2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives Last updated July, 2018 Financial protection is measured through two indicators: (1) impoverishment, and (2) catastrophic health expenditure. Impoverishment: 1.5% or approximately 5 000 people are being pushed into poverty because of out-of-pocket health spending³. Catastrophic expenditure on health: 19.9% of people spent more than 10% of their household's total expenditure on health care³. Public spending on health³ is determined by the capacity of the government to raise revenues and allocate it to health. A summary measure of essential health services coverage, a composite service coverage index, is used:16 indicators are derived from four main areas of work: (1) reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health; (2) infectious diseases; (3) noncommunicable diseases; (4) service capacity, access and health security. Family planning coverage⁵ Pregnancy care⁵ Care seeking behaviour suspected pneumonia⁵ Child immunization coverage (DPT3)⁷ 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 43 90 75 99 Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health Out-of-pocket expenditure³ In most cases, high percentage of out-of-pocket expenditure out of the total health expenditure is associated with low financial protection. UHC services coverage index of essential health services Life expectancy Life expectancy at birth⁴ provides an indication of overall mortality of a country's population. In Maldives, from 2000 (69.6 years) to 2016 (78.4 years), the life expectancy at birth has improved by 8.8 years. Healthy life expectancy⁴ reflects overall health of the country's population. In Maldives, from 2000 (61.7 years) to 2016 (69.8 years), healthy life expectancy has improved by 8.1 years. Maldives Universal health coverage: At the centre of the health goal The goal of universal health coverage (UHC) is that all people and communities receive the health care they need, without suffering financial hardship. Monitoring UHC requires measuring health service coverage and financial protection (SDG target 3.8). Population (000s)¹ 444 Monitoring the health SDG goal: Indicators of overall progress Urban population² 30.3% Poverty³ 7.3% GDP per capita³ (Current US$) 10536.8 Current health expenditure as share of GDP³ 11.5% 2000 2007 2015 2016 0 50 100 Ag e (y ea rs ) 62 7070 78 Life expectancy at birth Healthy life expectancy FINANCIAL PROTECTION To provide a summary measure of coverage, an index of national service coverage is computed by averaging service coverage values across the 16 tracer indicators. The UHC coverage index ranges from 0% to 100%, with 100% implying full coverage across a range of services. UHC services coverage Index 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 72 UHC services coverage index Latest available data (2010-2017) Out-of-pocket expenditure, as % of the health expenditure (2014) HIV antiretroviral therapy coverage⁶ Access to basic sanitation⁸ Tuberculosis treatment Coverage⁹ Insecticide treated bednets/indoor residual spray coverage for malaria prevention 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 19 96 80 Infectious diseases HEALTH SERVICE COVERAGE Prevalence of normal blood pressure in population⁸ Prevalence of normal fasting glucose level⁸ Tobacco non-use¹⁰ Cervical cancer screening 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 76 89 80 Noncommunicable diseases Health security:IHR compliance⁸ Density of hospital beds¹¹, expressed as % of global threshold, 18/10 000 Heath worker density¹², expressed as % of new global threshold, 44.5/10 000 Access to essential medicines 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 100 100 60 Service capacity, access and health security (ppp < $1.90 a day) This profile provides an overview of the current status of achieving better health towards the 13 targets under the Sustainable Development Goal #3 (SDG3): Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 25 SDG3 indicators plus other selected health-related indicators are presented where data is available. 16% (ppp ) 22.8% GDP 2015 Estimated total government expenditure, 2015 or latest available year Estimated government expenditure on health, 2015 or latest available year 2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives SDG 3: Health targets Maternal and child mortality (SDG target 3.1, 3.2) Maternal mortality ratio¹⁴ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 250 500 750 M M R [1 00 0 00 li ve b irt hs ] 163 68 Births attended by skilled health personnel⁵ 2009 2014 0 50 100 150 C ov er ag e (% ) 94.8 95.6 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 0 10 20 30 40 50 M R [1 00 0 liv e bi rth s] 25.7 4.8 44.4 8.5 Child mortality¹⁵ Children under-five Neonatal Equity: Leave no one behind SDGs emphasis on equity SDG target 17.18 emphasizes the need for disaggregated data. By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts. Variation by residence Variation by income Strengthening Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Variation by education 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Sanitation⁸ Rural Urban 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Under five mortality⁵ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Antinatal care coverage⁵ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Contraceptive (modern) prevalence rate⁵ Quintile 5 (richest) Quintile 1 (poorest) 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Stunting⁵ No education Secondary school+ Primary school 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Full Immunization⁵ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge 99.0 92.5 73.0 Birth registration⁵ʹ¹³ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge 90.1 Death Registration¹³ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge 100.0 Cause of Death¹³ SDG emphasis on mortality statistics More reliable vital statistics on births, deaths and causes of death from civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems are required for reporting on 14 health-related SDG mortality indicators. Understanding better what people are dying from can lead to stronger health policies and plans, and improve monitoring of the health-related SDGs. 2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years)¹⁶ 2011 2014 2017 0 50 100 150 Ad ol es ce nt b irt h ra te [w om en a ge d 15 -1 9 ye ar s] 15.7 13.3 14.0 Malaria incidence 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 5 10 15 20 M al ar ia IR [1 00 0 po p. a t r is k] Total alcohol per capita (age 15+ years) consumption⁴ 2010 2015 2016 0 3 6 9 Li tre s 1.2 2.7 New HIV infections among adults 15 to 49 years Indicators Year Maldives Regionalestimate Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalance among children under 5 years (%)⁴ 2015 0.19 Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases⁴ 2016 1,937 0.7 671,797,672 Communicable diseases (SDG target 3.3) TB incidence⁹ 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 0 100 200 300 400 500 TB in ci de nc e [1 00 ,0 00 p op .] 4940 Indicators SDGtarget Year Maldives Regional estimate Mortality between 30 and 70 years of age from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases⁴ (%) 3.4.1 2016 13.4 23.1 Noncommunicable diseases and injuries Proportion of married or in-union women of reproductive age who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods⁵ (%) 3.7.1 2009 42.7 Adolescent birth rate¹⁶ (per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years) 3.7.2 2014 12.9 74.1 33.9 Sexual and reproductive health Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.9.1 2016 25.6 Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.9.2 2016 0.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.9.3 2016 0.0 164.0 15.4 1.8 Mortality due to environmental pollution Tobacco use among persons (15-64 yrs) and older - Female 3.a.1 2011 4.4 Tobacco use among persons (15-64 yrs) and older - Male 3.a.1 2011 36.0 - - Tobacco use Proportion of the population with access to affordable medicines and vaccines on a sustainable basis 3.b.1 - - Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health per capita⁴ 3.b.2 2016 1.29 - - Essential medicines and vaccines Health worker density¹² (per 10 000 population) 3.c.1 2015 118.3 - Health workforce Malaria incidence is calculated for confirmed malaria cases.Only small number of imported cases have been reported Current data are insufficient to determine trend International Health Regulations Core Capacity Index⁸ 3.d.1 2017 63 73 National and global health risks Note: A dash (-) implies that relevant data are not available Suicide mortality rate⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.4.2 2016 2.3 Total alcohol per capita (age 15+ years) consumption⁴ 3.5.2 2016 2.7 Mortality rate from road traffic injuries⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.6.1 2013 3.5 13.2 4 17 Total NCD mortality⁸ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 250 500 750 1000 To ta l N C D m or ta lit y ra te (p er 1 00 0 00 p op ) Female Male Malaria free since 1984 2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives Prevalence of children under 5 years who are overweight⁵ 1997-98 2009 0 7.5 15 Pr op or tio n (% ) Prevalence of children under 5 years of age who are wasted⁵ 1997-98 2009 0 25 50 Pr op or tio n (% ) 22 Prevalence of children under 5 years of age who are stunted⁵ 1997-98 2001 2009 0 50 100 Pr op or tio n (% ) Children under 5 years who are stunted⁵ 2.2.1 2009 20.3 Children under 5 years who are wasted⁵ 2.2.2 2009 10.2 Children under 5 years who are overweight⁵ 2.2.3 2009 6.5 20.3 15.3 4.7 Child nutrition Other health-related SDGs Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources⁴ 6.1 2015 - Proportion of population using improved sanitation⁴ 6.2 2015 - - - Drinking water services and sanitation Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuel⁴ 7.1 2016 94 41 Clean household energy Air pollution level in cities⁴ (PM 2.5) (µg/m³) 11.6.2 2016 7.7 57.3 Ambient air pollution Number of deaths by disaster⁴ (per 100 000 people) 13.1.2 2011-2015 0 0.3 Natural disasters Estimated direct deaths from major conflicts⁴ (per 100 000 population) 16.1.2 2012-16 0.9 Mortality rate due to homicide (per 100 000 population)⁴ 16.1.1 2016 3.4 0.1 4 Homicide and conflicts Birth registration coverage¹³ 16.9.1 2014 99 - Birth Registration Note: A dash (-) implies that relevant data are not available Indicators SDGtarget Year Maldives Regional estimate General government health expenditure as % of general government expenditure³ 1.a 2015 22.8 9.3 General government health expenditure Completeness of cause-of-death data¹³ (%) 17.19.2 2014 100 11 Cause-of-death data 6. 