China - Liuzhou Environment Management Project : environmental assessment summary report

LiuzhouEnvironmentManagementProject EnvironmentalAssessment SUMMARY REPORT Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection (December, 2004)   Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... . 1 1.1Project Background........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Basis for the EA................................................................................................................................ 2 2. Project Description .............................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 WastewaterTreatment Component................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Environment Sanitation Component................................................................................................. 4 3 . Environmental Baseline....................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 GeographicPosition.......................................................................................................................... 5 3.2 Weather ............................................................................................................................................. 5 3.3 Water Utilization and DemandForecast................................................................................ 3.4 SurfaceWater Environment .............................................................................................................. 6 3.5 Ecological Environment.................................................................................................................... 7 3.6 SedimentandWWTP Sludge............................................................................................................ 8 3.7Ambient Air....................................................................................................................................... 9 3.8 Acoustic Environment....................................................................................................................... 9 3.9 Social Environment........................................................................................................................... 9 3.10 CulturalProperties........................................................................................................................ 10 4.Analysis ofAlternatives ..................................................................................................................... 10 5. Environmental Impacts and Mitigation ............................................................................................. 11 5.1 Impacts During ConstructionPhase................................................................................................. 11 5.2 Environmental Impacts ofWastewater Treatment Component....................................................... 12 5.3 Environmental Impacts of Environment Sanitation Component.................................................... 16 5.4 MitigationMeasures o f Environmental Impacts............................................................................. 18 6. Environmental Management andMonitoring.,.................................................................................. 21 6.1 WastewaterTreatment Component................................................................................................. 22 6.2 Environment Sanitation Component............................................................................................... 24 7. Public Consultation............................................................................................................................ 26 7.1 Wastewater Component.................................................................................................................. 26 7.2 Environment Sanitation Component............................................................................................... 28 8. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 31 8.1 WastewaterTreatment Component........................................................................................ 8.2 Environment Sanitation Component............................................................................................... 32 Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection I  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report FIGURES Figure 1-1 Location of Guangxi ZhuangAutonomous Region Figure2-1 Generallayout ofLiuzhouEnvironmentManagement-WastewaterTreatment Component TABLES Table 2-1 Main contents o f the Wastewater Treatment Component inLZEMP Table 2-2 Main contents o f the Sanitation Component Table 3-1 Wastewater Flow Projections (m3/d) Table 3-2 Surface Water Quality o f Liujiang River Table 3-3 KeySocio-Economic Indicatorsof Liuzhou City (2002 Table 5-1 Nuisance Odor Protective Distances of the WWTPs Table 6-1 Environmental monitoringprogram Table 6-2 Imputedmonitoring costs of all items (unit:RMB 10thousand) Table 6-3 Environmental monitoringprogram Table 7-1 Details on Public Participation Table 7-2 InformationDisclosure (Wastewater Treatment Component) Table 7-3 Major Public Concerns and RelatedMitigationMeasures Table 7-4 Public Consultation Table 7-5 InformationDisclosure (Environment Sanitation Component Table 7-6 The mainpublic concerns and correspondingmitigationmeasures TERMS EA EnvironmentalAssessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPB Environmental ProtectionBureau LZEMP LiuzhouEnvironmental Management Project LZESMO LiuzhouEnvironmental Sanitation Management Office PMO Project Management Office PRC People's Republic o f China SEPA State Environmental ProtectionAdministration o f China SJC Sino-Japan Friendship Centre for Environmental Protection Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 11  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summan,Reuort 1.Introduction 1.1Project Background Liuzhou i s an industrial center and one o f the biggest cities in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (equivalent to a province) and in southwest China (Figure 1-1). Over the last twenty years, the rapid industrialization and urbanization o f Liuzhou has brought serious challenges impacting the city's natural environment, particularly acid rain and deteriorating water quality. In2001, total industrial and domestic sewage discharges in the city amounted to about 800,000 m3/d, yet there is only one wastewater treatment plant with a capacity o f 100,000 m3/d.The urban sewage treatment rate is only 12.5%, far lower than the national average o f 42.12%. Since construction o f wastewater treatment capacity i s lagging the city's development, large quantities of raw sewage and other wastewater have been discharged into the city's brooks, gutters or drains, and eventually into the Liujiang Rver, the city's landmark waterway and primary water supply source. Some o f the water supply plants in the city have already found it very difficult to draw quality water from the urbansection o f Liujiangriver and have to relocate their intakes further upstream. Furthermore, a hydro dam is now under construction on Liuzhou river downstream which, once built, will slow the river's flow, reduce its natural assimilative capacity and make i t more vulnerable to direct pollutant discharges. The deteriorating water quality in the city has affected the standard o f living for residents and conditions for sustainable economic development. Water pollution has now become one of the major environmental problems facing Liuzhou city. Liuzhou Municipal Government i s taking actions to control water pollution in the Liujiang River and ensure the safety o f the city water supply. In the city's master plan, the municipal government has committed itself to protecting the water environment and speeding up efforts to build wastewater treatment capacity to reduce and eventually eliminate direct wastewater discharges into the natural receiving water bodies. By 2010, the city's goal is to reverse the current pollution and ecological destruction trend and, by 2020, the city will totally restore its ecological system and maintain high quality in the city's natural environment. The current World Bank financed Liuzhou Environment Management Project (LZEMP) i s one o f the key measures to fulfill the city's water pollution goals. Over the recent years, along with rapid economical and social development, environmental sanitation facilities in Liuzhou city also progressed. However these facilities have not been adequate to satisfy the needs and expectation o f Lizhou's citizens. Certain residents still rely on public toilets for their daily needs while a growing number o f pedestrians in the commercial centers, parks, city streets and other public areas also demands convenient and clean public toilet facilities. In contrast, most o f the public toilets were built years ago, many have been torn down to for the city's development without re-construction, and most of the remaining ones are filthy and in very poor condition. Liuzhou's municipal solid waste collection and disposal system i s also in the process o f being upgraded. A new landfill has been constructed which i s twice in distance from the city as the existing landfill which i s soon to be closed. The city needs to modify its collection and transfer system to ensure efficiencies. The Liuzhou Environmental Sanitation Management Office has therefore applied for financing under LZEMP to upgrade and re-construct public toilets andconstruct solid waste transfer stations. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 1  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report Therefore, the proposed World Bank financed LZEMP will be composed o f two main components, the wastewater treatment component and environmental sanitation component, Le., public toilet and solid waste transfer stations component. The project is designed to fulfill the city's priority needs for environmental and sanitation improvement and will contribute significantly to achieving the environmental goals, enhancing the standard o f living for the city's residents and ensuring conditions for sustainable economic development inthe city. The Sino-Japan Friendship Environmental Protection Center i s involved in the environment assessment (EA) for LZEMP. The EA'Spurpose i s to identify potential environmental benefits and consequences o f the project, propose measures to avoid, mitigate or otherwise compensate negative environmental impacts during project construction and operation, and allow incorporation o f appropriate measures inthe design to mitigate negative impacts to a minimum and acceptable level. A Project wide environmental impact assessment (EIA) report and environmental management plan (EMP), collectively known as the EA documentation, have been compiled by the Sino-Japan Friendship Center for Environmental Protection, with the cooperation o f Liuzhou Institute o f Environmental Sciences. This document is a summary o f the EAdocumentation. 