and Callao is nearly equal to that for the rest of the country (See Table 2.6.) and is therefore nearly three times as great on a per capita basis, it is nonetheless true that these ratios are considerably lower than those for employment and value added. The differences in ratios are, at least in part, a reflection of the fact that highly capital-intensive mining -- and perhaps other -- activities are located outside Lima; however, whatever the explanation, the fact appears to remain that, at present, the productivity of capital is greatest in the Metropolitan area and that of labor is, on balance, greater elsewhere in the country. And this would seem to be corroborated by the fact that the percentage of investment in Lima exceeds that for capital stock (60% vs. 48%).9/ 8/ Based on the analysis of 1961 census and other data by the INP. 9/ Figures from another source seem to introduce a degree of confusion on this count. Statistics gathered by the Ministry of Industry for a group of major industries for the period 1967-69 show that, for Lima, employment in these industries declined absolutely and in relative terms from 64 to 59% of the national total; nominal remunera- tion increased by approximately a third (while still decreasing from 65 to 57% of the national total); the gross value of production de- creased from 52 to 47% and the share of industrial profits remained more-or-less stagnant. D. Income Such direct measures of income on a regional basis as have been made thus far are not very satisfactory. Estimates of national income for 1961 indicate that Lima accounted for approximately 42.5% of the national total, which would indicate a per capita rate a bit more than two and one- half times that for the rest of the country. Additional calculations were made on a regional and departmental basis in 1963 and 1965 (See Table 3.1.); however, their differences both from the 1961 estimate and from one another cast serious doubts on their reliability, except for the purposes of very rough inter-departmental comparisons which will be dealt with in the next chapter. In 1969 and 1970 CEMO conducted a survey of monthly incomes for white and blue collar workers for Lima and eight other cities. These figures (See Table 3.2.) have not been analyzed; however, a cursory examination indi- cates that they are even less reliable than the income statistics and dontt have very much to tell us. In the absence of reliable direct information on incomes, certain indirect observations (or "indicators" of income) may give a better idea of regional disparities. 10/ Among these are bank deposits and loans. In 197111 61% of all savings deposits and 77% of total deposits were in banks in Metropolitan Lima, 73% and 81% respectively in Lima-Callao. These figures embrace a range which is seven to twelve times the per capita values for the rest of the country. At the same time, more than 80% of all loans, or some fourteen times the per caFita figure for the rest of the country, were in the Metropolitan area.12! The fact that Lima is more predominant in loans and demand deposits than in savings would seem to indicate that these figures are indeed better indicators of economic activity than of income. Another area in which income "indicators" may be found is in the ownership and use of motor vehicles. Sixty-nine percent of all motor vehicles are registered in Lima which, on a per capita basis, is more than six times that for the rest of the country. The figures for particular kinds of ve- hicles range from 85% (more than twelve times per capita) for private autos down to 40% (about two times per capita) for trucks. The latter figure, as might be expected, is in line with the portion of national income generated in Lima, which would seem to indicate that the truck "population" tends to be related to total output rather than per capita incomes. Related figures for traffic accidents give Limafs "share" as 79% of accidents, 57% of injuries and 32% of fatalities, which figures might indicate an even higher relative rate of vehicle use than vehicle ownership in Lima. On the other hand, these data may simply indicate that the probability of having an accident is, for a com- bination of reasons (e.g. greater density, greater congestion and, perhaps, more intensive use), greater in the Metropolitan area; whereas the incidence of injuries and, particularly, fatalities is relatively less, due to the lower speeds at which most accidents occur. Whatever the case, these figures should yield to further analysis on a follow-up mission. 10/ Even though these are more properly indicators of past and present economic activity, they may serve -- in the basence of direct data -- as good in- dicators of income. 11/ See Table 3.4. 72/ Figures are also available for the Mutuales (Savings Associations); however, these are not included in the analysis here, because the regional breakdown differs from that (essentially departmental) which we have been using. In any follow-up analysis, however, these figures could be integrated. -6- E. Electric Power In 1970, electric power capacity per capita in Lima, when com- pared to that of a number of other cities (See Table 4.1, which does not include the least developed cities,) ranges from 1.15 to 4 times greater. For the same cities, Lima's connections per capita range from 10% less than equal to approximately 3.5 times greater. On a regional basis, capacity per capita for Lima is almost twice that for the rest of the country, and two-thirds of all powur from public service is used in the Metropolitan area; however, total power production and consumption in 1970 was in the neighborhood of )h5% of the national total, meaning a per capita use approaching 2.5 times that for the rest of the country. 137 It is likely that a proper regional analysis of power capacity, production and consumption -- particularly using time series data, broken down by economic activity, for a number of years -- could shed a fair amount of light on the three following subjects: (1) relative provision of infrastructure; (2) relative levels of economic activity and its rate of growth; and (3) per capita consumption and incame levels. This is one area of analysis that could be expanded and con- siderably improved as part of a later follow-u.. This would involve further gathering of data and discussions with appropriate persons in Peru to better enable adjustment for "special factors," such as mining activLties and other particularly heavy users of power, in certain areas; division of the various uses in such a way as to make a reasonable dis- tinction between power used in the production process and power as part of consumption; and indication of trends over time. F. "Accessibility" This concept has to do basically with the transport and com- munications network serving a given area. The Ministry of Housing has attempted to construct an "accessibility index" 7hich takes all relevant factors (road access, ports, airports, etc.) into consideration. As can be seen in Table 5.1, this ranking gives Lima a "score of 61 as opposed to, e.g., 37 for the next two cities, Trujillo and Arequipa; 30 for Santa and Chancay; 23 for Piura; 17 for Tumbes; and so on down the list. This ranking almost certainly understates the predominance of Lima, a.s some of the following specific figures will indicate. The principal reaeon for this discrepancy would appear to be that the Ministry of Housing deals with the physical infrasTructure in place, and does not pay suffi- cient attention to its use (i.e., what occurs on or over that infra- structure. 14/ 13/ The difference is, of course, accounted for by the fact that private production is much greater in, e.g., the large mining complexes out- side Lima. In addition, it is likely that private production sub- stitutes for inadequate public provision in a number of areas, and it would be interesting to attempt to determine the extent to which this is the case. 14/ This can be better evaluated when the Ministry's report has been completed and published. -7- To illustrate, one can refer once more to the motor vehicle statistics which are given in per capita terms in Table 3.6 and in aggre- gate terms in Table 5.2. Road access to Lima (i.e., the number, width and quality of roads leading into and out of the Metropolitan area) is greater than to Trujillo or Arequipa, but not by a very wide margin. Yet, once again,69% of all vehicles, 85% of private autos, h% of colec- tivos, 43% of taxis, 57% of pick-ups, 40% of trucks, 49% of micro-buses, 47% of buses and 69% of motorcycles were registered in the Lima Metropolitan area in 1970. 15/ These figures imply per capita ratios which range from two to twelve times those for the rest of the country and an average of six times for all vehicles. As has also been indicated previously, vehicle use may be more intensive in Lima than outside. And all these figures may be much more closely related to the capacity of the road network within the Metropolitan area than they are to that of the network linking Lima with other locations. In the case of ports, Lima (i.e., the port of Callao) appears to be less dominant than in most other respects. In 1970, 32% of ship move- ments (39% on a net registered tonnage basis) were through Callao. The percentages are somewhat higher for foreign-owned vessels. Callao's share of total freight tonnages corresponded closely to these figures, i.e., 31%; however, what is perhaps more significant, h3% of dry cargo passed through Callao. This, as might be expected, corresponds closely to the national income figure. 16/ Figures are not available for passenger move- ments3 however, according to knowledgeable observers, with the exception 15/ The very great difference between Lima's share of private autos and, to a lesser extent, motorcycles, on the one hand, and colectivos, taxis, microbuses, buses and trucks, on the other, is of no little interest. One way in which this difference might be explained would be in terms of productive and "non-productivell use; that is, the stock and use of colectivos, taxis, microbuses, buses and trucks is more-or-less closely related to the need for such vehicles to support economic activity -- i.e., as movers either of goods or of factors of production (e.g., people in their role as workers). The "excess" presence of private autos and motorcycles would be due, at least in large measure, to their value as consumer goods -- or durable goods producing consumer services. A more technical explanation would be that the phenomenon can be divided into a price (substitution) effect and an income effect, both of which in these circumstances favor the use of private vehicles. The substitution effect is due to higher prices (either nominally or in terms of effort-price, taking cost of time into account) of alternative modes of transport. The income effect reinforces the price effect, because (although hard evidence is lacking) the income elasticity of demand for auto transport is probably significantly higher than that for bus or taxi transport. (The latter may even be inferior goods -- or services.) 16/ This close correspondence would suggest that, on a 'Inetted outtl basis, Callao serves only Lima. Intuitively, this would not seem to be the case. Thus, this relationship should be subjected to further scrutiny in a follow-up mission. -8- of internal riverine and coastal movements, virtually all international passengers pass through Callao. 17/ Similarly, in the case of air traffic, all the flights of the major domestic carrier (the only one for which reliable information is available) originate and terminate in Lima, and all international air movements are through the Lima airport. A similar pi.cture emerges in the case of telecommunications. Lima enjoys a substantial advantage in infrastructure, but is far more pre- dominant in the use of this infrastructure. The figures for subscribers and instruments per capita are about three times the average for other leading cities (See Table 5.h.);L/however, domestic use for long-distance calls is approximately six times greater for Lima, and 99% of internatioanl calls originate in Lima. G. Housing A census of housing in 1970 indicated that approximately 2% of Lima's population resided in barriadas, or Pueblos Jovenes, as against an average of 42% for 23 other cities (See Table 6.1). 19/ At the same time 11/ Further analysis of port movements, coastal and riveriretraffic of both goods and persons may produce information of interest and should be included in a follow-up mission. 18/ Two interesting points can be made here. The first is that Lima's figure of 5.9 instruments per 100 population is significantly different from that of 2.0 for the other cities. The former figure places Lima in the same category as the principal cities of Brazil, Mexico and Taiwan; whereas, the latter places the other cities in the same cate- gory as the principal cities of India, Pakistan, Mali and Senegal. The second point is that Lima does not have significantly more sub- scribers per capita for commercial, official or professional use than the other cities. (The ratios range from approximately 1.1 to 1.3); however, it has three-and-a-half times as many residential subscribers per capita than the average for the other cities. This suggests a substantial "consumption" difference, which can again be described in terms of income and substitution effects as has been done in the case of motor vehicles above. 19/ The definition used to distinguish Pueblos Jovenes from "other" com- munities was not very specific; and therefore was not very satis- factory. It covered, essentially, all areas of "unorganized" or un- controlled growth containing more than 10,000 housing units; an addi- tional qualification was that the development had to be on land not owned by the residents, and it is not clear that there were other criteria than this used to establish that growth was "unorganized" or uncontrolled. In any case, it was discovered less than a year after the census had been completed that there had been substantial under- counting in Lima. The recently established barriada--El Salvador-- containing sane 150,000 persons, had been left out altogether; and, in addition, it was discovered during 1971 that other new areas (con- taining a total of about 80,000 people) and peripheric growth around -9- 20/ our "composite index" for Lima and seven other cities indicated a "score" of 427 for Lima and an average of 294 for the others, ranging from 178 for Puno to 347 for Chiclayo and 370 for Arequipa. A different set of figures for Lima and 28 other cities (See Table 6.3.)fails to indicate very im- portant differences in any aspect of "housing quality" or utilities pro- vision, with the possible exception of size of housing unit. For all their unreliability, due to problems in finding common definitions and problems of measurement, the various sets of figures seem to indica'e the same order of magnitude of Lima's advantage, which is not very substantial in this field. This should be qualified by the observa- tion that Lima and other coastal cities enjoy a substantial advantage -- by virtue of the mild and dry climate -- over those located in the (colder) Sierra or the (wetter) Selva; that is,the quality of housing needed to produce a given"quality" of living circumstances is much less on the coast. In any case, the most important finding from the various figures on housing quality is that generalizations as between Lima and other cities or the rest of the country are not really possible without substantial additional analysis. What is perhaps of greatest interest is that certain cities and/or regions appear to lag considerably in certain aspects of the housing environment. This matter will be treated in Chapter II. H. Other Services In education, the per capita provision of student "places" in Lima as opposed to the rest of the country stands at a ratio of just over 1 for primary, just over 2 for secondary and just over 4 for university education. In 1967, approximately 27% of all primary students and 42% of secondary students, as opposed to approximately 22% of the total population, were in the'Metropolitan area. As has been pointed out by Mr. Stoutjesdijk, the figures do notfully indicate the advantage in respect of access to education of Lima residents and, presumably, of urban residents generally. This is because only h3% of urban residents are below 15 years of age, whereas 52% of those living in rural areas are in this age group. existing areas (amounting to some 20,000 people) had been overlooked. Thus, a more realistic figure for the Metropolitan area would appear to be about 1,030,000 persons -- or slightly more than a third of the population -- living in Pueblos Jovenes. It is unclear whether there was similar undercounting for the other cities concerned; however, particularly given their considerably smaller size, it is very doubt- ful that there could have been. Certainly, for other cities such as Chimbote, Ilo, Tumbes, Chanca-Huacho and Trujillo -- where the re- corded percentage of Pueblos Jovenes residents ranged from 60 to 95% -- a question of undercounting would hardly seem to arise. 20/ This is simply the total of the indices of "acceptable provision" for the various measures of housing "quality" (See Table 6.2.). -10- At the university level the comparison is more stark, in that 42% of all institutions and 58% of students are in Lima.21/ This is not, of course, as much an indication of "privilege" for Limenos as it is of the predominance of Lima in the intellectual life of the country; that is, a substantial proportion of university students studying in Lima, as well as in other cities, come from other regions.2/ In the aggregate, approximately h of the public sector education budget is allocated to Lima. The "results" of the above elements of ad- vantage are seen in part in Lima's lower drop-out rate (approximately 25% for both primary and secondary schools, as opposed to a national average of 67% for primary and 50% for secondary). Another indication is the literacy rate which, as indicated earlier, is some 0% higher .for Lima than for the rest of the country.3 Limenos enjoy an even greater advantage in the case of health services. Two-thirds of all doctors and half of all hospital beds are in Lima-Callao. Even if one considers that these services are at times avail- able to residents of other parts of the country, the advantage of having seven-and-one-half times as many doctors and more than three times as many hospital beds per capita is a substantial one. We did not gather.,figures which could give indications of the "results" of this advantage; however, disease incidence and mortality rate statistics are available on a geo- graphical basis, and could be included in a future analysis. L4/ 21/ Interestingly, and contrary to experience in certain other countries, for teachers colleges the comparison runs the other way; that is, only 35% of enrollment is in the Metropolitan area. There are, in addition,some interesting aspects of the location of the remaining 65%, which will be discussed in the following chapter. 