Mozambique - Beira Railway Project : environmental audit and management plan

BEIRA RAIL CONCESSION PROJECT ,4 _ ' [-~ ~~~~~~~~~-L -% ; b5 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN Maputo, 2004 ~LL bjurt IIS  Environmental Audit & Management Planfor the Beira Rail Concession Project INDEX LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................4 LIST OF PHOTOS ..........................................................5 LIST OF ANNEXES ..........................................................5 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ..................7 1.1.1 Background Information ..........................................................8 1.1.2 Objectives ..........................................................9 1.1.3 Methodology ......................................................... 10 CHAPTER II: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE INFORMATION ....................................................... 13 2.1.1 Introduction ......................................................... 14 2.1.2 Climate ......................................................... 15 2.1.3 Geology and Geomorphology ......................................................... 15 2.1.4 Soils ......................................................... 18 2.1.5 Hydrology ......................................................... 25 2.1.6 Flora/Fauna ......................................................... 26 2.1.7 Ecologically sensitive areas ......................................................... 35 2.1.8 Socio-Economic Status ......................................................... 37 2.1.9 Land Use Patterns ......................................................... 42 CHAPTER III: FIELDWORK RESULTS, SENA LINE ........................................... 47 3.1 CONSTRAINTS ......................................................... 48 3.2 APPROACH ......................................................... 48 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT FINDINGS ......................................................... 49 3.3.1 The Concrete Sleepers Factory ......................................................... 49 3.3.2 The Warehouse in Dondo ......................................................... 51 3.3.4 The Sena Railway Line System ......................................................... 52 3.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AUDIT FINDINGS ......................................................... 61 3.4.1 Population Settlement ......................................................... 61 3.4.2 Population settlement along the Sena Line .................................................... 62 3.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REMEDIAL ACTIONS ..................................... 64 3.5.1 Background Information ......................................................... 64 3.5.2 Concerns and Recommendations ......................................................... 65 3.5.3 Additional recommendations for environmental, health and safety management ......................................................... 70 CHAPTER IV: FIELDWORK RESULTS, MACHIPANDA LINE ............................. 73 4.1 APPROACH ......................................................... 74 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT FINDINGS ......................................................... 74 4.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AUDIT FINDINGS ......................................................... 79 4.3.1 Population Settlement ......................................................... 79 4.3.2 Population settlement along the Machipanda Line ........................................ 79 4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REMEDIAL ACTIONS ..................................... 82 4.4.1 Background Information ......................................................... 82 4.4.2 Concerns and Recommendations ......................................................... 83 4.4.3 Machipanda Line ......................................................... 83 Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais  Environmental Audit & Management Planfor the Beira Rail Concession Project 4.4.4 Additional recommendations for environmental, health and safety management ......................................................... 85 CHAPTER V: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN RELATION TO PORTS, HARBOURS AND RAILWAYS OPERATIONS ........................................................... 87 5.1 NATIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ............................................................. 88 5.1.1 Background ............................................................. 88 5.1.2 National Environmental Management Programme (NEMP) ......................... 88 5.1.3 National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity ...... 89 5.1.4 The Land Policy ............................................................. 90 5.1.5 Forestry and Wildlife Strategy ............................................................. 91 5.2. LEGISLATION AND REGULATIONS ............................................................. 92 5.2.1 Overarching Environmental Legislation ........................................................ 92 5.2.2 The Framework Environmental Law ............................................................. 92 5.2.3 EIA Regulations ............................................................. 93 5.2.4 EIA Guidelines - General ............................................................. 97 5.2.5 EIA Guidelines for Specific Sectors ............................................................. 97 5.2.6 The New Land Law and Land Law Regulations ............................................ 97 5.2.7 Use of Pesticides/Herbicides for Clearing Land ............................................ 99 5.2.8 Forest and Wildlife Laws ............................................................. 