1.2 Basis for the EA The legal and technical basis for the EA is: Environmental Protection Laws o f PRC (December, 1989); and other state laws and regulations for water, air, soil, ocean, solid waste pollutioncontrol; Liuzhou General City Planning (2001-2020); Tenth Five Year Plan for Liuzhou Environmental Protection Plan (2001-2005); Environmental Sanitation Plan o f Liuzhou Municipality (2000-2015 ), Liuzhou City Planning Design & Research Institute,June 2000; Terms o f Reference (TOR) for Environmental Impact Assessment o f the Liuzhou Environment Management Project-Wastewater Treatment Component, Sino-Japan Friendship Environmental Protection, (January 2004); Notice on Strengthening Management o f Environmental Assessment for Construction Projects Loaned by International Financial Organizations, NEPA, SPC, the Ministry Finance and the People's Bank o f China, No. [1993]324; Operational Policies, Bank Procedures, and Good Practices OP/BP/GP4.0 1: Environmental Assessment, the World Bank, (January, 1999) and other safeguard policies; Feasibility study reports o f the Wastewater Treatment Component, prepared by Zhongnan Design Institute; Project Proposal o f Municipal Sanitation (Public Toilet) and Solid Waste Station Construction, City Construction Research Institute,LiuzhouEnvironmental Sanitation Management Office. The environmental quality and discharge standards applied to this EA are determined based o n the functions the impacted areas and as designated by authorities. These standards are: Surface Water Quality Standards, Class I1for river section 0.2 km downstream o f Liudong Water Plant, and Class I11for river section from below 0.2 kmdownstream o f Liudong Water Plant; Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 2  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report Ambient Air Quality, Class 11; Noise Standards, Class I1for Baisha, Longquanshanand Labao area; Class I11for Yanghe area; Wastewater Discharge Standards, Class ICategory B; Nuisance Odor Emission Standards, Class 11; Construction Standard of UrbanWastewater TreatmentProject; Discharge Standard in Urban Waste Water Treatment Plant (GB18918-2002) and Identification Standard for Hazardous Wastes for river sediment and wastewater treatmentplant sludge; e Industrial EnterprisesBoundaryNoise Limits, Class 11; e NH3and H2Sin Solidwaste forwarding stationwill respect maximum allowable concentration in living zones inDesign Standards of Industrial Enterprises: and e Odor pollutants from Solid waste forwarding station will respect Class I1 standard of newly constructedproject in (Discharge Standards of Odor Pollutants) . 2. Project Description 2.1 Wastewater Treatment Component The LZEMP consists of two main components: Wastewater Treatment Component and Environmetnal Sanitation Component.The wastewater treatment component is summarizedinTable 2-1. Components Contents Features Scope of service Sewage Interception 13.854km Southern branch from borough Mineral Construction Zhuexi creek d300-dl500 Railwayculvert to the northernbranchjunction; rehabilitation River Rehabilitation 10.8km Northern branch from Tieliu Party school to the TrenchReconstruction 5.002 km southem-northernjunction; Sight Construction Badlandscaping Southern-northemjunction to Zhuexi Sewagepumping. Sewage Collecting 14.285 km Baisha Wastewater The Scope o f service includes Liuzhou River northern TreatmentWorks byland with programmingarea of 31.5km2. The programmingpopulation in2020: 320 thousand. 1 WastewaterPumping I 4,000 m3/d I Longquanshan WWTP Western and southern area of main city with service WWTP 150,000 m3/d area of 60 km2,and serve population 600,000 in2020. Sewage Collecting Yanghe System 69.9 km Southeast area, Liudong area and Yanghe development Wastewater Works WWTP zone with the total service area of 58.32 m2,and service 1253000m3id Four PumpingStations 232,000 m3/d population of 460,000 in2020. Sewage Collecting LabaoWastewater System 16.35 km Mainly inthe service of Labao Tow n, Liujiang Country Works WWTP 25,000 m3/d with service area of 25.93 km2, and service population Labao PumpingStation 18,000 m3/d of 120,000 in 2020. The specific locations of the physical investments in the Wastewater Treatment Component of the Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 3  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report LZEMP are preseted inFigure2-1. Based on influent quality, construction capacity, available areas o f proposed sites, required degrees o f treatment, operation andmaintenance, and other technical factors as well as capital and operating costs, the Baisha, Longquanshan and Yanghe WWTPs will adopt the A2/0 treatment process, while the Labao Wastewater treatment plant will adopt the anaerobic oxidation ditchprocess. WWTP sludge will be concentrated and dehydrated directly and carried to the Lichonggoulandfill for disposal. The Zhuexi creek dredging component will involve sediment dredging, wastewater interception and river side environmental landscaping. The component will be carried out during low flow season, using the cofferdam method. The sediment will be left in the creek bed after the water from the cofferdamed sections is pumped out for natural dewatering. Once the sediment water content reaches 80% or lower through natural drying or lime addition, the sediment will be dredged and loaded directly onto water tight trucks for landfill disposal. Besides reducing water content, lime addition into the sediment will also help sediment stabilization. 2.2 Environment SanitationComponent For the main contents o f Environment Sanitation Component i s summarized inTable 2-2. Table 2-2 Main contents of the Environment Sanitation Component ConstructionContent 1Amount I Remark Upgradingand ReconstructedToilet 62 Reducedfrom the originalproposalof 74 Publictoilet Mobile PublicToilet 30 upgrading TruckmountedPublicToilet I 1 2 I Replacementof ~~ Pumpingtrucks 6 existingold vehicles ~ ~ Solidwaste collectionstations 42 Inresidentialareas . Newly-built Zhanggongling Transfer Station transfers Solidwaste Solidwaste transfer station 2 refuse 500 tons every day and that of Guiliu Road collection TransferStationis 450 tons. andtransfer Waste collectiontrucks andcarts 28 8 4.5 t waste collectionwagons and 20 5 m3carts system Watering trucks 5 8 tons. I Sweepingtrucks 1 10 145,000m2/h Other vehicles 11 4 servicing, 5 watering and 2 monitoringvehicles Upgraded public toilets will be constructed as Class Iwith flushing and hygiene facilities. The solid waste collection stations will use closed containers and all will be constructed inresidential areas. The transfer stations will use compacting with deodorization anddust-depressing systems. The total investment for the wastewater component will be 1,366, million RMB with the total land occupation o f 41.4 ha. The total investment for the sanitation component will be 165 million RMB with the total landoccupation o f 71,273 m2. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 4  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 3. Environmental Baseline 3.1 Geographic Position Liuzhou City i s located in the middle part o f Guangxi, at east longitude o f 108" 50 ' to 109" 45 ' and north latitude o f 23" 35 ' to 24" 35 ' The city lies under the middle and lower reaches o f , Liujiang River with a total area o f 5,307.24 km', o f which 651 km2i s urban. Liuzhou City i s on the north o f Guizhong karstplain, with a flat terrain with mildundulation. 3.2 Weather The weather o f Liuzhou falls inbetweenthe middle and south semitropical climates. I t has hot, cloudy andmoist summers with abundant rainfalls anddry andmild winters. Its yearly average temperature is 20.5"C with the highest at 39.2'C and the lowest at -3.8"C. The average annual rainfall reaches 1460.7 mmand average annual evaporation, 1583.6 mm. 3.3 Water UtilizationandDemandForecast City water consumption includes two parts: domestic and industrial water consumption. Based on the current water usage in Liuzhou, future development requirements, and domestic water supply guidelines, the comprehensive domestic water demand in the city is projected to be 320Licap.d in 2010 and 340Lkap.d in 2020. The industrial water, converted to a per personbasis, i s projected to be 320 L / cap.d in2010 and 230 L/ cap.d in2020. The wastewater flows of each drainage catchment areas in the city, based on service population, as well as domestic andindustrial water usage inthe area are projected and shown inTable 3-1. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 5  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summay Report Table 3-1 Wastewater Flow Proi :tions (m3/( Catchment I 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Baisha -Domestic 74,3 10 80,786 87,059 92,400 97,161 -Industrial 7,43 1 8,079 8,706 9,240 9,716 -Total 81741 88865 95765 101640 106877 Longquanshan -Domestic 106,155 121,180 140,418 161,333 182,177 -Industrial 286,949 181,769 140,418 134,444 123,237 -Total 393,104 302,949 280,836 295,777 305,414 Jinglan -Domestic 61,232 67,322 84,250 99,733 115,379 -Industrial 165,579 100,983 84,250 83,111 78,050 -Total 226,811 168.305 168.500 182,844 193,429 Yanghe -Domestic 1,784 8,079 14,042 19,067 24,290 -Industrial 0 12,118 14,042 15,889 16,432 -Total 1,784 20,197 28,084 34,956 40,722 Labao -Domestic 11,949 17,504 25,275 35,364 36,435 -Industrial 32,3 12 26,255 25,275 25,667 24,647 -Total 43,759 50,550 61,031 61,082 3.4 SurfaceWater Environment Water pollution o f LiujiangRiver comes mainly from three sources: heavily polluted tributaries which flow into to LiujiangRiver, direct industrial and sanitary wastewater discharges and agricultural runoff, Industrial pollution sources include city's industrial operations for refining sugar, ore wash, smelting, chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, paper makingand amylum production, etc. The total current daily wastewater flow inLiuzhou is about 850,000 m3,o f which sanitary sewage accounts for about 270,000 m3or 32% of the total. The pollutant loads for COD, NH3-Nand BODs are 82,000 t, 10,800 t and 30,000 t per year, respectively. Duringthe project EA, a water quality monitoringprogram was conducted for Liujiangriver, which is a Category Iprotected drinking water source and the results are summarized in Table 3-2. It can be seen from the Table 3-2 that positions at Liunan water works have ammonia nitrogen higher than the Category I1 Water Quality Standard value while some positions o f lower reaches have ammonia nitrogen values higher than Category I11Water Quality Standards. Pollution plumesnear the river bank are apparent, some are worse than Category V, under the impact o f flows from the city's highly polluted rivers such as Zhuexi creek, and the Guangya, Liubei, and Liushi canals, etc. Most parts o f these rivers, flowing through urban and densely populated areas in Liuzhou before discharging into Liujiang River, are worse than Category V and fish kills apparently from pollution have often been reported in some o f these water bodies. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 6  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report Table 3-2 Surface Water Quality of Liujiang River ShuangchongBridge section upriver about 0.5 km Baisha WwTP effluent estuary upriver 0.5 km effluent lower reaches JinglanPumpingStation Left 7.66 2.0 Not detected 36 0.806 section Middle 7.65 1.9 Not detected 10 0.806 Right 7.75 2.0 Not detected 11 0.702 " 1 kmYanghe WWTP Left 7.75 2.4 Not detected 25 0.632 effluent discharge Middle 7.74 2.1 Not detected 20 0.650 Right 7.73 2.3 2.o 35 0.702 10 kmfrom Yanghe WWTP Left 7.79 2.2 Not detected 18 0.413 effluent discharge Middle 7.72 2.3 Not detected 15 0.423 Right 7.74 2.2 2.0 16 0.434 Category I11Water QualityStandard 6-9 6 6 6 4 - 61.0 3.5 Ecological Environment The vegetation in Liuzhou City is mostly subtropical trees. Most of the native vegetation has been destroyed because of the years of human activities and the existing vegetation mainly consists of secondary growth and landscaping. There is no significant wildlife in the urban built-up areas in Liuzhou for apparent reasons. The population and species of wildlife in the countryside within the municipality have been decreasing or disappearing due mainly to the expansionof human activities. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 7  Liuzhou Environment Management Proiect EA Summaw Reuort There are no endangered or protected species o f wildlife in the city, according to the available information, consultation with the relevant authority and site assessment duringthe EA. There are 58 genus o f phytoplankton, 134 kinds o f zooplankton, 66 kinds o f zoobenthos and 151 species o f fish in the Liujiang water system including the tributaries. In the recent years, the fish population inthe urban section o f LiujiangRiver has been decreasing becauseo f over fishing. 3.6 Sediment and WWTP Sludge Duringthe EA, sediment samples at the upriver and lower reaches of southern and northernbranches o f Zhuexi river were collected and analyzed. In addition, sludge samples from Longquanshan wastewater treatment plant (phase I)were also collected and analyzed. The characterization o f sediment i s the most important consideration for planning sediment disposal. The EA adopted a carefully programmed, systematic six-step approach indetermining the characteristics o f the sediment, particularlywith regardto heavy metal contamination. (1) Collect and review historical sediment monitoring data. This data showed that the heavy metal contents inthe sediment met with the Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludge from Agricultural Use (GB2484-84). (2) Data verification. The EA team engaged the Liuzhou Environmental Monitoring Station to conduct further sampling and heavy metal testing at the joint o f north and south branches o f the creek (location o f Zhuemi pumping station). The results indicated that the heavy metal contents (total cadmium) in the sediment have exceeded the agricultural application standards, apparently due to the discharges o f heavy metal containing wastewater in the recent years. (3) Further Sampling and Testing in NortWSouth Branches. Further testing was carried out by the EA team, which, again, exceeded agricultural application standards (for Cd). Leaching tests per Hazardous Waste Identification Standards (GB5085-1996) were also performed on the sediment samples to determine whether the sediment i s hazardous or not. The results o f these tests show the sediment is not hazardous. (4) Further Sampling at Upper Reaches. To help delineate the sediment contamination area, additional sediment samplingand testing were conducted at the upper reaches o f the north and south branches o f Zhuerxi creek in October 2004. The results showed the sediment in this area meet the agricultural application standards. (5) Pollution Sources Survey and Analysis. With the assistance o f Liuzhou EPB, the EA team reviewed industrial operations in the areas and found a manganese processing factory in the upper reach o f the Zhuerxi. Although this factory had stopped operation since the early go's, it i s clearly the main source o f heavy metal contamination inZhuemi creek. (6) Data Re-confirmation. Five additional samplings at roughly the same location were conducted at the same time inNovember 2004. The results againexceeded standards at thejoint and lower reaches while the sediment inthe upper reaches o f the creek met the agricultural application standards. Based on this detailed characterization program, it is concluded that the whole creek i s considered to be heavy metal contaminatedbut sediment i s not a hazardous waste. This sediment in the whole creek is deemed unsuitable for agricultural application and must be disposed safely as non-hazardous industrial wastes at Lichonggoulandfill. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 8  Liuzhou Environment ManaPement Proiect EA Summaw Reuort 3.7 Ambient Air Based on regular monitoring inLiuzhou, the ambient air quality inthe city in2003 is between Class I1 and Class I11standardo fthe Ambient Air Quality Standard. Further monitoring was conducted during the EA at two project affected areas. The result indicates that the odor concentrations o f Zhuexi creek were at Class 111; at this level odor can be easily smelled. This i s mainly from the serious pollution o f the creek which has been receiving raw wastewater discharges for years. The air quality at the proposed WWTPs sites i s generally good, without apparent air quality pollution sources inthe immediately adjacent areas. Air quality was also monitored at selected operating public toilets and solid collection stations Nuisance odors in areas immediately adjacent to these facilities can be detected indicating these facilities as pollution sources impactingthe surrounding communities. 3.8 Acoustic Environment Due to the operation of Phase ILongquanshanWWTP, the site proposed for expansion (Phase 11) has noise levels exceeding applicable standards. However, as there is no sensitive receptor at the site, the increased noise does not have direct impacts on residents. According to monitoring results, the proposed sites for Baisha, Yanghe and Labao WWTPs all met with Class I1ambient noise standards applicable to these sites. The sites proposed for solid waste transfer stations have exceeded noise standards due to the urbanactivities (traffic, etc.) inthe areas. 3.9 Social Environment The key socio-economic indicators o f Liuzhou city are summarized inTable 3-3. Item Guideline Population City proper: 943,800 0 Total for the whole municipality: 3,485,100 Area 0 Total: 18,686.31 km2 0 City proper: 658.31 km2 Agriculture 0 Main crops: rice, sugar cane, fruit and so on. 0 Total value o f agricultural output: 3,859 million RMB Industry 0 Main industries: vehicle manufacturing, machining, metallurgy, paper making, electric power, light,food, refining sugar, etc. 0 gross value o f industrial output: 38142 million RNB National economy 1 GDP: 28,640 million RMB 0 Per capita GDP: 12,282 RMB Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 9  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 3.10 Cultural Properties According to a field investigation during the EA, there i s no cultural relic at the project areas. There are no known archaeological sites based on the information collected from the relevant agencies. These conclusions have been reached through a thorough information collection and review (cultural relics inventory, past study reports, etc.), site investigation during EA and interview with relevant government agencies. Detailed procedures have been included in the EMP to deal with the chance finds duringconstruction. 4. Analysis of Alternatives Duringthe Project development and design, various alternatives were screened and compared with technical, economic and environmental criteria. In terms o f the environmental comparison for the alternatives, the primary objective was to identify and select options with the least adverse environmental impacts. The evaluation and comparison have been made for alternatives o f the following components andor aspects: (1) No-project: affects to the environment o fwith or without the project construction. (2) Project site selection and overall arrangement alternatives: focus on the optimal schema through analyzing the affect o f different sites for WWTPs, site layouts, effluent discharging locations. Alternative sites for transfer stations and public toilets. (3) Treatment process alternative: mainly on the ability o f nitrogen and phosphorus removal, as well as operation flexibility and reliability, and complexity in management and maintenance o f alternative processes. (4) Alternative transfer station technologies: mainly on the comparison o f compaction techniques, modes, and impact mitigationmeasures. There i s a long and thorough process for identifying, evaluating, comparing and finalizing the alternative plans for wastewater treatment in Liuzhou, including scales, number o f WWTPs and their locations. In early 199O's, seven WWTPs were proposed for Liuzhou for the ease o f phased implementation. Two o f those WWTPs were dropped due to their closeness to urbanbuilt up areas and drinkingwater intakes or insufficient development ina city new area The remaining five were proposed for financing by the World Bank fiannced LZEMP in2003. During the course o f LZEMP preparation, more detailed and extensive analysis was conducted by the engineeringfeasibility, social andenvironmental teams, as well as the World Bank project task team. A total o f four alternatives were considered and compared involving different treatment plant scales and numbers (four and five). The current investments are selected with considerations of site conditions, environmental impacts, local development, and costs. With all these factors considered, the current investment plan is optimal among all available alternatives. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 10  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 5. EnvironmentalImpacts and Mitigation 5.1 Impactsduringconstructionphase The project construction activities are expected to generate the following adverse impacts: (1) Air borne dust during construction, building demolition, earthwork excavation, material piling and construction truck movement. According to an analogy survey, if no measure is adopted, the dust concentration (expressed as TSP) from the a construction site in leeward direction will reach over 3 mg/m3,while 25 m away it will be 1.53mg/m3. TSP concentration at 60 m is expected to meet the standard. (2) Odors duringriver dredging and sediment transportwill affect the surrounding environment. The dredged materials will be left in the river bed for dewatering, and then loaded to the transportation trucks directly after reaching 80% water content. The odor generated will affect areas 30 m from the site but i s expected to basically disappear at about 50 m and beyond. As the dredging project will be carried out during the dry season (November to following March) when residents rarely open their windows, residential impact will be more manageable. (3) Noise due to construction will mainly be caused by construction machines and transfer vehicles. As the construction will usually be in open space with no sound insulation or control measures and as the individual machine can generate noise in the range between 76 dB(A) and 110 dB(A), the impact o f noise can spread very far. The impacts are mainly in urban areas during sewer pipeline, transfer stations, and public toilet construction. In the rural areas where WWTPs are constructed, the noise impact i s less as there are less residents andother sensitive receptors. (4) Solid Waste during the construction period mainly includes watercourse dredged materials and sediment, construction waste coming from building demolition, earthwork and from paving road scrapping. As the sediment sampling has demonstrated they are not hazardous, these materials will be sent to the Lichong landfill for disposal. Other construction waste is generally considered non-polluted andwill be usedas fillingmaterialswhere possible. (5) Ksual Impacts. The project covers a large area. During sewer network construction as well as river rehabilitation construction, the work will be inurban built-upareas, causing impacts onthe views o f urban residents. However, this kindo f effects i s temporary and will disappear once the construction activities are complete. (6) Land Use. The Wastewater Treatment Component will permanently occupy 41.4 ha. of land. The actual land use includes ponds, vegetable gardens, paddy fields, deserted land and factory land. The land occupation will change the land use forever. Moreover, the project will use some lands temporarily during construction, mainly for stacking construction materials, borrow pits and spoiled materials disposal. These temporary land uses will last only the construction period and the sites will be restoredto the original functions or reclaimed following the temporary uses. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 11  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summaw Reaort The Environment Sanitation Component will occupy 7.13 ha. o f landpermanently, o f which the public toilets and solid waste collection stations are all in the city built-upareas. Zhanggongling solid waste transfer station i s located in Liujiang county which now is a closed temporary dump site and Liugui Road leadingto the transfer station i s now agricultural land. (7) Impacts on Traffic. The effect to traffic mainly occurs in sewer network construction which will occupy roads or part o f the roads in urban areas. Traffic will be detoured or forced to use only part o f the roads, potentially causing traffic congestion. In addition, increased truck movements caused by construction trucks for materials transportation and construction waste and dredged sediment shipping will also increase the traffic flows andburdens onurban streets. (8) Night Time Construction. Night time construction, if occuring, would significantly impact the surrounding areas particularly inthe urban areas where public toilets and solid waste transfer stations will be built. For WWTPs, as concrete pouring for aeration andother large tanks requires non-stop and continued operations, night time construction cannot be avoided. These activities will last about 4-5 days each time at the maximum, which would be the nighttime impactedperiod to the nearby villages. 5.2 EnvironmentalImpacts of Wastewater Treatment Component 5.2.1Aquatic EnvironmentImpact Upon the completion of the Zhuexi south wastewater interception component, more than 80,000 m3of wastewater in 10 drainage outlets will be intercepted from being discharged directly. This would be equivalent to reduction in COD, BODS,NH3-Nand TP discharges o f 16.72 tons, 5.78 tons, 1.35 tons and 0.14 tons respectively. For the Zhuexi north branch, the interception will stop direct discharges o f 35,000 m3raw sewage every day in 10 drainage outlets. The equivalent pollutant load reductions in terms o f COD, BOD5, NH3-Nand TP will be 5.64 tons, 2.16 tons, 0.52 tons and 0.05 tons, respectively. After the operation o f the Labao Wastewater treatment plant, the northern section o f Jiuqu River from will be improved significantly, meeting the Category I11 standard of GB3838-2002 Surface Water Environment Quality Standard. After Wastewater Treatment Component completion, all the sewage discharge outlets within the Liuzhou City proper and drinking-water source protected area will be intercepted and diverted to Longquanshan or Baisha WWTPs for treatment and discharge after meetingapplicable standards.As a result, water quality the receiving water bodies inthe urbanareas is expected to improve significantly and the pollution plumes at Liujiang river along the bank side, to disappear. The drinking water source for the city will be better protected to ensure the safety and quality o f the city's water supply. The 5.9 km urban reach o f Liujiang river between Liudong water intake to the Huilong Channel estuary will meet the Category I1surface water quality standard. When the project WWTPs are constructed and in operation, the wastewater treatment capacity o f Liuzhou will be 500,000 m3/dand the COD, removal rate will be 44,639.5 t/y, equivalent to 74% o f the total in 2010. The incremental removal in TP and NH3-Nwill be 405.15 t/y and 2511.2 t/y respectively. The reduction in pollution load to the city's waterways will contribute significantly Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 12  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report towards meeting the environmental control goals o f the city's master plan and improve the city's conditions for sustainable economic development and standards o f living for Liuzhou and the towns andareas downstream fromthe city. Project construction will also bringsignificant indirectbenefits: (1) There are lots o f residential areas, enterprises and institutions along the banks of Zhuexi. After wastewater interception and treatment, as well as river rehabilitation, environment in which these residents and organizations live and work will be improved greatly, including elimination of nuisance odor andblack look o f the river. At the same time, the river side will become an attractive leisure place for the citizens. (2) The improvement o f the environment o f Zhuexi i s good for the development o f the surrounding business, trades andreal estate. (3) Improvements to the living conditions o f residents, reducuction o f the potential for epidemics causedby the sewage discharge and enhanced the sanitation conditions. (4) Improvements to the infrastructure o f Liuzhou City and investment environment, which is important for the city's sustainable development (5) Improvements to flood-preventing capability and ensuring the safety o f government property and residents' lives. (6) Improvements to the water quality o f Liujiang River in the Liuzhou reach, enhancement of the environmental aesthetic o f the city environment. 5.2.2 Nuisance O d o r Impact The main nuisance odor sources o f the WWTP are grit removal/screening units, influent pumping house, primary settling tanks, and to a lesser extent, biological reactors, sludge thickeners and sludge dewatering units.These are area sources andthe primary substances which causethe nuisance odor are H2S andNH3. Using a threshold o f 0.01mg/Nm3 for H2S,a model forecasts the protective distances of the four WWTPs, as summarized in See Table 5-1. WWTPs Protective distance (m) Baisha Wastewater treatment Dlant 310 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~ ~ LongquanshanWastewater treatment plant 350 Yanghe Wastewater treatment plant 380 Labao Wastewater treatment plant I 120 There are some sensitive receptors such as resident quarters near the Baisha, Longquanshanand Labao WWTPs. Although the distance between odor generating structures and the sensitive receptors cannot meet the requirement o f the projected protective distances o f the WWTPs, they can meet the standards o f City Sewage Treatment Protect Construction Standard. As mitigation, nuisance odor producing processes and unit operations should be located leeward o f the summer prevailing wind in these WWTPs and away from the resident areas outside as far as possible. For Baisha WWTP, the impacted Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 13  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summaiy Report residential and school dormitory houses will be relocated away from the impacted zone. Inaddition, to further reduce the impacts of the odor on the nearby residents, spaces between the odor generating structures and the residential areas will be landscaped with thick layers o f trees. There are positive impacts owing to the project regarding nuisance odor. Besides the residents living near Zhuexi, more citizens live near the seriously-polluted rivers and canals, such as Huilong Channel, Guangya trunk canal, Liushitrunk canal and so on. Large amounts o f sewage are currently discharged directly, causing serious pollution o f these water bodies which generate nuisance odors inthe summer. When the project is complete, the raw sewage will be intercepted and diverted to the WWTPs for treatment. This will reduce significantly the direct discharges andimprovethe quality andthe nuisance odors thus generated from these water bodies, benefiting all residents live and work along sides these rivers. 5.2.3 Noise impact The main noise source o f WWTPs are pumpingequipments, fans, compressors and blowers, and other machines. The equipment with louder noise i s the blower/compressor houses, which will have an indoor noise o f 90 dB(A) and 1 m outdoor noise o f 63 dB(A). This EA adopts a point source attenuation model to project the noise impact. The forecast result indicates that the noise o f each WWPTs meet with the Category I11 standard o f Industrial Enterprise Factoly Bound Noise Standard (GB12348-90). Superimposing the existing background noise, WWTPs do not have significant incremental noise at the border o f the WWTPs. Therefore, the WWTPs operations are not expected to exert significant noise impacts on the surrounding environment. 5.2.4 Sludge During the WWTPs operation period, the total sludge generated from the four WWTPS will be 103,000 m3/y with 75% water content. Following the commissioning o f the four WWTPs, sludge generated from wastewater treatment process will be subject to further testing. The primarytest will be the leaching test for heavy metal contamination, per Hazardous Waste Identification Standards (GB5085-1996). Ifthe test results exceed the standards, the sludge will be considered hazardous waste and it will be disposed of at the Nanningsecured landfill for hazardous waste which is currently under construction. Ifhowever, the sludge does not exceed the standards, it will then be considered as general waste andwill be disposedof at the Lichonggou landfill as discussedabove. Liuchonggoulandfill i s located in Yibu Village, Liujiang County, Liuzhou, in the mountain ridge area on the right side o f Liujiang River. It i s being constructed as one the sub-projects o f acid rain and environment treatment component supported by Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund o f Japan, and predicted to be completed by the end o f 2004, based on both the municipal and general industrial solid waste landfill design standards. Its daily disposal capacity will be 600 t. At a total landfill capacity o f 7.96 million m3,the designed operational life of the landfill will be 17 years. Liuzhou Environmental Sanitation Division has had apermit for WWTPs sludgebeingdisposed o f at Lichonggoulandfill. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 14  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report The main environmental impact o f sludge landfilling i s potential groundwater contamination from leachate infiltration. At the landfill, the groundwater layer i s more than 40 m and there is a 20 m thick layer o f XIXIA group hardness and half hardness coarse lamellar silica limestone combined with mud silicolites, which has extremely poor hydraulic permeability. In landfill itself, HDPE membrane will be usedandleachate will be collected for treatment before discharged. A thorough monitoringprogram will be introducedduringthe landfill operation to ensure any leakingof the leachate into the ground or the surrounding environment will bedetectedpromptly to allow timelymitigative actions. Lichonggousolid waste landfill is a well engineered large scale municipal solid waste disposal facility with advanced pollution control technologies, The key pollution control measures include: 0 The landfill utilizes HDPE membrane for leachate infiltration control. The site is protected with drainage interception ditches to minimize the contact o f storm water with the waste and i s closely monitoredby monitoring well system. a The infiltration rate o f HDPE membrane utilized at Lichonggou Landfill is estimated to be about 10-'2-10-'3cm/s. This greatly exceeds the requirement o f 10 cm/s by GB16889-1997 for municipal solid waste landfill and fully complies with and even exceeds the requirement o f lo-' cm/s for Category I1industrial solid wastes specified in GB18599-2001 for general industrial solid waste landfill. a The landfill has a full leachate collection and treatment system with biochemical treatment and a capacity o f 600 m3/day.The effluent, expected to meet the Class Idischarge standards o f the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards GB8978-1996 after the treatment, will be discharged to Liujiang river. 0 The leachate system, designed for high strength wastewater, includes an equalization tank (45,000m3 storage capacity), anaerobic reaction tank, and three-stage oxidation ditch; 0 The residue sludge from the leachate treatment is dewatered, thickened and then disposed o f at the landfill. 0 The landfill has a full vertical gravel gas ventilation system, with service diameter o f each vent o f 25 m. The vented gas is burnedor re-used. Inthis project, Zhuerxi river dredgingwill generate about 33,027m3of sediment, while WWTPs will generate collectively 259.3m3/d secondary sludge and, for 120 days in a year, 329 m3/d chemical sludge (chemical phosphate removal). The landfill has the capacity to handle all these wastes from capacity point view and Liuzhou Environmental Sanitation Department, the owner and operator o f the landfill, has agreed to accept these wastes in a dedicated cell within the landfill. There is no environmental sensitive receptor around the landfill. The closet village i s about 1.1 km, Around the landfill, gas collection system and treatment system are set and collected gas can be combusted and utilized through combustion equipment settled on the top o f airway to prevent effluviumimpact to the ambient air. Sludge conveyance routes can be impacted if sludge i s scattered and leaked. Therefore, the conveyance route should be established, avoiding the populous inhabitancy andbusiness zones andthe specific tightly sealed vehicles should be used to prevent scattering. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 15  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 5.2.5 Urban landscape After completion o f the project, the impacts on urban landscape will be mainly positive. The water pollution of LiujiangRiver's urban section, as well as other tributaries flowing the urban areas will be better controlled andwater quality, improved, enhancing the environmental esthetics inthe urbanareas. Zhuexi river will restore its natural environment andlandscape characteristics after its rehabilitation. 5.2.6 Social environment This project will occupy 621.29 mu o f land. The total impacts by land acquisition and relocation are 624 families and 2,470 persons. The numbers o f influenced enterprises and stores are 23 and 52, respectively, According to national and local regulations as well as relevantpolicy requirements o f the World Bank (OP4.12 Involuntary Resettlement), a resettlement action plan (RAP) has been prepared to avoid, reduce or otherwise compensate appropriately those affected by land acquisition and resettlement. Rehabilitation programs are included inthe RAP to ensure those lost their income due to the project be rehabilitated properly. 5.3 EnvironmentalImpactsof EnvironmentSanitationComponent 5.3.1 Environment impact of public toilets The impacts o f public toilets on their surrounding environments mainly include nuisance odor, wastewater and small amounts o f solid waste. Odor due to poor hygiene and maintenance during operation are the primaryimpacts to the nearby residents and the public toilet users. The primary mitigation for the odors is appropriate designs with flushing and good ventilation, and more importantly, good maintenance. As all public toilets in this project will be connected to the municipal sewer, the impacts o f wastewater are expected to be minimal provided leaking will be prevented. 5.3.2 Environment impactsof solid waste collection stations Newly built collection stations will be closed structures, with no waste placement outside. Floor cleaning water and leaching from the waste containers will be directed to the sewer leading to WWTPs. Flies may be an issue, particularly in the summer. Again, good maintenance including preventing littering and avoiding over storage at the collection stations as well as taking other fly control measures will minimize the fly impacts, If operated properly and as designed, such stations will have minimal impacts to their surroundings, except duringthe loadingand unloading operations. 5.3.3 Environmental impact of solid waste transfer stations (1) Odor Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 16  Liurhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report The main substances causing nuisance odor from the stations are NH3and H2S.According to a model, odor from both solid waste transfer stations i s expected to meet the Discharge Standards of Odor PolZutants (GB14554-93), yet the odor o f H2S in the northern part o f the Zhanggongling transfer station site is projected to exceed the Standard o f Industrial Enterprise Design (TJ36-79). In addition, the sanitation protective distance (impacted zone) has exceeded the beyond the boundary o f the solid waste transfer station site. As a result, the odor and other nuisance gases emitted by the solid waste transfer station could have a strong impact on the newly-builtresidential area north o f the site. (2) Wastewater The wastewater generated from solid waste transfer stations i s mainly leachate from solid waste, together with domestic wastewater and floor cleaning water. All these wastewater streams will be directed to the municipal sewage pipes which will drain eventually to a WWTP. As such, wastewater generated form such stations are not expected to have significant impacts. (3) Noise According to a model projection, the noise level o f the solid waste transfer stations will exceed the standards to the north parts while in other directions the noise i s expected to meet the applicable standard. As there are no sensitive receptors within the impacted areas o f the stations, the noise impact from the station itself is not expected to be significant. However, the transport vehicles are expected to have great noise impacts on the residential areas on the south o f the station when the trucks entering and leaving the Zhanggongling station because o f the proximity o f the residential areas to the access road. The effective mitigation would be for the truck to have an access from the north, ifpossible. (4) HygieneConditions Ifthetransfer stations arenot maintainedproperly, hygiene conditions wouldbepoor causing not only just odor but also flies andpoor working environment. This would affect the workers at the stations as well as the surrounding communities. (5) Final disposal and analysis o f garbage After being compressed in the solid waste transfer station, the garbage will be transported to Lichonggou sanitary landfill by large-sized garbage hauling trucks. The designed size o f the landfill has sufficient capacity to accept all waste from the two solid waste transfer stations. It is designed with engineering control for leachate collection and treatment, drainage management, landfill gas control, littering control andother environmental andpollution control measures. 5.3.4 EnvironmentalImpact of Transportation The impact o f solid waste transportation on the atmosphere i s mainly from small garbage collecting vehicles and large-sized garbage hauling trucks, which could emit H2S, NH3and dust, as well as emission from the trucks themselves. With implementation o f the project, all the garbage transfer vehicles in Liuzhou will be sealed so that garbage exposure and spills as well as resulting in H2S and NH3canbeminimized. The increasing traffic flow o f solid waste hauling vehicles i s not expected to have significant Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 17  Liuzhou Environment Management Proiect EA Summary Reuort incremental increase innoise for the most o f the routes becauseo f the existing heavy traffics. However, noise impact can be high to the area along the access road to Zhanggongling transfer station. As the incremental trucks flows on the existing roads are minimum, the impact on traffic i s also expected to be low. 5.4 Mitigation Measuresof EnvironmentalImpacts 5.4.1 Wastewater TreatmentComponent Design Phase e When deciding the site, those sites which can avoid or reduce adverse environmental impacts will be selected. Infact, inall physical investments of this project, alternative sites havebeenproposed, evaluated and compared and those with the least environmental impacts have been selected for WWTPs, public toilets, wsate collection stations andtransfer stations. e When makingoverall arrangement o f WWTP layouts, structures generating impacts will be placed away from sensitive locations as far as possible. e The green area o f WWTP should cover over 30% o f the total area. Large and tall trees should be plantedaround to create a green partition so as to absorb odor and noise andimprove scenery. Construction Phase e Construction sites, material piling and roads with heavy construction trucks will be sprayed with water twice a day for dust suppression. In windy and dry days, more sprays should be applied to prevent dust pollution. e Scientific construction plans should be made so that excessive noise from concurrent usage o f noise facilities can be suppressed. e Night time construction will be banned for construction in the urban areas. In the continued concrete poaring for WWTP tanks when night time construction cannot be avoided, the following measureswill be taken: (1) nearby villages will be noticed and consulted ahead o f time; (2) school exam time (about one week in the summer) and harvest time (about half month each in the summer and fall) will be avoided; (3) stationary equipment will be placed to be far away from the villages; (4) equipment with lower noise levels will be used for concrete pouring operations; (5) temporary noise barriers may be erected; (6) if necessary, the contractor will arrange temporary accommodations away from the impacted area for extremely vulnerable people, such as the illand elderly;and (7) supervision personnel fromthe PMO will b assigned. e The following steps will be taken for chance finds, if any, o f cultural relics and archeological sites duringconstruction: (1) contractor staff will first go through a mandatory cultural relics training (2) Inan event of a chance find, all construction activities must stop andprotective measurestaken to protect the sites and finds; (3) inform the cultural authority immediately o f the chance finds; (4) srchaeologists will be called in to the site for proper investigations; (5) design changes may be considered if necessary andor recommended by the professional archaeologists or requested by the cultural relics authority; and (6) the construction activities may be resumed only after the site has been fully investigated and a permit granted by the cultural relics authority. e The sewage and municipal solid waste from construction camps will be collected and transported to appropriate places such as the landfill for disposal. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 18  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summaly Report Proper plans for temporary usage o f land should be made if there i s any need to use farmland. Farmers will be consulted for their concerns on the impacts and mitigatiodcompensation to decrease impact on crops. As soon as the project finishes, the farmland will be restored. 0 The spoiled earth will be transported as soon as possible in order not to affect the normal life o f residents. Ifmust be stored on site for a significant period o f time, it will be covered to reduce dust. Trucks with covers will be used to transport the earth in order to avoid any leakage and to protect the environment. 0 The balance between earthwork and stonework will be kept so that the material borrowing can be minimized. Any spoiled earth from the construction o f the pipeline and the wastewater treatment plants will be used to fill up the land where possible. The reminder will be transported to other needingconstruction sites for filling or sent to the city's landfill. Operational Phase The piling, transportation and disposal process o f sludge should be strictly managed. Obturator vehicles should be used for sludge transportation and the transportation period and routes will be carefully planned and strictly controlled. WWTP sludge, once generated, will be tested again using leaching test method, to confirm its hazardous nature. Ifconfrimed not hazardous, the sludge will be disposed o f ina dedicated cell in the city's landfill which meets the design and operation standards for general industrial waste (discussed). If confirmed hazardous, the sludge will be disposed in a hazardous waste disposal facility inNanningor the one to be built inLiuzhou. Low-noised blowers/compressors, sewage pumps should be chosen and mufflerswill be installed at the blowers. Regular and preventive maintenance will be done so as to keep the equipment in good condition andto reduce its noise. Inorder to preventthe occurrence of anyrisks or accidents, an emergency response system willbe established from design and management andprovide responsive prevention measures. Air-exposure pool and compressor house will be secured with measures to reduce vibration, noise and couldprovideunderpass-like blast. Intensifythe control and supervision over influentand outfall water qualities, the quality o f water let in lower reach o f LiuRiver, sludge and the surface water disposal environment. Industrial Pollution Control Inorder to meet the surface water quality standards inthe upper reach of Liujiang river (Class II), and inthe lower reach (Level 111), Liuzhoumunicipal government has implemented an industrial pollution control program. This program includes mainly as following elements: 1) relocating polluting enterprises inthe city built-upareas to the suburb or new industrial developing zones around the lower reach o f Liujiang river, 2) prohibiting new heavy-polluting enterprises, 3) all existing industrial operations have to operate in compliance with applicable discharge standards, 4) introduce wastewater tariffs as polluter pay policies, 5) intensifymonitoringand supervision effort, 6) mandatory installation o f automatic online monitoring at heavy-polluting enterprises which will be linked with the network o f information center o f SEPA and 7) set the goals for industrial water recycling and reuse to minimize wastewater generation form the first place. The whole industrial pollution control action plan will be enforced by the end o f 2005, and represent part of an integrated effort in Liuzhou to control water pollution andimprovethe city's water environment. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 19  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 5.4.2 EnvironmentSanitationComponent Design Phase Project sites which can avoid or minimize adverse impacts on environment will be selected. e Around the public toilets, garbage collection stations and transfer stations, there will be green partitions to absorb odor and noise and improve the scenery. The design o f the public toilets and collectiodtransfer stations will harmonized with the surrounding architecture styles. Ensuresufficient protective distances betweenthe transfer stations andresidential areas. ConstructionPhase Construction sites, material piling and roads with heavy construction trucks will be water sprayed twice a day for dust suppression. In windy days more sprays will be added to prevent dust pollution. When trucks entering the construction sites in urban areas it will be requested to lower their speeds, reducing dust and noise; and trucks will be rinsedbefore leavingthe sites. When transporting the dry cement and other powder materials, sealed trucks will be used, or all dusty materials will be coveredwith the canvas. Select carefully material piling places in likely urban congested areas for public toilets and collection station construction to avoid dust, blocking the traffic and causing other inconvenience to the urbanresidents. The mixing stations for concrete will be located away from residential areas. The spoiled soil and dregs will be carried to designated places for disposal. Night time construction for the public toilets and waste collection stations will be completely bannedand strictly enforced. Construction sites will be carefully planned especially in congested areas for public toilets and solid waste collection stations. Ifthere are construction places without the city sewer around, temporary toilets with septic tanks will be built for construction workers. Operational Phase e Equipments such as a fly net, rat proof and deodorizer will be installed in the public toilets. Mechanical ventilation instruments will be installed according to need. Public toilets will be cleaned at least three times every day and the floor will be rubbed off with mops. Once a week disinfector will be spilled in summer time and once every half a month in other seasons. Any broken sanitary wares will be fixed promptly so as to ensure the normal function. e Ash bins should be washed when the cleaners discarding the garbage so that they can be kept clean and no dirty filtrate remaining. After the garbage is loaded to the vehicles, the garbage collecting station will be cleaned at once to ensure there is no garbage both in and around the station. Equipmentssuch as fly net, rat proof and deodorizer will be installed ingarbage collecting stations; in summer time disinfectors should be spilled at least once a week and deodorizer can be used in the collection station whenever necessary. It is forbidden to sort the collected waste in th stations or pile waste in opan space. e Space around the public toilet and solid collection stations will be well landscaped. Where possible and space permits, large andthick trees will be planted inthese places. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 20  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report Dust and emisison collection systems will be built at the solid waste transfer stations to clean the emission. 0 Within the hygienic protective distance or impacted zones o f the transfer stations, future construction o f residential houses, hospitals, schools and other sensitive facilities will be forbidden. 0 Leachate from solid waste will be discharged to the municipal sewer. 0 Low-noise equipments will be use and the transfer stations will be installed with facilities such as basic dampingand sound barriers. 0 The garbage transportation vehicles will be sealed or covered. Low-noise vehicles will be selected and well maintained to keep the noise low. Large garbage hauling trucks will be rinsed at least once a week and to ensure there is no adhered garbage while small garbage vehicles will be cleaned at leased once a day and maintained clean on their exteriors. While these mitigaiton measures will significantly reduce potential impacts on the environment, the following impacts at Zhanggongling Transfer Station site still exist according to the model projection: The density o f HIS inthe north o f the site will not meet the allowed limits inthe residential area as per regulations TJ36-79. The protective area or impacted zone o f the transfer station will exceed its north boundary, thus the air emission from the station (nuisance odor) will have a significant impact on the newly-built residential houses to the north. 0 Inaddition, the result of apublic consultationhas shown that most localresidents are against the construction a solid waste transfer station due to the perceived and anticipated impacts. As a result o fthe above issues, the EAteamhas advised not to use Zhanggongling site for the transfer station. As the strategy o f the Liuzhou government i s to have at least two transfer stations, the city i s advised to select an alternative site and conduct an appropriate EA, perhaps in the near future. The current EA results are able to support only one site for a transfer station in the World Bank financed LZEMP. In the meantime, new garbage trucks will be purchased to collect and transfer solid waste from the Zhanggongling service area and haul to Lichonggou landfill. This advice from the EA team has been accepted by the project owner andthe engineering team. 6. EnvironmentalManagementandMonitoring Because there are great differences in the contents o f environmental management between the construction and the operation periods and within each period there are temporary and long-terms management action, the EA sets individual institutional framework for each o f the two periods respectively. During construction, an environmental management system will be set up involving the PMO, individual project owners, monitoring institutions, EPBs as well as contractors and construction supervision companies. These organizations will be staffed with qualified and experienced personnel particularlyPMOS,project owners, contractors and construction supervision companies. During the operation phase, each project owners, Le., WWTPs, transfer stations and Zhuerxi river Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 21  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report management department will have their own environmental management staffs or divisions. These divisions and staffs will be responsible for implementingmitigation measures and other requirements o f the EMP. They are also responsible for ensuring the project's operation i s in compliance with environmental laws, regulations, policies and standards, and for environmental supervision and coordination with other operation departments and for liaison with the local EPB. The Liuzhou EPB i s responsible for law and standards enforcement. They will receive and review environmental monitoring and supervision reports and may also inspect construction sites and operation facilities as may be required and/or empoweredby laws, for environmental performance and compliance status. An environmental monitoring institution is mainly responsible for implementation of the environmental monitoring plan, preparation o f periodical monitoring reports including compliance status andrecommendations for mitigation actions. Contractors and construction supervision companies will be responsible for implementing mitigation measures during the construction phase and project operators will be responsible for the operation phase. All contractors will need to go through a mandatory training program before the start o f construction, for environmental policies, EA results, EMP, monitoring requirements and skills, reporting and site environmental management. All contractors will be requested to have full time staff on site for daily monitoring andimplementation o f mitigation measures. 