9 6. 5 10.2 20.3 46.7 References 1. World population prospects: the 2017 revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2017 (http://esa.un.org/wpp/, accessed 9 July 2018). 2. World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2018 (https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/DataQuery/, accessed 9 July 2018). 3. Global health expenditure database. Geneva: World Health Organization; June 2016 (http://apps.who.int/nha/database, accessed 11 July 2018). 4. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/, accessed 9 July 2018). 5. Maldives demographic and health survey 2009. Calverton, Maryland: MOHF and ICF Macro; 2010 (https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr237-dhs-final-reports.cfm, accessed 11 July 2018). 6. WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2018 global summary. Geneva: World Health Organization (http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/countries?countrycriteria%5Bcountry%5D%5B%5D=TLS&commit=OK, accessed 9 July 2018). 7. UNAIDS 2016 estimates for coverage of people receiving ART. UNAIDS (http://aidsinfo.unaids.org, accessed 11 July 2018). 8. Global health observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/gho/en/, accessed 9 July 2018). 9. Global tuberculosis report 2017.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259366/9789241565516, accessed 11 July 2018). 10. Factsheet 2018: Maldives. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2018 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272674/wntd_2018_maldives_fs.pdf?sequence=1, accessed 11 July 2018). 11. World health statistics 2013. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf, accessed 11 July 2018). 12. Decade for health workforce strengthening in the South-East Asia Region 2015—2024: Second review of progress, 2018. New Delhi: World Health Organization; 2018. 13. Demographic Health Survey 2009 and Regional action framework on civil registration and vital statistics in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UNESCAP (https://www.unescap.org/resources/regional-action-framework-civil-registration-and-vital-statistics-asia-and-pacific, accessed 9 July 2018). 14. CRVS regional action framework reporting 2013-2017. Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; 2018 (unpublished document). 15. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015 http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2015/en/ - accessed 9 July 2018). 16. Levels & trends in child mortality: report 2015: estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York (NY), Geneva and Washington (DC): UNICEF, World Health Organization, World Bank, United Nation; 2015 (http://www.childinfo.org/, accessed 9 July 2018). 17. Global malaria report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/en/, accessed 9 July 2018). 18. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Fertility Data 2017 http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/fertility/index.shtml - accessed 20 June 2018
2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives Last updated October, 2018 Financial protection is measured through two indicators: (1) impoverishment, and (2) catastrophic health expenditure. Impoverishment: Insufficient data Catastrophic expenditure on health: 19.9% Public spending on health³ is determined by the capacity of the government to raise revenues and allocate it to health. A summary measure of essential health services coverage, a composite service coverage index, is used:16 indicators are derived from four main areas of work: (1) reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health; (2) infectious diseases; (3) noncommunicable diseases; (4) service capacity, access and health security. Family planning coverage⁵ Pregnancy care⁵ Care seeking behaviour suspected pneumonia⁵ Child immunization coverage (DPT3)⁷ 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 43 90 75 99 Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health Out-of-pocket expenditure³ In most cases, high percentage of out-of-pocket expenditure out of the total health expenditure is associated with low financial protection. UHC services coverage index of essential health services Life expectancy Life expectancy at birth⁴ provides an indication of overall mortality of a country's population. In Maldives, from 2000 (69.6 years) to 2016 (78.4 years), the life expectancy at birth has improved by 8.8 years. Healthy life expectancy⁴ reflects overall health of the country's population. In Maldives, from 2000 (61.7 years) to 2016 (69.8 years), healthy life expectancy has improved by 8.1 years. Maldives Universal health coverage: At the centre of the health goal The goal of universal health coverage (UHC) is that all people and communities receive the health care they need, without suffering financial hardship. Monitoring UHC requires measuring health service coverage and financial protection (SDG target 3.8). Population (000s)¹ 444 Monitoring the health SDG goal: Indicators of overall progress Urban population² 30.3% Poverty³ 7.3% GDP per capita³ (Current US$) 10536.8 Current health expenditure as share of GDP³ 11.5% 2000 2007 2015 2016 0 50 100 Ag e (y ea rs ) 62 7070 78 Life expectancy at birth Healthy life expectancy FINANCIAL PROTECTION To provide a summary measure of coverage, an index of national service coverage is computed