99 5.2.9 Employees Health and Safety ............................................................. 101 5.3 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ............................................................. 103 5.4 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................. 106 5.4.1 Environmental Management: Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs - MICOA ......................................................... 106 5.4.2 Land Management ..........................................................111 5.4.3 Management of Forests and Wildlife ......................................................... 112 5.4.4 Promotion/Identification of Development Projects in the Zambezi Valley -the Zambezi Valley Development Authority (GPZ) ................................................... 112 5.4.5 Caminhos de Ferro de Mo,ambique (CFM) ................................................ 114 5.4.6 Legal and Institutional Issues, Concerns and Recommendations ................ 114 CHAPTER VI: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................ 116 6.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 117 6.2 PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .............. 118 6.3 CFM's POLICY - AN OUTLINE ............................................................. 118 6.4. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS OF CONCESSIONAIRES ...................... 119 6.5 LEVELS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EMP ............................................................. 119 6.6 INSTITUTIONAL ROLES IN COORDINATING IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING, MONITORING, ENFORCEMENT AND CONTROL ............................................................. 121 6.7 COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 122 6.7.1 Health, Safety and Environment ............................................................. 122 6.7.2 Health and safety of local populations ......................................................... 123 6.7.3 Community health management ............................................................. 123 6.7.4 Employee Safety and Health Policy for the Ports, Harbours and Railways of Mozambique ......................................................... 124 6.7.5 Procedures for Emergency Preparedness and Response ............. ................. 124 Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 2  Environmental Audit & Managenment Planfor the Beira Rail Concession Project 6.7.6 Training ........................................................... 125 6.7.7 Consultation with Statutory and Non-Statutory Bodies and the Public ....... 125 6.7.8 Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring ...................... 126 6.7.9 Transport of hazardous cargos, forest products (wooden logs), bush meat, etc ............................................................................................................................... 1 2 7 6.7.10 Location and planning of campsites and construction material storage depots .128 6.7.11 Dismantling and rehabilitation of temporary campsites .129 6.7.12 Hazardous chemicals and substance (HCS) control .129 6.7.13 Waste management plan and procedures .130 6.7.14 Trespassing, poaching and protection of plants and wildlife. 131 6.7.15 Fire prevention and control .131 6.7.16 Archaeological sites, graves and sacred sites ............................................. 132 6.7.17 Appointment of an Environmental Site Officer (ESO) .132 6.7.18 General methods for clearing vegetation in the line RoW .132 6.7.19 Construction at river crossings .133 6.7.20 Drainage lines, approaches to pans and depressions .133 6.7.21 Erosion control .133 6.7.22 Relocation .134 6.7.23 Activities and related costs to CFM .134 CHAPTER VIl: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .136 CHAPTER VIII: REFERENCES .138 Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 3 I  Environmental Audit & Management Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Project's Area of Influence ................................................................ 14 Figure 2. Geology of the Project Area ................................................................ 17 Figure 3. The soils of the Project Area (See Table below for details) ............................ 19 Figure 4. Risk of soil erosion in the project area ............................................................ 24 Figure 5. Hydrographical Basins in the Project Area ...................................................... 25 Figure 6. Vegetation types in the project area ................................................................ 28 Figure 7. Sensitive areas, National Parks and Reserves in the project area .................... 36 Figure 8. The Districts traversed by the railway lines and the respective population densities ................................................................ 39 Figure 9. a). b) and c). Land use pattern in the areas traversed by the Sena and Machipanda railway lines ................................................................ 44 Figure 10. Central level MICOA organisational structure ............................................ 107 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Characteristics of the soils in the project area ......................................... 20 Table 2. Dondo to Moatize: Vegetation Mapping Units (Source: Wild & Barbosa, 1967) ................................................................................................................................. 31 Table 3. Population data for large mammal species, Gorongosa National Park ............. 32 Table 4. Population Data for large mammal Species Marromeu Complex .................... 32 Table 5. List of large mammal species recorded for the Gorongosa National Park ....... 34 Table 6. Endemic plant species according to family recorded for the Chimanimani Mountains ................................................................ 