Cytotaxonomy of simulium damnosum complex: October 1975 - March 1976

OI{CHOCENCIASIS CONIROI RNSEARCH IIEPORTIITG SubJect: Cytotaxonomy of Instltutlon: li{fiO/oCP Sersormel: C.G. Vajime Type of Report: Quarterly Date of submlssi.on: I,Iarch 311 PROGRA}flM NUI,tsE1]. (oclrzn \tE/75) Simuliun damnosum comp1.ex Period.s Covered: October L975 - I{arch, L976 L976 Slgnature of responsible officer aaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaa 1, 2, 7). 4. SUIl 1\[ARY The distribution of S.d.amnosum r-rnd S.sirbanum in Control Zone If has enlarged, as more areEs-E6zone EaEffi-covered. Inadditiontotheabovespec1es9..Wo,d9.s9}!I9IEwere in Togo within control zone III. Identiftcations of semples arisj-ng from collaborative work wlth I,III0 consultants are included. Using the C banding technique, C banding of centromere regi"ons Yras obse::rred in Larval polytene chrouosomes of the S.dannnosuxn species group. The expression ot the region was most coEsliffiu-in g.-W,- nosum and S.yahense. [here were no reversed banding seguences withE6@ct to-sTAfrm to provlde landmarks for species id.entj-ficatlon. Attenpts to find poJ.ytene chromosomes ln adults were not suocessful. Adults eaught bitlng man at lcnown locations and those reared fron pupae frou the same locations have been preserrred for taxonomio studies. OPDRATIOIIS DUiII}IG PERIOD UTIDER REVIDTI Operations for the last quarter of 1975 ancl the first quarter of 1976 overlap and are therefore presentetl together in thi.s report. FIEID Y/ORK a) toeo Durlng the month of October Dr Davies, iir Sowah and I dtd. a two- clay prospection of the Otl, 1.{o and l{ara river systems in norther [ogo; In the viclnlties of lama-I(ara, Sansanne llango and Dapango. In these hi1ly areas there were many stretches of rapitls ln all the rivers but the high water conditions probably dirl not favour the development of, S.@. tte/ot' tr 6. 2- Iew Ia.rvaI sainlrles i'iere coilecied froi:i'Lhe Kel:a,'/keuii cor:fIuence, the Bina or Ako1e river, ancl -i;he Balique river near [a.r:,atougou. A oi igic speclnen vras obtaised fron the Kara river at the o1d brid.ge j::1,:;:::.-'(1'E":.. b) Irryffi yoqqs In f ctober L{r. 0o:=3 and. I r,ude a sunrey of south-easterrr Upper Volta anrd oolleoted la:sra1 samples at Yakala on the White Volta and. at Ziou-Zabre on the Red Vo1ta. o) -98e4.-e"-g9gg 0n our retrrrn to Oqagad.ougou, Dr. Ie 3erre1 ltalsh and. I had a discussion on f^urbher vrorlc in [ogo at ,0 timo when breed.ing v-ras anticipated. It was 6ecide6 that aft:r sampl5:r.g the Daira river in Ghar:a, I sirould p;:oceed to Eogo to obtajr as nuch material as pos;ible ancl to mal<e observations on flurrial ecological- conC.j-tions from aJ.l tiee najo: rivers especi-erlIy the I[onol ir{o and Kara. In lrlorrember the Dala river vvl.s visitr:d but unsuccessfully sa;:pler. at lkundipe and Sabon-Gida. t}:a ruatcr levei i,'ias qui-be high ai tlre tine' I{oweverz i.:r Deoember LIr. Zerbo atid. Liro Av:Lssey successiully collected. larrra-l sa.mples fron trro sites nelrr I}ru:r).ipe" The [o3;o trip r,ns ;:tar-bcf from lcirnele on i{overlbc:: J-J. During the course of the jor:-r:rey, i;wo days vrere silent jrl Accr.a at t]re Un:iversity of legon for cliscussione, ivlth. 