22/ Figures concerning the geographic origins of university students are available, and can be analyzed as part of a first, follow-up effort. 23/ Very comprehensive information on educational attainment for major cities are included in a study by SERH f/ervicio del Empleo y Recursos Humanos/, Algunas Caracteristicas Socio-Econamicas de la Educacion en el Peru, Ministerio de Trabajo, November, 1971. These data were deemed too numerous and complex to be analyzed as part of this effort. They might be analyzed at a later date; however, before such an effort is made, a judgment would have to be made as to their quality - which, at present, appears questionable. 24/ In fact, during our visit, the Ministry of Health was in the process of completing a very substantial statistical exercise covering each of the 56 hospital "areas" within the 12 "zones." This was to be completed by June in 56 volumes, which means that a field visit would be necessary to select that which is useful before further analysis could take place. Many of the data appeared to be of questionable accuracy and some were meaningless; however, for what it is worth, information is now or soon will be available on a regional basis on, inter alia: accessibility of medical services to population, mortality by age group and cause, medical consultations and hospitalization by age group and cause, hospital facilities, vaccinations, etc. II. Other Regional Comparisons The available data will not support comprehensive regional analysis and comparisons,whether this is attempted on an inter-city basis, by department or by planning regions. These insufficiencies are par- ticularly noteworthy in the case of figures for incomes and economic activity. Nonetheless, there are a number of "observations" of some interest which can be made. A. General Description of Regional Economies The North Region is mainly agricultural -- including a number of plantations and a fair development of agro-industries. Major industrial developments include a steel mill and the fishing and fish-meal industries at Chimbote; a petroleum refinery at Piura; and general industrial de- velopment at Trujillo and, to a lesser extent, Chiclayo. The major activities in the Sierra are agricultural, including livestock; and the region includes major undeveloped areas in the Sierra and Selva Alta (Departments of Amazonas and San Martin). The Central Region includes the highly developed Metropolitan area of Lima-Callao which, as has been discussed, is predominant admini- stratively, commercially and industrially. In addition, there are major mining activities in the Departments of Ica, Junin and Pasco and important agricultural activities in the Departments of Lima and Ica and in the Mantaro Valley. The region also includes substantial unpopulated areas in the northeast. The South Region is quite diverse. Major activities include mining and smelting in Tacna and Moquegua and general commercial and in- dustrial development about Arequipa and, to a lesser extent, Cuzco. Madre de Dios is a largely undeveloped, but quite promising "frontier," whereas agriculture in the region generally is at a low level of development. The major feature of the region is Arequipa which, by virtue of its location abreast of major trade routes and its favorable altitude and climate, be- came a major trading and commercial center at an early date, Agriculture about Arequipa is (relatively) highly developed, but develoment is con- strained by limited land resources and this is one factor contributing to the slow growth of the city and the region generally. Nonetheless, Are- quipa remains a major cultural, social and political center to be reckoned with. The East Region is, at this date, basically 'an uncharted frontier Population and economic growth are currently very rapid -- consisting of a range of (occasionally exotic) activities centered principally about Iquitos and Pucallpa. There is a chance of a major oil "find" in Loreto Department but, even if this does not occur, the region is likely to develop rapidly. - 1a - Table I1.1: Rankings by Department (Per Capita) /.. 1961-1970 1970 1970 1968 1970 1970 1967 1967 1967 1968 Population* Public Private Manufacturing Recognized Labor Han-hcurs Lost Primary School Secondary School Teachers Coll. University Hospital Region: Department Growth Rate Fnployees Employees Employees Union Members in Strikes Enrollnent Enrollment Enrollment * Enrollment* Doctors Leds North: Amazonas 7 9 23 17 - - 5 19 22 - 15 19 San Martin 9 8 16 18 8 - 6 11 16 17 15 Cajamarca 12 23 21 20 - - 23 22 3 9 22 23. Piura 18 20 9 11 10 - 22 - 15 10 14 12 14 Tunbes 3 5 14 15 - - 14 10 19 - 4 11 Lambayeque 8 14 5 4 - 10 15 6 11 7 7 9 La Libertad 10 12 7 2 7 8 13 9 2 3 8 7 Central: Ancash 13 13 12 7 - 11 9 17 6 - 16 12 Ayachoho 22 18 20 22 5 - 19 21 12 8 19 18 Huancavelica 20 21 19 23 - 9 24 24 17 - 23 20 Huanaco 16 17 15 12 - 7 17 20 20 10 18 17 Pasco 14 16 6 16 1 16 10 18 13 9 .6 Junin 11 11 8 8 2 7 7 5 6 10 8 lca 6 7 4 5 1 8 ,4 15 h 3 h South: Apurinac 23 19 21 21 - 21 23 14 - 21 22 Puno 21 22 17 19 6 - 21 18 4 12 20 21 Cuzco 19 15 13 14 - 12 18 14 7 5 14 13 Arequipa 15 3 2 3 3 6 4 2 9 2 2 5 Moquegua 13 4 10 10 - - 2 8 21 - > 3 Taena 5 2 3 6 . 3 1 5 13 - 4 2 Madra de Dios 1 6 18 13 - - 11 12 23 - 10 16 at Loroto 4 10 11 9 9 - 12 13 8 11 13 10 dtro. Lima-Callao 2 1 1 1 2 5 3/10ja 1/3a 1 1 1 1 - 11b - Table II .1 Cootd. 1970 1970 1968 1968 1965 1961-196 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 1970 Power Electric Power Generating Electric Power Manufacturirg Manufacturing National Natinal Income Conmercial Commercial . Total Motor Private Auto/ Trucks/ Rerion: Depart-nt Production Capacity Consumption Capital Stock Value Added Incom Grc-th Rate * Bank Deposits Dank Loans Vehicles MotorcISles Collectivos Buses North Amazonna 23 23 22 17 16 15 13 16 20 22 22/16 - 23/22 San Martin 21 22 23 19 20 17 12 15 14 9 16/2 .12 15/15 Cajamarca 20 21 20 18 18 22 23 21 19 21 18/20 17 21/19 Piura 13 12 13 9 7 8 6 8 6 5 h/23 7 5/8 Tuambes 13 14 15 14 10 15 13 15 10 20/11 9 13/12 Labayeque 7 8 7 8 3 9 9 5 7 7 7/10 8 - 8/7 La Iibertad 6 9 6 3 8 11 10 7 5 6 6/9 1 2/5 Central3 Ancash 9/ 6 10 1 6 12 7 11 12 17 11/21 5 17/10 Ayacucho 18 19 18 22 22 23 20 20 21 19 17/14 - 16/18 Huancavelica 12 15 12 21 23 20 22 23 - 23 23 23/17 - 22/21 Huanuco 16 17 16 14 19 19 16 17 16 18 13/18 13 1U/17 Pasco 2 2 2 16 15 5 8 14 18 14 5/22 - 6/11 Juni 5 7 5 7 2 6 5 9 10 8 8/15 1h 7/2 Ica 3 4 3 5 5 3 2 1 2 4 5/8 2 1/6 South. Apurimac 22 18 21 23 21 21 19 22 22 20 19/12 16 20/20 Puno 13 17 18 * 20 19 17 17 20 17 16 12/13 1.5 W216 (izco 10 11 9 12 12 16 17 12 11 13 10/19 11 9/13 Arequipa 8 10 8 6 4 & & 3 3 3 3/4 10 10/3 Moqueguna 1 1 2 9 7 18 6 8 11 9/7 6 11/9 Tacna 11 3 11 11 10 1 1 2 4 2 2/6 3 1/1 Madre de Dion 19 16 19 20 13 13 14 18 13 12 21/1 - 19/23 E.stt Loreto 15 14 15 10 11 14 11 10 9 15 14/S - 18/114 Metro: Lina-Callao 4 5 4 1 1 2 3 11 1 1 1/3 4 3/4 /1 Per Capita except where noted (*) othezise. 7 Lima-Callao 'Lhe major earthquake disaster occurred in June 1970; in a normal year, both rankiig would be 6. Iley - 11c - Table 11.2: Rankings by City Households with Electric Power (P.c.) Te ephones a Housir Quality Population Record Sewing Air ,Subscriber, Total C_a_II_Beh_Wat,__ostrution_lecticit Growth Rate Vehicles Refriratorss y Consumtion AMements Resiute T Water CtTot) City, 1961 -70 1 9 70 1 97 12. - 6 3 2 2 2 Arequipa 18 3 6 2 6 8 3 3 3 Ayacucho 13 Barranca 3 Cajamarca 1 c3sma 7 7 I 2 4 Cuzco 12 6 7 3 7 6 3 7 3 3 3 Chicayo 10 2 4 5 3 9 11 6 2 3 Chimbote 10 16 8 8 8 3 Chincha 16 16 13 Chancay-uacho 20 * 2 13 6 7 6 Huancayo 7 14 16 17 guanuco 19 Huaraz 17 13 2 Ica 11 7 2 2 3 3 lo 20 Iqvitos 8 8 7 1 6 2 4 7 7 MEoqucgua 15 Nacca Jo I Paita 21 12 T4 17 Pi.c 6 7 97 6 5 5 4 2 2 5 Piura 9 5 37 3 8 31565 5 IIs2s 2 '6s no 6 8 6 8 13 8 8 8 8 8 Santa 6 Sullena 1 14 9 9 9 Tacn. 5 5 5 11 8 Talar. 24s 9 12 12 8 Trujillo 2 3 2 4 2 15 10 5 2 3 5 5 I 5 6 6 7 6 Tumbes 23 18 Metropolitan ima .11 1 1 1 3 -12- B. Major Interpretations in Terms of Available Data The available data are sketchy; however, those which are avail- able are presented in Tables II.1 and 11.2. These suggest that "regional" development is best discussed in terms of eight sub-regions -- as follows: 1. Northern Interior: This region, comprising the Departments of Amazonas, San Martin and Cajamarca is basically a lagging region with low service levels. The following exceptions are, however, worth noting. Population growth and public sector employment are moderately high in the Departments of Amazonas and San Martin, and the provision (quantitatively) of primary schooling is high. San Martin Department also provides a moderate level of secondary education and Cajamarca, presumably because of its favorable site and climate is a major center for teacher training and a secondary university center. National income levels (per capita) and growth are moderate in the Departments of Amazonas and San Martin, and these are reflected, in the latter case, in a relatively high presence of motorcycles and a moderate presence of colectivos. 2. Northern Coast: This region, comprising the Departments of Piura, Tumbes, Lambayeque, La Libertad and (part of) Ancash, is quite diverse. On balance, it is still a low income area, currently experiencing a rapid rate of growth; however, service levels generally remain moderate to low. In Tumbes population growth and public sector employment are very high. Manufacturing employment is high and growing rapidly in Lambayeque, La Libertad and Ancash (principally Chimbote). La Libertad and, to a lesser extent, Lambayeque are major teachers' training and uni- versity centers. Manufacturing capital stock is particularly high in Ancash and La Libertad, whereas value added is highest in Lambayeque. Motor vehicle statistics are particularly high for Piura (private autos) and -- in the case of colectivos, buses and trucks -- La Libertad. For some reason, the provision of primary school facilities lags greatly in Piura. 3. Central Interior: This region, consisting of the Departments of Ayachucho, Huancavelica, Huanuco and Pasco, possess major mining activities and a (relatively) highly developed agricultural center in the Mantaro Valley; it is, nonetheless, basically a lagging region. Because of climate and, presumably, proximity to Lima, the region provides an important portion of university facilities. Otherwise, most exceptions to the general diagnosis of "lagging development" are provided by the Depart- ment of Pasco. Here private employment is high, the provision of health facilities is moderate, the provision of power is high and the level and growth of national income are quite high. As a result, mainly, of the last factor, the presence of private autos and trucks in the Department is relatively high. 4. Central Coast: This region, comprising the Departments of Ica and Junin (and not including the Lima-Callao metropolitan area) is currently experiencing rapid growth on all fronts, and the exceptions are hardly worth mentioning. -13- 5. Metropolitan Lima: This is discussed in considerable detail in 'Volume II. 6. Southern Interior: This region, comprising the Departments of Apurimac, Puno and Cuzco, developed early, and, as a result, possesses a certain -- physical and institutional -- infrastructure; nonetheless, it is presently a lagging region. The only exceptions are that teachers colleges and university facilities are moderate and -- in the case of Cuzco -- power, manufacturing, banking and motor vehicle statistics are moderate. 7. Southern Coast: This is a relatively highly developed region -- comprising the Departments of Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna -- which is still experiencing relatively rapid growth. However, population growth in Arequipa and Moquegua is slow and national income growth in the latter Department is very low. 8. The Frontier: This region, or two regions, consisting of Madre de Dios and Loreto Departments is a "frontier" in the truest sense of the word. The major characteristics of these areas are rapid population growth, low to moderate levels of economic activity and generally low pro- vision of public services. A selective description of major sectoral features for regions other than the Metropolitan area follows. C. Population According to the 1971 pre-census, which figures differ sub- stantially from other earlier estimations (see Table 1.1), it is clear that several of the leading cities have been growing very rapidly -- more rapidly than the Lima Metropolitan area -- during the past decade. In the North, Chimbote (9.5), Trujillo (8.3) and Piura (6.3) apparently have exceeded Lima's 5.5 to 6.0 rate of population growth, and all the other larger cities have grown fairly rapidly. Similarly, in the Central Region, most of the cities along the coast have also grown quite rapidly. Nazca (9.1) and Pisco (7.2) have exceeded Lima's rate of growth, as have Cerro de Pasco (6.5) and Pucallpa (8.3) on the other side of the Andes. In the South, Tacna (7.5) and,in the East,Iquitos (6.8) have grown particularly rapidly. There are also cases of particularly slow or no growth, of which La Oroya appears to be the most notable example. On a departmental basis, where the figures are even less reliable and have not been adjusted as a result of pre-census information, Tumbes, Lambayeque and Amazonas appear to be the fastest growing sub-regions in the North. Other than Lima-Callao, Ica is growing fastest in the Central Region, Tacna and Madre de Dios in the South and Loreto in the East. The most slowly growing departments appear to be Ayacucho and Apurimac. -1)4- D. Euployment Public sector employment appears to be highest for the long established and more distant urban centers, notably Arequipa, Tumbes, Tacna, Xoquegua, Madre de Dios and Iquitos. This corresponds only in part to the Ministry of Housing's ranking of centers according to political/ administrative factors. This ranking, according to whether and the extent to which the most important political/administrative organizations and features are available in a city, lists the following top ten cities in order: Iquitos, Arequipa, Cuzco, Huancayo, Puno, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, Ica and Tacna. Private sector employment, not surprisingly, appears highest for the known agro-industrial, industrial and mining centers, notably Ica, Junin and Pisco in the Central Region, La Libertad and Lambayeque in the North and Tacna in the South. E. Manufacturing Activity Value added per capita in manufacturing is highest in the follow- ing centers: Junin (4475 soles, which is higher than Lima's 4325), Lam- bayeque (312h), Arequipa (2836), Ica (2793), Ancash (2745), Piura (2536), La Libertad (2460) and Moquegua (2219). In the case of capital stock and investment ratios for the one year (1968) for which statistics were avail- able, it is interesting to note that Ancash (15028), Moquegua (8365) and La Libertad (8191) exceeded Lima's 7732 soles per capita capital stock in manufacturing. Whether this accurately describes the situation or is an indication of some faults with the data remains to be explored. In that particular year, the investment rate per capita for La Libertad (1386) also exceeded Lima's 1369 per capita, whilst the rates for Ica, Junin, Ancash, Arequipa, Lambayeque and Moquegua also were relatively high. F. Income The direct measures of income, such as they are, seem to indicate quite acceptable rates of growth during the first half of the sixties throughout most of the country. Exceptions are entirely in the Sierra, e.g., Cajamarca Department in the North, Ayacucho and Huancavelica Departments in the Central Region and much of the Southern Region. Here only Tacna, Arequipa and Madre de Dios Departments appear to have enjoyed acceptable rates of growth of per capita inccme. Among indirect "indicators" of income, which are all on a departmental basis, bank deposits per capita are highest in Tacna, Arequipa, Ica, Lambayeque and Moquegua. 2/ Vehicles per capita, both total and private, are highest for Tacna, Arequipa, Ica, Piura, La Libertad and Lambayeque. These figures and others in Table II.1 seem to indicate that the creation of economic infrastructure -- both physical and institutional -- tends to lag behind growth of population and economic activity. This seems plausible as, a priori, one might expect infrastructure to be most closely 25/ It would be of interest, also, to compare figures for the number of bank accounts. These are almost certainly available, but were not obtained on this mission. related to wealth. 26/ If true, this might lead one to the conclusion that those regions presently growing the most rapidly may be, in a sense, "starved" for resources to create necessary "infrastructurel (broadly defined to in- clude, e.g., financial institutions); furthermore, unless adequate inter- regional transfer mechanisms evolve or are created by conscious policy decision, this starvation may become serious enough to constrain or choke off further growth. We lack sufficient information to proceed to any such conclusion at present; however, there do appear to be sufficient indications that this might be the case -- particularly in respect of the Northern Region -- that it would be worthwhile to attempt to test this hypothesis as part of a follow-up effort. G. Electric Power The leading cities from the standpoint of power-generating capacity per capita are Moquegua, Pasco, Tacna, Ica, Ancash and Junin. With the ex- ception.of Ancash (which has a large steel mill and is the leading producer of fishmeal) these are all mining centers. As mentiohed in Ch'apter I, we really must sort out such matters as the requirements for mining operations and other substantial users of electricity before these power data can be analyzed in a satisfactory way. However, even at this point, it is quite interesting to note the differences between cities and where they stand concerning installed capacity as opposed to percentage of population supplied with power. The northern cities, in particular, appear to be relatively poorly supplied. This may be explained in part by the nature of activities in this region; however, this does not explain the relatively low percentage of the population supplied with electricity in this moderately prosperous and rapidly growing region. 