by averaging service coverage values across the 16 tracer indicators. The UHC coverage index ranges from 0% to 100%, with 100% implying full coverage across a range of services. UHC services coverage Index 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 72 UHC services coverage index Latest available data (2010-2017) Out-of-pocket expenditure, as % of the health expenditure (2014) HIV antiretroviral therapy coverage⁶ Access to basic sanitation⁸ Tuberculosis treatment Coverage⁹ Insecticide treated bednets/indoor residual spray coverage for malaria prevention 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 19 96 80 Infectious diseases HEALTH SERVICE COVERAGE Prevalence of normal blood pressure in population⁸ Prevalence of normal fasting glucose level⁸ Tobacco non-use¹⁰ Cervical cancer screening 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 76 89 80 Noncommunicable diseases Health security:IHR compliance⁸ Density of hospital beds¹¹, expressed as % of global threshold, 18/10 000 Heath worker density¹², expressed as % of new global threshold, 44.5/10 000 Access to essential medicines 0 50 100 C ov er ag e (% ) 100 100 60 Service capacity, access and health security (ppp < $1.90 a day) This profile provides an overview of the current status of achieving better health towards the 13 targets under the Sustainable Development Goal #3 (SDG3): Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. 25 SDG3 indicators plus other selected health-related indicators are presented where data is available. 16% (ppp ) 22.8% GDP 2015 Estimated total government expenditure, 2015 or latest available year Estimated government expenditure on health, 2015 or latest available year 2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives SDG 3: Health targets Maternal and child mortality (SDG target 3.1, 3.2) Maternal mortality ratio¹⁴ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 250 500 750 M M R [1 00 0 00 li ve b irt hs ] 163 68 Births attended by skilled health personnel⁵ 2009 2014 0 50 100 150 C ov er ag e (% ) 94.8 95.6 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 0 10 20 30 40 50 M R [1 00 0 liv e bi rth s] 25.7 4.8 44.4 8.5 Child mortality¹⁵ Children under-five Neonatal Equity: Leave no one behind SDGs emphasis on equity SDG target 17.18 emphasizes the need for disaggregated data. By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts. Variation by residence Variation by income Strengthening Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Variation by education 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Sanitation⁸ Rural Urban 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Under five mortality⁵ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Antinatal care coverage⁵ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Contraceptive (modern) prevalence rate⁵ Quintile 5 (richest) Quintile 1 (poorest) 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Stunting⁵ No education Secondary school+ Primary school 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge Full Immunization⁵ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge 99.0 92.5 73.0 Birth registration⁵ʹ¹³ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge 90.1 Death Registration¹³ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 50 100 Pe rc en ta ge 100.0 Cause of Death¹³ SDG emphasis on mortality statistics More reliable vital statistics on births, deaths and causes of death from civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems are required for reporting on 14 health-related SDG mortality indicators. Understanding better what people are dying from can lead to stronger health policies and plans, and improve monitoring of the health-related SDGs. 2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years)¹⁶ 2011 2014 2017 0 50 100 150 Ad ol es ce nt b irt h ra te [w om en a ge d 15 -1 9 ye ar s] 15.7 13.3 14.0 Malaria incidence 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 0 5 10 15 20 M al ar ia IR [1 00 0 po p. a t r is k] Total alcohol per capita (age 15+ years) consumption⁴ 2010 2015 2016 0 3 6 9 Li tre s 1.2 2.7 New HIV infections among adults 15 to 49 years Indicators Year Maldives Regionalestimate Hepatitis B surface antigen prevalance among children under 5 years (%)⁴ 2015 0.19 Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases⁴ 2016 1,937 0.7 671,797,672 Communicable diseases (SDG target 3.3) TB incidence⁹ 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 0 100 200 300 400 500 TB in ci de nc e [1 00 ,0 00 p op .] 4940 Indicators SDGtarget Year Maldives Regional estimate Mortality between 30 and 70 years of age from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases⁴ (%) 3.4.1 2016 13.4 23.1 Noncommunicable diseases and injuries Proportion of married or in-union women of reproductive age who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods⁵ (%) 3.7.1 2009 42.7 Adolescent birth rate¹⁶ (per 1000 women aged 15 to 19 years) 3.7.2 2014 12.9 74.1 33.9 Sexual and reproductive health Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.9.1 2016 25.6 Mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.9.2 2016 0.