3rs Coker and [c-,itrson i','ho siud;r en4/'Ire p,rlpoorpbims of the E. -,lgg*.o5aq species gr:oup. fle d.'i sousr,ed uai.nl;r tho distrj-bution of S. da:rnosun oouplex in Ylest Africa lvith partioul-ar reference to locations where a13r.rer:'r'Jy ru::ulxocl larval populations coulc1 be forii:d iritlr-i-n and' out- sid,e the OCP area' Prior to iry ar::ival Drs Coker and. [otrrson l:zid. oollected. ]arge populations of $. -{ggggFw larrae from the frhite Vo}ta crt A-i;i-ropo}m neer the Akosonbo da.rr and at Botj- tr'aJ-ls ncar I(oforid,ua. Ilanrae ,r"re:e obtajsed for cytological irlentifioation from each of the populatlons. In Sogo an er;ensive exard-nation of all 'che nrajor rivers and sone minor ones 1vas made. Dry season cond.j-tions ',-/ere ap,'rarent i-n al.l the river systems i^ncluding su6h large rivers as the i,iono, ilo, Ihra and ffawa. At many locatlons t'"/'"' z5/UarT5 ze/u,ns zg/tt/ts It 7o/1r/75 il It {v/rn ?/W5 r ilWr +/tzJtt th{ts 25/LV75 ze/u"tll zg/Mr zg/W'lD 30/w75 u) laurts R. I',[ono at tetetou near Tolcora:: ad.ults oaught bitixg, aclults reared fron pupae Dayes Elavar5ro riJ.lago neqr Paline: ad.u-Lts caught bitjilg R. Amoutchou at faf:ne73ad.ou Rc1: adr.lJ-ts :reared. from trxrpae R. Ilarora at Gha.::a,/Iogo bord.er near Badou: adrrlts car"rght bitiJ\g R; Ilono a-b Kpessi nc-"th of An-ie: adi,lJ.ts caught bitjrg 7- eaoh river v/as reduced to long stretohos of pools sone of vrhich vrere Ilnked by fast flounlng water or violent cuments. Thus isolated., goorl breedirg sites were forlrd j:r lost of tl:e cososr largo qr.urrtities of Si{rjLiun Larrrae, pupao and. adults tvere collected.. Speoial attontion $ras paid. to S. cl.arungsr4p complex. Where possible adults car.ght bit g nan jlr a given breed,ing site were oollected. i:r ad.dition to those reared later from pupae fron the sane breed.i4g sites. [hese specimens have been presenred. )n 7q" alcohol for taxonom{c stud.ies. .A, srlmra:y of colleotion d.ata for [ogo is shorvn belovr, COITNC,IIOI{ }A'IA FOR IOGO a) T,anrae nate trocation PH va.lues 6.8 6.8 6.8 5.8 6.8 6.8 6rB 6.8 6rB 8.0 7.5 7.O 715 7rO 7.5 7.5 R. An-ie a.t Anie - Atapirane/Solcod.e road R. l.iono at Tetetou Kpinc faIls near Pal.i-ue Dryos Elvanyo near PalLmo Apeyome viJ.lage near SaLi:nre R. Liono at Atch:i.::edji R. Amoutchou - Pa1i.:crelbad.ou road R. Ilavua near Badou - GbaJao/fogo borrder Str"ean in Cocoa plantation at Sadou Llono at I{pessi iliono at Tchanrba }{o at Sokod.e,lBassari road I{arr:,e near Bassari lio at Bagarr near Bassari i(ara at old lium-Kara bz:ldge Kpelou by Sara Kavra near lanadfura , Rr R" R. R. D!La DlLa B. ..r./.... VWTi 2/W75 t/tiltn st7.pfi5 w/tilt> R. lJono c.t [chamba near larrra-Iiaral adults ree"recl from pupae R. l,[o ali So]code/Betssarl Roeid.: aduLts reared fron pupae R. iio at Sagan near Bassari: aclults reared from pupae R. I(pelou by Snra; kar'-,ta ner,r la.r:a-Kara: adults reared from pupae Boti- fr:,I1s near i(oforid.i;a, Ghana: adults reared from pupae. d) EXMRN,,E}1IATIOI,T III THE SOBO .A.TEA. ITPPER VOITA Thts exereise vras started j-Lr the first l,eelr of Jarlraryr Lyl6, The e:eerj.:aent vl,as oonducted. by Dr. le Bere a:.rd. l'ras rlesigned to internrpt control