27/ In connection with the argument of the preceding paragraph, it might be worthwhile to push the analysis further on this front -- to attempt to determine: (a) whether this is true (i.e., that the Northern Region is relatively poorly supplied with power) and (b) the extent to which this is due to such factors as inadequacies of the institutions supplying power, shortages of particular skills, shortages of capital resources, etc. H. "Accessibility" In terms of such crude measures as frequency of flights, domestic air service is best to Chiclayo, Arequipa, Cuzco and Trujillo. Telephone service appears to be best in the Northern and Central Regions. The inten- sity of use for domestic service appears greatest in the Central Region, whilst international long distance calls are greatest for Piura and Chimbote -- no doubt reflecting the relative importance of internationally traded items in the economies of these cities. 26/ Or the sum of incomes over a substantial period of time. 27/ Nor does the fact that population growth has been particularly rapid recently. -16- I. Housing Although one should not attempt to make too much of the figures for barriadas, or Pueblos Jovenes (especially since they do not appear to be comparable from year to year, the estimates are almost certainly too high -- at least for the cities with the highest percentages of Pueblos Jovenes -- and definitional problems abound) they probably do give some indication as to the relative seriousness of the housing problem. That is, Chimbote, with 95% of all residents reported to be living in Pueblos Jovenes in 1970, Ilo (85%), Tumbes (80%), Chancay and Huacho (63%) and Trujillo (62%) can be described as having more serious housing problems than other cities. Of greatest interest, however, are the particular problems of particular areas. Toilet and bath facilities are at a relatively low standard throughout the country. The average for the cities served showed 441 with private baths and 39% with none, with the ratio varying about these means about as one would expect,given relative levels of overall development and income. The percentage of homes supplied with potable water is parti- cularly low for Puno, Trujillo, Chiclayo and Iquitos. In the case of electricity supply to homes, Lima, with 85% of the population served, Arequipa and Cuzco (80%) set the standard. Particularly low are Puno (40%), Trujillo (50%), Piura, Chiclayo and Iquitos (60%). So far as housing quality is concerned, in all areas except Lima and Arequipa,more than one-third of all houses have dirt floors. The situation is particularly unsatisfactory in Cuzco, Iquitos, Puno and Piura. Perhaps more important and perhaps easier to resolve, the average for the cities served showed that, outside Lima, more than 60% of all houses have walls of adobe or mud, which makes these houses very susceptible to earth- quake, unless properly constructed, and in all cases to flood damage. 28/ In Cuzco and Puno, 90% of the homes are of adobe or mud. The figures are 70 for Trujillo, 44 for Piura and 32 for Lima. As for house size or space, Lima (with less one-room houses and more with four or more rooms) is above average; however, a number of other cities appear to have at least comparable situations. These cities are entirely along the Coast, and include Chiclayo, Trujillo, Tumbes and Talara in the North and Ica, Pisco and Huacho in the Central Region. Not surprising- ly, cities with the most crowded conditions are all in the Sierra. The list of those with the worst problems includes Arequipa, and this appears to be the only case where it does. J. Other Services The level of services in education and health follow a very distinct pattern when it comes to those areas which are most poorly served. They are 28/ We saw the results of this during our trip to the North Region in such towns as Casma, where the earthquake damage was most severe (virtually total) to adobe buildings, and Mocupe, where the few brick buildings were the only ones left standing by the flash floods of the past Spring. -17 - all in the Sierra and include most of the Sierra -- notably the Departments of Cajamarca, Ayacucho, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Apurimac and Puno. The sole exceptions to this pattern are Piura, which ranks among the lowest cities in the provision of primary education, and Amazonas, which is low in the ranking for secondary education and health services. When it comes to those areas 'with the best provision of such services, the ranking varies a good deal more. Tacna, Moquegua, Arequipa, Amazonas and San Martin are best provided, at least quantitatively, with primary education; Arequipa, Ica, Tacna, Lambayeque and Junin with secon- dary education. Arequipa, Ica, Moquegua, Tacna and Tumbes have the most doctors per capita; and Tacna, Moquegua, Ica, Arequipa and Pasco have the most hospital beds per capita. These last sets of statistics indicate best of all the limited usefulness of such crude comparisons. What is needed is some sort of "level of services" measure - such as the "accessibility" and "political/administrative" indices constructed by the Ministry of Housing. 29/ For example, when one considers a region or system of cities such as Chimbote, Trujillo, Chiclayo and the smaller towns within their sphere of influence, the number of doctors and/or hospital beds in any one of these cities is not a particularly meaningful statistic.since the services are, to a greater or lesser extent, available to all. On the other hand, a city such as Iquitos, which is isolated in the interior, must rely almost entirely on the services available in situ. 29/ These have already been mentioned. They will be discussed further in the following section. -18 - III. Planning and Policy hamework A number of "regional" concepts are used for various purposes in Peru. Frequently, particularly in analyzing natural resources and agricultural potential, it makes sense to take cognizance of the topo- graphical and climatological divisions and thus to divide the country into four sections: Coast, Sierra, Selva Alta and Selva. 30/ Secondly, basically for administrative purposes, the various ministries divide the country into zones. Typically, the number chosen is 12; however, these differ between ministries or sectors. Thus, for education, health and agriculture there are in each case 12 zones, but these are in no case identical. For planning purposes, the nation has been divided into five regions by the National Planning Institute (INP). In addition, the Ministry of Housing, which is also interested in urban and regional planning, has attempted a sub-regionalization of the country into 12 "systems of cities". This is not quite the same as the sub-regionalization implied in the work of the INP; however, the two approaches are not fundamentally incompatible. The regions currently being used for planning purposes by the IP are composed as follows: 1. Northern Region -- including the departments of: Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas, La Libertad, San Martin and, the provinces of Alto Amazonas (Loreto) and Santa and Pallasca (Ancash). 2. Central Region -- including the departments of: Huanuco, Pasco, Junin, Ica, Huancavelica, Ancash (less the provinces of Santa and Pallasca), Lima (less the provinces of Lima and Callao), Ayacucho (less the province of Parinacochas) and the provinces of Coronel, Portillo and Ucayali (Loreto). 3. Metropolitan Lima -- consisting of the provinces of Lima and Callao. h. Southern Region -- including the departments of: Apurimac, Cuzco, Arequipa, Puno, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Tacna and the province of Parinacochas (Ayacucho). 5. Eastern Region -- consisting of the provinces of Loreto, Maynas and Requena in the department of Loreto. A. National Planning Institute Within the INP, regional planning is the responsibility of the Area de Programacion Regional, which has a staff of a dozen professionals. Regional plans will be made by the four regional offices of the IMP, plus a fifth which will be formed to deal with Lima and Callao early in 1973. As these offices have been established only recently and have not yet developed fully their approach to regional analysis, the present working document, entitled "Regional 30/ As we have see, this is also a useful division when making development and welfare comparisons. -19- Development Policies", is not a planning document; rather, it merely states general policies which should be carried out in the regions and how these policies should relate to national policies. Because of this limitation, the discussion of strategies and policies in each chapter is only a slight elaboration of the discussion of objectives. 31/ The Northern Region 32/ The North is singled out as the strategic region where most industrial investments should go. The reason for this emphasis on the North is that "it has a great potential for development at the same time as it has most of the structural characteristics of dependence and under- development that the country has to overcome in the next few years." 33/ Furthermore, the North is considered to be the only region where an urban center (Chiclayo-Trujillo-Chimbote) competing with Lima can be developed. Trujillo would be developed as the administrative and commercial center. Chiclayo would remain mainly an agricultural and market center serving the neighboring Coast and Sierra. Chimbote would continue as the major fishing and industrial center. The second urban center of the North (Piura-Talara- Sullana) would be based on the petroleum, mineral and agricultural resources of the sub-region. In the Sierra and Ceja de Selva, Cajamarca and Huaraz would be developed as the sub-regional centers. 31/' The following discussion will be limited to a presentation of current INP views as expressed in this document. Evaluation and comment will be post- poned to the following chapter or, where this does not seem practical, relegated to footnotes. 32/ The INP has prepared a study Analisis General de la Situacion, Region Norte, 1969, 10 Volumes. 33/ The latter part of this statement, though true, requires qualification and interpretation. The North is neither the least nor the most dependent and underdeveloped region. Thus,the case for emphasis on the North cannot be made on a "needs" basis; rather, it must be made on the basis of "potential." In this connection, it is interesting to ask what is meant by "dependence and underdevelopment"? The most logical interpretation is that it means in- adequacy of infrastructure -- physical, administrative and commercial -- to support development, or realize development potential. In the Northern Region, despite the rapid growth of population and output in recent years, distance, late development, and highly centralized decision making have -- perhaps in combination with other factors -- restricted the pace at which infrastructure has been established. As a result, it is probably true that a ratio of infrastructure to development potential would be less favorable for the Northern than for the Central and Southern Regions. - 20 - The administrative structure is considered by the INP to be one of the most serious obstacles to the development of the region. 34/ To help alleviate this problem, it is suggested that the Northern Region should be divided into four stb-regions: 1. The departments of Piura and Tumbes: administrative center, Piura; sub-center, Tumbes. 2. The departments of Lambayeque, Amazonas, Cajanarca and the province of Pacasmayo in the department of La Libertad: administrative center, Chiclayo; sub-centers, Cajanarca and Jaen-Bagua. 3. The departments of Ancash and La Libertad, plus the province of Maranon in the department of Huanuco: administrative center, Trujillo; sub-centers, Chimbote, Huamachuco and Huaraz. 4. The department of San Martin and the province of Alto Amazonas in the department of Loreto: administrative center, Tarapoto. Major features in the strategy for development of the Northern Region are: (a) Special emphasis on the Chiclayo-Trujillo-Chimbote area. (b) Reduction of population pressure in the Sierra by emigration and by increasing agricultural incomes. (c). Planned colonization of the Ceja de Selva. (d) Special consideration of the benefits of integration (with Ecuador) when developing the departments of Piura and Tumbes. Improved communications between the coastal urban centers and between these centers and the Sierra are given high priority. Two major roads connect the coast with Cajamarca and Huaraz. Fom these sub-regional centers it is envisioned that a system of radial roads will be developed penetrating the Sierra and the Ceja de Selva. This hierarchical settlement . pattern would serve as a means of concentrating the population considered to be living too dispersed in the Sierra, and make it more accessible to trade and various public services. Services would be organized hierarchi- cally with, for instance, health centers in the towns and villages along the radial roads and hospitals in the sub-regional centers. 34/ Decentralized administration will contribute to a more equitable geographic deployment of public sector employment opportunities. More importantly, decentralized decision-making is desirable in that it should lead to development of a regional focus in dealing with planning and policy problems, e.g. for transport and communi- cations, marketing and distribution systems, etc. - 21 - In the agricultural sector it is intended that the emphasis should be upon cooperative development and the integration of production and distribution on a cooperative basis. The production of soya, corn and rice will be emphasized, whereas the cultivated area of sugar would not expand, given the uncertain world market conditions. The exploitation of the mining resources ' the areas of Cajamarca and Ancash will be stepped up significantly, which will require investments in transport facilities from these areas to Chimbote (the only deep-water harbor in the area) and improvements to the Chimbote harbor. The industrial development of the region should be diversified by adding the production of intermediate and consumer goods to the tradi- tional primary products for export. The bonds given in exchange for ex- propriated agricultural property represent a source of local capital which should be channeled into industrial investments. The major industrial developments are expected to take place in Trujillo-Chimbote (manufacturing), Talara (metals) and Lambayeque (agro-industrial). It is proposed that the public sector should play an active role in the development of wholesale markets, especially for food items, regulating prices and organizing weak consumers and producers. Within the five-year-plan period wholesale markets will be built in Piura and Trujillo and projects prepared for Chimbote and Chiclayo. In the field of power, the development of the Maranon River appears most promising and feasibility studies will be undertaken to determine the energy potential of the river. Chimbote and Huaraz are considered to have the most urgent housing needs. A site and services approach is preferred as the most realistic solution to the housing problem. The Central Region The long-run objective is to make the rest of the region less dependent on Lima in both the economic and the political sense. However, for the intermediate-run,the region is conceived as producing mainly primary products for consumption in Lima and abroad. A price policy for food items which is less unfavorable to the rural areas should be considered. Decen- tralization will start to take place through the development of growth poles outside Lima on the coast, e.g., Barranca, Huacho, Canete, Pisco and Chincha. Fom these poles,the attempt will be to push development into sub-regional centers in the Sierra and Selva. Among these latter areas the valley of Mantaro (with Huancayo as its center) appears to have the highest potential and, therefore, priority. The pattern of communications will develop to link the coastal centers with each other and with their hinterlands in the Sierra. Eaphasis is also placed on the carretera marginal de la Sierra, which will link the highland centers of Huanuco, Cerro de Pasco, La Oroya, Huancayo and Ayacucho. In Lima, water, energy and transportation are singled out as the sectors which will require most attention. - 22 - The SoutheifRegion The strategy is basically the same as for the Northern and Central Regions: to develop growth centers consisting of Arequipa, Io, Moquegua and Tacna along the coast and others in the Sierra along the Cuzco-Juliaca-Puno axis. Arequipa would be the administrative and commercial center of the coastal sub-region, whereas industry would expand most rapidly in Ilo. Important mining development are also planned for the region. 35/ Intra-regional flights between Cuzco, Juliaca and Arequipa are considered important as well as the rebuilding of the airport at Arequipa in order to permit it to receive international flights. 36/ The Eastern Region The structural reforms which have been undertaken in Peru since 1968 have had little impact on the Eastern Region, mainly because the economic structure of the region is different from that in the rest of the country. This has led the planners to propose a different strategy for the region. The strategy of the former government, which relied mainly on private capital, is strongly refuted, and the public sector is asked to play a very active role. For the five-year period,a substantial net inflow of capital (mostly public) from the rest of the country is envisaged. The development strategy relies heavily on the future exploitation of oil and gas in the region to provide the resources for development. The danger that an enclave economy based on oil will develop is frequently mentioned, and several economic and social measures are proposed to help develop a diversified economy. It is suggested that the oil construction workers be trained to enable them to take up other jobs when the oil con- struction boom is over, and that an effort be made to create employment opportunities for their family members in order to encourage more stable settlements. In addition to oil, the expansion of an industry based on the resources of three national forests is foreseen, and cement factories and shipyards for construction of riverine vessels also are planned for the region. Iquitos and Pucallpa will be developed as the main administrative and economic centers of the region. Atalaya, Contamana, Requena, Nauta and Caballococha are proposed sub-centers. New colonization will have priority 351 Excluded from this presentation is the large Majes Irrigation Project, presumably because the INP does not consider the project to constitute a good use for funds. 