6.1 Wastewater Treatment Component In order to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental management plan, personnel in the PMO, project owners, environmental monitoring institute, contractors andconstruction supervision companies will be trained during project implementation. The training program will be primarily in Liuzhou, to be provided by environmental professionals and consultants. The content will include project EIA results and mitigation measures, basic environmental laws, regulations and standards, environmental and cultural protection technologies, environmental monitoring and reporting requirements and techniques, environmental emergency response planning, etc. For more advanced training o f staff in the PMO, EPB and for selected project owners, such as in policy setting and environmental management practices in similar projects, training may be in other cities o f China and overseas. To thoroughly and timely understand environmental performance, effectiveness o f mitigation measures, and the scope o f impact o f construction and operations onsurroundings areas, a detailed environmental monitoring program i s developed in the EA. The main contents are shown as Table 6-1 andthe corresponding monitoring costs are shown as Table 6-2. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 22  iEE Q W E CI .I h Ya, 3 a .I *0 0 i El 3 I eo s E ci 3E : 0 0 hl '6W U e, , c 633 3 d sa2 Ccl 0 F 3Et 3 m zE U v) e, 0 CI 8- Y 0 d 3 3%E J  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report Table 6-2 Imputedmonitoring:costs of all items unit: RMB 10 thousand Name Monitoring cost during Monitoring cost during Preparedmonitoring cost construction period operation period for accidents Zhuexi creek 10 20 5 rehabilitation Baisha Wastewater 20 40 5 Treatment Component Longquanshan 10 20 5 Wastewater Treatment Component Yanghe Wastewater 20 40 5 Treatment Component Labao Wastewater 10 20 5 Treatment Component Total 70 140 25 6.2 EnvironmentSanitationComponent Similar trainingprograms will be developed for the environmental sanitation component, with trainees coming from the pool o f public toilet and solid waste transfer station operators. The contents o f the training will be similar to that for the wastewater component. A separated, detailed environmental monitoring program is developed in the EA for the environment sanitation component. The main contents are shown as Table 6-3 and the methods o f monitoring analysis comply with the related national rules and standards. The total costs of this monitoring programi s about RMB 60,000 per year. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 24  F .s 3 4cd W er 4x v) m r- .9 B ,B3 \ 3 a9 v) W 0 cd i PI J .e cr  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 7. Public Consultation The public consultation focused primarily on the project impacted people. For instance, the largest group o f directly impacted people i s those living by Zhuerxi Creek. According to the site survey duringthe EA, within the directly impacted area o f Zhuerxi, there are 22,656 people. The sample size o f the public consultation programinthis project was 760, which i s about 3.4% o f the total impacted. 7.1 Wastewater Component In order to have a full understanding of public opinions and concerns on project construction and public satisfaction and acceptance o f the mitigation measures, the EA team conducted two rounds of public consultation and information disclosure to residents in directly impacted areas. Questionnaire and discussion meetings were adopted to for the public participation activities. For detailed informationabout public consultation program i s presented inTables 7-1 and 7-2. Time Stage 1 Table 7-1 Detailson PublicParticipation Location 1 Participators 1 Laws andRegulations Intezzwed I 2004.1.3- EATOR Places Sino-Japan Friendship Center for Directly (Environment ProtectionLaw 2004.1.11 around EnvironmentProtection Impacted of the PeopleRepublic of Proposed Liuzhou Institute of Environmental Residents China)) Locationof Science (China Environment Impact 2004.10.9- Draft of EA the Plant Sino-Japan Friendship Center for Assessment Law)) 2004.10.15 Report EnvironmentProtection World Bank Regulations Liuzhou WB Project Office P4.01 Table 7-2 InformationDisclosure Time Content Location Laws and Regulations 2004. First Draft of LiuzhouUrbanInvestment, (Environment Protection Law of the People 10.26 EA Report Constructionand Development Republic of China)), Co., LtdWB Project Office (China Environment Impact Assessment Law)) 2004. First Draft of Liuzhou PlanningCommittee World Bank OP4.01 10.28 EA Report Website In addition, project team also includes additional public consultations during the social assessment. This SA public consultation involved about 200 copies o f public opinion survey questionnaires along the Zhuerxi creek area. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 26  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Reuort 7.1.1PublicParticipation-First Round The first round o f public participation was conducted mainly through a questionnaire survey. In all, there were 650 copies o f a questionnaire issued, with 490 collectedreturned. As i s shown in the questionnaires, 441 o f them, i.e. 90% o f them, supported the proposed wastewater collection, treatment, and river rehabilitation project, believing the project i s important to local communities. In the meantime, they show great concerns for potential environment impacts on local communities, including various short and long term impacts during the project construction phase, and, long term impacts duringthe project operation phase. These concerns are summarized inTable 7-3. Based on the first round public participation, particularly with emphasis on comments and suggestions from communities as well as mitigation measures and major results proposed in EA report, second round activity was conducted in October 2004. Table 7-3 Major Public Concernsand Related MitigationMeasures Public concerns Mitigate measures Dustduringconstruction Regular water sprinkling and speed limits Noise during construction Prepare reasonable construction program; Avoid night construction as much as possible; Wastewater and solid waste from Use existing living facilities as much as possible; construction camps Buildseptic tanks onWWPT construction sites; Transport solid waste to location or landfills designated by local environmental and sanitary authorities; Odors Schedule reasonable construction seasons; Construct landscapes zones inWWPTs; Noise generated during operation Select low-noise equipments; Deploy acoustic barriers Sludge transportation Transportation routes avoid residential areas; Transportation i s performed in night or early morning; Compensation for landuse Execute in conformity with relevant national and local laws and regulations Resettlement Execute in conformity with relevant national and local laws and regulations 7.1.2 PublicParticipation- Second Round Public hearings with the affected communities and questionnaires were applied together for the second round o f public participation. The activity targeted directly impacted areas, with 103 residents involved. Its main purpose was to introduce local affected residents the EA results and proposed mitigation measure to be put into effect andto hear their comments. The investigation indicated that what major concerns reflected in the second round are basically the same as in the first round, and that a majority o f people shows their satisfactory for the proposed mitigation measures if they can be appropriately implemented during project construction and operation.. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 27  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 7.1.3 InformationDisclosure On October 2004, an advertisement was published on Liuzhou Daily, indicatingthe availability o f the EAreport andother EAdocuments the Liuzhou World Bank Project Office andLiuzhoupubliclibrary, accessible to all members o f the general public for their review and examination. The EA documents have also been released on the Liuzhou governmental website. In addition, a hotline was opened to receive hearing public opinions and comments. Furthermore, a special column on the official website o f Liuzhou Urban Construction Committee is designed to present rundown news and introduction o f the projects for people's response. The full EA report has been available in the Liuzhou City Public Library for public review since November 2004. 