35 Table 7. The Population of Sofala Province ................................................................ 40 Table 8. Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Geographical Areas in Tete Province .......... 42 Table 9. Audit Findings for the Concrete Sleepers Factory ............................................ 50 Table 10. Audit Findings for the Warehouse in Dondo .................................................. 52 Table 11. Population density in the Provinces and districts traversed by Sena Line . ..... 61 Table 12. Summary of the Audit Findings for the Sena Line ......................................... 63 Table 13. Summary of the audit findings for the Warehouse in Dondo ......................... 66 Table 14. Summary of the audit findings for the Sena Line ........................................... 68 Table 15. Population and population density of the Provinces and districts traversed by the Machipanda Line ................................................................ 79 Table 16. Summary of the Audit Findings for the Machipanda Line ............................. 80 Table 17. Audit Findings for the Railway Stations on the Machipanda Line ................. 81 Table 18. Summary of the audit findings for the Machipanda Line ............................... 83 Table 19. Status of Mozambique's Participation in International and Regional Conventions, Agreements and Organisations Relevant to Environmental Management ............................................................... 103 Table 20. Summary of CFM activities and related costs during project implementation ............................................................................................................................... 135 Inipacto, Projectos e Estutdos Ambientais 4  Environmental Audit & Management Planfor the Beira Rail Concession Project LIST OF PHOTOS Photo 1. Concrete Sleeper Factory in Dondo (Stacking Yard for Aggregates) .............. 11 Photo 2.View of the Three Production Lines ................................................................ 11 Photo 3. Rehabilitated drainage channel ................................................................ 49 Photo 4. Ditch where liquid waste is disposed of ........................................................... 50 Photo 5. Storeroom, showing diesel drums, used tyres, old machines and diverse waste ................................................................................................................................. 51 Photo 6. Chemical (Welding) Material exposed to Rain and Sun .................................. 51 Photo 7. Aspect of an already rehabilitated line and the Dondo Railway Station .......... 53 Photo 8. Informal market close to the line ................................................................ 53 Photo 9. House very close to the line (Condue, km 113) ................................................ 54 Photo 10. Open woodland with on-going track rehabilitation works ............................. 54 Photo 11. Open Miombo woodland in Savane - Miombo woodland at km 50 (Samacuesa) ................................................................ 54 Photo 12. The rehabilitated culvert at Km 20 with erosion on the slopes of the drainage lines ................................................................. 55 Photo 13. Samacuesa - Derunde ................................................................ 55 Photo 14. Km 20 temporary camp site ................................................................ 56 Photo 15. Destroyed bridge at River Zangue (approx. km 223) ..................................... 57 Photo 16. Scrap at Caia Railway Station - Scrap at Sena Railway Station ..................... 57 Photo 17. Trees covering old carriages in Sena .............................................................. 58 Photo 18. Ponte Dona Ana ................................................................ 58 Photo 19. Areas showing signs of erosion (Mutarara - Vila Nova Fronteira) ................ 59 Photo 20. Two examples of where the soil below the line has eroded ........................... 59 Photo 21. Population settlement within I Om from the line in Marromeu ....................... 61 Photo 22. Erosion on the Machipanda Line (Machipanda) ............................................. 75 Photo 23. Machipanda - Vila Manica ................................................................ 75 Photo 24. Population settlements close to the railway line (mostly outside the 1 Om strip of PPZ) ............................................................ 76 Photo 25. Vila Manica: informal market divided by line with a warning notice and gates ................................................................................................................................. 76 Photo 26. Railway Station at Machipanda ................................................................ 77 Photo 27. Railway Station at Machipanda ................................................................ 78 Photo 28. Railway Station at Chimoio ................................................................ 