36/ The vague manner in which the strategy for the Southern Region is presented conveys the impression that the region is going to receive less attention than the other regions in the five-year period ahead. - 23 - in the area between Jenaro Herrera and Colonia Angamos and in the area between the rivers of Ucayali and Yavari between Napo and Putmayo and between Napo and the Amazon River. The government is asked to play an active role in the development of air and water transport. Ports will be built in Pucallpa and Yurimaguas. Road construction will primarily aim at connecting rivers. The roads connecting Pucallpa with the Sierra and the coast will be improved. B. Ministry of Housing The Ministry of Housing has assumed a broadly defined role, which includes all aspects of the "habitat". It is thus also interested in urban development, which inevitably means an interest in regional development as well. Such analysis as has taken place thus far has been within the Division of Urban Investigations and Analysis of the Bureau of Urban Planning within the General Bureau for Urban Development. This Division also includes approxi- mately a dozen professionals; however, they have not in general had as high a degree of training as those within the INP. At the time of the mission they were in the process of completing a first National Urban Development Plan. This will not be available until about September; however, we were given extensive briefings on their approach and came away with a reasonable appreciation of what they are trying to do. In brief, their methodology proceeds from an analysis of independent cities (including what is perceived to be their hinterlands) to systems of cities and eventually to sub-regions. The analytical steps include an analysis of physical and geographical features (both natural and as transformed by development activity); regional spatial features of the major sectors of economic activity (agriculture, industry, mining, fishing and the public sector); and socio-economic features. Here, 43 variables are treated -- 7 of which are listed as economic, 4 demographic, 5 sociological, 2 political, 6 cultural and 8 dealing with urbanization, 7 with migration and 4 with other econcmic flows. In the course of their analyses they have developed some rather interesting indices of "accessibility" and 11political/administrativell features. In attempting +o deal with the 43 socio-economic variables mentioned above, they were unable to apply sophisticated quantitative techniques. Thus, their approach has been basically ad hoc. They argue that the degree of imbalance between variables is (or ought to be) positively correlated with development potential. Whatever the merits of this argument, their conclusions are quite consistent with those of the INP. The North and the Selva are identified as the areas of major development potential, with a few scattered pockets elsewhere. C. Incentives The basic industrial incentives for the nation are included in Decree Law 18350 on the Law of Industries (July 27, 1970). The essential features of the approach are to declare priority groups of industries and to provide them with tariff advantages, income tax forgiveness for reinvestment and subsidized - 24 - interest rates for borrowing from the State Development Banks. The degree of incentive under all three approaches varies with the level of priority. No attempt will be made here to assess the general merits or demerits of this particular system of incentives beyond mentioning that, since all the incentives apply to profits, investment and capital goods imports, it is hardly designed to maximize employment. So far as specific regional intentions within the Law are concerned, these are very modest. The doctrine speaks of "adequate territorial distri- bution of industry" and states further that the "financial resources of the State for industrial development should be planned and used in adequate pro- portion to decentralization". More specifically, industrial firms -- installed or to be installed outside Lima and Callao in accordance with the planned territorial distribution for industrial activities -- will enjoy improved tariff incentives for imports and will also be able to calculate income tax after first deducting from net incoe 80% for the first priority firms and 60% for all others. The above regional incentives were confirmed and supple- mented in Decree Law 18977 on the Law of Industrial Decentralization (September 27, 1971). The relative advantages enjoyed by investments outside Lima/Callao are indicated in following Table III.1. In addition, the industrial banks of Peru are instructed to provide credit incentives for decentralization in the form of lower interest rates and longer amortization and grace periods. 37/ Table III.1: INDUSTRY INVESTMENT INCENTIVES % Tariff on % Tariff on % Income Tax Forgive- Capital Goods Raw Materials- ness on Reinvestment Decentra- Decentra- Decentra- General lization General lization General lization 1st Priority Industries 10 5 20 15 85 99 2nd Priority Industries 30 15 50 37.5 75 85 3rd Priority Industries 60 30 80 60 65 85 Non-Priority Industries 100 50 100 75 ? ? 37/ It is impossible to judge what kinds of impacts incentives of this nature and degree might have upon the regional pattern of industrial activities or upon employment; however, it should be possible -- as part of a follow-up exercise -- to arrive at some judgments regarding employment effects by relating the degree of incentive to the relative labor-intensiveness of the industries included in each of the priority categories. Similarly, it should also be possible to proceed from an assessment of the extent to which the industries under each priority category are raw-material oriented, export oriented, domestic-market oriented, labor oriented, etc., to make some judgment con- cerning the likely regional (or locational) effects of the incentives. IV. General Assessment With the qualification that the Central Region probably needs to be redefined 38/ -- something that is recognized by the INP -- the general regional planning framework seems to make sense. The same can be said for the efforts so far of the IRP and the Ministry of Housing to define sub- regional structures. In general, the overall regional planning objectives seem to be appropriate also. The primacy of Lima is such and the costs of further development (e.g. water provision and control of water and air pollution) are already so high that a policy of decentralization can hardly be questioned. With less certainty, but still a good deal of confidence, we would say that the initial emphasis on the North as an actual and potential growth center (or group of centers) is also a sensible strategy. 39/ In this context, some further elaboration of the strategy offered in the agriculture paper 40/ seems called for. Given that half the popu- lation of 14 million is still in agriculture and that Peru has the highest population density on cultivated land (which makes up only 2% of the total) in all of Latin America, sector emphasis on agriculture and rural development would not be misplaced; however: (1) This should be bona fide rural develop- ment in the areas which need it most, not the nationalization and redistri- bution of estates to that small portion of rural workers who are already relatively well-off. (2) The agricultural/rural and urban development strategies should be coordinated. This is essential, given the migration rates forecast and should, to the extent possible, be carried out within a regional context; in fact, one may wonder whether it is appropriate in Peru (if indeed it is appropriate anywhere) to pose the rural/urban dichotomy. What seems to be needed most is balanced urban/rural development within regions, and here Peru offers a particularly convincing case in point. Along the entire coastal area one finds no continuous development, but clusters of development around certain river valleys. Within each one of these sub-regions, it is neither possible nor desirable to make a sharp distinction between rural and urban populations or economic activities. The same can be said for most of the rest of the Peruvian land area -- notably the Alta Selva and the Selva -- where new colonization will almost certainly take place via rural/urban clusters. 38/ In particular, the relationships and links with the Lima-Callao metro- politan area of the various parts of what is now the Central Region should be explored in order to determine whether it is appropriately regarded as a single region or, rather, should be split into more than one. 39/ In fact, we came to these conclusions independently and were somewhat surprised when we first "floated" the idea to encounter such broad agree- ment from virtually everyone in Lima. 40/ Peru: "Agricultural Sector Brief,"by Messrs. Reca and Brumby. -26 - Within this general framework, what Peru seems to need most at this stage is a better definition of specific objectives, together with analyses of possible techniques for implementing those prescribed and of the feasibility of their implementation. h1/ Based, then, on an assumption of relative "desirability" and the feasibility of achieving particular objectives, a clearer system of priorities can emerge. Turning to actual implementation, it is impossible to judge at present the extent to which the existing incentives for industrial decentralization will prove effective; however, it is safe to predict they are more likely to be effective the more they are complemented by other measures. In particular, credit policies (and practice) must be truly consistent with tariff and tax incentives. Equally important, all three types of incentives will function more effectively the more even (or skewed away from the Metropolitan area) is the geographical distribution of essential infrastructure. A few more words concerning development strategies may help to illustrate the point that Peru's regional planners and policy makers have only touched the tip of the ic6berg and still have most of their work ahead of them: (1) Of the major features of the development strategy for the Northern Region, only the intended emphasis on the Chimbote/Trujillo/Chiclayo cluster appears to be relatively easy. Of the others, increasing agricultural incomes in the Sierra will be an extremely difficult task, L2/ and significant pay- offs even to the most imaginative and best planned efforts will be long in 1/ An important related issue is the extent of coordination between the various groups involved in urban and regional planning. We did not review in a systematic way the actual or proposed administrative frame- work and provisiors for coordination; however, we formed the impression during our visit that the INP and the Ministry of Housing have been operating quite independently to date. So far, they appear to be in quite close agreement concerning general objectives; however, this does not appear to be the result of conscious coordination. This is a matter to be taken seriously by the authorities, for the successful implementation of plans will rely heavily upon effective interministerial coordination. Such coordination is sine qua non for the establishment of a clear set of priorities. 42/ That they are difficult does not mean that they should not be attacked. Quite the opposite course of action is being advocated here. To underestimate the difficulty of such tasks would mean that insufficient resources would be assigned to their fulfillment at the same time that overly-optimistic expec- tations are held as to the time at which and the extent to which problems can be overcome. The point we would like to make is that the difficulty of the tasks should be fully appreciated from the outset so that adequate resources -- analytical, administrative, manpower and financial -- are assigned from the outset and unrealistic expectations at the start do not fade to dis- illusionment early in the game. -27 - coming; migration, on the other hand, tends to intensify problems elsewhere. Nor does colonization of the Ceja de Selva, or the Selva, offer an easy, early or substantial solution. In both connections, improved communications with the Sierra and the Ceja de Selva or Alta Selva, though unquestionably desirable, will be both difficult and costly; and, without corresponding increases in economic activity within the Sierra and the Alta Selva, will probably have the effect only of making migration easier. This problem -- i.e., of devising really effective means of linking the interior to the coastal region so that growth may better penetrate the interior -- is a question requiring considerable serious study (and perhaps experimentation) before policies can be defined, strategies developed and priorities chosen. (2) The strategies for the other regions also appear to require con- siderable further study before they can be fully worked out. For the Central Region, one must develop an appropriate analytical and policy-making frame- work based, at least for a start, on defining linkages with the Lima-Callao metropolitan area. In the Southern Region, it remains to be answered what are the real growth centers (actual and/or potential) and what are the con- straints which prevent potential growth centers from becoming actual ones and other centers from even developing a potential? To answer these questions, a substantial regional study and analysis covering the entire Southern Region would seem to be required. In the Eastern Region, or the bulk of the Selva, apart from the stimulation that will be supplied by oil and gas development, little is known about how to take advantage of the opportunities for develop- ment which certainly exist. Substantial research (and, again, experimentation) on agricultural production and rural developmert techniques is required before the development of this area can be seriously planned. - 28 - V. Possible Bank Contributions The Bank should encourage Peru to develop regional analysis and development strategies more or less along present lines. It should be able to help with general analytical planning and policy guidance and by follow- ing regional priorities in sector lending approaches and developing "urban and regionallf projects. A. Planning and Policy Guidance In general, the Bank should be willing to assist Peru in effecting inter-regional decentralization and what the INP calls intra-regional "consolidation" (i.e., improving "links" of all kinds within regions and sub- regions). Both of these are general policies, although the INP is most interested in applying them first in the Northern and Central Regions. The nature of Bank assistance could consist both of analytical assistance 43/ and of project selection according to the general priorities set down. In addition, sectoral analyses in the fields of industry, agriculture, trans- port, power and water -- and the resulting sector lending programs -- could be designed to follow the evolving system of regional priorities. B. Following Regional Priorities in Sectoral Lending In the field of electric power and telecommunications it seems that highest priority should be attached in the short-run to developing viable regional organizations capable of creating and managing a larger and more efficient regional "plant". It appears that a larger supply and a greater elasticity of supply of these important infrastructure services may remove certain constraints which currently persuade industries and other economic activities not to locate outside Lima-Callao, and in the Northern Region in particular. 44/ One interesting approach in the field of tele- communications is the possible use over extended periods of mobile telephone exchanges in the Pueblos Jovenes and other rapidly growing areas. In the field of transport, decisions regarding road projects should very definitely be based upon regional development considerations,among other things. These should influence, e.g., decisions as to which sectors of the Pan American Highway should be upgraded first, as well as decisions regarding the network of roads to serve the Sierra and link it to the coastal areas. In this context, the La Morda-Puerto Pizana-Campanilla Road must be evaluated 43/ There should be numerous instances where this could be of use to Peru. 44/ Thus, in the field of power, where the Government of Peru has recently taken a decision to create a national public utility, this institution (Electroperu) should be encouraged to accord the appropriate priority to regional needs within the national framework and to develop the capacity for planning and administration on a regional basis. - 29 - as against a competing alternative route linking the Tarapoto area with the Pan American Highway at (or near) Trujillo. The study should be made accor- ding to carefully prepared terms of reference which would prescribe evaluation of the two roads under the full range of reasonable assumptions concerning regional development. Looking somewhat further ahead, attention should be given to the possibilities of linking major regions within Peru more directly to inter- national markets. Implied here are the eventual development of projects either to expand existing ports or create new ones, and to create additional international airports. Raising the Arequipa airport to international standards has been advocated by the INP; however, consistent with the above analysis and prescription, it would appear to make more sense to begin in the Northern Region with the Trujillo airport and port expansion at one or more as yet unidentified locations. In addition, as part of the effort to formulate an effective strategy for development of the Eastern Region, there should be a systematic assessment of the problems and benefits of integration with the Brazilian Amazon. 45/ One further avenue of project development which might be explored is comprehensive area development within one or more of the coastal river valleys. Components of such a scheme could include all or some of the following: rehabilitation and extension of the irrigation system; agricul- tural development (hopefully moving in the direction of higher value added products); the development of agro-industries; comprehensive water develop- ment (including use for agriculture, power generation and use in the urban areas); components of a marketing and distribution system; and urban infra- structure and land development. A substantial portion of the "raw material" necessary to prepare such a project appears to be available. Much of this would be in the form of natural resource inventories of river valleys prepared by ONERN. 