Progress report: July - September 1982

I WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION DrE 6i "gq-l e-.tt d tt P t oS Fa tr' ' ORGANISATION MONDIALE ONGI{OCM,CIASIS CO}IIROL IB.OCfrAMIVIE DE LA SANTE cr,P/PR/82., 0RIGIIIAL,: SIGLISE IN Tffi VOITA RIVM. B/ISIN AIIEA Progress Report; July-September 1!82 I. INTROX|UCIIO}I 1. The Onchocerciasis Control Programe is ai-med. at reducing the inpact of the d.isease by contro[ing the blackfly vectors of $chpqg3-eg gglr41lqg, the parasite causing the disease, by the aerial applieation of insecticid.e to la,rval breed.ing sites, so enabling the 1and. thus recovered. to be put to econonj-c use" 2, The Participating Corrntries are Benin, Ghana, Ivoqf Coast, Iviali, Niger, Togo and. Uoper Vo1ta. The sponsoring agencies are the Foocl and Agricultrre Organization (mO), the ?nited Nations Development Reogra^urne(mfOp), the Wor1d. Sant< (tUnO) and the ltrorld Eealth 0rganization ("ruO), which is also the executing agency" The Progra,mme is financed. nainly by eontributions frcm a certain nr.mber of countries and international bod.ies. These contributions are paid. into a special Onchocerciasis Fund. admini- stered. by the l'Ior1d. Banlc. 1. The Programe began in 1974 and. vector control operations were progressively j-ntrocluced unti-l, by Jr:ne 1977 t the whole of the original area was covered.. In 1978, this area was extended. southward.s in the fvory Coast. fhe Progranrme area now covels 764 0OO fu2. The results of the entomolo6'1ca1 control measures are evaluated. by a medj.cal tea,m, whl1e an economic r:nit cond.ucts and. coordir:ates research on d.evelopment antl. health econmics. 3y the end of the first six-year phase (nlq-W9), tfre Progra.mets activii;ies since it was lar:nched had cost fi 56 078 319. Sec oniL Phase " _D_99:19$l 4. &rdget estj-mates for the second six-year phase, 1980 to 1!8!, were$ fO7 L54 581 as of Janr-rary 1980. When the budget rlas reviewed in July 1981, the actual expend.iture for 1tB0 was $fe 5Og 700, that approvecl for 1981 was fi 16 )23 500, and the esti.mates for the second phase were increased to $ ro9 640 2oo. 5. At its second session in December 1!81 the Joint Progra,me Conmittee approved an additional amor:nt of $ 5r0 000 for 1981 and a budget of$ t5 142 t00 for 1982. [he following add,itional a,mounts were also approved,for 1!82: -2- fi I ,17 BO0 for fi:.rther work in the souther:e extension zone; $ q+z 000 for the p:oduction of a plan of action for an exter-sion to the westi - $ 484 200 for the more rapid selection of larvicid'esi and' - $ f 150 OOO for chemotherapeutic research' lllrls raised. the total ?rogra,mne bud.get apptoved' f or 1982 to t 19 756 9OO 'bringing the bqdget esti:nites for tf,e secona phase to a'bout $ tfr'5 million' 6. Aerial operations cover sclne 18 000 lm of rivers. The epitleniological e:ra,ninatior, "uropiu up to Jl December 1981 covered 454 villa,ges in wh-ich L5B ggl exa.minations were perf o::ned on 114 lJJ persons. und'er the Progr€ume t research on vector eco1ogl6l vector control, and. epid'erniolog:ica1, clinical' trnrasitological and. chemotherapeutic aspecis of the clisease is prtly carriecl ort i.:r the fie1d, fartly entra-sted to specialized labo::atories arad institutes' Ehe Participating dor:ntries conduct an aquatic enviroruoental monitoring prograrme ,itf, tfr" assistance of speciali.zed laboratories. A tpining progran- me is al-so in progressi its object is to train speci-alists an$-technicians to serve the aims of the Programn-, includ'ing the progfessive takj'ng over of activities by the Participatir-g Countries. II C\IRRtrNT ACTT\ruTIES hea,nble of activitles Juiv-S,-'ptenbslr 1oB2 .1. The operational activities as usual have been greatly influencecl by the weather. which was refler:tecl in the high anount of larvicid.ing required.