7.2 Environment Sanitation Component Duringthe EA,two rounds ofpublic consultations were also conducted for the environment sanitation component. The consultation was conducted in the urban areas and for the residents who would be directly affected or benefited from the construction o f the proposed public toilets and solid waste transfer stations. The details o f the consultation program are summarized inTables 7-4 and 7-5. Data Stage Place Participator Personto Policy basis be inquired 2004.7.22- EATOR Near Sino-JapanFriendship People 'ILaw on Environmental Protection 2004.7.29 the Center for affected of the People'sRepublic o f China'I, project Environment by the I'Environment Impact evaluation sites Protection; project assessmento f the People's LESD directly Republic of China " 2004.9.18 The first draft of Sino-JapanFriendship WorldBank OP4.01 2004.9.26 Environmental Center for ImpactReport II Environment 1 I Protection; LESD I Table 7-5 Information Disclosure Citizen participation Place Policybasis 2004.10.26 The first draft World Bank project office I'Law on Environmental Protection o fthe of the ofLiuzhou invests & People'sRepublic o f China 'I, Environment construction Development "Environment Impact evaluation Impact Report Co., Ltd assessmento f the People's Republic of Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 28  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 2004.10.28 The first draft Liuzhou Municipal China " of the Planning Commission World Bank OP4.01 Environment website Impact Report 7.2.1 First round of consultation The first round o f public consultations was conducted mainly through questionnaire surveys, combined with individual interviews. A total o f 250 copies o f a questionnaire was sent out and 249 returned. Among 232 persons who expressed an opinion on whether to support o f the project or not, 173 people expressed support, accounting for 75% o f the total surveyed. Of 227 persons who expressed an opinion o n the particular project sites, 134 persons expressed agreement, accounting for 59%. Meanwhile, people expressed their concerns about various kinds o f environmental impacts caused by the project. People around the selected site o f Zhanggongling solid waste transfer station expressed strong opposition to the transfer station construction at that site, citing noise, odor and other impacts to the surrounding communities. Public concerns and corresponding mitigation measures are summarized Table 7-6. Table 7-6 mainpublic concerns and correspondingmitigationmeasures The main concerns I The Corresponding environmental measures Construction dust Sprinkle water regularly;Restrain the speed of vehicles Construction noise make rational construction plan; avoid construction at night Construction Discharge it into the nearest cloaca. Ifno cloaca, set up lavatory in construction site wastewater and solid to collect sewages. Clean and transport the waste regularly. The solid waste should waste be transported to the sites appointedby ESD or landfill Night time Try to reduce the construction at night, preventthe high noise equipmentrunning at construction night Odors from the Construct high criterion public latrine and strengthen the daily cleaning and keep public latrine a public place clean at ordinary times Odors from Build airtight rubbish to collect and stand, strengthen the daily cleaning, forbid collection stations stacking the rubbishinthe open air, Odors from the Make the transport workshop airtight, set up the deodorization and dust removal transfer station system, keep the factory clean, forbid piling up the regular equipment o f rubbishin the open air The noise o fthe Put fixed equipment in room, take basic shock attenuation , set up such noise transfer station reduction measures as the silencer and sound insulation cover Odor, spills and Adopt the airtight vehicle to ship the rubbish, the vehicle should have covering noise o f rubbish facilities; Select the low noise vehicle, and chooses the transportation route transportation rationally, to reduce noise impacts vehicles On the basis o f public consultation results, a detailed EAwas conducted covering all public concerns. Environmental mitigation measures are proposed in the EA and EMP to address the public concerns. At the draft EA report stage, with EA findings and proposed mitigation measures, the EA team conducted the second round o f public consultations in September and October o f 2004. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 29  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 7.2.2 Second round o f consultation Inthe secondroundofpublicparticipation, the mainmethodwas stillto sendout questionnaires, combined with interviews. This mainly went on in an area impactedby the project. There were 200 questionnaires sent out and 196returned.Among them, 156persons expressed support to the project after learning the EA results and mitigation measures, accounting for 80% o f the total surveyed. A total o f 103 persons agreed with the selected sites, accounting for 53%. The main purpose of the investigation i s to introduce to local people the EA conclusions and the environmental protective measures that will be taken, and to seek public acceptance. The investigationresult showed that though most people supportedthe project construction, a majority of people around the Zhanggongling site were against building the transfer station. The main reasons are as follows: (1) there were concerns that the environmental protection practices won't be adequate and that nuisance odor will be strong; (2) there i s a sizeable resident population as well as schools in the Zhanggongling ares, thus the area is more suitable for building commercial, parks or educational facilities; (3) the noise and dust o f the solid waste transport vehicles, and the odor of the rubbishinthe vehicles, will affect residents living close to the access road. As the Phase Iof the component is to buildonly 14 public toilets, public consultation focuses only on this phase, because fast growth in Liuzhou makes the exact public toilet locations as well as the component itself uncertain inthe later phases. Inaddition, the public may change their views, concerns and attitude towards these facilities along with the rapid urban development and urban changes inthe next few years. The project EMPrequires that before each construction phase o f solid waste collection stations and public toilets, the public and communities in which these facilities are to be built will be consulted to ensure to obtain the public opinions and concerns at the time. These opinions and concerns will then be included in the component implementation plan which includes finalization o f locations and detailed engineeringdesign. 7.2.3 Information Disclosure On October 27, 2004, the EA team issued the advertisement on "Liuzhou Daily", announcing the availability o f the EA report and other related files in the LZEMP office and Liuzhou Public Libriary for public access and public review. At the same time, a telephone hot line service was set up to listen to public opinions and suggestions. Inaddition, the project released related information on the website of the Liuzhou Construction Committee (http//jswyh.gov,cn) to provide citizens o f the city a brief introductionto the project and to offer a way for themto express their opinions. The full EA report has been available in the Liuzhou City Public Library for public review since November 2004. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 30  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 8. Conclusions 8.1 Wastewater Treatment Component An environmental assessment was performed for the Wastewater Treatment Component, a part o f the Liuzhou Environment Management Project. The following conclusions may be drawn from the EA: (1) The municipal wastewater treatment facilities inLiuzhou are inadequate to meet the demandof the fast-developing city. A great amount o f untreated wastewater has been discharged directly into Liujiang River through creeks, streams or drains. As a result, the river, particularly those tributaries, are severely polluted and the water quality is unacceptable as water sources at some intakes in the urban area, forcing some intakes closure or relocation farther upstream. The water pollution problem has significantly impacted the citizens' daily lives and held back the development o f the city's economy. Furthermore, a hydrodam on LiujiangRiver downstream has started to be constructed which once built will slow the river flow and reduce the river's natural assimilative capacity, makingthe river even more vulnerable to direct wastewater discharge. Water pollution has become one o f the most serious and urgent environmental problems inthe city. (2) The implementation o f the Wastewater Treatment Component o f LZEMP i s incompliance with the city's development and pollution control master plans, The Component will play an important role in many aspects, including improving municipal infrastructures; improving water quality in the water bodies inthe urban areas and a certain reach o f Liujiangkver which i s the source for municipal water supply; assuring water supply safety; andimproving urban sanitation. The Component implementation will contribute significantly towards reduction of pollutant loads, meeting the city's environmental quality goals over the long-term and providing a basis for the sustainable social and economic developments o f Liuzhou city inthe future. (3) After the Component is implemented, the COD,, discharged into surface waters will be reduced by 44,639.5 tly. The Component will be an important part o f the total emissioddischarge control planfor Liuzhou and will facilitate achievement o f the environmental objective proposed in "Environment Protection 10th Five-Year Plan for Liuzhou". The wastewater interception and the Zhuexi Creek rehabilitation will solve the water pollution problem in Zhuexi Creek. The black odorous river flows will not be seen and nuisance odors will be eliminated or reduced, thereby benefiting greatly the surrounding residents and the city ingeneral. (4) However, during the project's construction phase, the Component will produce adverse environmental impacts, such as dust, wastewater, noise and solid wastes and large areas o f landwill be occurpied. These will have some adverse impacts on the surrounding environment and disturb the residents' lives. During the operation phase, effluent will be discharged, noise and odor will be generated from WWTPs and sludge will be produced and need to be disposed. These will also affect the surrounding environment. Nevertheless, with effective mitigation measures, as well as management and proper pollution control, the adverse impacts produced from the Component will be greatly mitgated to an acceptable level. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 31  Liuzhou Environment Management Project EA Summary Report 8.2 Environment SanitationComponent According to the assessmentresults, the EAdraws the following conclusions: (1) The implementation o f the Component has many benefits: building sufficient public toilets and solid waste collection and transfer facilities in accordance with the sanitary development plan and people's needs; improving urban environment and sanitation; optimizing urban planning; providing convenience to the citizens' daily lives; improving citizens' living standard; attracting investors; and helpingbuildamodem city. (2) The implementation o f the Component i s incompliance with the master plan and environment and sanitation plan for Liuzhou. After the Component i s implemented, there will be 311 public toilets in Liuzhou, 63 o f which will be Class Itoilets. There will be 82 solid waste collection stations and a large solid waste transfer station. As a result, the solid waste collection and transfer system will become more efficient and the systemoperation cost will be greatly reduced. (3) Although the Component is for the purpose o f environment protection and sanitation improvement, it will produce odor, wastewater and noise, posing adverse impacts on the surrounding environment. Duringthe construction phase, dust, noise and solid wastes will be generated and adversely impact the surrounding areas. Duringthe operation phase, there will be odor, noise and traffic impacts. However, with effective mitigaiton measures as well as environmental management, the adverse impacts produced from the Component will be greatly relieved to an acceptable level. (4) The majority o f the public surveyed supported the Component based on the results of the public consultation program. But the community near the proposed site for Zhanggongling Solid Waste Transfer Station strongly opposed its construction. The EAteam recommends dropping this site from the current investment program and the Liuzhou government continues to seek an altemative site to fulfillthe strategy ofits solidwaste transfersystem. Sino-Japan Friendship Centrefor Environmental Protection 32