46/ Thus far, of 18 planned for the coastal rivers, seven of these comprehensive studies have been completed and six are underway. C. Urban and Regional Projects A list of projects presently under consideration for the Northern Region of the country is given in Annex B. In addition to the area develop- ment approach advocated in the preceding paragraph, the following would 45/ Many persons outside Peru believe that the Eastern Region can only be developed via a mutual exchange of experience in dealing with similar problems and in conjunction with development of the Eastern Amazon, where it has its natural ties and through which the bulk of its imports and exports must pass. 46/ Oficina Nacional de Evaluacion de Recursos Naturales. - 30 - appear to be most promising: regional power development (including administrative integration); irrigation rehabilitation and colonization (though perhaps in both these cases the approach might be expanded to- wards the area development approach); a project to develop regional markets and both the internal and the external distribution system; a project to develop the building materials industry within the region, perhaps in combination with one or more site and services projects; L7/ the formation of a regional development bank to lend for the many interesting projects which are too small for the IBRD or other inter- national lenders to consider; improvements to the Pan American Highway (initially between Chimbote and Chiclayo) -- and, eventually, port and airport development. While concentrating on some of these approaches, all of which would be more or less confined to the coastal region, we should be looking for opportunities to create projects which will help to integrate develop- ment of the Sierra with that taking place along the coast. As already in- dicated, this is a difficult and therefore a long-term proposition; however, we should be on guard against contributing to the neglect of feasible opportunities to stimulate a better integration of the Sierra into the economic life of the country. In this connection, a comprehensive scheme to improve infrastructure and stimulate selected economic activities in CajamarcaDepartment and to improve its access to the Coast has considerable attraction. 47/ This would seem to be a particularly attractive project in the Northern Region, given: (a) the rapid rate of population growth; (b) the immense "deficit" of housing with "adequate" (i.e., brick or concrete) walls; and (c) the additional requirements created by the recent earthquake and flood disasters. -31- VI. Recommendations A. Future Economic Mission Work Future economic missions, perhaps starting with the second phase mission for FY'73 which will be going into the field shortly, can fill a number of the "gaps" in the present accumulation of data and information. This will then permit further development of the analysis at some stage. Some of the gaps which can be filled relatively soon, at least in part, include: time series information to provide better indications of the growth of certain items other than population (There is a particular need for indicatprs on income and economic activity, including employment breakdowns by economic activity); unemployment data; data on migration flows; data on education, including the origin of university students and data on educational attainment particularly of migrants before and after migration; 48/ disease incidence and mortality statisticsh.9/ data on the distribution of other services, including (as discussed above) regional breakdowns of numbers of bank accounts, further data and better organiza- tion of the data (as discussed above) on the power sector; transport origin and destination survey data; and other:bnformation on total domestic and goods movements. As the follow-up analysis is performed, every effort will be made to standardize the framework in which the data are presented. During the first follow-up mission, time should also be taken to analyze further the work of the Ministry of Housing, the INP and ONERN. Specifically, the National Urban Development Plan of the Ministry of Housing, which should be available by now, should be thoroughly analyzed and, to the extent possible and desirable, its methodology and conclusions incorporated in future work. The INP investment program for the next plan period should also be available before the end of the year, and this should be analyzed for its regional impacts. The work of ONERN should be analyzed as to the extent to which it provides a sufficient natural resources base for the kinds of detailed regional development studies and project planning which will be required. Finally, with these institutions and others, a fuller inventory of regional policies -- past, present and contemplated -- and tools for their implementation should be taken. 48/ Some of the data required to extend the analysis of migration flows, including information on the educational attainment of migrants, is already available in Encuesta de Inmigracion Lima Metropolitana, prepared in 1968 by the Direccion Nacional de Estadistica y Censos, and in the previously mentioned SERH. Volume on education (See footnote 23, p.10.) The operative constraints preventing further analysis thus far have been time and facility in Spanish; however, since the analysis must be postponed,it can be improved by first collecting additional information in the field. h9/ As has been mentioned (See footnote 24, p.10)), such data are now available. -32- B. Analytical Assistance and Project Identification The Urban Projects Department might wish to consider project identification in the Northern Region along the lines suggested. If so, the Urban and Regional Economics Division could assist the exercise. C. Urban "Sector" Mission to Peru Despite general agreement with the government's decentralization policy, it still makes sense for the Bank to become involved, if possible, in analysis -- and eventually in project activity -- in Lima. The empha- sis should be upon economizing on scarce resources in Lima so that as many as possible may be released for use elsewhere. A preliminary description of Lima, incliding the arumnt in favor of this approach, is contained in Volume II of this report..2/ This suggests that the major mission should be scheduled in May or June of 1973, to be proceeded by a short prepara- tion mission involving one or two persons in February oi' March. D. Research Activity The most glaring gap in the research on urban data needs has to do with public finance data for Lima, and Peru generally. It would make sense to fill this gap, by including Lima as one city in the new research project--Urban Public Finance and Administration: A Comparative Analysis. At the same time, the results of the first study could be discussed with the Peruvian authorities. E. Coordination Coordination could be entirely around the preliminary and final urban sector missions; however, it would be helpful if some additional data and information could be collected by the next economic mission. Project identification in the Northern Region could be combined with either mission. Additional data gathering and research on public finance would be best combined with the major mission. 50/ A more comprehensive treatment -- and comparison with three cities from other parts of the world -- will be contained in the report on the research project: The Urban Data Needs of the IBRD. This will be available as a draft for discussion in December or January. Table 0: SUMMARY FIGURES LIMA (1) PER CAPITA COMPARISONS (2) % of total LIMA ROC LIMA/ROC 1. Total Population (1961) a) 22 b) 17 (1970) a) 25 b) 22 2. Urban Population (1961) a) 47 b) 36 (1970) a) 43 b) 36 3. Voting Population (1967) 43 4. National Income (1961) a)h2 9,869 3,806 2.59 (Soles) (1965) b)50 17,75o 5,569 3.19 5. Local Government Spending 50 6. Employees (1970) (x103) Public a)47 36.8 146. 2.54 Private a)69 90.0 14.1 6.38 7. Ministry Employees and Remuneration (1971) in Soles Education:Employees(x103) b)37 0.5 0.2 2.08 Remuneration b)h4 49.9 18.1 2.75 Health :Employees(x103) b)50 4.2 1.2 3.55 Remuneration b)50 213.5 61.9 3.65 Labor :Employees(x103) b)70 0.2 0.02 10.00 Remuneration b)73 13.5 1.43 9.47 Industry :Employees(x103) b)97 0.4 0.003 133.33 8. Manufacturing (1968) Establishments(x103) a)64 1.2 0.2 6.0 Employees(x103) a)72 46. 5.7 7.81 Gross Production Value in Soles a)65 17,994 3,249 5564 Value Added in Soles a)67 8,726 1,434 6.08 Capital Stock in Soles a)48 7,732 2,814 2.75 Investment in Soles a)60 1,369 389 3.51 9. Unions (1970) Number(x106 b)72 45 5 9.00 Members(x1 01) b)67 24 3.2 7.50 Strikes(x106) a)50 50 17 2.94 Man Hours Lost a)31 0.5- 0.4 1 .33 10. Monthly Income in Soles Employees (1969) b) - 4,072 4,5000) 0.90 Workers (1970) b) - 3,160 1,7900) 1.76 LIMA(0 PER CAPITA COMPARISONS(2) % of total LIMA ROC LIMA/ROC 11. Banking Activ.ties (1970) in Soles Deposits a)80 8,872 766 11.5 b)74 9,759 760 12.8 Savings Deposits: a)72 1,832. .20 T1s6 b)61 1,824 238 7.6 Loans: a)81 5,704 463 12.3 b)77 6,447 460 14.0 Commercial Banks (1970) Deposits b)80 10,511 757 13.8 .Loans b)84 6,668 386 17.2 12. Motor Vehicle Registration (1971) (x103) Total b)69 74 12 6.16 Private b)85 45.7 3.7 12.35 Collectivo b)h6 1.9 0.7 2.78 Taxi b)h 1.6 0.6 2,70 Pick-ups b)57 8.2 2.1 3.91 Trucks b)hO 5.9 2.8 2.12 Micro-buses b)50 1.1 0.2 5.60 Buses b)h8 1.6 0.5 3.20 Motorcycles b)69 7.2 1.1 6.57 13. Traffic Accidents (1970) (x103) b)79 12.1 0.6 20.00 Injuries (x103) b)57 3.5 1.3 2.69 Deaths (x103) b)32 0.2 0.2 1.00 1[. Electric Power (1970) Population Supplied (Lina Metropolitana/total population supplied) b)63 Number of Connections (Lima Metropolitana/total connections for sample cities) b) 71 Installed Potential or Capacity (x 103) a)39 187 101 1.85 Production a)44 704 144 4.88, Consumption a)hh 638 126 5.06 15. Health (1969) Doctors (x103) a)67 1.4 0.2 6.27 Hospital Beds (x103) a)h9 4.5 1.6 2.85 LIMA() PER CAPITA COMPARISONS(2) /0 of total LIMA ROC LIMA/ROC 16. Telephone Service (1971) (x103) Subscribers (3) (3) Commercial b) 81 7.2 5.7 1.26 Residential b) 92 25.9 7.4 3.5 Official b) 82 1.3 .0.9 1.44 Professional b) 80 1.5 1.2 1.25 Total b) 89 35.9 15.2 2.36 Telephone Instruments b) 91 59.7 19.8 3.01 Monthly L.D. Calls b) 95 1353 229.2 5.90 Monthly Int'l Calls b) 99 98.4 0.2 492.0 Waiting List b) 84 19.5 12.3 1.58 17."Accessibility" (1970) International Flights b) 100 Ports: Movements (x104) (total ships) b)*32.5 5 3 1.66 Tonnage (total cargo) b)*31.2 1.32 0.76 1.73 * Callao 18. Education (1967) Students (x103) (30) (290)(216.5) (1.34) Primary a) 27 20.1 18.0 1.11 Secondary a) 42 70.9 31.4 2.26 Teacher College a) 35 2.0 1.2 1.66 University a) 58 15.8 3.8 4.15 Institutions (x106) (16) (1152) (1973) (0.58) Pre-Primary & Primary a) 14 947 1381 0.51 Secondary a) 32 192 129 1.48 Teacher College a) 22 8 9 0.88 University a) 45 5 2 2.50 19. Policy Public Capital Formation(5) (1970) (x10 ) 19 7.5 10.7 0.70 Development Projects - Fore*gn Assistance (1972-74) (XlO 15(4)(5) 87.9 164.4 0.53 Distribution of Development Bank Loans (1970) BFA a) 11 130.6 315.1 0.41 BIP a) 63 966.9 194.7 4.96 BCH a) 98 794.5 5.5 14.45 LIMA(1) PER CAPITA COMPARISONS(2) % Of total LIMA. ROC LIMA/ROC 20. Notes (1) a) Lima-Callao b) Lima Metropolitana (2) Based on 1971 Pre-Census for Cities, 1970 estimates for Departments. (3) Sample of cities. (4) Understated somewhat; not adjusted for "country wide" projects. (5) By region. Table 1.1: POPUIATION, ESTIMATED GROWTH RATE, BY MAJOR CITIES (1961 to 1971) A B Arequipa 2.9 4.9 Ayacucho 1.6 5.6 Barranca 5. - Cajamarca 2.2 - Cuzco 3.2 5.8 Chiclayo 5. O 6.1 Chimbote 13.4 9.5 Huacho 2.7 3.9 Huancayo 4.2 6.9 Huanuco 3.5 4.7 Huaraz 2.9 - Ica 3.9 5.0 Iquitos 2.8 6.8 Juliaca 5.9 - La Oroya 2.9 - Nazca 9.1 8.1 Pisco 2.1 7.3 Piura 4.5 6.3 Pucal1pa 11.9 8.3 Puno 2.8 - Quillabamba 7.4 - Sullana 3. 5.2 Tacna 4.4 7.5 Talara 3.7 3.5 Tarma 3.6 - Tingo Maria 10.1 - Trujillo 5.0 8.5 Tumbes 5.9 3.6 Lima Metropolitan Area 5.3 5.9 Column A: Informacio'n Censal Sobre Vivienda de 28 Ciudades de la Repdblica, Oficina de Planificaci'n Sectorial de Vivienda y Equipamiento Urbano. Column B: Pre-Censo 1971, Oficina Nacional de Estadistica y Censos-ONEC. Table 1.2: POPULATION BY MAJOR CITIES Growth Growth 1961 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Rate 1971 Rate 3/ 1/ 2f 2 Arequipa 164,325 218,955 229,684 240,939 252,745 265,130 4.9 193,330 2.9 Ayacucho 23,768 32,959 34,805 36,754 38,812 40,985 5.6 27,782 1.6 Cuzco 79,859 112,004 118,500 125,373 132,645 140,338 5.8 109,751 3.2 Chiclayo 88,955 126,899 134,640 142,853 151,567 160,813 6.1 143,429 4.9 Chimbote 59,990 103,409 113,233 123,990 135,769 148,667 9.5 210,840 13.4 Chincha 20,817 28,057 29,488 30,992 32,573 34,234 5.1 Chancay-Huacho 22,806 28,690 29,809 30,972 32,180 33,435 3.9 29,784 2.7 Huancayo 64,152 95,734 102,340 109,401 116,949 125,018 6.9 97,196 4.2 Huanuco 24,646 32,465 33,991 35,587 37,259 39,010 4.7 34,725 3.4 Ica 49,097 65,795 69,085 72,539 76,166 79,974 5.0 72,140 3.9 Nazca 13,589 21,683 23,439 25,338 27,390 .29,609 8.1 32,381 9.0 Pisco 22,112 33,746 36,209 38,852 41,688 44,731 7.3 27,467 2.1 Ilo 9,986 13,153 13,771 14,418 15,096 15,805 4.7 Iquitos 57,777 80,827 86,323 86,910 92,820 99,132 6.8 76,660 2.8 Moquegua 7,795 10,446 10,968 11,516 12,092 12,697 5.0 Paita 9,615 12,097 12,569 13,059 13,568 14,097 3.9 ___ Piura 72,096 104,019 110,572 117,538 124,943 132,814 6.3 111,108 4.5 Pucallpa 26,391 42,580 46,114 49,941 54,086 58,575 8.3 77,783 11.9 Sullana 34,501 46,764 49,195 51,753 54,444 57,275 5.2 61,991 3.5 Taca 27,499 42,438 45,621 49,043 52,721 56,675 7.5 42,418 4.4 Talara 27,957 34,365 35,568 36,813 38,101 39,434 3.5 40,228 3.7 Trujillo 100,130 150,440 163,227 177,101 192,155 208,488 8.5 166,370 4.9 Tumbes 20,885 25,822 26,752 27,715 28,713 29,747 3.6 37,285 5.9 Sub-Total 1,028,748 1,463,347 1,555,903 1,649,397 1,754,482 1,866,683 6.2 Metropolitan Lima 1,766,722 2,491,976 2,639,003 2,794,704 2,959,591 3,134,207 5.9 Total 2,795,470 3,955,323 4,194,906 4,444,101 4,714,073 5,000,890 6.0 ___ Lima/Sb-Total 23 cities 1.72 1.70 1.70 1.66 1.69 1.68 Lima/Total 24 cities 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 1/ Pre-censo 1971, Oficina Nacional de Estadistica y Censos - ONEC 2/ Informacion censal sobre vivienda de 28 ciudades de la republica, Oficina de Planificacion Sectorial de Vivienda y Equipamiento Urbano. 3/ Boletin de Analisis Demogråfico, Oficina Nacional de Estadfstica y Censos - ONEC - 1969. Table 1.3: POPULATION BY DEPARTMENTS 1/ Growth Departments 1960 1961. 1968 1969 1970 1971 Rate Amazonas 119,700 124,009 159,415 165,154 171,100 177,260 3.6 Ancash 592,900 606,536 711,590 727,957 744,700 761,830 2.3 Apurimac 301,200 303,910 324,822 327,452 330,400 333,374 0.9 Arequipa 397,200 407,924 491,406 504,674 518,300 532,294 2.7 Ayacucho 424,20C 428,866 463,840 468,942 474,100 479,315 1.1 Cajamarca 764,500 785,906 953,459 980,156 1,007,600 1,035,813 2,8 Cuzoo 635,300 646,735 729,598 742,731 756,100 769,710 1.8 .Huancavelica 311,100 316,388 354,930 360,964 367,100 373,340 1.7 Huanuco 338,700 346,828 410,176 420,020 430,100 440,422 2.4 Ica 251,900 261,220 337,280 349,759 362,700 376 120 3.7 -Junin 523,100 538,269 660,250 679,397 699,100 719,374 2.9 La Libertad 593,200 610,402 741,282 762,779 784,900 807,662 2.9 Lambayeque 341,700 354,00l 452,34 468,629 485,500 502,978 3.6 Lorpto 342,400 355,755 467,429 485,659 504,600 524.,279 3.9 Madre de Dios 14,700 15,449 21,909 23,026 24,200 25,434 5.1 Mbquegua $1,900 53,33 65,103 66,926 68,800 70,726 2.8 Pasco 141,800 145,770 177,898 182,879 188,000 193,264 2.8 Piura 671,600 685,703 884,750 903,330 922,300 941,668 2.1 Puno 7155,00 727,663 820,081 834,022 848,200 862,619 1.7 San Martin 165,200 17o,651 214,978 222,072 229,400 236,970 3.3 Tacna 65,400 67,819 87,318 90,549 93,900 97,374 3.7 Tumbes 55,000 57,365 77,216 80,536 84,000 87,612 4.3 Sub-Total 7,818,200 8,010,622 9,608,075 9,847,613 10,095,100 10,349,438 2.6 Lima-Callao 2,206,400 2,310,101 3,184,794 3,334,479 3,491,200 3,655,286 4.7 TOTAL 10,024,600 10,320,723 12,792,869 13,182,092 13,586,300 14,004,724 3.1 Lima-Callao/ 0.22 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 Total 1/ Interpolated from 1961 census and 1971 pre-census data. Table 2.1: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE EMPLOYEES, BY DEPARTMENTS (1961 to 1970) 1961 19701/ DEPARTMENTS UBLIC PRIVATE TOTAL PUBLIC PRIVATE TOTAL Amazonas 1,586 397 2,070 3,010 134 3,144 Ancash 5,197 4,619 10,199 10,548 7,782 18,330 Apurimac 1,921 673 2,911 3,705 385 4,090 Arequipa 6,489 10,274 17,348 13,649 24,140 37,609 Ayacucho 2,835 1,050 4,225 5,573 846 6,419 Cajamarca 4,397 1,872 6,789 9,083 1,698 10,781 Cuzco 5,234 5,513 11,441 10,343 7,111 17,454 Huancavelica 1,697 928 2,812 3,942 998 4,940 Huanuco 2,387 1,731 4,398 5,114 2,947 8,061 Ica 2,897 6,444 9.,55 7,745 13,692 21,437 Junin 4,885 8,137 13,504 11,707 14,589 26,296 La Libertad 5,142 8,832 14,535 11,528 16,932 28,460 Lambayeque 3,206 7,130 10,561 6,865 13,905 20,770 Loreto 3,533 2,700 6,408 8,509 6,573 15,082 Madre de Dios 304 234 548 608 87 695 Moquegua 770 627 1,441 1,798 915 2,713 Pasco 1,215 2,220 3,546 2,539 4,277 6,816 Piura 5,692 8,388 14, 75 10,046 14,694 24,740 Puno 4,114 3,546 8,246 8,569 3,S10 12,079 San Martin 2,069 634 2,809 4,830 998 5,828 Tacna 1,655 1,729 3,163 3,179 4,079 7,258 Tumbes 1,272 97 1838 2,184 648 2,832 Sub-Total 69,218 79,091 154,808 144,895 140,938 285,833 Lima-Callao 57,538 117,330 189,314 128,406 314,285 442,691 TOTAL 126,756 196,421 344122 273,301 455,223 728,524 Lima-Callao/ Total 0.45 0.59 0.5 0.46 0.69 0.60 I/Employees registered with the "Seguro Social del Empleado". Table 2.2: EMPLOYEES PER 100 POPULATION, BY DEPARTMIET FOR 1961 & 1970 1961 1970 2/ EMPLOYEES EMPLOYEES- PUBLIC PRIVATE TOTAL- PUBLIC PRIVATE TOTAL Amazonas 1.32 0.33 1.73 1.76 0.08 1.84 Ancash 0.88 0.78 1.72 1.42 1.05 2.47 Apurimac 0.64 0.22 0.97 1.13 0.12 1.25 Arequipa 1.59 2.59 4.37 2.64 4.66 7.30 Ayacucho 0.67 0.25 1.00 1.18 0.18 1.36 Cajamarca 0.56 0.25 0.87 0.91 0.17 1.08 Cuzco 0.82 0.89 1.77 1.37 0.94 2.31 Huancavelica 0.5 0.30 0.90 1.08 0.28 1.36 Huanuco 0.70 0.51 1.30 1.19 0.69 1.88 Ica 1.15 2.56 3.79 2.14 3.78 5.92 Junin 0.93 1.5 2.58 1.67 2.09 3.76 La Libertad 0.87 1.49 2.45 1.47 2.16 3.63 Lambayeque 0.94 2.09 3.09 1.41 2.86 4.27 Loreto 1.03 0.79 1.87 1.69 1.30 2.99 Madre de Dios 2.06 1.59 3.73 2.51 0.36 2.87 Moquegua 1.48 1.20 2.77 2,61 1.33 3.94 Pasco 0.86 1.57 2.50 1.35 2.28 3.63 Piura o.85 1.25 2.17 1.09 1.59 2.68 Puno 0.58 0.50 1.15 1.01 0.41 1.42 San Martin 1.25 0.38 1.70 2.11 0.44 2.55 Tacna 2.53 2.64 4.84 3.39 4.34 7.73 Tumbes 2.31 0.90 3.34 2.60 0.77 3.37 Sub-Total 0.83 0.95 1.86 1.45 1.41 2.86 Lima-Callao 2.49 5.08 8.20 3.68 9.00 12.68 TOTAL 1.52 2.36 4.13 2.73 4.55 7.28 Lima-Callao/ Sub-Total 3.0 5.3 4.4 2.5 6.4 4.4 1/ 1961 totals include 20,905 unspecified employees. 2/ 1970 figures are only for employees registered with the "Seguro Social del Empleado". 3/ Weighted averages. Source: INP, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracion Regional". Table 2-3: PERSONNEL DISTRIBUTION AND ANNUAL REMUNERATION FOR CERTAIN MINISTRIES, METROPOLITAN LIMA, REST OF COUNTRY AND COUNTRY TOTAL (1971) 1/ Ministries Metropolitan Lima Rest of Country Country Total HEALTH Personnel 13,329 50.0 13,323 50.0 26,652 100.0 RemunerationsVl 667,824 49.8 674,292 50.2 1,342,116 100.0 LABOR Personnel 655 70.2 278 29.8 933 100.0 Remunerations 42,384 73.1 15,617 - 58,001 - EDUCATION Personnel 1,537 36.7 2,647 63.3 4,184 100.0 Remunerations 156,076 44.2 197,100 55.8 353,176 100.0 INDUSTRY Personnel 1,254 97.2 36 2.8 1,290 100.0 Remunerations - - - - - - 1/ Figures for 12 months based on the payroll for August, 1971. 