(p"e" + ). i.pplication equip.rent he.ve had to be mod.ified. and progress in this area is beirlg roaae {nrcrgh the close collaboration a.mong:st VCIJ, the aerial spraying company and e ccnsulting institute" 8. An insecticid.e test:.ng: -bea,rr was set up in fogo and in collaboration with the OCCGE Insti'Lute of TrXlanoscmiasis and. Onchocerciasis Research in Ivory Coast had. pr:rsued a.n r,,ct1vc frograirne assessi-ng an increasing number of alterrra,oive cl,n pcn:n.j.s re :eiireC- .f.:cn industry (paragfaph l0) . 9. It has teen found. tr"rt the d.ouble rosistance to chlorphoxim has reversed. in cer'uajn, blr-t nct all, rl-rer basins and' as a result it has been oossj.ble to reintroio"" chl o::phoxj:r f or an experj-mental perioC on the ilararroue (lnragraph 48) 10. In the laboratory z't :\:;osonbo, in association with the Urriversity of Massaehusetts, work tris continued on the colonizing of a species of the S. d.annosJm "*piu*. Stud.ies have also been undertaken on the vectorial capa"fffi S. iouble.pse. While th-is is an efficient vector in the forest area its roteffirffiE]r d"iminishes progressively northwards and. in sme areas this species is not anbl:ropophilic (pa'rag::apb 41)' IL. Reinvasion wtrich ,,tas strong in l)82 inc=easing in Aprj'l and' May in the westerr: border decreased during the qrra,rter bqt remained strong in the East (paragraph {.C). 72. 2 -)- Following a positive response from the Participating Cor.rntrj.es at the last joint meeting of the National 0nchocerciasis Cmittees in June, investigations have begr:n into the problems associated with the ultimate devolution to national Goverr:nents of the hogralrme. hetrnratory d:lscussions on tieis have taken place in 1,8i0 Eead.quarters, Generra, and in the Regional 0ffice for Africa, Brazzavllle (parag?aph 129). Lr. Ghana, Mali antt Senin have presented. soc'lo-economic develotrment reports for their prograrnme ur", (pi,S"s 18 to 21). U. The thircL meeting of the OCP Expert Atlvisory Comnittee was held. at llE0 Eeadquarters, Geneva, frm U to L5 September 1982. A. vEcToR co}flIRot MeteonoloEical con.l'L'b:L on 15. The rainy season which was d.efinitely nanifested. in the month of June in the whole Prograrrme Area diminished la,ter on. The quantity of rainfall was rather feeble on the average in July and. August in a uay that has not been experienceil. in past years f'or the wet months of Ar:gust and. Septeruber in theinitial Progra,me Area. August had the heaviest rainfall cmpa::atively, with record.ings of L{)"8 w/U clays in Or:agadougou and 205.8 nm/fO days at Samako. Frm the second half of September the rains beca.me rarer and. the neteorological contlltions that prevailed. were like the d.ry season. The renarkable charaeter-i.stic of flood.ing was that it appeared slowIy and. the maximr.ur volume htas very much below the ave::age (for exanple at Niaka::a,nanclorgor on the White SandarDa 69 n\/s was recorded at the end of September wtrile the average output at this sj.te was QOO n)/s for the nonth). [h; major r*atercourses in the East Zone of the Prograrme experienceci the sa,me tSpe of phencmenon. 