78 LIST OF ANNEXES 1. List of Plant Species found in the Project Area 2. Checklist used for Interviews Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 5  Environnmental Audit & Afanagement Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CFM Mozambique Ports and Railways Company, E.P. CRC Compensation and resettlement committee DINAGECA National Directorate of Geography and Cadastre DNA Water Affairs (ground water contamination) DNCH National Directorate of Coal and Hydrocarbons (coal and oil pollution) DNFFB National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife DP Displaced person EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental management plan EN National Road ENH National Enterprise for Hydrocarbons ESO Environmental Site Officer GoM Government of Mozambique HCS Hazardous chemicals and substance HSE Health, Safety and Environment IA Independent Authority IDA International Development Agency lIP Fisheries Research (fisheries) INE National Institute of Statistics fNIA National Institute of Agricultural Research (soil analysis) INNOQ National Institute of Quality and Norms (standards) MADER Ministry of Agriculture Rural Development MICOA Ministry for the Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs MOPH Ministry of Public Works and Housing (sewage) N/D No data NCSD National Commission for Sustainable Development NEMP National Environmental Management Programme NGO Non-governmental organisation OP Operational procedures PAP Project affected person(s) PPZ Partially Protected Zone RAP Resettlement action plan RoW Right of Way RPF Resettlement policy framework STD Sexually transmitted disease WB World Bank Inpacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 6  Environmental Audit & Management Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 7 ....... .. I  Environmental Audit & Management Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Background Information In 1989, the Mozambique Rail and Port Company (CFM) was detached from DNPCF, a Directorate of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, and became a para-statal company with increased autonomy. As of 1st January 1995, CFM was further transformed into a public company. Among other things, the law enacting this change envisages involvement of the private sector in management and operation of its activities and establishment of a contract between CFM and the Government of Mozambique (GOM) covering financial and performance targets. Mozambique has three important transport corridors each consisting of integrated railway and port facilities and serving primarily regional transit traffic. The corridors are distinct geographical segments that have no physical links between them within Mozambique. The corridors are managed and operated by regional CFMs. The Maputo corridor system, operated by CFM-Sul, comprises the main port of Maputo, the subsidiary port of Matola and three rail connections with the port. Maputo Port presently handles over 3.0 million tons per year while the rail network handles about 2.3 million tons of freight traffic per year. The Beira Corridor system, operated by CFM-Centro, comprises the Port of Beira and two rail connections with the Port. Beira Port presently handles 2.2 million tons per year. The two rail connections are the Machipanda Line, 317 kilometers, linking Beira with Zimbabwe; and the Sena Line, 552 kilometers, linking Beira (Dondo) with Moatize. The latter has two important branches: Inhamitanga - Marromeu with 82 km and Dona Ana - Vila Nova da Fronteira (border with Malawi) with 44 km. The Sena Line has been non-operational since 1984. The Machipanda Line has been operational and presently handles over 0.8 millions tons per year with a theoretical annual capacity of 2 million tons. The Nacala Corridor system, operated by CFM-Norte, comprises the Port of Nacala and the rail link, 615 kilometers long, to Malawi. The Nacala Port presently handles about 670,000 tons per year, and the rail line carries 350,000 tons per year. These corridors take advantage of the geographical position, which is the best arrival and departure gateway for the inland countries in Southern Africa without direct access to the sea. In 1999, IMPACTO, Lda prepared an Environmental Audit and Management Plan for the Rail and Port Restructuring Project on behalf of the Caminhos de Ferro de Mocambique (CFM) and the Government of Mozambique (GOM). This study covered all the ports and rail systems under CFM control. Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 8  Environmental A udit & Management Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project Presently, CFM/GOM is in the process to launch the Beira Rail Concession Project, comprising the Machipanda and Sena lines. The Machipanda and Sena are the backbone of the socio-economic development of the Sofala, Tete and Zambezia Provinces as it plays a great influence over 14 districts and links this region with Zimbabwe and Malawi. The Sena railway system traverses some of the richest agricultural, forestry, faunal and mineral resources areas of the country. The GOM has granted the highest priority for the reconstruction of the Sena Railway line. It is expected that the project would serve as a catalyst for the rapid socio- economic development of the country. The development is in line with the major efforts made by the Government towards achieving the main goal of all its programs - poverty alleviation. 1.1.2 Objectives According to the Terms of Reference (TOR) an Environmental Audit and Management Plan for the Beira Rail System has been carried out. It included an audit of the Sena Line and undertaking an inventory of people and property on railway land on the Machipanda and Sena Rail Lines. The main objectives of the study were to: 1. Determine the environmental baseline conditions at, and in the vicinity of the Beira Rail operational sites, including the Sena Line; 2. Evaluate the current institutional and legal framework and propose new regulations, whenever considered necessary; 3. Formulate an Environmental Audit and Management Plan. The Environment Audit and Environmental Management Plan include specific orientation for the future Environmental Impact Assessments that might take place whenever necessary in compliance with Mozambican legislation and regulations. These assessments will cover the direct and indirect impacts from the proposed activities to bring the rail lines to acceptable standards for private concessionaires to take over the operation. Intpacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 9  Environmental Audit & Management Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project 1.1.3 Methodology The methodology adopted for this study comprised the following: Description of the railway lines according to an appropriate set of criteria, e.g. vegetation