2/ Thousands of Soles. Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacio'n, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracion Regional". Table 2.4: MANUFACTURING STATISTICS BY NUMBER OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS, NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND WORKERS, GROSS SALES, TOTAL INPUT PURCHASES AND VALUE ADDED, 1968 No. of No. of Employ- Total Establish- ees and Gross Input Value Departments ments workers!/ Sales!/ Purchases! Added-?/ Amazonas 7 132 12.8 3.0 9.8 Ancash 80 6,349 4,217.2 2,257.9 1,959.3 Apurimac 4 126 3.8 1.3 2.6 Arequipa 423 9,150 3,563.4 2,169.6 1,393.8 Ayacucho 14 111 7.4 4.0 3.4 Cajamarca 50 457 164.7 139.2 25.5 Cuzco 128 2,59 567.0 289.1 277.9 Huancavelica 6 60 7.0 5.2 1.8 Huanuco 79 2,360 149.5 56.5 93.0 Ica 150 4,o58 2,733.5 1,791.2 942.3 Junin 185 5,850 7,435.6 4,480.4 2,955.2 la Libertad 208 6,895 3,284.9 3,285.0 1,823.9 Lambayeque 201 5,576 2,530.8 1,117.4 1,413.4 Loreto 247 4,116 678.2 333.4 344.6 Madre de Dios 4 94 3.8 1.3 2.5 Moquegua 13 502 390.8 247.0 143.8 Pasco 28 412 119.6 101.1 18.5 Piura 199 4,595 4,944.7 2,700.8 2,243.9 Puno 15 438 79.1 44.0 35.2 San artin 9 143 11.3 6.6 4.7 Tacna 42 848 120.9 49.5 71.4 Tumbes 6 242 31.9 23.5 8.4 Sub-Total 2,098 55,109 31,07.9 19,107.0 13,774.9 % 36.0 28.0 35.1 38.8 33.1 Lima and Callao 3,736 141,758 57,309.5 30,117.5 27,791.0 % 64.0 72.0 64.9 61.2 66.9 TOTAL 5,834 196,867 88,367.4 49,224.5 41,56.9 % 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1/ See Table 3.2 for definitions of employees and workers. 2/ Millions of Soles. Source: INP, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracion Regional". Table 2.5: MANUFACTURING STATISTICS PER CAPITA, BY NUMBER OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS, NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES AND WORKERS, GROSS SALES, TOTAL INPUT PURCHASES AND VALUE ADDED, FOR 1968, BY DEPARTMENTS Total Employees Gross Input Value Dpartments Establishment and Workers-/ Sales2/ Purchases2/ Added2/ Amazonas 0.44 8.3 80 19 61 Ancash 1.12 89.2 5,927 3,173 2,753 Apurimac 0.12 3.9 11 4 8 Arequipa 8.61 186.2 7,251 4,415 2,836 Ayacucho 0.30 2.4 15 8 7 Cajamarca 0.52 4.8 172 145 26 Cuzco 1.75 35.5 777 396 380 Huancavelica 0.16 1.7 19 14 5 Huanuco 1.92 57.5 364 137 22 Ica 4.44 120.3 8,104 5,310 2,793 Junin 2.80 88.6 11,261 6,785 4,475 La Libertad 2.80 197.4 4,431 4,431 2,460 Lambayeque 4.44 123.2 5,594 2,470 3,124 Loreto 5.28 88.0 1,450 713 737 Madre de Dios 1.82 42.9 173 59 114 Moquegua 1.99 77.1 6,002 3,793 2,208 Pasco 1.57 23.1 672 568 104 Piura 2.25 51.9 5,588 3,052 2,536 Puno 0.18 5.3 96 53 41 San Martin 0.42 6.6 52 30 21 Tacna 4.81 97.1 1,384 566 817 Tumbes 0.77 31.3 412 304 108 Sub-Total 2.18 57.36 3,232 1,989 1,434 Lima-Callao 11.73 445.11 17,995 9,457 8,726 TOTAL 4.56 153.89 6,908 3,848 3,249 Lima-Callao/Sub-Total 5.38 7.76 5.57 4.75 6.09 1/ x 10-4 2/ Soles. Source: INP "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracio'n Regional". Table 2.6: INVESTMENT AND CAPITAL STOCK IN MANFACTURING BY DEPARTMENT (1968) Dcpartmnt Capital Stock Invres-tnent (nLillions of 5/)M- (niin of -S/.M Arnazor.as 8.7 - 1.3 Ancash 10,725.9 20.7 408.0 5.7 Apurtmac -- .. Arequipa 2,131.6 • 4.1 270.1 ~ 3.8 AyocLcho 0.9 • - - - Cajamarca 28.3 - 4.1 Cuzco 262.7 55.6 - Huancovelica .1.2 - Hu6nuco 122.1 - 7.3 - Ica 1,705.3 - 3.3 .289.6 4.1 Junirn 2,337.2 • 4.5 414.5 5.8· LaLibertd 6,072.0 11.7 1,027.9 14.4 Lmbayeque 1,222.2 .2.3 199.1 . 2.8 Loreto - 334.0 - . 61.8 - Madre de Dios 0.3 . Moquegua 544.6 - 31.1 Pasco : 12.5 - 4.4 'Piura 1,303.6 2.5 67.1 1.0 Puno 269.2 - 2.4 - San Mart'ln 3.2 (-1.2) - Tacna 40.1 - 10.7 Tumbes 13.4 - 2.6 - Sub-Total, 27,039.0 52.3 2,856.4 39.8 Lima and Callao 24,620.6 47.7 · 4,316.3 60.2 TOTAL 51,659.6 -100.0 7,127.7 100.0 Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacion, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Adiinistraci'on Regional". Table 2.7: INVESTMENT AND CAPITAL STOCK IN MANUFACTURING PER CAPITA, IN SOLES, BY DEPARTMENT, 1968 Per Capita Per Capita Capital Investment Stock Departments Amazonas 55 8 Ancash 15,073 573 Apurimac - Arequipa 4,337 5h9 Ayacucho 2 Cajamarca 29 4 Cuzco 360 76 Huancavelica 3 Huanuco 287 17 Ica 5,056 . 858 Junin 3,539 627 Ta Libertad 8,191 1,386 Lambayeque 2,701 4hO Ioreto 714 132 Madre de Dios 13 Mbquegua 8,365 477 Pasco 70 24 Piura 1,473 75 Puno 328 3 San Yartin 15 (-5) Tacna 459 122 Tumbes 173 33 Average (Weighted) 2,820 285 Lima-Callao 7,732 1,369 TOTAL 4,053 559 Lima/Sub-Total 2.73 7 Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacion, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracion Regional". Table 2.8: RECOGNIZED LABOR UNIONS BY NUMBER OF MEMBERS AND BY DEPARTMENTS (1970) Members No. of No. of Per Capita Departments Unions Members (1000 Pop.) Amazonas - - Ancash 2 Apurimac - - - Arequipa 12 910 1.75 Ayacucho - - - Cajamarca .3 473 0.46 Cuzco - - - Huancavelica 2 Huanuco - - Ica 6 1,104 3.o Junih 3 - - La Libertad 5 278 0.35 Lambayeque - - - Loreto 4 114 0.22 Madre de Dios - - - Moquegua Pasco - - - Piura 5 95 0.10 Puno 5 318 0.37 San Martin 1 - 63 0.27 Tacna I 52 0.55 Tumbes - - - Sub-Total 52 3,407 0.641/ Lima and Callao 133 7,071 2.02 TOTAL 185 10,478 1.191/ Lima/Total 0.72 0.67 1/ Based on provinces for which data were available. The per capita (1000 population) figure for the country as a whole, including provinc-es for which no infor-ation wAs obtpined, is 0.77. Source: Centro de Estudios de Mano de Obra, Huelgas y Asociaciones Sindicales. Table 2.9: IABOR UNIONS - STRIKES AND WORKERS AFFECTED, BY DEPARTMENT, FOR 1970 STRIKES WORKERS AFFECTED NN-HOURS LOST INCOME F0R1 IKGONE Per Per Capita Departments No. % No. No. % No. Capita Man-Hours Strikes/ lost/ 10,000 '000 Pop. Pop. Ancash 18 3.77 788 0.71 12,805 0.22 175,567 0.15 0.24 17.19 Arequipa 29 8.40 5,312 4.79 98,389 1.70 1,605,225 1.39 .0.56 189.P3 Cajamarca 3 0.87 73 0.06 146 - - 0.298 0.14 Cuzco 2 0.58 141 0.13 2,112 0.04 21,352 0.02 0.264 2.79 Huancavelica 6 1.74 910 0.82 8,871 0.15 164,579 0.14 1.59 24.16 Huanuco 6 1.74 1,340 1.21 24,868 0.43 355,649 0.31 1.39 57.80 Ica 22 6.38 4,796 4.32 307,913 5.33 7,455,531 6.44 6.06 848.94 Junin 26 7.53 28,623 25.79 2,482,784 42.94 48,735,763 42.12 3.14 3,551.32 La Libertad 24 6.95 1,636 1.47 25,003 0.43 425,084 0.37 3.05 31.85 Iambayeque 11 3.19 957 0.86 8,725 0.15 173,001 0.15 2.26 17.97 Loreto 1 0.29 - - - - - - 0.19 - Pasco 18 5.22 17,272 15.56 699,464 12.10 15,416,014 13.32 9.75 3,720.55 Piura 2 0.58 65 0.06 130 * - - 0.21 0.14 Puno 1 0.29 6 0.01 15 * - - . 0.01 Tacna 6 1.74 4,471 4.03 266,887 4.62 10,051,682 8.69 6.38 2,842.24 Whole Country Strikes 1 0.29 8,647 7.79 20,508 0.36 584,318 0.51 0.07 1.50 Sub-Total 171 49.56 75,037 67.61 3,938,320 68.47 85,-163,765 73.61 1.70 390.1 Lima-Callaoi/ 174 50.44 35,953 32.39 1,823,234 31.53 30,530,571 26.39 5.00 522.2 TOTAL 345 100.00 110,990 100.00 5,761,554 100.00 115,694,336 100.00 2.56 h21.0 Lima-Callao/Total 0.50 - 0.32 0.31 0.26 Notes: * Values below 0.01 were discarded. 1/ Figures for Lima Metropolitana not available. Source: CEMO, Huelgas y Asociaciones Sindicales. Table 3.1: PER CAPITA INCOME, BY PIANNING RE'GIONS AND DEPARTMENTS, IN SOLES, FOR 1961, 1963 & 1965 Planning Region Growth Rates and Department 1961 1963 1965 1961 - 1965 NORTH REGION 3 717 h 629 5 259 9.1 Amazonas 3 Cajamarca 2,873 2,121 2,552 (-3.0) La Libertad 4,196 6,256 6,257 10.5 Iambayeque h,532 4,252 6,966 11.3 Loreto 1/ 2,958 3,107 h,270 9.6 Piura h,259 6,135 7,206 1h.1 San Martin 2,364 3,548 3,409 9.6 Tumbes 4,861 5,501 6,864 9.0 CENTRA.L REGION 3,787 5 271 6,105 12.7 Ancash 2/ 3,808 6,9097 6,191 12.9 Ayacucho 3/ 2,566 2,44 2,478 (-0.9) Huancavelica 2,848 2,336 2,649 (-1.8) Huanuco 2,589 3,217 3,560 8.3 Ica 6,258 12,071 13,667 22.0 Junin 4,547 6,236 7,988 15.1 Loreto 1/ 2,978 3,087 h,844 12.9 Pasco 5,491 6,347 8,543 11.7 SOUTH REGION h 0h2 4,hh0 5,h25 7.6 Apurimac 1,960 2,609 (-0.6) Arequipa 5,697 8,0hh 10,132 15.5 Cuzco 3,721 3,332 4,141 2.7 Madre de Dios h,308 5,358 6,166 9.4 Moquegua 7,205 6,759 7,498 1.0 Puno 3,223 2,427 3,111 (-0.9) Taena 9,543 22,676 22,026 23.0 FAST REGION 2,962 3,103 4,379 10.2 foreto 1/ 2,962 3,103 4,379 10.2 Sub-Total 3,811 (3,8o6) h,755 5,569 10.0 Metropolitan Lima:Lima-Callao 9,869 19,101 17,750 15.8 TOTAL 5,166 (5,152)/ 8081(7,759)E 8,496 (8,398 )13.2 Lima-Callao/Sub-Total 2.58 4.01 3.18 Continued/... Table 3.1: Footnotes 1/ The base population figures for the Department of Loreto are divided into the planning regions as follows: NORTH: Province of Alto Amazonas CENTRAL: Provinces of Coronel Portillo and Ucayali FAST: Provinces of Loreto, Maynas and Requena. 2/ The Provinces of Santa and Pall-asca are included in the North Region for planning purposes. 3/ The Province of Parinacochas is included in the South Region for planning purpose. l/ The figures in brackets have been obtained from the source, Tables 3.1(a) and 3.1(b), and vary slightly from those given in this table because of redistribution of certain areas into the planning regions and different assumed base population figures for 1963 and 1965. Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacio'n. Table 3.1(a): INCOME PER CAPITA, BY DEPARTMENTS, FOR 1961 National Income Population Per Capita Income Departments mil. of S/. % in '000's S/. % National Av. Amazonas 388 0.7 129.0 3,008 58.4 Ancash 2,306 4.3 605.5 3,808 73.9 Apurimac 812 1.5 303.6 2,675 51.9 Arequipa 2,320 4.3 407.2 5,697 110.6 Ayacucho 1,104 2.1 430.3 2,566 49.8 Cajamarca 2,260 4.2 786.6 2,873 55.8 Cuzco 2,612 4.5 648.2 3,721 72.2 Huancavelica 899 1.7 315.7 2,848 55.3 Huanuco 919 1.7 355.0 2,589 50.2 Ica 1,634 3.0 261.1 6,258 121.5 Junin 2,486 4.6 546.7 4,547 88.3 La Libertad 2,556 4.8 609.1 4,196 81.4 Lambayeque 1,603 3.0 353.7 4,932 88.0 Loreto 1,220 2.2 411.3 2,966 57.6 Madre de Dios 109 0.2 25.3 4,308 83.6 Moquegua 384 0.7 53.0 7,20 139.8 Pasco 827 1.5 150.6 5,491 106.6 Piura 2,949 5.5 692.4 4,259 82.7 Puno 2,344 4.4 727.3 3,223 62.6 San Martin 403 0.8 170.5 2,364 45.9 Tacna 647 1.2 67.8 9,543 18.2 Tumbes 279 0.5 57.4 4,861 94.3 Sub-Total 30,861 57.5 8,107.6 3,806 73.9 Lima- Callao 22,826 42.5 2,312.8 9,869 191.5 TOTAL 53,687 100.0 10,420.4 5,152 100.0 Lima-Callao/Total 0.42 0.42 0.22 1.91 1.91 Source: Banco Central de Reserva del Peru. Table 3.1(b): INCOME PER CAPITA BY REGIONS AND DEPARTMENTS FOR 1963 & 1965 (in 1963 Soles) Regions/ 1963 1965 Departments TOTAL 7,759 8,1398 METROPOLITAN I 19,101 17, 750 Lima and Callao 19,101 17,750 NORTH II 12, 35 7,110 Lambayeque 6,22966 Piura 6,435 7,206 Tumbes 5,501 6,864 MEDIUM NORTH III 4,548 466 Amazonas 57 00 4028 Ancash 6,097 6,191 Cajamarca 2,121 2,552 La Libertad 6,256 6,257 San Martin 3,548 3,h09 NORTH EAST IV 3,107 4,270 Loreto (ex. Prov. Coronel Portillo) 3,107 4,270 CENTRAL V 6,881 9,110 Huanuco 3,217 57 Junin 6,236 7,988 Pasco 6,347 8,543 Lima (less Prov. Lima) 11,432 15,603 Prov. Coronel Portillo 3,087 4,84h MEDIUM SOUTH VI 5 001 5 647 Ayacucho tiii217 Huancavelica 2,336 2,649 Ica 12,071 13,667 SOUTH EAST VII 2 940 3,708 Apurimac 1962,609 Cu.Zco 3,332 4,141 Madre de Dios 5,358 6,166 SOUTH VIII 5,583 6,712 Arequipa 8,061 10,132 Moquegua 6,759 7,498 Puano 2,h27 3,111 Tacna 22,676 22,026 DEPARTAMENTOS LIMA AND CALIAO 17,35 17,369 DEPARTAMENTOS LORETO 3,103 _179 Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacidn 1/ 2/ Table 3.2: PEROENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MONTHLY INCOoM IN SOLES, FOR EMPLOYEES AND WORKERS~BY MAJOR CTrIES FOR 1c69 AN 1970 city Zero 1 00 1000 2000 3ooo 5000 7500 10000 25000 Not No. of Inceme 999 999 1999 2999 4999 7459 9999 24999 or more Avail. Aver. Median Oases EMPLOYmS Aretuipa 1969 10 2 5 15 11 25 17 3 8 1 3 5300 3800 221 1970 * 4 4 19 12 26 15 6 10 2 2 5500 3760 177 Iquitos 1969 7 3 4 14 14 31 16 6 4 * - 1 4700 3720 302 1970 1 1 3 16 16 25 24 10 4 - * 7 hoho 162 Trujillo 1969 12 2 5 19 10 28 14 3 - 2 hOO 3520 205 1970 2 2 3 14 11 36 18 6 7 - 1 4900 hoo 160 ohiclayo 1969 5 2 4 20 16 33 11 3 4 - 2 3900 3240 228 1970 1 1 7 17 14 25 15 6 9 1 h 5100 3640 163 Huancayo 969 4 2 6 13 15 27 16 7 7 * 3 5000 3760 243 1970 - 1 5 11 16 30 25 3 6 1 2 5100 4loo 121 Cuzco T9 5 5 5 16 17 28 15 h h * 1 h200 3360- 338 1970 - 3 7 10 13 35 17 4 9 - 2 5000 3920 177 Puno 1969 4 h 11 17 36 16 3 2 * 2 hooo 3540 309 1970 1 2 2 14 16 36 17 6 4 - 2 4500 3820 141 Piura 196ý9 N/A520 30 19 1970 1 h h 14 19 24 16 8 9 1 - 5260 3708 139 Averag 4500 3562 1970 4370 3873 Lima ~169 8 3 6 10 19 16 19 8 h 6 1 h072 2500 1688 1970 1 1 2 8 9 27 23 10 13 3 3 - - - WORKERS ui69p 12 11 16 29 13 8 3 1 - - 7 1800 l60 267 1970 * 15 10 36 23 13 1 1 1 - - 2000 1690 149 Inuitos 1969 12 6 12 36 18 11 2 - * - 3 2000 1690 249 1970 1 9 9 36 25 9 5 1 - - 5 2100 1790 150 Tru,jillo 1969 6 9 16 37 19 4 - * - h 1900 1550 191 1970 1 8 16 49 17 6 1 * - - 2 1700 1500 160 Chica1o 1969 7 8 21 hO 13 9 * - . - - 2 1600 1410 227 1970 - 12 17 36 17 16 - 1 - 1 1800 1560 115 Huancayo 1969 10 h 19 31 17 7 3 - 1 - 8 2000 1580 161 1970 2 18 16 32 16 16 - - - - - 1700 1460 44 Cuzco IR99 9 10 26 32 13 5 1 - - - h 1500 1230 211 1970 - 20 20 28 16 13 2 - - 1 1700 1340 120 Puno 1969 11 17 28 26 8 6 1 - - - 3 ihoo 965 219 1970 3 18 31 26 14 5 1 - - - 2 1hoo 980 95 Piura 1969 W/A 1970 2 10 17 36 16 18 1 - - - - 1925 1611 123 Average 1969 1742 1412 1970 1790 1491 Lima 1970 - 2 5 24 32 27 7 1 2 - * 3160 2595 373 * Less than o.5% The Average and che Median exclude Zero Income and Not Available. Source: 1. Encuestas Nacionales 2. Ministerio del Trabajo. 1/ INbite Collar Workers" (empleados) 2/ "Blue Collar Workersl" (obreros) Table 3.3: DEPOSITS AND LOANS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS BY DEPARTMENTS, 1970 Deposits Per Loans Per DJepartments mil. of S/. Capita mil. of S/. Capita Amazonas 54.4 317.9 8.0 46.7 Ancash 443.1 599.0 160.4 215.3 Apurimac 49.6 150.1 9.2 27.8 Arequipa 1,296.9 2,502.2 611.7 1,180.2 Ayacucho 84.9 179.0 20.4 43.0 Cajamarca 153.6 152.4 59.8 59.3 Cuzco 346.5 483.4 177.5 234.7 Huancavelica 30.1 81.9 1.9 5.1 Huanuco 108.5 252.2 56.5 131.3 Ica 627.1 1,728.9 5h3.3 1,497.9 Junin 574. 0 821.0 258.9 370.3 La Libertad 729.5 929.4 511.3 651.4 Lambayeque 836.4 1,722.7 277.8 572.1 Loreto 326.2 717.8 210.1 416.3 Madre de Dios 6.0 247.9 5.0 206.6 Noquegua 109.2 1,587.2 29.8 433.1 Pasco 73.9 393.0 14.0 74.4 Piura 805.9 873.7 545.2 591.1 Puno 158.7 187.1 68.3 80.5 San Martin 75.6 329.5 38.0 165.6 Tacna 267.1 2,8.445 98.7 1,051.1 Tumbes 35.9 427.4 12.6 150.0 Lima 1/ 449.7 128.8 180.6 51.7 Sub-Total 7,642.9 757.0 3,899.2 386.2 % 19.72 16.50 2/ Lima Metropolitana- 31,108.4 10,510.9 19,733.8 6,667.7 % 80.28 83.50 TOTAL 38,751.3 2,852.2 23,633.0 1,739.4 % 100.00 100.00 Lima/Sub-Total 4.07 .06 1/ Excludes the Province of Lima. 2/ Includes the Provinces of Lima and Callao. Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacidn, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracidn Regional." Table 3.4: DEPOSITS AND LOANS PER CAPITA, BY DEPARTMENTS, 1971 (in thousands of Soles) Loans Total Deposits Savings Deposits Sept. '71 Per Sept. '71 Per Sept. '71 Per Departments Values Capita Values Capita Values Capita Amazonas 14,543 0.o85 69,007 0.1403 27,136 0.158 Ancash 195,402 0.262 40,509 0.6o 183,723 0.246 Apurimac 12,617 0.038 59,586 0.180 33,416 0.101 Arequipa 767,971 1.481 1,358,883 2.621 354,234 0.683 Ayacucho 29,438 0.062 99,838 0.210 46,049 0.097 Cajamarca 59,644 0.059 217,819 0.216 52,187 0.051 Cuzco 226,781 0.299 444,076 0.587 120,518 0.159 Huancavelica 3,150 0.008 47,174 0.128 23,153 0.063 Huanuco 74,012 d.172 124,557 0.289 51,861 0.120 Ica 588,592 1.622 690,984 1.905 296,724 0.818 Junin 321,341 0.459 647,648 0.926 262,816 0.375 La Libertad 6$7,381 0.875 989,540 1.260 246,878 0.314 Lambayeque 383,228 0.789 661,833 1.363 165,023 0.339 Loreto 295,405 0.585 357,669 0.708 88,442 0.175 Madre de Dios 4,224 0.174 7,288 0.301 3,850 0.159 Moquegua 34,137 o,.496 150,798 2.191 66,984 0.973 Pasco 21,962 0.116 85,982 0.457 37,511 0.199 Piura 685,871 0.743 720,001 0.700 197,524 0.214 Puno 90,240 0.106 197,285 0.232 68,798 0.081 San Martin 55,8140 0.243 81,401 0.354 25,724 0.112 Tacna 116,888 1.2414 235,665 2.5d9 60,642 0.645 Tumbes - 18,536 0,.220 40,148 0.161 17,720 0.211 Sub-Total 4,687,203 0.464 7,738,301 0.766 2,430,413 0.240 Lima-Callao 19,914,640 6.158 30,974,404 8.473 6,396,594 1.750 Lima Metropolitana 19,022,174 6.275 28,792,577 9.183 5,382,578 1.704 TOTAL 24,601,843 38,712,705 8,827,007 Lima-Callao/ Sub-Total 4.25 4.00 2.63 Source: Banco Central de la Reserva. Table 3.5: HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES - MAJOR CITIES City: LIMA AREQUIPA IQUITOS TRUJILLO CUZCO CHICAYO PUNO PIURA Sample Size: 880 500 604 501 503 502 603 602 a) Motorized Vehicle 21 13 8 13 10 19 10 11 b) Refrigerator 39 19 20 25 12 22 3 23 c) 'Record Player 41 34 17 23 30 20 18 17 d) Clock 63 65 44 60 61 60 48 50 e) Radio 83 81 69 74 77 78 65 66 f) Seving Machine 59 53 68 63 40 59 39 59 g) a + b + c 101 66 45 61 52 61 31 51 Source: Ministerio de Vivienda Direccion de Planeamiento Urbano Ingeniero Leo Farje Based on CEMO, National Survey for 1970. Table 3.6: PER CAPITA MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION BY DEPARTMENTS, 1970 (per 1,000 population) Private Collec- Pick- Micro- Motor Department Total Autos tivo Taxis Ups Trucks Buses Buses Cyeles Amazonas 1.92 (22) 0.36(22) - 0.01 0.73 0.23(23)0.02 0.06(22) 0.h9(16) Ancash 6.36 (17) 1.7h (11) 1.85 (5 ) 0.73 0.39 0.67(17 )0.32 0.3h(10) 0.28(21) Apurimac 2.69 (20) 0.h6 (19 ) 0.02 (16 ) 0.10 0.31 0.5h(20)0.0h 0.10(20) 1.08 (12) Arequipa 30.86 (3 ) 12.53 (3 ) 0.48 (10) 3.37 5.19 3.67(10)0.38 1.73(3 ) 3.h7(h ) Ayacucho 2.7h(19) 0.63(17) - 0.06 0.h6 0.74(16)0.06 0.11(18) 0.65(l) Cajamarca 2.12 (21) 0.55(18) 0.01(17) G.06 0.63 0.43(21)0.01 0.11(19) 0.28(20) Cuzco 9.10 (13) 2.09 (10) 0.33 (11) 0.28 1.40 3.96(9 )0.h3 0.27(13) 0.31(19) Huancavelica 1.16 (23) 0.19(23) - 0.03 0.10 0.3h(22)0.01 0.07(21) 0.h0(17) Huanuco 4.53 (18) 1.26 (13) 0.03 (13) 0.23 0.82 1.60(14)0.05 0.16(17) 0.37(18) Ica 24.03 (4 ) 6.89 (5 ) 2.45 (2 ) 0.86 5.86 5.29(4 )0.42 0.79(6 ) 1.59(8 ) Junin 16.51 (8 ) 5.00 (8 ) 0.03 (14) 1.39 2.68 h.82(7 )0.14 1.88(2 ) 0.54(15) Ia Libertad 21.00 (6 ) 6.87 (6 )2.83 (1 ) 0.80 1.26 6.71(2 )0.11 0.86(5 ) 1.52(9 ) Lambayeque 19.83 (7 ) 5.15 (7 )1.18 (8 ) 1.87 5.06 h.29(8 )0.26 0.76(7 ) 1.23 (10) Loreto 6.8h (15) 1.h8(14) - 0.34 0.81 0.65(18)0.06 0.21(1h) 3.26(5 ) Madre de Dios 10.49 (12) 0.h(21) - - 0.49 0.49(19) - - 9.09(1 ) Moquegua 11.11 (11) 2.90 (9 )1.58 (6 ) 0.58 1.94 1.99(11) - 0.50(9 ) 1.59 (7 ) Pasco 8.31 (14) 0.98 (5 ) - 0.05 1.55 5.02(6 )o.io 0.31(11) 0.26 (22) Piura 21.79 (5 ) 8.45 (4 )1.19 (7 ) 0.22 5.11 5.12(5 )0.70 0.70(8 ) 0.26 (23) Puno 6.39 (16) 1.65(12)0.02 (15) 0.3h 1.56 1.70(12)0.11 0.16(16) 0.81(13) San Martin 11.85 (9 ) 0.65 (16)0.08 (12) 0.23 1.13 1.08(15)o.1o 0.17(15) 8.36 (2 ) Tacna 59.63 (2 ) 22.36 (2 )2.12 (3 ) h.79 13.84 10.64(1 )o.53 2.66(1 ) 2.66 (6 ) Tumbes 11.80 (10) 0.45 (20) 0.90 (9 ) 1.05 2.01 1.64(13)0.10 0.30(12) 1.19 (11) Sub-Total 12.00 3.70 0.70 0.60 2.10 2.80 0.20 0.50 1.10 Metropolitan Lima (1971) 74.00 (1) 45.68 (1) 1.95(h) 1.62 8.22 5.95(3) 1.13 1.60(4) 7.23(3) TOTAL(incl. Lima Dept.) 24.00 12.00 0.98 0.86 3.30 3.40 0.50 0.70 2.hO Met. Lima/Sub-Total 6.16 12.35 2.78 2.70 3.91 2.12 5.60 3.20 6.57 Lima Department 61.30 37.50 1.70 1.30 6.70 4.90 1.40 1.40 6.00 1/ Weighted Average Note: Metropolitan Lima Figures are for 1971. Sources: Dirección de Circulacidn y Seguridad Vial. Table 3.6(a): MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION (ALL KINDS) BY DEPARTMENT (1970) DEPARTAY04TOS TOTAL PRIVATE COLLECTIVE TA1IS PICK-UPS TRUCKS MICRU-BUSES BUSES MOTORCYCLES Lima 214,032 131,255 6,200 L,800 23, 453 17,325 4,973 h,892 21,134 Tunbe,5 992 385 76 89 169 138 9 26 100 Piura 20,100 7,8r0 1,100 205 4,720 4,730 653 652 240 Iambayoque 9,629 2,500 577 908 2,461 2,08 127 372 600 la Libortad 16,h91 5,1OO 2,225 , 630 -990 5,274 93 679 1,200 Ancash 1,735 1,300 1,330 550 296 199 240 260 210 Ica 8,717 2,500 890 313 2,129 1,922 15,4 289 580 Arequipa 16,000 6,500 250 1,750 2,693 1,907 200 900 1,800 Moquegua 765 200 109 40 134 137 - 35 110 Tacna 5,600 2,100 200 450 1,300 1,000 50 250 250 Cajanarca 2,138 560 11 65 6411 .437 11 120 290 Huanuco 1,950 543 16 10o 354 692 21 72 160 Ccrro De Pasco 1,564 185 - 11 293 945 20 60 50 Junin 11,550 3,500 25 978 1,877 3,376 99 1,315 380 Huancavolca h27 70 - 14 38 127 3 25 150 Ayachcho 1,302 300 - *32 220 355 30 55 310 Apurimac 891 155 6 35 105 180 15 35 360 Puno 5,h22 1,403 25 290 1,325 1,450 97 137 695 Yadre De Dios 254 10 - 12 12 ,- - 220 Amazonas . 