16. It can be said. generally that the rise in the water 1eve1s was d.elayecl.It ua,s only evid.ent in the second. week of September and it broght about submersion of the rocicy threshold. in the pri-ncitrnI watercourses. At the end of the trimester, the water levels of certain major rivers were alread;r dtminishing:. Sdne tributaries and. sub-tributaries were dr5ring up. Insecticicles UtilipEl U. Three larvicides, Abate 200 EC, Teimar-BJ. H-14 and. chlorphoxim, were used. for treatrnents d.uring the quarter. [eknar was utilised in the zones of resistance to organophosphates where hydrological cond.itions pe:mitted it ancl chlorphoxim r,ras employed. experimentally on the mid.dle l{aratrou6. Abate was utllisect in more t}r,;n BO/o of the Prograrme Area includ.ing the lower coxrrses of the Atlantic rivers in the lvory Coast where resj.stance is manifested. The pur?ose of this strategXr was to control the savanna species against reinvasion. 18. Abate (tenephos) produced the nost satisfactory results where the species were sensitive to it and. the for:r weeks prelininarqy eq)eri-ments wi.th chlorpho:cjm were also encourageng but Tekr:ar corlcl be assessed as rrariable due to the ariluous technical antl logistic problems j.nvolved with i.ts usage. Irrsecticid.e quantities as follows: -4- (in titres) used. di:ring the thirct quarter of 1t82 were Insecti-l 7 ,255"4 | l7,721.2 8,655.O | 24,114.e 9,r6t"1 | 101416.5 25,2At,7 I 741494.5 5,715.8 I U,47A.4 8 1579 .B I t6 re17 ,9 2g,7oo.B I 611659 .7 44,016.4 | gz1976.O tl : t,4i1.ol ,,qit,o l@ 1941'5 4e4B6.l 6rtg6.1 Lo e7o4., 2tr186"7 21746.5 1rB49.ll r6to "4 10r205.8 1r764.5 4,257,9 4e518.8 12.?641.2 l-1460.9 l-r375.5 2 rl4)-.7 41979.1 61742.6 B 1258.1 ,1,958.9 48,959.6 July August September 3.t. E-14@E) Julv August September Chlorrchoxin July August September Total The flying hours ccrnpleted. r}uring the third. qr:arter were as follows: Insecticide application Prospection Aclninistratior TotaI JuLv IFixed-wing | 71.oHelicopter | 495.5Ar:gust I Fixed.-wins | *O.OHelicopter I 472.t septerober I Fixed-wins | ,Or.oEelicopter | 5[.f Totar (ceneral) I il:fi:#iH "* I 2e041't 46"6 56.9 ei "t UO.B ol,+ 1r.0 11,4 71.o I ,42.t I 744.4 I 52e.4 I 247.o 69t.4 21227.' -5- 19. The fleet arrailable to the Progra.me ttr:ring the quarter consistecl of eight helicopters ancl two fixecl-wir:g aircraft. llhe tean e:rperiencecl pilferirXE poblers of insecticides antt fuel in their depots in fvory Coastl Benin, 1!ogo a^nd Ghana and. one of tbese incld.ents affected the schedule of a treatnent helicopter on ttre East clrcuit. 0ther problems which affected. ttre guaranteecl hours of fltght were faults in the mechanical systen of the craft, ln the spraying equilment and. in the raclio t::anmlseion syetem. E\ra}rati on of larrrlcicllrrgr 20. a) Gener"a1ly, the breecling sites of $*ig!3glg, E --QAggggg s-rsreS. squa&ogum anrl S. vihense were curbetl. in the whole Progfaruoe Area with Temrjffi-G6at").ffi exceptions rhere these were able to d.evelop were 6ue 1o Wdroloeical &ifficulties of the season, faulty passage of insecticitle, or a tributary which had escapecl the treafuent circuits. llhese cases were experienced in the regions of the.Nakong (on the Sissili in Ghana at the entl of AWust ald beg:innixg September) and on certain tributaries of Riveg Niger 6;;';;-th"t;* and. the Dlra,mongou, and trnobably also on the Melror). lfhefaults were quickly rectified by using appropri-ate aircraft antl also by s:uhltting new breeding-sites to fresh treafuent. ZL. At Yabo (North of Oagactoueoi) and. C,arbey-Korotr (Rtver Sirta) the hograme has kept S. sirba"rnrm breecting sites on purpose for tests in sensibility. At Sandiagara the first active bneecling sites detected on\r cluring the last week of Ju\r were treated with unlncecedented success by ground. application. 