type, landscape character, topography, land use etc. The key determinants are as follows: 1. Biophysical factors Fauna Rare/endangered species Nesting/roosting/movement Benefit/decrement of changed habitat Flora Vegetation removal Conservation status Presence/threat of alien species Economic value Debris disposal Herbicide use Physical factors Soil erosion Terrain, soil stability/slope Wetlands/drainage lines River crossings 2. Socio-economic factors Existing land use Relocation 3. Technical factors Clearances Security/public safety Constraints Pollution Access Costs Reporting on the above actions, with recommendations that emphasise specific controls and mitigatory measures for the rehabilitation and operation (including routine maintenance) phases of the project. A field survey was carried out over October 2003, by the socio-economic and environmental specialist consultants together with a technician from CFM. The fieldwork results and recommendations for remedial actions are presented in two distinct chapters: III) Sena Line and IV) Machipanda Line, respectively. Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 10  Environmental Audit & Management Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project -. -. . 1.2. INFRASTRUCTURES AND:SERVICES -. Operated by CFM-Centro, the Beira Corridor comprises the Port of Beira, Pipeline System (oil transportation to Zimbabwe) and two rail connections with the Port. The two rail connections are the Machipanda Line, 317 kilometers, linking Beira with Zimbabwe; and the Sena Line, 552 kilometers, linking Beira (Dondo) with Moatize. The latter has two important branches: Inhamitanga - Marromeu with 82 km and Dona Ana - Vila Nova da Fronteira (border with Malawi) with 44 km. The Sena Line has not operated since 1984. The Sena rail link to Malawi is presently closed and rehabilitation works are underway. A concrete sleeper factory has been installed, with output capacity of more than 20 000 units a month. The Port of Beira has an annual capacity of over than 3 million tonnes with a total storage capacity of 350 000 cubic metres. However, as the Beira Rail Concession Project does not include the Port, this has not been subject to analysis in this report. Apart from the railway lines, an important component is the concrete sleeper's factory based in Dondo (Km 0) (See photos 1 and 2). CFM has decided to use concrete ones as opposed to the wooden ones, except at the bridges. These are here produced and then carried on a wagon (150 sleepers/wagon) to the site where rehabilitation is being carried out. Photo 1. Concrete Sleeper Factory in Dondo (Stacking Yard for Aggregates) Photo 2.View of the Three Production Lines Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 11  Environmental A idit & AManagement Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project Beira Corridor The Beira Corridor consists of the Beira Port, Pipeline system (oil transportation to Zimbabwe) and two Railway Lines to Zimbabwe and Moatize (Malawi). It serves as an import/export axis for Mozambique and for the Republics of Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, Botswana and Zaire. These lines are linked to the Beira Port, which is the second port of Mozambique in terms of capacity, tonnage handled and the volume of imports and exports handled. Current railway traffic in CFM Centro operates on the railway line connecting the Port of Beira to Machipanda on the border with Zimbabwe. 10 trains run the line on a daily basis. The pipeline runs from Beira to Zimbabwe for a distance of more than 300 km. Sena line has not been operational since 1984 and is now currently under rehabilitation by CFM (Brigada de Reconstrucao da Linha de Sena). Rehabilitation started at Dondo (Km 0) and involves replacement of old wooden sleepers by new concrete ones as well as replacement or mending of the rail lines and culverts and/or bridges that require rehabilitation. The sections between Derunde - Inhamitanga and Mecito - Cambulatsisse have been totally destroyed during the war and require complete rehabilitation. Rehabilitation also involves clearing of vegetation along 10 m of each side of the line and opening of access tracks. According to CFM herbicide will not be used in the process. According to RONCO, the company responsible for the demining operations, 10 m on each side of the Sena line, over a 600 km have already been cleared of land mines. Inpacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 12  Environmental Audit & Management Plan for the Beira Rail Concession Project CHAPTER II ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE INFORMATION (SENA & MACHIPANDA LINES) Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 1  Environmental Audit & Management Planfor the Beira Rail Concession Project :2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE CONDITIONS 2.1.1 Introduction The present study covers the geographical area of the Beira Railway System (Beira Corridor), including the Sena Line, rail stations and immediate surroundings (Figure 1). It is located in Central Mozambique and traverses the Provinces of Sofala, Manica and Tete, linking the Port of Beira with Zimbabwe and Malawi. A 060 ,4 SOFAWI Incho~~~~~~~~~~d So Rli i\, % O~~~~ Towns/Villages gi 5,onde ~ N Railway Line | 4 X HERX /\/~j\IRoads I o ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 100Krn Figure 1. The Project's Area of Influence Impacto, Projectos e Estudos Ambientais 1 3:~~~~~~~~~~~~~1  Environmental Auidit & Management Planfor the Beira Rail Concession Project 2.1.2 Climate Beira is situated in the tropics, featuring a warm rainy season from November to April and a cooler dry season during the rest of the year. As for the Corridor, the climate of Central Mozambique is tropical ranging from humid at the coast to arid in Tete Province and a climate modified by the presence of mountains in Manica Province. Annual average temperature for Sofala, Manica and Tete Provinces ranges from 1 8