328 62 - 2 125 hl 3 10 85 San Martin 2,720 150 20 55 260 250 25 40 1,920 Ioreto 3,452 750 - 176 410 329 31 106 1,650 Cuzco 6,880 1,580 250 215 1,060 3,000 330 210 235 TOTA L 335,939 169,208 13,350 11,710 45,068 46,210 7,124 10,540 32,729 Lima Metropolitan 232,010 lU3,188 6,116 5,080 25,753 18,658 3,530 5,017 22,668- Area (1971) Source: Direccion de Circulacion y Seguridad Vial. Table 3.7: TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, FATALITIES, INJURIES (1970) GREATER URBAN IM1A OTHER URBAN AREAS REST OF COUNTRY COUNTRY TOTAL Per Per Per Per No. % Capita No. Capita NO. % CaDita No. % Capita Total No. of Accidents 35,581 79 12.0 5,501 12 1.2 4,062 9 0.6 45,144 100 3.3 No. of Deaths 604 32 0.2 - - - 1,315 69 0.2 1,919 100 0.1 No. of Injuries 10,521 57 3. - - - 7,981 43 1.3 18,502 100 0.1 Notes: 1. "Other Urban Areas" pert capita figures were calculated from planning region population table. 2. Per capita figures are per 1,000 persons. 3. Lima Metropolitan population figures were used as the basis for Greater Urban Lima per capita calculations. Source: Direccion de Circulacion y Seguridad Vial. Table 4.1: ELECTRIC POWER POTENTIAL BY MAJOR CITIES, 1970 Installed Potential No. of No. of Pop. Per 100 Connec- Connections Cities Supplied (in kW) People tions per 100 people Supplied Supplied Arequipa 320,000 37,000 11.5 39,000 12.1 Barranca- 70,000 8,400 12.0 3,800 5.4 Chincha 47,250 1,698 3.5 3,500 7.4 Chiclayo 170,000 13,000 7.6 15,000 8.8 Chimbote 180,000 13,500 7.5 8,000 4.4 Huacho 36,000 5,939 16,5 6,000 16.6 Huancayo 92,000 4,250 4.6 12,000 13.0 Huaraz 25,582 1,56o 6.1 4,100 16.0 Ica 73,226 5,268 7.1 9,500 12.9 Paita 18,000 1,128 6.2 1,200 6.6 Pisco 34,880 3,075 8.8 4,200 12.0 Piurail 160,000 13,635 8.3 25,000 15.6 Tacna 29,655 3,000 10.1 4,100 13.8 Talara3/ 52,376 5,000 9.5 4,500 8.6 Trujillo 160,000 6,000 3.7 15,000 9.3 Lima Metropolitana 2,550,0004/ 485,000 19.0 382,000 15.0 1/ Includes Supe and Pativilca. 2/ Includes Sullana. 3/ Includes Negritos. h 88% of housing units have electricity. The percent of population with electricity is less; we do not know how much less. Population in the area supplied would be around 3,000,000 in 1970. Sources: Empretks Ele'ctricas Asociadas. Table 4.2: ELECTRIC POWER BY DEPARTMENTS PRODUCTION (KWH) INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY (KW) CONSUMPTION (KWIH) 1968 Per 1970 Per 1967 Per 1970 Per 1967 Per 1970 - Per ..Total Capita Total Capita Total Capita Total Capita Total Capita Total Capita Amazonas 1,428,274 9 1,801,247 10 822 5 1,038 6 1,323,611 9 1,679,297 10 Ancash 254,'95,906 358 153,207,140 205 137,180 198 137,567 184 288,677,371 416 134,616,806 181 Apar1mac 2,947,794 9 3,764,368 11 6,105 19 4,060 -12 2,672,750 8 3,177,323 10 Arequipa 113,147,402 . 230 136,985,134 264 3,131 80 50,862 98 100,688,904 211 1b24,114,781 239 Ayacucho 2,623,550 6 11,371,384 23 8,074 18 7,842 16 3,704,079 8 9,733,611 21 Cajamarca 24,258,645 25 19,123,006 18 9,300 10 9,248 9 21,514,463 23 16,961,913 17 Cuzco 90,819,883 124 150,553,756 199 52,561 73 52,561 69 98,357,174 137 138,592,437 183 Huancavelica 39,591,155 112 61,458,388 163 9,531 27 19,766 53 32,043,539 92 55,650,133 156 F.uanuco 26,532,080 65 19,462,895 45 8,046 20 9,673 22 16,898,293 42 16,728,265 39 lca 383,899,516 1,138 44,351,236 122 87,699 270 115,415 318 346,921,932 1,066 10,932,613 30 Junin 378,357,484 373 398,008,527 569 106,160 166 112,351 160 453,424,919 709 376,000,984 538 la Libertad 191,232,928 258 252,101,845 321 71,224 99 84,990 108 211,523,153 294 241,886,446 308 Lembayeque 134,714,429 298 145,060,133 298 45,525 104 49,364 101 121,924,785 279 136,381,073 281 loreto 19,8C3,187 43 29,105.744 58 12,462 28 14,076 27 191,169,701 43 25,682,115 51 yadre de Dioas 737,895 34 476,975 20 534 2, 444 18 683,541 33 453,024 19 oquequa 334,676,921. 5,140 330,705,944 4,807 118,246 1,874 118,788 1,726 335,534,944 5,318 310,447,535 4,512 Pasco 723,378,764 4,066 730,428,435 3,885 89,477 519 130,517 694 586,335,584 3,401 715,085,242 3,804 Piura 119,898,872 136 126,896,113 138 36,825 44 42,155 45 123,201,812 147 121,496,187 ý32 Puno 24,747,422 30 27,743,013 33 12,785 16 14,128 16 25,609,895 32 26,676,199 - 32 San Martin 1,620,534 8 2,445,090 11 1,450 7 2,001 8 1,612,583 8 2,235,258 8 Tacna 16,618,860 190 17,648,500 187 43,657 518 42,859 456 13,803,443 164 15,189,734 162 Tumbes 6,373,575 83 7 645 782 91 2,737 37 3,145 37 5,327,066 72 5,859.286 70 Sub-Total "" 2,885,604,987 300 3,069,506,279 304 8i8.531 90 1,022,850 101 2,810,953,532 282 2,888,731,386 327 Lima-Callao 2,122,834,951 667 2,459,309,619 704 660,494 216 654,287 187 1,958,624,731 640 2,226,124,680 638 Lima-Callao Sub-Total 0.74 0.80 0.73 0.63 0.69 0.67 TOTAL 5,008,439,938 392 5,528,815,898 407 1,559,025 126 14677,137 123 4,769-578,263 385 5,114,856,066 407 1/ x 103 2/ Consuption=production-loasses Source: Empresas El-ctricas Asociadas Table h.3: USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY IN PUBLIC SERVICE BY TYPE OF SERVICES, BY DEPARTNT-S FOR 1970 (in kaåh) DUSTiC COMLI- PUB0LIC DEPART3NTS INDUSTRY MINING AGRICULTRE FISING SE-JRVICE CIAL LIGHTIN G OTHER LOSSS TOTAL ueor.s - - - - 995,846 121,586 263,782 12,711 122,450 1,519,375 74,782,396 3,853,242 - 8,345,824 7,586,445 2,745,.826 1,326,782 938,749 i6,245,228 15,8,4,h92 Aturimac 63,128 - - - 1,735,386 383,456 325,728 65,745 555,624 3,12,08 49,252,343 - - - 30,96 t45 7,226,538 7,084,745 1,990,108 11,845,352 , 51,635 - - - 1,3U,566 317,786 321,472 21,072 506,5uý! 2,530,073 ca-.arcat 163,876 - - - 2,663,292 857,483 836,358 99,629 1,015,393 5,63.,L33 Cu11o 11,535,472 - - - 15,186,852 3,151,782 3.258,785 2,28,851 1D.746,789 147,L8,531 aa1ica - -- - - 764,r32 22,b63 134,962 13,428 .1o9,486 1,.,21 225,832 - - - 3,293,562 929,345 744,583 38,380 1,481,21, 7 3,445,325 - - 2,585,636 13,854,682 3,73,648 3,996,345 734,760 4,125,386 ?,615,782 unin 2,853,678 - - - 9,747,256 3,955,46? 2,7C5.864- 485,398 2,832,342 29,580,0 La Libertad 3,085,3h6 - - - 3,424,637 846,525 '(16,796 281,551 1,042,156 9,397,061 L yue 7,355,836 - - . 1,4,652.386 4,142,563 2,82,635 1,685,329 4,425,356 35,090,105 Liz y canao . 974,859,678 - 2,015,946 33,156,321 ·607,336,556 370,596,862 112,825,946 11,85,,579 228,846,923 2,341,544,81 Loreto 4,953,689 - - - 7,485,326 3,496,592 1,235,88 765:660 3,423,629 21,3E0,7414 i de Dis - - - - 1h9,892 37,496 38,976 2,313 23,951 252,628 Mquetua - - - - 1,394,586 637,543 577,542 41,599 436,782 3,038,052 - · - - 851,321 136,526 293,581 21,212 193,962 1,496,602 17,421,932 - - - 10,695,823 2,363,595 2,976,546 697,615 3,541,826 37,697,337 - 372,872 - - - 4,411,586 1,595,782 1,143,252 248,953 1,065,246 8,842,691 Srn 'artin - - - - - 1,261,231? 165,592 410,563 17,335 209,832 2,064,553 sc . 4,786.523 - - - 4,813,530 726,932 795,426 1,910,377 2,458,766 15,491,604 Tunbes 394,531 - - - 2.334,218 596,872 604,831 605,534 1,786,496 6?,532 TOTAL 1.255.604.1h2 3,853.242 2,015,9h6 44,087.781 746,963.606 4o8,931,255 1b5,452.348 24,802,889 298,041,232 2.9?2,752,441 Table h.h: USE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY FRCM CAPTIVE PIANTS BY TYPE OF SERVICE, BY DEPARTMENTS, FOR 1970 (in knl) DOMESTIC PUBLIC UMINDUSTRY MNING AFISH0NG SESTCE LIHTING oTHER IOSSES T o'AL - -282,372 - 282,372 1,625,100 9,145,341 6,001,231 14,131,000 2,341,131 1,143,125 65o,614 2,345,106 37,382,648 Apurimac - 11,568 - - - 592,311 . 31,421 C635,300 A i3,465,207 20,002,146 841,135 2,861,126 - 418,588 1,025,001 28/23,203 Ayacucho 72,L31 6,845,131 - - - 792,518 1,131,231 8,F41,311 cag.arca . 631,135 10,131,241 207,135 - 31,346 12,148 1,328,270 1,145,200 13,48',475 C±z co 2,901,345 - 184,215 . - - 105,135 214,530 3,405,225 Iu .veelica - - 51,123,926 - - 2,346,675 683,866 560,131 5,698,769 60,413,367 co1,567196 9,136,241 793,126 - - - - 1,253,415 12,749,978 6,143,128 317,011,341 11,348,101 35,468,671 8,143,171 2,693,743 795,186 29,293,237 410,96,578 unin 48,948,376 285,745,378 936,246 - 9,321,135 5,131,101 6,171,093 19,175,201 375,428,527 bertad 153,348,123 14,936,137 31,243,172 5,742,127 21,947,782 3,101,129 3,213,071 9,173,243 242,704,784 aece 67,299,381 - 26,127,201 - 8,243,135 1,621,235 2,425,372 4,253,704 109.Q70,028 5,y cllo 43,572,422 55,126,243 1,810,215 10,285,190 1,866,347 526,238 240,137 4,338,016 117,764,808 4,175,236. - - - - - 3,569,764 - 7,745,000 Madre de Dios 65,172 - 103,587 - - - 55,588 - 224,347 672,231 264,148,676 - 9,143,217 16,326,138 6,235,148 11,270,855 19,821,627 327,617,892 a-co 2,11t5,921 621,181,399 516,278 - 23,487,148 8,221,176 58,230,680 15,149,231 728,931,833 a 61,3'-6,718 2,143,175 536,L87 7,147,576 14,164,676 1,356,223 645,821 1,858,100 89,198,776 6,742,143 10,L68,315 148,250 38,476 · - 1,501,565 1,568 18,900,322 Ec yrtin - 81,063 - 4,125 - - - 295,349 - 380,537 T a- ,2,021,741 - - - - 135,755 - 2,156,896 ru=te s -- - 1,295,347 - - 27,903 - 1,323,250 TOTAL ho1,802,333 1,679,165,831 80,812,072 86,112,730 108,218,681 30,725,132 93,308,078 115,918,600 2,599,063,457 Table 4.5: ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION BY DEPARTMENTS, FOR 1970 (Powerhouses of 500 kW or over) Millions kW per P.C.L./ Departments of kW % capital/ P.C. Dept.-/ Amazonas 1.8 10 67 Ancash 140.6 2.64 183 - Apurimac 1.9 - 6 122 Arequipa 122.0 2.38 235 3 Ayacucho 6.8 - 14 h9 Cajamarca 10.2 - 10 69 Cuzco 141.5 2.66 187 3.6 Huancavelica 53.3 1.00 142 4.9 Huanuco 15.6 36 19 Ica 41.0 7.01* 1,144 - Junin 388.7 7.31* 556 - La Libertad 216.9 4.08 296 2.4 Lambayeque 138.8 2.61 286 2.4 Loreto 19.8 - 39 18 Madre de Dios 0.9 - 38 18 Moquegua 235.6 6.13* 3,424 - Pasco 698.5 13.15* 3,915 - Piura 114.3 2.15 124 6 Puno 15.3 - 18 39 San Martin 1.9 - 8 84 T,cna 26.4 0.50 281 2.5 Tumbes 1.8 - 21 32.5 Sub-Total 2,767.3 53.79 282 - Lima-Callao 2,454.4 46.21 703 TOTAL 5,221.7 100.00 390 Lima-Callao/Total 0.47 Lima-Ch.llao/Sub-Total 2.49 1/ Kilowatts per capita. 2/ Ratio of kilowatts per capita for Lima to same for Departments. * Important mining centers. Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacion "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracion Regional". Table 5.1: MINISTRY OF HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY INDEX FOR MAJOR CITIES BY RANK Lima 61.2 Trujillo 37.4 Arequipa 37.2 Nazca 35.7 Cuzco 35.5 Chiclayo 34.2 Pisco 34.o Casma 32.7 Mariscal Nieto 31.9 Santa 30.7 Chancay 29.0 Islay 28.8 Tacna 27.7 Talara 27.6 Puno 25.4 Iambayeque-Yauli 25.2 Sullana-Pacasmayo 23.6 Piura 23.0 Cajamarca 22.4 Quispicanchis 21.0 Huancayo 20.8 Coronel Portillo 19.8 Paita 19.6 Canete 18.0 Tumbes-Leoncio Prado 17.2 Chacalluta 17.0 Concepcion 16.7 Camana-Caraveli 16.3 Source: Ministry de Vivienda... (see Annex A) Table 5.2: MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION BY DEPARTMENT, 1970. DEPARTIMENPOS TOTA L PRIVATE COLLE rTIVE TAXIS PICK-UPS TRUCKS MICRO-BUSES BUSES MoroRCYCLES lina 214,032 131,255 6,200 4,800 23,153 17,325 4,973 . ,892 21,13 Tunbes 992 385. 76 89 169 138 9 26 100 Piura 20,100 7,8:'0 1,100 295 h,720 h,730 653 652 2h0 Limbayeque 9,629 2,500 577 908 2,L61 2,08 .127 372' 600 La Libortad 16,491 5,00 2,225 , 630 990 5,274 93 679 .1,200 Ancash 4,735 1,300 1,380 550 296 499 2h0 260 210 Ica 8,717 2,500 890 313 2,129 1,922 i-5h 289 580 ArequIpa 16,000 6,500 250 1,750 2,693 1,907 200 900 1,800 ltquegua 765 200 109 4 0 13h 137 - 35 110 Tacna 5,6oo 2,100 200 450 1,300 1,000 50 250 250 Caja.nrca 2,138 560 11 65 644 437 11 120 290 Puanuco 1,950 543 16 102 35 692 21 72 16o Corro Do ?asco 1,56. 185 - 11 293 945 20 60 50 Junrin 11,550 3,500 25 978 1,877 3,376 99 1,315 380 Huancavolica 'h27 70 - Ih 38 127 3 25 150 Ayaclacho 1,302 300 - 32 220 355 30 55. 310 ApurLmac 891 155 6 35 105 180 15 35 360 Puno 5,422 1,403 . 25 290 1,325 1,150 97 137 695 Madre De Dios 254 10 - - ·12 12 - - 220 Amazonas 328 62 - 2 125 hl 3 10 85 San Wärtin 2,720 150 20 55 260 250 25 40 1,920 Inreto 3,452 750 - 176 10 329 31 106 1,65 Cuzco 6,880 1,580 250. 215 1,060 3,000 . 330 210 235 TOTAL 335,939 169,208 13,350 11,710 h5,068 46,210 7,124 10,50 32,729 Met. Lima 232,010 13,158 6,116 5,080 25,753 18,658 3,530 5,017 22,668 Area (1971) Lima/Total o.69 0.85 o..6 0.43 0.57 0.hO 0.50 0.48 0.69 Source: Direccion de Circulacion y Seguridad Vial. Table 5.3-, AIR SCHEDULES - WEEKLY ARRIVALS/DEPARTURES (LIMA. BASED) FROM MAJOR CITIES (Cia de Aviacion Faucett S.A. Flights Only) c2tz No Arequipa 1 Ayacucho 2 Cajamarca 2 Cuzco 14 Chiclayo 16 Huanuco 3 Iquitos 9 Piura 9 Pucallpa 5 San Juan 3 Tacna 7 Talara 7 Trujillo 13 Tumbes 2 Tarapoto 3 Tingo Mhria 3 Table 5.4: TELEPHONE SERVICE BY MAJOR CITY PER CAPITA FOR 1971 (1000 POPULATION) Per Monthly Waiting Capita Total Monthly Inter- List SUBSCRIBERS Tele- Long national Total phone Dis- Long Dis- Sub- Major Commer- Residen- Offi- Profes- Instru- tance tance Waiting cribers Cities cial tial cial sional T'l. ments Calls Calls List % Chiclayo 7.2 7.0 0.9 1.3 14.2 23.8 248 o.165 13.1 79 Chimbote 4.3 3.7 0.4 0.6 9.1 10.8 180 0.309 7.6 83 Huancayo 6.1 8.3 1.3 1.1 16.9 20.8 196 0.171 15.1 89 Ica 6.0 9.6 1.2 1.h 18.1 23.2 289 0.157 20.4 113 Pisco 7.0 6.7 0.8 0.8 15.6 19.6 305 0.144 5.2 33 Piura 5.3 7.6 1.2 i. 15.6 22.7. 248 0.504 5.8 38 Sullana 3.7 2.1 0.8 0.7 7.4 9.0 205 0.184 4.0 55 Trujillo 5.1 9.6 0.8 1.3 16.9 21.2 242 0.230 16.6 99 Lima Metro'a. 7.1 25.6 1.3 1.5 35.7 58.8 1,428 104 19.6 54 TELEPHONE RATES, INCLUDING INSTALLATION COSTS Lima Metropolitana Other Urban Areas Mbnthly Rate: Installation Cost: Monthly Rate: Installation Cost: S/. Commercial Class I 9O.- S/1,500.- plus shares in the Commercial Class I S/.400.- S/.1,400.- Class II 700.- Telephone Co. to a value of Class II 270.- Professional 700.- S/.7,200.- payable S/.200.- Professional 180.- Residential 250.- when registering in Waiting Residential 120.- Official 420.- List, S1.1,500.- on installa- Official 135.- tion and S/.5,500.- in 12 to 18 monthly installments, with a 7% guaranteed monthly interest on the investment. Source: Compaifa Nacional de Telefonos. Table 5.h(a) TELEPHONE SERVICE BY MAJOR CITY FOR 1971 Monthly Ionthly Total Long- IntQrnational Subscribers Telephone Waiting Distance Daily Average per Long Distance Commrcial Residential Official Professional Total Inst-ruments List Calls Average Subscriber Cails Lina Metro- politana 22,562' 81,109 h,201 4,775 112,61i7 187,253 61,272 h,2h0,25Q 169,610 38 308,679 Piura @(> 1,Ø13 157 198 2,074 3,051 · 780 31,048 1,2h2 15 63 sullana 215 123 46 43 h27 516 233 11,203 h8 26 10 Chiclayo 1,160 .. 1,134 . 1h8 223 2,665 3,779 2,11h 1 h,715 179 17 25 Trujillo 1,171 2,178 186 312 3,847 4,773 3,797 50,561 2,022 13 h8 Chimbote 645 563 63 .97 1,368 1,615 1.136 2h,h27 977 18 h2 Ica h83 766 97 118' 1,64 . 1,876 1,619 22,OhO 882 15 12 Pisco 315· 302 38 .h0 695 875 233 12,709 508 18 6 oHuancayo 73 1,010 162 145 2,061 2,5h3 1,8h1 22,871 915 11 20 Source: Compaia Peruana de Teléfonos S. A. Table 5.6: SHIP MOVEIENTS AT PERUVIAN TORTS - 1970 No.Peruvian Net Regld No.Foreignl Net Reg'd Total Ports Ships Tonn.lge Ships Tonnage Ships N.R.T TOTAL ENAPU - PERU 1,658 4'998,457 3,290 13'327.507 4,948 18'325,961 1.- CABO BLANCO 6 38,374 14 53.940 20 92.311 2.- TALARA 268 1'092,039 111 211,161 379 1'303.203 3.- PAITA 78 150.140 2i8 584,837 296 734.977 4.- ETEN 10 29,305 18 70,358 28 99,63 5,- PACASMAYO 7 31.108 51 215,465 58 246,573 6.- CHICAMA 3 13,815 19 75,919 22 89,73.: 1 7.- SALAVERRY 136 387.951 144 639.202 280 1'027,153 8.- CHIMBOTE 174 413.471 285 1'274,001 459 . 1687,472 12- BESIOUE 11.- HUARMEY 11 32,430 62 208,003 73 240,421 12.- SUPE 60 275.280 114 421,131 174 696 A1 i1 13.- HUACHO 24 109,853 97 346,191 121 456,01-1 14.- CHANCAY 13 70,364 58 216,734 71 27,093 15.- CALLAO 309 1'338,170 1,299 5'593,092 1,608 6'931,22 16.- CERRO AZUL . 3 15,277 5 14,240 8 29,517 17.- GENERAL SAN MARTIN 101 520,709 246 1'042,255 347 V562,9 18.- MATARANI 57 249,315 452 2'001,027 509 2'250,342 19.- ILO . 44 192,312 78 340,288 122 532.600 20.- IOUITOS 354 38,544 19 19663 373 58,207 21.- YURIMAGUAS - - 22,- PUCALLPA - - - 23.- PUERTO N4åinNtAr)n . . Callao/TOTAL 18.6 26.7 39.5 39.1 32.5 34.6 Source: Empresa Nacional de Puertos, Memoria Anual 1970. Table 5.7: TONNAGES HA.NDLED AT PERUVIAN PORTS - 1970 -pUld Coastal Traffic Total Total Total Ports Dry Liquid Total Dry Liquid Total D Liquid Cargo Cag r - Cargo CagLq dCrm argo argo argo Cargo Cargo Cargo Cargo Cargo Cargo Cargo C C TOTAL ENTAPU j 3.< Lto( 47 4'hX4l 4-15..10i 2 co m n.4es 2'247.9 . -7 5-2567 5'592,934 5'931.528 6'015.132 :113. a) Sub-Total Sea Ports: 3'672,82 475.460 4'148,2130 2964.3 243.4G5 2'07.7L4 233.25 5'275.073 5'508.368 5'870.504 5'993.938 118' ,1«2 1 .- Cabo Blanco 17 189,092 139.109 - -- 105,243 105,243 17 294.335 2352 2.- Talara 533 't.e17 2.z7:o 39.212 33,313 G9.25 -- 2'753.235 2'753.235 39.775 2'785,665 2 5.44 3.- Paita . 5 31.3:3 72. 31.327 1i.937 37.326 53.263 90,225 53.G02 143.37 - ten ' 73.35 -.- 73.gi5 23 2.W6 2 .-.- 2.230 77,991 -.- 77.91 - Pacasmayo 13,953 -.- 13.953 495 -.- 495 49,110 -.- als1 6.- Chicama 50,911 291 Saavrry 7: - 2 a3 233.723 1.5.C71 353.459 369.98 -:857 8 ChLmbote r 171.25 . 171X125 i42.317 262.741 409318 964,277 371.529 1 s 9.- Besique 10-iasma i a 1y 1 -.-arm331 -4.321 54.321 S 5. 3 3 1 ,4 161.Cd3 165.125 196,376 233;o, 13.