22. b) In the zones of resistance to organophosphates the active bneetling sites were populatecl essentially b;r S. soubrense anil,/or S. sanctipauli whl1e Abate was used for treafuent. [hese involved the ]-ower courses of rivers in the sorth of lvory Coast. Controlling these sites has becme cmplicated by the fact that it is impossible to d.iscern morphologically the larval stage of the species cmplex. fclentification of gnats of S. tla,nnosr4q by their wtng- tufts, hovever, inaicated each time the efficacy of the selective Abate treatnent on these rivers. Ctrrtotaxonmic anal.ysis wol.ld later confi:m the results. These segregative treahents have presented a few faih:res notably on the Santla,ma, d.ownstrea,m of the tqrdroelectric dam at Ta.abo, and' on the lq.rer Como6. 23. c) Teknar @.!,. E-U) treahents producecl rather mitigatett results.lhe sl:ccess or otheffie of these treatments were attributable to certaLn factors rel,ating to hyttrological cond.ltions and. to the slraying techniques which have been the object of intensive stuclies th5-s qlarter. 24. In the zones treatect with Eeknar uul1:i.prors sinulil were iclentiflect on certain "t*i"fr"r (""t"Ufy Up*, Sassandba bastn and, upper lAaratroud)siepifyinA a p,rtial fai}rre of treatnents with this product. On the other Una, tn tte Wfrite Santlama and. on the upper and niddle Ccmo6 the f,reatnents uere satisfactory. -6- \I\\ ,t1' 5d 5 6 4{6 15 *I(l .( .) 2 6 I i3E c, d GF 6(} rd k J va LiE{E(,oGL ulE E 1@ 3ac) rltrr Uf. 3I E de 2 B u,| E(JGI fr6 ( l+. "'..,1 ' .'*\ \.1*.: \--"i L*ai'-- ':]*t"lt ItJ<jn: oE{ ;: i'4Ft )-{ '- l {tJL ofl{ \-r' i) .b*'it (. ft: i.':ir \,1 .- \r' : rJ ? ;iS;}.}+im5 :;::;;; tr q { Ttt i\ffi {"it"i1 ,,* !Iti)[{ t'1 l{}$T -*"-{ lYe:lil'>ffir'_,,-,'\7ru(;--t h.d "-'1':llJr;.r. \-^----- "''' ,.$:\ I L / i:;", -.,f I .tt \ -'*r- - \ ^\-r'f^/ _".,. l?* r,q\ 5K;;:$1L-l t rrf I Y.tL(3fl*f i.#',? i.f,^' ,i -a-:ru'--''jt I \ /. l -ttt\ -7 - 25. Althoqgh direct evaluatlon of sitos was hampered by the enortitJr oi output of the watercor:rses it is estinated. that *Uate (temephos) was successful generally as an insecticide and in certain places even surtrEsses results obtair:ed. in 1!81 for the sa.rne peri.od. The failures experienced fo:merlv (on the nidd1e White Volta and tributaries in Glrana antl llogo as well as on tire'Oty'PanAjari on the Togo-3en-in frontier) were not aplnrent. An expLanation cotrld. be partly a better treatroent folIow-up throgh several pnospections and partiy thl fact that the breeding sites et tthi-gh water levelsrr corla not reconstitute during the rainy season since the uaters receded{rrmediate\y after the delayed. flooding. Ertmoloeical si.tuati on 26. The entcmological situation has continuedl to be satisfactory i.n the Inltial Prograrrrne Area except as usr:al the zones of reinvasion in the East a,nd. certain=sporadic foci (suqh as the Nalong on the Sissili/Ghana and Ba"&ilaf:a on the White funaana/IvorSr Coast). In Phase fV area of resistance to organophosphates the simulii ciensities ha,ve renainecl high and. were c,coposed. essentially of species of forest orig:in. 31ack Volta Basin 27. As was during the prececling quarter the Upper and. mictille basins of the Bla.ck Volta did. not erperience any entmological problems. llhe siurulii d.ensitj.es were extremely low (tUe few flies obtained were eaught on the tributary of 3o:gouriba at 1{ab6r6, on the Sambassou at 3ati6 and on the 31"ack Yolta itself at ilor:nbiel-). No flies were car:ght at St. Pie:re on the K6rali6 during the whole quarter although this site is usually procluctive at this ti-me of the yea,r. fhe ruatercourses in ttre [ansi]a, area were not treatecL aerial\r since no vectors were found there. 28. The lower 3la.ck Yolta downstrea,rn of .