jn the hope of facilitetirrg -bire development of 1a:rra1 and. pupal stagesr Ihe study area inolud.ed Sa:mnd.en-i, Ianvj.erae Guena, Banzo, Eangoulague, Kulirlyion, Lloussoud.ougou and Kar:fj-gue1a" I was responsible for the e:crnifiation of larva1 po2dLations, and i-ras to r.urlce rccords of such aspeots '- the rrtjrne of appearanoe of first finaJ- instar la:rrae, firsi ;)upae e-bc.ir It v.as hoped. that larvae vrorrld bo collected. for cytolo5ical analysis ancl that f'rom the associated pupae aclults lvor,t.].d. be obtai::od. for taxonoaric stud.ies" In pre-contrrcl (OCp) years the stucly area ' :s ioro',-rn to harbour S. €glJgg9$1E(titre) r g. .agm:3"os4g (mite) anti 1|.. q;ql_b-ai1]rq (SirUa). It vras therefo:re of interest io fi::d. out whether all or ai1,y of -bhese species still prevaiJ-ed in i;he area - cfter control l-rad. talcen p1ace. Ln .f ") Parblcular j:rterest t,';rs -i,aken i-n Guena, a focus of g. Sgggry. Iilnere pre-contlrol years this r:pecies vras ir,rFfis3"f,sd j:r ttffpical forestrr transntssj.on onchoceroiasis. FIJLD .iORI( imIH DR ,--qIup,ga-raf-w.*q!sgg$A\g) []:-ls vrorlc tooli approxi.::rately the flrst t'so t'reelcs of i'iaroh. [he purpose ;f the exercise rras to lvork i:r assocj-ation vrith Dr. Gruner'raJ-d in as marsr breed.i::g sites as possible in areas tlr"t had. becnselcc-i;ci. ,cr 1r.is stud.y- of -l:ryter ohAistry. I vras to collect and id.entj{y cytologicalJy larra-I sa"nples fxom the nane breeding si'bes. It l'ras hor:ed that these appr3achcs cou.Id lead to the associ-ation of a given r.-' ies lrith d.efjLable lqyd.ro-cher:rica1 cond.itions and tlrtrs facjJ.i-t^''- the reari:rg of t,:.e [. -*oqlrg.sl4g spocies group under oontrolled conditions. the mai:r al-n y,ias therefore to worlc in 1oca.''.ities lvhere olear Ia:rral populations of tho spocies group seem to occLtrc In Ghana the jrrvestigations v/erc oarried out arowrcl. Ta.r::ale, at Dabcrya and Nasia on the Tlh:lte Yo1tal a ne*1y found. i'rater faIL north-vrest of [ama-Le and .r.r/rr.. 5: the Nlrrunah falLs at Kjrita.mpo. I.rarrae were oollected from eaoh sitd. the Sarekese d.a.il near Kuinasi, Soti falls near I(oforidrta alrd ihe Wh-ite Yolta at Ati.npolnr near Akosour.bo vrere e)calnrinecl, In Ivory Ooei,st, after discussions vrith Dr. Qu1i-1-lo11er€ of OCCGE/ORSICI{ Bor-urke, sir"nueur,v,rork r-ras clone on the Maraoue river near Darangoro, the Goue river at Oua near Dr:,nane; the Gbe river near Zoba and. the OavaIly river s,f leuP1eu. IvIAIERIALS ..qN!- I',IEI}{CD q The specj-roens usecl orue from several sources and. a:re Srouped irtto the categorie s sho!-'rn beloirr: 1) larnal sa.uples froro Control zone II and some speoj"uens anising from the elqerj-raent conducted by Dr. le Berre arou::d the lSobo &re&r 2) Ianra1 samplcs from Togo j:r Control Zone III. il tra:sraI scurp).cs obtaj.ned i:i associetion vath Dr. Gnrtrerryald and. those oontributed. by Drs. Coker and Tot'ntsortr 4) I'Tevr\y ernerged adults E, -@gg,lrg complex speoj-mens used i:r the searoh for po\ytene ehromosoll.es a"nd- C bancls. 