-1uacho . 32 -- 12 .- 370 15.r3 - 1h.-.hancay 4 I -.- 4481 13,0 - 15,7e0 134 -- 124 60.815 , m5s 15.-Callao a o en j3,3 ran j.m c5~ 3s.s 1021.C58 o'054.764' 2·671,49 1,227,607 2,m3,02G 16.-Cerro Azul 3;.9 -....03VO 17.-Gfneral San Martin 3 7. 5.42 2o. , 7 2.3 13 2^.417 582.74 2i4.,5 18.-Eatar ni 9 4 3 <31,74 -~-- ,31 14 ,---1u59 241G.687 -.-,, '6 37 1 9.-atarai8(5to/from Bolivia) q 744 ,- -3.9 lano- ,-. --- - - 21 274.109 27..13 21 274,1G 7 :'.120 19.-Iloj, .? us 12 47 30 -~.- ,2 33 121 .33. 125,1 I' 1113.915 133.078 251,993 - b) lub-Total River Ports: I 7 -- 7 27 293S -.- 39- 25 _'E372 21.194 .845)c 111.024 21,134 132,218 20...-Ignitos 77 -.- 7 39C.25 -.is j 3$23 21.194 84,417- 110,875 21.194 132.009 21 -Yurimaas 22.-rQcallpa ..19 -.49 149 -.-49 2.-Puerto Maldonado Callao/TOTAL 34.5 8.7 31.7 6 66. 67.1 10.3 18.h 17.9 42.7 19.6 31,2 Source: anresa Naciona] de Puertos, E£XAPU, Mernoria Anual 1970. Table 6.1: POPULATION & PUEBLOS JOVENES RESIDENTS BY MAJOR CITIES 1961 1970 Pueblos % of total Pueblos % of Total City Total Jovenes Population Total Jovenes Population Arequipa 164,325 62,768 38.19 252,748 101,801 4o.27 Ayacucho 23,768 - - 38,813 15,020 38.69 Cuzco 79,857 5,010 6.27 132,642 23,882 18.00 Chiclayo 88,955 31,500 35.hl 151,570 58,557 38.63 Chimbote 59,990 45,065 75.12 135,769 128,95 94.64 Chincha 20,817 - - 32,572 13,486 41.40 Chanccy-Huacho 22,806 - - 32,179 20,356 63.25 Huancayo 64,152 - - 116,957 16,667 14.25 Huanuco 24,646 - - 37,262 6, 228 16.71 Ica 49,097 7,854 15.99 76,164 19,763 25.94 Nazea 13,587 - - 27,387 1n,024 40.25 Pisco 22,112 - - 41,690 14,126 33.88 Ilo 9,986 3,561 35.65 15,098 12,761 84.52 Iquitos 57,777 - - 104,449 21,525 20.60 Moquegua 7,795 - - 12,092 6,140 50.77 Paita 9,615 - - 13,567 5,399 39.79 Piura 72,096 28,200 39.11 124,942 56,959 45.58 Pucalpa 26,391 - - 54,o88 7,959 14.71 Sullana 34,501 10,200 29.56 5h,446 27,908 51.25 Tacna 27,h99 4,000 14.54 52,721 24,485 46.44 Talara 27,957 - - 38,103 6,348 16.66 Trujillo 100,130 3h,500 34.45 208,661 129,078 61.86 Tumbes 20,885 - - 28,712 23,123 80.53 Sub-Total 1,028,745 232,658 22.61 1,782,632 751,090 42.13 Lima-Metrola. 1,766,722 404,2?5 22.87 2,959,613 761,755 25.73 TOTAL 2,795,467 636,883 22.78 4,742,245 1,512,845 31.90 Source: Analisis de la Realidad Socio-Economica del Peru Volumen V-INP, 1963. Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 1961-Segun tabulacion del Ministerio de Vivienda. Boletin de Analisis Demografico-ONEC-1969. Poblacion urbana de los distritos: Arequipa, Cayma, Cerro Colorado, Miraflores, Paucarpata, Sacabaya, Tiabaya, Uchumayo y Yanahuara. Censo de Pueblos Jovenes-Informe Preliminar 1970-ONDEJOV-1971. Datos ONEC Pre-Censo 1971, se tomo tasa 1961-1971, y se calculo la pob. a 1970 Censo .de Damnificados-ONEC-1970. Table 6.2: HOUSING "QUALITY" City ARE- IQUI- TRU- CHi- Average LIA QUIPA TOS JILLO CUZCO CIAYO PUNO PIURA Excluding Sample Size 800 500 604 701 503 502 T3 7 Lima TYPE OF BATHROOM Private, with drain 61 44 59 50 26 55 20 51 44 Communal, and/or without drain 17 27 7 7 51 9 16 3 17 None 22 29 34 43 23 36 64 46 39 WATER SUPPLY In-house running water 79 71 60 58 81 60 43 72 63 Communal or Neighbor 12 11 22 26 17 31 11 27 20 - Cistern Truck 8 7 * 13 - 9 - 1 6 River, well and other 1 11 18 3 3 1 46 - 14 FLOOR MATERIAL Cement and Tile 59 59 41 56 11 58 23 56 43 Wood and Plastic Tile 30 19 14 8 43 7 33 2 18 Dirt and other 11 22 45 33 46 35 44 42 38 WALL MATERIAL Brick 65 43 30 29 11 78 11 56 37 Wood or Stone 3 51 62 - - 22 - 34 Adobe, mud and other 32 7 8 71 89 - 89 44 51 ROOF MATERIAL Cement or Tile 48 55 2 27 87 29 9 14 32 Corrugated Asbestos or Zinc Sheets 6 36 73 4 11 3 76 59 37 Straw, Cardboard, Sackcloth & others 46 9 26 69 3 7 15 26 22 TYPE OF IGHTING Electric 85 79 60 50 79 60 39 58 61 Other 15 21 40 50 21 40 61 42 39 * Less than 0.5% Figures of distribution in percentages Table 6. 2: HOUSING "QUALITY" (Continued) "Satisfactory" Potable "Non-dirt" Brick or "Permanent" Electric Bathroom Water Floor Cement Wall Roof Light Composite Rank (a) (a) (a + b) (a) (a) (a) 1. Lima 61 79 89 65 .8 85 h27 2. Arequipa h 71 78 43 55 79 370 3. Chiclayo 55 60 65 78 29 60 347 4. Piura 51 72 58 56 1h 58 309 5. Cusco 26 51 Sh 11 87 79 308 6. Trujillo 50 58 6h 29 27 50 278 7. Iquitos 59 60 55 30 2 60 266 8. Puno 20 43 56 11 9 39 178 Average Eccluding Lima 44 59 61 37 32 65 294 Source: Ministerio de Vivienda Direccion de Planeamiento Urbano (Ing. Luis Farje) Table 6.3: HOUSING "DWELLINGS" BY MAJOR CITIES Structural Number of Rooms Type of Prototypes Utilities Occupancy Cities 1 A B 1 2 3 4 a b c Arequipa 62.5 27.7 47.9 44.4 21.7 11.3 22.6 49 35 16 Ayacucho 8.9 12.8 77.1 45.9 22.7 12.7 18.7 Barranca 6.5 21.6 60.3 21.9 23.1 21.0 34.0 Cajamarca 3.1 18.9 69.2 35.3 27.0 12.7 25.0 Chiclayo 10.5 27.6 53.1 14.0 26.2 22.7 36.9 54 31 15 Chimbote 8.0 14.0 70.7 33.2 32.5 18.9 15.4 Cuzco 10.5 18.0 43.6 52.8 17.8 9.5 19.9 27 57 16 Huacho 10.8 38.6 4o.8 16.4 23.2 20.9 39.5 Huancayo 6.4 23.7 51.0 36.4 22.9 13.1 27.6 Huanuco 4.2 29.1 54.9 24.5 24,0 18.4 33.1 Huaraz 2.7 25,2 52.1 31.2 26.1 13.8 28.9 Ica 14.9 35.4 45.2 16.7 28.7 22.5 32.1 Iquitos 27.9 28.2 59.3 24.9 40.0 17.9 17.2 70 18 12 Juliaca 3.1 3.8 76.4 35$. 22.6 14.7 27.2 La Oraya 18.4 12.6 14.8 60.3 27.9 3.9 7.9 Nazca 1.9 13.7 54.6 25.2 27.3 23.8 23.7 Pisco 7.3 31.1 42.8 11.9 25.2 25.2 37.7 Piura 26.4 29.6 63.2 23.2 31.9 19.9 2r.O 70 17 13 Pucallpa 4.0 2.6 80.9 24.7 46.1 17.2 11.9 Puno 3.9 10.5 65.4 38.9 22.4 13.6 24.6 42 39 19 Quillabamba 5.2 11.7 61.5 66.9 17.1 7.1 9.9 Sullana 22.1 11.4 87.6 22.9 37.7 20.0 19.5 Tacna 14.5 46.2 45.6 29.1 18.1 15.5 37.3 Talara 61.3 83.6 15.2 10.7 5.2 9.1 75.0 Tarma 8.1 33.3 48.0 30.8 24.8 16.1 28.3 Tingo Maria 36.2 15.7 57.2 30.2 30.1 15.9 23.8 Trujillo 10.3 30.6 62.6 18.6 25.1 20.1 36.3 60 28 12 Tumbes 11,7 17.8 69.8 15.1 38.4 25.9 20.6 Average 19.9 25.0 46.1 30.3 25.6 16.0 26.1 53 31 14 Lima (65.0-*44.0 (25.0),75.0 22.0 21.0 19.0 36.0 40 50 10 27.0) (85.0) 15.0 Notes: 1. Figures are in percentage terms. 2. lima figures are for 1970. The averages are weighted figures. 3. a.1 = brick walls, temporary roofing, and wood or tile flooring. b.A = water, sewer, and electricity. c.B = no utilities (or water only/or sewer only). d.a = ownership/being purchased e,b = rented. f.c = occupied free of charge or other. * The three figures under 1 for Lima are for walls, roofing and flooring respectively. The two figures under A are for water and electricity respectively. In Lima, dwellings with water have sewerage, and those with sewerage are equipped with water. Source: Oficina de Planificacion de Vivienda y Equipamiento Urbano Informacion Censal Sobre Vivienda de 28 Ciudades de la Republica 1968. Ministeria de Vivienda, Direccion de Planeamiento Urbano Ingeniero Leo Farje, based on CEMO, National Survey for 1970. 4* Four or more. Table 6.4: HOUSING DENSITY RATIOS BY MAJOR CITIES Population/ Population/Crowded City Dwelling Ratio Dwelling Ratio Arequipa 4.9 6.1 Ayacucho 4.7 6.2 Barranca 4.8 7.1 Cajamarca 5.0 6.5 Cuzco 4.8 6.0 Chiclayo 5.6 7.7 Chimbote 5.0 6.7 Huacho 4.6 6.9 Huancayo 4.7 6.2 Huanuco 5.2 6.8 Huaraz 4.6 6.3 Ica 5.5 7.4 Iquitos 5.3 7.1 Julia6a 5.0 6.2 la Oroya 4.4 5.7 Nazca 4.9 6.9 Pisco 5.6 7.8 Piura 6.5 7.9 Pucallpa 5.9 7.3 Puno 4.0 6.3 Quillabamba 4.6 6.1 Sullana 5.8 7.3 Tacna 4.8 6.4 Talara 7.3 10.8 Tarma 5.0 6.6 Tingo Maria 4.9 6.4 Trujillo 5.3 6.9 Tumbes 5.0 7.5 Mean 5.1 6.9 Lima 5.6 6.2 2 1/ Overall ratio for city. 2/ Ratio for squatter areas. Source: Oficina de Planificacion Sectorial de Vivienda y Equipamiento Urbano, "Informacion Censal Sobre Vivienda de 28 Cuidades de la Republica", 1968. Tab1.1% EDUCATIONAL STATiSTICS, BY DEPARTMENTS FOR 1967 TOTAL PUPILS ENROLLED IN THE IATIONAL EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM UNvERSITY PRE-PRIMARY As % of SECONDARY As % of TEACHERS Departmonts Total Public Private AND PRIMARY 5-9 Age Academic Technical Total 10-14 Age COLEGE Group Group Amazonas 34,816 - - 31,814 149.2 2,417 468 2,885 15.4 117 Ancash 159,556 - 141,094 136.4 1j,10, 3,616 17,721 20.0 741 Apurimac 59,385 - - 54,238 102.6 4,150 620 4,770 12.4 377 Arequipa 141,306 6,753 2,108 102,133 152.8 27,193 2,536 29,729 50.9 583 Ayacucho 90,553 1,078 - 80,443 107.9 6,856 1,771 8,627 15.1 405 Cajamarca 159,841 1,080 - 140,783 95.6 14,122 2,560 16,682 13.9 1,296 Callao 71,006 413 - 54,159 134.7 12,157 4,277 16,434 49.5 - Cuzco 138,148 4,758 - 115,106 109.0 14,922 2,690 17,612 22.4 672 Huarwavolica 56,642 - - 52,327 91.0 3,316 783 4,079 9.3 216 Huanuco 77,312 1,015 - 68,272 109.9 6,821 1,014 7,835 15.3 190 Ica 96,130 4,801 - 69,364 137.5 18,394 3,205 21,599 48.3 366 Junin 167,573 3,168 - 130,401 138.8 28,454 4,735 33,189 42.1 815 La Libertad 170,774 5,665 - 132,227 120.9 28,183 2,855 *31,038 34.0 1,84 tambayoque 107,721 2,379 - 80,821 116.6 20,077 3,970 24,047 43.1 474 Lima 811,299 32,512 15,219 558,049 154.2 166,239 33,136 199,375 60.7 * 6,144 Loreto 112,6"4 699 - 97,397 129.5 11,322 2,602 13,924 23.3 64 Madro de Dios 4,474 - - 3,968 132.5 347 140 467 23,7 '.19 Moquogua 17,174 - - 11,433 157.9 2,312 360 268 34.6 123 Pasco 37,016 571 - 31,902 116.3 3,187 1,14 4,331 20.6 212 Piura 150,752 490 - 126,075 93.4 17,322 6,346 23,668 21.8 519 Pano 146,806 631 - 129,501 104.8 11,749 3,990 15,739 16.3 935 San Martin 60,925 - - 53,452 148.9 5,873 1,261 7,134 25.4 339 Tacna 22,164 - -- 17,479 173.5 2,969 1,332 4,301 44.4 384 Tumabes 16,395 - - 13,547 116.8 1,934 719 2,653 28.1 195 Sub-Total 2,028,107 33,088 2,108 1,686,775 246,025 48,663 294,688 11,46 Lima-Callao 882,309 32,925 15,219 612,208 178,396 37,13 215,809 6,144 TOTAL 2,910,412 66,013 17,327 2,298,985 124.4 424,421 86,076 510,497 33.9 17,590 Lima-Callao Sub-Total 0.435 0.995 7.22 0.3629 0.7251 0.7688 0.7323 0.5367 Sources Ministerio de Educacion, EstadLstica Educativa. Table 7.3: DOCTORS AND HOSPITAL BED RATIOS TO POPULATION BY DEPARTENTS (1969) No. of Doctors/ No. of Beds/1,000 Doctors 5000 Pop. Hospital Population Departments Beds Amazonas 28 0.85 150 0.91 Ancash 122 0.84 1,006 1.38 Apurimac 24 0.37 190 0.58 Arequipa 336 3.33 1,896 3.76 Ayacucho 38 0.40 432 0.92 Cajamarca 68 0.34 528 0.54 Cuz co 131 0.88 938 1.26 Huancavelica 22 0.30 313 0.87 Huanuco 48 0.57 390 0.93 Ica 179 2.56 1,394 3.98 Junin 175 1.29 1,442 2.12 La Libertad 277 1.81 1,752 2.30 lambayeque 177 1.92 962 2.05 Loreto 120 1.24 886 1.82 Madre de Dios 6 1.29 24 1.04 Dbquegua 30 2.27 268 4.01 Pasco 60 1.66 514 2.81 Piura 221 1.25 1,072 1.20 Puno 65 0.39 592 0.71 San Martin 36 0.81 250 1.13 Tacna 41 2.27 434 4.79 Tumbes 36 2.27 123 1.53 Sub-Total 2,240 1.11 15,557 1.53 Lima-Callao 4,630 8.33 15,039 5.01 TOTAL 6,870 2.63 30,596 2.32 Lima-Callao/Total 0.67 0.49 Lima-Callao/Sub-Total 7.5 3.27 Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacion, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracion Regional". Table 7.4: BANKING OFFICES BY DEPARTMENTS (1971) Departments No. of Banking Offices Amazonas 18 Ancash 49 Apurimac 23 Arequipa 65 Ayacucho 21 Cajamarca 50 Cuzco 46 Huancavelica 24 Huanuco 28 Ica 49 Junin 69 la Libertad 62 Lambayeque 37 Loreto 27 Madre de Dios 5 Moquegua 15 Pasco 14 Piura 59 Puno 39 San Martin 21 Tacna 13 Tumbes 7 Sub-Total 741 Callao (Prov. Constitucional) 52 Lima 576 TOTAL 1,369 Lima-Callao/Total 0.45 Source: Banco Central de la Reserva. Table 7. 5: INSURANCE COMPANY OFFICES BY DEPARTMENTS (1971) Departments No. of Insurance Company Offices Ancash 14 Arequipa 15 Cajamarca 1 Cuzco 12 Huancavelica 1 Huanuco 4 Ica 28 Junin 17 la Libertad 20 Tambayeque 15 Loreto 13 Moquegua 1 Pasco 3 Piura 19 Puno 7 San Martin 2 Tacna 8 Tumbes 2 Sub-Total 182 Idma 35 TOTAL 217 Lima/Total 0.16 Source: Banco Central de la Reserva. Table 8.1: PRIVATE INVESTMENT BY BUILDING PERMITS OF NEW COMPANIES BY DEPARTMENTS FOR THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1972 Investment Departments Millions of Soles Ancash 10.50 .7 Arequipa 15.12 6.8 Cuzco 0.82 0.4 Huanuco 20.58 9.3 Junin 4.4o 1.9 La Libertad 61.08 27.6 Piura 12.5 5.7 Tacna 1.25 0.6 Tumbes 8.61 2.9 Total excluding Lima 132.91 60.0 Lima and Callao 88.40 40.0 TOTAL 221.31 100.0 PRIVATE INVESTMENT BY PROFIT REINVESTMENT PERMITS BY DEPARTMENTS FOR 1972 Investment Departments Millions of Soles Arequipa 160.3 5.8 Lambayeque 375.7 13.6 La Libertad 226.8 8.2 Ica 1.5 - Piura 3.2 0.1 Total excluding Lima 767.5 27.7 Lima and Callao 1,998.5 72.3 TOTAL 2,766.0 100.0 Table 6.2: DISTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPMENT BANK LOANS, BY DEPARTMENT, FOR 1970 Banco de Banco Banco Fomento Industrial Central Agropecuario del Peru Hipotecario Departments (Agricultural (Industrial (Central Development Bank of Peru) Mortgage Bank) Bank) (mil. of (mil. of (mil. of S/.) % S/.) % S/.) % Amazonas 102.4 2.40 6.3 0.11 - Ancash 97.8 2.29 587.8 11.00 1.8 - Apurimac 2.0 0.05 1.1 0.02 - - Arequipa 203.7 4.76 235.7 4.41 8.h 0.29 Ayacucho 33.6 0.78 14.6 0.27 0.3 - Cajamarca 158.2 3.70 9.4 0.17 0.6 - Guzco 315.2 7.37 39.7 0.74 0.6 - Huancavelica 9.6 0.22 1.3 0.02 0.2 - Huanuco 80.8 1.89 95.5 1.79 0.8 - Ica 464.3 10.86 271.5 5.08 12.4 0.43 Junin 512.5 12.00 103.8 1.94 4.2 0.15 La Libertad 344.0 8.04 140.3 2.62 5.6 0.19 Lambayeque 294.2 6.88 91.6 1.71 4.0 0.14 Loreto 100.2 2.34 146.8 2.74 2,$ 0.08 Madre de Dios 13.6 0.31 5.3 0.01 - Moquegua 7.4 0.17 58.8 1.10 - Pasco 44.8 1.04 3.0 0.05 - - Piura 770.5 18.02 100.3 1.87 13.0 0.45 Puno 189.1 4.42 24.3 0.45 - - San Martin 14.4 0.33 1.7 0.03 0.3 - Tacna 23.5 0.54 24.6 0.45 0.4 - Tumbes 36.2 0.84 2.2 0.04 - - Sub-Total 3,181.0 89.34 1,965.7 36.8 55.1 1.96 Lima-Callao 456.o 10.66 3,375.9 63.2 2,773.9 98.04 TOTAL 4,274.0 100.00 5,341.6 100.00 2,829.0 100.00 Lima-Callao/Total 0.10 0.63 0.98 Source: Instituto Nacional de Planificacidn, "Bases para el Establecimiento de una Administracidn Regional". Table 8.3: PUBLIC CAPITAL FORMATION PER CAPITA BY REGION IN SOLES FOR 1970 SECTORS/REGION: NORTH CENTRAL SOUTH EAST LIMA TOTAL Production Sectors 8,021.9 5,314.0 6,066.7 7,729.0 3,606.8 6,072.0 1. Agriculture 1,117.7 317.4 881.2 1,40.4 23.2 718.6 2. Fishery 667.5 193.9 275.0 208.7 o0.8 43.6 3. Mining 3,062.4 15.6 3,359.5 5,826.7 147.2 1,921.2 4. Industry 3,169.5 4,786.2 1,420.8 12.4 2,689.5 2,956.5 5. Tourism 4.8 0.9 130.2 278.8 16.1 41.1 Economic Infrastructure 2,522.4 3,576.7 2,536.4 2,674.6 1,82h.9 2,609.9 1. Electricity 893.3 2,303.5 821.2 264.9 1,100.3 1.207.2 2. Transportation and Communication 1,629.1 1,273.2 1,715.2 2,409.7 72.2 1,398.7 Social Sectors 1,159.2 802.5 850.0 954.0 2,067.7 1,214.0 1. Housing 495.8 232.9 2h$.3 566.3 1,259.8 $88.7 2. Health 104.8 86.3 79.0 26.5 220.6 118.3 3. Education 558.6 83.3 25 361.2 597.3 537.0 TOTAL 11,703.5 9,693.2 9,453.1 11,357.6 7,499.0 9,891.9 Source: INP: Estructura Basica de las Inversiones Publicas Regionalizadas Table 8.4: DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS BY REGION, SECTOR, NUMBER AND TOTAL COST (1972-1974) (in million US $) NORTH LMA GENERAL TOTAL SECTOR/AREA CALIAO No. $ No. $ No. $ $ % Agriculture 8 183.1 2 30.5 5 92.0 454.4 22.5 Fishery 3 23.8 1 25.0 84.9 4.2 Mining 2 46.7 1 18.7 349.7 17.4 Industry 13 231.6 9 105.0 1 16.0 426.5 21.1 Power 3 39.9 2 59.6 143.8 7.1 Transport 3 22.1 2 21.3 3 18.6 280.2 13.9 Communications 1 1.9 3 38.9 40.8 2.0 Water Sewerage 1 41.8 2 57.7 99.5 4.7 Education 1 6.2 3 102.7 108.9 5.4 Health 2 30.0 1 4.0 34.5 1.7 TOTAL 32 539.2 21 321.3 19 348.2 2,023.2 100.0 Source: IBRD Peru: List of Projects for External Financing, 1972-1974, ANNEX A PERU: NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN (Outline of General Methodology) Ministry of Housing General Bureau of Urban Development Bureau of Urban Planning Division of Urban Research and Analysis I. Physical-Geographical Features I.1 Natural Physical Structures 1.2 Transformed Physical Structures - Accessibility II. Regional Spatial Features 11.1 Industrial Sector 11.2 Mining Sector 11.3 Fisheries Sector III. Socio-Economic Features III.1 Level of Development 111.2 Level of Urbanization Standard 111.3 Level of Internal Migrations 111.4 Economic Flows I. Variables Associated with the Level of Develojment A. Econoic Variables 1. Industrial Value Added, per capita 2. Density of Industrial Capital Stock 3. Density of Industrial Concentration Level 4. Industrial Manpower Productivity 5. Installed Electric Power Potential, per capita 6. I'Colocacionesat, per capita 7. Savings Deposits, per capita B. Demographic Variables 1. Male to Female Ratio 2. Percentage of Economically Active Population in the 15 to 59 Age Bracket 3. Percentage of Economically Active Population in the 6 to 14 Age Bracket 4. Percentage of Non-Earning Family Workers -2- C. Social Stratification Variables 1. Size of the Middle and High Sectors 2. Size of the Working Class Sector 3. Percentage of Laborer-Wage Earners L. Percentage of Urban Self-Employed Workers 5. Urban Social Marginality Rate D. Political Variables 1. Percentage of State-Employed Workers 2. Rate of Labor Organizations Concentration E. Cultural Variables 1. Percentage of Literacy 2. Cultural Integration Rate 3. Technical Education Rate 4. Active School Population 5. Percentage of "Iliterates 6. Percentage of Population with same Secondary Schooling II. Variables Associated with the Level of Urbanization 1. Residential Urbanization Rate 2. Urban Dynamics Coefficient 3. Percentage of Urban Employment 4. Percentage in Secondary Activity 5. Percentage in Tertiary Activity 6. Profile of the Urban Employment Pyramid 7. Profile of the Urban Social Pyramid' 8. Accessibility Ratio III. Migration Variables 1. ITwmigration Rate 2. Emigration Rate 3. Migrational Coefficients 4. Origin and Destination of the Migrational Flows 5. Immigrational Trends by Provinces and Time of Arrival 6. Age Structure of the Immigrants 7. Male to Female Ratio of the Immigrants by Time of Arrival IV. Econcanic Flow Variables (4) 1 2. This information was missing in documents brought back with us. 3. ANNEX B PROJECTS FOR NORTHERN REGION Project Sector Possible Preparation 1. Regional Power Development Power Soon 2. Irrigation Rehabilitation Agriculture Soon 3. Ferrenafe & Viru Colonization Agriculture Soon 4. Industry Package # I (Chimbote) Industry Soon 5. Industry Package #II (Trujillo) Industry Soon 6. Industry Package #III (Piura/Talara) Industry Soon 7. Fishing # I (Chimbote) Agriculture Soon 8. Fishing #II (Paita) Agriculture Soon 9. Pan Am Highway I: Chimbote North Transportation Requires Development 10. Pan Am Highway II: Sechura-Lambayeque Transportation Requires Development 11. Regional Building Materials Urbanization (?) Requires Development 12. Regional Development Bank Urbanization (?) Requires Development 13. Regional Marketing & Distribution (Part of a national system) Urbanization (?) Requires Study and Development 14. Integrated River Valley Development Urbanization (?) Requires Study and Development 15. Port Extension:Chiubote/Other Transportation Requires Study and Development 16. International Airport (Trujillo) Transportation Requires Study and Development