@[, had' the sa,me problems encountered dr:ring the previous tri.mester the difference now being that the forest species a^re now anthropophilic and. transvmissive. The mean catches at [aead]. for JuJy, August ani September were 44, 7.1 anct !0 females per naq/aa.y respectively with a partr:rition rate frcm 50 to 9flo. At Agboletcam6 the means werL 26, J) and.5! (Ju1y, August, September).- .0, slight tranmission was noted since the MIP (Month]y transm:ission Potential) fon July and August together ad.d. up to 151. Soth the sa\raruta and forest species were transuj.ssj.ve vectorst althor:gh the percentage of infective forest flies was vety Iow. 29. Whtle Volta Sasin Entcmological surveillance of this basin indicated, good. results except at &Eg!g on the Sissili where the situa.tion r*as ccmparat5.vely worse than the poeeviogs quarter. llhe d.aiIy mean catches for the three months respective\y were L{., } and 15 fenales.per Ban. l,iith the exception of this focus where the problem is localised. (probably clue to breecling sites which had been missed ch:ring treatrnent) tfre greater trnrt of the White Volta Sasin was r:nder satisfactory control" Transnission is practically interrupted. at alnost a1I the progranrmed catching: points. A remarkable fact is the excellent control ttris year on the middle ilhite Volta (at Zongoire-Rapitls, Dounge, Nangod.i and at ZiorZabr6 on the Red Volta). -8- 10. The increase in vector populations elrperienced. dr:ring the sane trnriod. in pBI vras avoid.ed through careful entmological treatment and. surveillance of the zone. The MTP at Zongoiri-Rapid.s were zero in JuIy and August ccmpared, to 47 and.23 for the same months last year. ,L. At Yabo on the extreme of the upper White Vo1ta, the fi-rst f1y was caught during the last week of Septenber. This was the only fly obtained on a human bait rluring the nine months of the year. ,2. Ccmno6/IEraba Sasin Entcmological results in this basin were 6ood. north of Gror:marria onthe Mittttle Cmo6. The fly d.ensities were extreme\r 1ow with daily catches of zero or one fly for most of the catching points. 0n the other hand the south of the basin was populated by sinulii more like the forest type and resj.stant (which were "uUjected. to selectj.ve treatment witJ: Abate to aisco,:raged.evelotrment of reinrrad.ing sa\raruta species). In Septenber the usual daily catches at Anor:akodco werc 477 females/nan. At ldraba Sridge tJle mean daily catches were zero for September and. August and. two for JuIy. White SancLa^na Sasin 1r. The results were satisfactory on the Sand.ama itself as well as on ltspni::cipaI tributary the @. At Sad.ikaha (on the lfhite Sandama), however, aIocal problem arose which was attributed. to a smal1 d.a^n sited. upstrea,m of the catching point" An active breed.ing site for salraruEr species was established., prod.ucing renarkable sjmulii populations with a td$r proportion of youngflies. The daily mean catches were 2!, QJ and,12 respectively for the three months. This population was exti-nct by the end of the quarter. Nzi Sasin ,4. Results uere satisfactory on the mid.d.1e course of the Nzi where at Dimboieo and. Fet6lro the simulii d.ensities remained. 1ow (not beyond. a daily catch of 10 fema.les/man). Marahor4l _3asin ,5, At Danangoro the treatment with chlorphoxfur reduced. the daily mean catches of t]]}l/gran in August to 92 feurales/man dr:ring the last week of September" Chfi.tes Gauthier 16. The f1y densitj.es essentially ccmposed. of forest specj-es were sti1l remarkable by the nean daily catches in excess of 1000 females per captr:rer. Niger Sasin 17. There was no rrajor problen in the basins of this river in MaIi and Niger where the entmological situation was satisfactory even j.n the zones of reinvasion in the lIest. 