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.9.3 2016 0.0 164.0 15.4 1.8 Mortality due to environmental pollution Tobacco use among persons (15-64 yrs) and older - Female 3.a.1 2011 4.4 Tobacco use among persons (15-64 yrs) and older - Male 3.a.1 2011 36.0 - - Tobacco use Proportion of the population with access to affordable medicines and vaccines on a sustainable basis 3.b.1 - - Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health per capita⁴ 3.b.2 2016 1.29 - - Essential medicines and vaccines Health worker density¹² (per 10 000 population) 3.c.1 2016 50 - Health workforce Malaria incidence is calculated for confirmed malaria cases.Only small number of imported cases have been reported Current data are insufficient to determine trend International Health Regulations Core Capacity Index⁸ 3.d.1 2017 63 73 National and global health risks Note: A dash (-) implies that relevant data are not available Suicide mortality rate⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.4.2 2016 2.3 Total alcohol per capita (age 15+ years) consumption⁴ 3.5.2 2016 2.7 Mortality rate from road traffic injuries⁴ (per 100 000 population) 3.6.1 2013 3.5 13.2 4 17 Total NCD mortality⁸ 2000 2005 2010 2015 0 250 500 750 1000 To ta l N C D m or ta lit y ra te (p er 1 00 0 00 p op ) Female Male Malaria free since 1984 2018 Health SDG Profile: Maldives Prevalence of children under 5 years who are overweight⁵ 1997-98 2009 0 7.5 15 Pr op or tio n (% ) Prevalence of children under 5 years of age who are wasted⁵ 1997-98 2009 0 25 50 Pr op or tio n (% ) 22 Prevalence of children under 5 years of age who are stunted⁵ 1997-98 2001 2009 0 50 100 Pr op or tio n (% ) Children under 5 years who are stunted⁵ 2.2.1 2009 20.3 Children under 5 years who are wasted⁵ 2.2.2 2009 10.2 Children under 5 years who are overweight⁵ 2.2.3 2009 6.5 20.3 15.3 4.7 Child nutrition Other health-related SDGs Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources⁴ 6.1 2015 - Proportion of population using improved sanitation⁴ 6.2 2015 - - - Drinking water services and sanitation Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuel⁴ 7.1 2016 94 41 Clean household energy Air pollution level in cities⁴ (PM 2.5) (µg/m³) 11.6.2 2016 7.7 57.3 Ambient air pollution Number of deaths by disaster⁴ (per 100 000 people) 13.1.2 2011-2015 0 0.3 Natural disasters Estimated direct deaths from major conflicts⁴ (per 100 000 population) 16.1.2 2012-16 0.9 Mortality rate due to homicide (per 100 000 population)⁴ 16.1.1 2016 3.4 0.1 4 Homicide and conflicts Birth registration coverage¹³ 16.9.1 2014 99 - Birth Registration Note: A dash (-) implies that relevant data are not available Indicators SDGtarget Year Maldives Regional estimate General government health expenditure as % of general government expenditure³ 1.a 2015 22.8 9.3 General government health expenditure Completeness of cause-of-death data¹³ (%) 17.19.2 2014 100 11 Cause-of-death data 6. 9 6. 5 10.2 20.3 46.7 References 1. World population prospects: the 2017 revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2017 (http://esa.un.org/wpp/, accessed 9 July 2018). 2. World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2018 (https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/DataQuery/, accessed 9 July 2018). 3. Global health expenditure database. Geneva: World Health Organization; June 2016 (http://apps.who.int/nha/database, accessed 11 July 2018). 4. World health statistics 2018: monitoring health for the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. (http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2018/en/, accessed 9 July 2018). 5. Maldives demographic and health survey 2009. Calverton, Maryland: MOHF and ICF Macro; 2010 (https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr237-dhs-final-reports.cfm, accessed 11 July 2018). 6. WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2018 global summary. Geneva: World Health Organization (http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/countries?countrycriteria%5Bcountry%5D%5B%5D=TLS&commit=OK, accessed 9 July 2018). 7. UNAIDS 2016 estimates for coverage of people receiving ART. UNAIDS (http://aidsinfo.unaids.org, accessed 11 July 2018). 8. Global health observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/gho/en/, accessed 9 July 2018). 9. Global tuberculosis report 2017.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259366/9789241565516, accessed 11 July 2018). 10. Factsheet 2018: Maldives. New Delhi: World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia; 2018 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272674/wntd_2018_maldives_fs.pdf?sequence=1, accessed 11 July 2018). 11. World health statistics 2013. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2013_Full.pdf, accessed 11 July 2018). 12. Country reported (as provided by RA-HRH). 13. CRVS regional action framework reporting 2013-2017. Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; 2018 (unpublished document). 14. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015 http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2015/en/ - accessed 9 July 2018). 15. Levels & trends in child mortality: report 2015: estimates developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York (NY), Geneva and Washington (DC): UNICEF, World Health Organization, World Bank, United Nation; 2015 (http://www.childinfo.org/, accessed 9 July 2018). 16. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Fertility Data 2017 http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/theme/fertility/index.shtml - accessed 20 June 2018