3i-xed. lanrae r;.rere sr"rbjected, to stand.artl procedures to obta!: gient olrromo- sone preparations as describerl. in carlier repoz'ts. lialphigkr:Lan tubes, ovarian cells and ttfoot pad"str froin ed.ults vere prooessed for polytene chrolrosones as desoribed by Yltr-ite, CoLLuzz:- nnrl Sahar ltll>). ffho1e aduf.ts r'rere torn open and subjected. -bo tlr.e saroo ireah,rent v,r]:-iIe others lrere i)rocessecl for C Bandfug as reported by Boclo (tglil o larval polytene chromosomes, adrrlt ilalpl::i.gh:ianr tubulesl s\rarian eel1s and tlfoot paclr! were atso subjectecl to the C band.i.:r.,9 procedure. NESUIflS. In Control Zone I arowrd Bobo v,rhere treatneat !-ras experi-nontal\y i:nter:rrpted., soue ln&ivLd.uaLs of -flu -s-trb-anuq,vrere record:C. from KarfigUeLa on the Conoe river -r.rrd. trarrviera on the B1aol< Volta. ltro $. -@gg4g conplex larrae were foi;nci at bl:e renai.nrir6* sites wj.thi-n the study area nanreJy Saloand.erri., Guena, Bcnzo2 Be*:.gou1ague, Kulfuyion and' l,toussoudougou.. In^ontrol Zone II S. da.rrnosuxr rr,,as r:corclod frm forr sitos whlle S. sirb:u:ura r:as fotmd. i:r eleven sites as sur,unarised il Table I. In Control Zone III jrl [ogo, S. S[q#p;g4, $. S-o]rblgqse,r .q. qgggg.sun and S. sirbarrum l-rore obsellredo Results are sullillarisecl il fable I' In so:-ne sites vrithi-ir the study area of Dr. G:tttewnJ-d. and of Drs Co]<er aJId TolE:sony apparent\r uu:rai-xed 1.r.rva1 popr.*atj-ol1s 1?ere found. Irt c'" er sites qpapatry vras obsenred. Ihe re$Llts are sgmlrarised. ip Iable IIr ...nl ,,.' 6- C bandir:g of ocnticmere regions shovri-ng heaqy strrirr-ing lvas obserred in larral polytene chromosomes of the S. _@gggg species gro[po [he e:p:r'ession of the C bsnd.s vras strung in all the speeles exoept .$,. Sjq.1r"3jgo,gg in whioh it was stronger and. S. yelrPry in wlr-loh it vras strongest, No polytene chromosomes were obserred ln arly of the ad.rrlt organs investi"gated. flhe lr[alphtghian firbules edrlbit some vag!.le polyterry w]r:Loir does not permlt r€so- lution and j-s therefore vlrtualJy unworlcablo. UASIiE I -lEs'iinlspRcr,/I_cg,LrllgL__?_qEELr*rj[,.JIl $anp1e SJ.ze Speoies Proporbions BL So -..N1 .*,Si t6/t/te 26/rfi6 zo/ahS Lo/u{'l5 tofirfiD z5/2fi6 4/4fi5 4/+n5 Lo/rn6 u/*ta zo/zfie z/+fia */pJte Lehn6 B/L{t58/wt5 25hn6 e4ons zz/zfie e/tofi5 1h*t5 10/L1alt5 z>/tsfi5 2v5n6 3o/3n65ohn6 i C01[[R0I 201'IE I 3Iaoir Yolta at Lanviera, Upper Yolta Uppor Conoe at Karfiguela, fl rr o01{TP.0I Zo}iE II Wlr-lte Yolta at I'tragbangare Upper Vo1ta Wlr-tte Yolta at Ya]ca.la il rt Red. Yo1ta at ZLou-Z.'abre rl Tilrti;e Volta at itrss{s, Gtrana rt il Il ll Wavra, ll illl ll Dipare, It Waterfel-l $'tr[. of [airaler YJhlte Yolta at Dipa:ee,l, ll lt DabOya il 15 2 tr : I BO 1o 26 16 55 55 22 9 w 28 IL L4 w ?a l.B LL 13 5 14 N 15 10 u 9 o"9tT : 80 30 25 r.6 5' 55 22 w ra}L 18 IL 10 4 : 7 10 9 l-0 L2 7O ?J : 3 LO L8 I L rl il Daboya, R. So:ri at tranliatare Rr Dalca near Ila.nd:ipe R. Daka at PoLnt II Ghana ll It tl il ft tt . colIIROt ZOIiE IIl R. Otl near Sanssanne }liango, Togo R. Satique near Dapa^n6o rf R. Kara at la.rna-I(a::a tr 06nflLuenoe of Kara and. KueIL it R. I/lo at Bagan near Bassari rl R. i,lono at KBesei rr n. IUono at fetetor rr R. Iiiono at [etetou r? R. Degou MaI[ Ro Bor.fle near Borura6lq vi 11age I UaJ.i Legemd: Bi = g. sqgaroqEg So = !,. ggfpg.B.$tr Si = S. sirbantm - $1 = E. -4gggglgl ??