0n the other hand the basins of the tributariesj-n Berrin were subjected. to significant waves of invad.ing f15.es. 0ti/Pend.iari Sasin -9- 38. The sitr:ation was satisfactory on the Oti and Pendjari but not so good on the uppex basin of the Keran, Kara and Mo tributarj-es. In the regions of Porga and sassan6mango the density of flies remained. very 1ow. rn September certain isolated fli.es were caught scme of r"rhich were found. to be nulliparors, significant of a local problem. Reinvasion West aul South-Uest ,9, Reinvasion in the }fest was less intense this yea^r. The totar of transnissions and bites were cmparatj.ve to figures for 19St (which were less than figr:res for 1p80). fn the west, the Faya was tie watercourse reinvaded. the most d.r;ring the qr:arter with a pe+ in August. The mean clai.\r catches at Pont Faya were 2r, 41 and 10 females/man ind:lcating a slighttranscission. Certain lraves of reinvad.ing flies were equally obserrred. on the Sanifing I at Mpi61a but their tl.ensities were feeble. At Mad.ina-Dia,ssa antl Kankela, rei.nrrasion was practical3y extinct frm Ju\r since ln August and September the vectors lrere rare at the catching points. [he densities observed. were not beyond. one or three females per man a day at two catching-points. [he Wassoulou-3a16 was not reinrad.ed. thj.s year. East 40. On the other hd, the East which at the begir:ning of the rairy season had. lower d.ensities of fIj.es than the previous year was reinforced cluring August and. September. At Gbasse on the Sota the nean claily catches regularly exceeded 4J females/man in Ju1y, 8! females/nan in August arrd 154 femates/@n the entl of September. nuring August, a genet:al antj.-climax was observed. in the whole of the reinvaded zone of the East which was j.:etensified again in September giving rise to a second. peak of reinvasion. For r:nls:own reasonsthis peak was not observed. last year. Extensi.on Soutl: 41. Information was collected as usual and. nothing new had. cme up exceptthat fIy d.ensities were less remarkable notab\r in Berrin due obviously topoorer tydrological cond.itions than the previous years. The new catching-point at Kpoba (on the extreme of the lower Mono in the subsector of Sohicon) appeared. to be one of the most productive points of the Reg:ion with claily mean catches attaidng 500 females/man on certain days. An equally =enarkablefact was the flies at Asukawkaw, which had resrmed their nonoal clensj-tiesprevailj-ng before the experi.mental treatnent of 1981, and the retr.un to pred.omir:ance of forest-type flies in the basj.n. These flies now represent B0 to 9A/o of the f Iy populations. Onchocerciasis control on the Dogon Plateau 42. The ground- control of onchocerciasis on the Dogon Plateau was still pursued. relentlessly by two treatment tea^rns with the help of village ccmunities j-n the area. The Lyttrolog:ica1 cond.itions were almost lilce theprevious year with rather slight cleficient ortprt cmtrnred. to the no:malfigures. ort of eight catching-poi.nts visited regular\rc only for.r were -10- 4noductive wlth daily mean catches not exceeding: one on tro flies per Dan(except "1 Te'npiexa where a peak of LL feoales were oaug:ht on U September).l[bansuission was zero at all catctring-polnts visite& Researeh Veoteial camcitv of S. soutnense 4r. Stuctles on the vectorial calncity of S. soubrense and. lts contribu-tion to the tranmlssion of 0. volvqlge in mriorJ tioof:.natic zones of the hogra,me a,rea contirnred.. In fvorfr Coast stutlies were camiecl ort on a conbaotual agreenent by the [ry1n^nosmlasis and. Orchooerciasis ResearchInstLtute (:nro) in 3ouakd. MorJttra" aSoo femles were infectect. e:rperimentaL-ly and proved. theonetlcally to be high\y receptive to 0, vohnrlus, Eowever, d000 wild carrght females showed. only a lor rate or rnrffir S, soubre4gg,. An erpJa,ration of thi.e dlscrep€xrcy nay be a redrrced, longevity or tuffi[ffi--fernales. I\.rrthemoree there were also ind.ications that in sme €Lreas of the aavaDna zone S. sorbrenae fernales were less antlropophili.c ttran in the pre-forest ancl forest zone. Beinvasion stud.ies 44, Studies m, the clispersion of reinvading flies in tltali have confi:med.findingE that there ls a considerable rectuction not only in the raclia1 &ispersS.on of relnnacH.ng fenaLes but also in the linear d.ispezsion along theriverB. :[he fmles seemed to concentrate near the breecting-sltes. Thisyear f1y densities renalned, astonistlingly 1or., at the Yanfoli.la site throrrghort the reinnasion period in contrast with prevlous, years. llhe reason for the low f1y-<tensity Is obviously an ecological clrange at ttre Level of theYanfolila breeclirng site, which was submerged by the waters of the new Selinguftrydroelectric tlan in the I!82 rairy season. F1ieht nerfoaoa.nce of S. d.a.nnosm ccoplex species 45. Clla,nbers fe testing Sinuliun flight capcity und.er different clirnatic contlltions d.eveloped. by the Centre for Overseas Pest Research, Lond.on, on a contractual agreement have been tested by a member of that institution auring a 5-week consuLtantship at Akoscmbo, Glrana. fhe shr(y was ca:rriecl. out with 9. eorbrense and S. sotremogtu to d.etemine the effect of enrriromental factors(temperatr:rer hr:nicllty) and of parasite br:rtten on the flight perfo:mance asreIl as the steage a,ntt utilization of enerry fon f3-lghts, llhe res,ults a.rebeing ana\rsed.. Colonlzatiur - 46. colord.es of the tr3effatf rcnm (ttre Eastern ffire of s. soubrenss'$=sangtiggllfrm certai-n sites in lrogo and Benin)-romaffi.eh l.boratory nating rate were started. at the ocp rearing: Ja.borate5r atAkoscubo. As Si,nrnons arrct Edoan (fggZ) reported a strtit in the dte/tenateratio of their colorqr at.Massactnrsetts University (frcm 1:1 in the Fl to0:7 tn the F{ genenation) tne coLoni.es ln the OCi, iatoratory were thereforeEtarted, Ilcrn on\y one or two females and then subJeoted. to lne maxjsumpossible labneedins. One colorqr starteal wLth a eingJ.e feoale flcm Benin -11 - survived for five generations, one egg batch only being reared. to third. generation adults. Althogh these two tiny colon-ies could not be pe:manently naintained., they d:!d. not tlevelop such defects as the upset sex ratio observed. by SiUrmpng a3d. Erlrrran. 47. The maintenance of a colony forfive gpnerations (sme F6 embryos cleveloped. but failed to hatch) despite the paucity of adults obtained witlr such snall scale colonj-sation, proved. that adult handling techniques were now adeguate. This, together with the absence of a shift in the sex ratio in both colonies, despite extreme inbreed.ing, suggested that long-term colonization of the Seffa foum was feasible. A rnajor str:mbling block to successful colo- nization was the fact that margr labora.tory-1a.1d eggs failed to derrelop. However, two dlfferent oviposition techniques have been cmlnred. and a recent roethod. which stinulated natr:ral conditions gave almost twice the fertility n+e (Tctfi) of an earlier method (lg/r) Susceptibility tests 48. Susceptibility tests indicatect that the susceptibility to chlorphoxin had. retu:ned. to no:mal on the Marahou6 and Sassandra rivers. Soth rivers had shown resistance to chlorphoxr,m.in early 1982. Treatments with chlorphoxim were refllmed. on the ltarahou6 on 8/9/82 and have continued. since. It is erpected that chlorphoxin resistance will return and the bneed.ing-sites are being carefully watched.. Four weeks of successful treatments have been completed, grving'hope that chlorphoxim may sti11 be useful for limited.periods in alternation with &!. H-14. 