* = Identity uncerbain 7TASIE IIX RESIIL$S I'ROI.{ STUDY AIEIIS OF DRS. COICER AI'{D TOIIN'TSON GRIIi$E,rVAI'D")b) DATE w/tt tts t7/tutr 70/5n6 30/3fi6 */ilta zpJz/ra 27hn6 zuzJta 25/2rt6 q/*ta zz/zlte 7/3n6 7hn6 7hn6 a/nfi6 IOCAIIONS Volta R. at AtJ.npoiar, Akosombo, Botl falls near l(oforldua r) Ro Degor R. 3ou1e near Sonnabio village Samtrrle Size a Specj.es Proportions Bl Ya So Nl.SL Girara il hIa].i il 1.65 B6 74 %z 29 L5 20 LLo 5' LL0 9 t7 ,10 1e IL L6 : 5- fr It I 10 t5 i-B IL 16 14 9 29 18 24 70 I 2Rr l,tono at Ietetou- fogo R1 Kara at la.na-Kara Brid.ge, Rr Oti at Sausaru:e l,.{or4;o l'Ihite Volta at Daboya White Volta at i{asia Nkruah fe'I].s l(lrrtanpo rt Ifa.ter fa'I,'l ld.ffr of faina-l.e r! Rr CavaJJ;r at leupleu lvory Coast Ro Gbe nea.y Zoba ll tl R. Goue at Ona tl ll I R. I'larague ncar Darangoror It Iogo ll Ghaxa il a I 1 t : 4 tregend.: BL = E. SSyEgoEg Ni = S. d.a:urosrxo * Some of the Ya = 9. r,ahe4* So = E, Sg&rgnse Si = S. sjrbsruan ?? = iflsnlity unoertaia data in thj.s IabLe is ert::acted. from Table I. 0BryRYA!-L0I,l-Sl/.c00,!rr{ts The distribution of the species, E. _@ggg and. $. s+cbe]rrp, reporbect earlier in Control Zoae II has expand.ed as r,raterja.l from more l.ocal.itles has been anal;rsed"r $Iith the exception of a silgle 1ocal-iff, the nevrly found. vrater:falI t{rYIr 6f [ama-].s where E. €geg9gl$ seems to breed., n'I.'I sif,ss i-nvestigated featr.ued no speoies other tkrarl g. d.aruqo_sJm, and S. ,sjr.ba"qIg, Tire pattern of distribution of theso two specj-es does not seem to have changod. fhe identlty of the species e:<aiui.::ed. fronr -bhewa'';c':la-U-1{,}Tr of faraa'l.s has not becn asoerbained. because the ruateria-l- frou the area ir'rds rrnsr.eitable for good. chro.losoraal prepar:ationso i. ../ . ... I4B Results fron the p11ot exerpise in Contro]- Zone III are incl-ud.ed to give a bri-ef picttue of the species somposition i:r the arear ConseErentJy ouJy a folr speoiraens from lcey sites l.rere ana\rsed.; 0omrents on speoies cListribution and- rarr.ge r'riJ-J. be f,ror.e approprj.ate when larger samples ooverc.ng vaster areas arc ana\rsed., [he 0 band.lIg of centronere regions obsezved. i.:e la::nal poJ;ytene ohronosomes mere\r emphasis sirn'i'l s3 obsenratioas using conventional sta:ini::g tecluulques' Ur.ljJre the situation ,,vhere 3ec1o (tglil reporbed. a reversal of ths rfo ba,nding pattez:xrt fu.Q.. ggklg vrith respect to that j-n s. -o.ega-Llrr.eisl the c banclfug of centronrerc regions in tha S, da,anosu.n species group is nstandarri.n E. -Egg3g.qryn and S' vqheqss sirov,r very hear6r ste.ini:r"g of the re8ton but no reyersa-ls are j-nvoIved. r,vith respect to standarrd. W-qu4tsrEB : Further analysis of rnaterj-a,l from control zones rr and rfr. Further sea:roh for po]rytene chronosomes i.:: adultso T Collaboration rulth Sector chiefs as amanged W Drs. tre Be::re and lyalslr. BNFENE}TCES 1. Bed.o, D'G. 19?5: c Banding rn Po\rtene ohromosomes of s.irnnl}rm ornatipes arr.d S. nelatrm Chromosooa (eerl,) DL,.2g]- - 3@ 2. Wlt-tte, GrSo r IJ Coluzzir A.R. Zat:ar L9l5t Rerrj.ew of Cytogenetic studies on AnopheU:re Yectors of I{Iala^r:ia. WHO Mfurcographed. Dooument: \fiIo/7trM,n5,849, Y:[IIO/\rBCft5.55B'