49. In the 3r.r-i. area of the Slack Volta River in Ghana, resistant flies began to appear in the blting catches in sienificant numbers. SusceptibiLiff tests are being r:nd.ertaken to d.ete:rnine if chlozphoxim would. be effective against this problem, or if it will be necessarJr to use &!. E-14. Insecticid.e screening 50' A programme of activi.ties was launched in close cooperation with the WEO Division of Vector 3io1o6r and Control, Geneva (which has the sole responsi-bi1iff for contacti:ig and stimulating ind.ustry). This action had. brought vory positive results with an j.ncreasing flow of different products frcm a xange of ccrnparries for testing. As a result the insecticide screerring tea.m estabU-shed, in Lama-Kara, Togo, became ful1y operational i.n August. The tea,ro consists now of three fu11-time scientists and. other ad.d.itional staff.fhirty chemical ccmrpou::ds have been received to clate frm 18 different cmtrnnies worldwideo So far 18 ccmrpound.s of rrarious classes have been testetLin ,6 trtrough testsrt and. seve::a1 |tmini-gutter teststt. sme of the mostprmising larvicides have been tested. in 22 ttrirey testsrr. Four fo:mulations, an orga.rlophosphorous ccmpound., a carbamate, a pyrethroid and. a new cLass insectlcide have shown prcrnising results and are under more detailed river tests. -12- Coorclination of Screenine Efforts 5].. An evaluatj.on meeting was heltl in the Progra.mne head.quarters inJu\y to rev:lew the results and coordinate fi.rther action. It was attend.ed by the Director of the Vector Siology antl Control Division in Gene'va, fr Mouchet (Inspector Generat, lnse-iicj.cles Division of ORSICM), h Grrillet of IR[0 and all OCP staff involved in the research of insecticid.es. The need. to establish a rzrified. channel of ccmr:ruicati.on between OCP, VBC a,tld. the manufacturers was empha,sj.zed. to ensu-re a rapid. feedback of results to industry and. naintain their interest. In this connection a tripartite meeting is proposed in June 1983 between OCP, VBC and industry. C ontracts/Insectlcid e Besearc! ,2. A contractual agpeement for an amount of $11000 was signett withih" Ur,i.r"rsity of the State (New Yorty'USA) for the study of adhesi.on of !r.!,. 8,14 particles in flowing water, The Institution will investigate the relationship between the adhesive qr:ality of particles in !3-!. preparations, the toxicity and ttcarrytt of such fo:mulati-on in rivers. 5r. A contractual agreement for an a,nor:nt of $191200 was signed. with the College of Aeronautics (Cranfield. Institute of Technolory, Seclford, U.K.) to develop srritable equipment of fixed-wing application of B.t. H-14. Th? studies are carried. out at Sedford. (U.K.) inA-iroto-Dioula.s"i-(Upp", Vo1@). llwo members of the Institution visited. the Programme in Ar.:gust and. September. Meeting on entomoloAical research 54. A meeting on the progress of entcrnological research was held with OCP consultants and. VCU staff at lana-Kara in August. Problems of the reinrragion by S._ d.a,mnosr.m s.1. into the Eastern areas of OCP, the vectorial capacity and fligiit perfo::mance of reinvading flies and. the histochemical tlifferentiation of fi]rlrial larrae for.ind. in -Er-3ggggg, s.1. as well as resistance problems, the monitoring of sueceptibility and. the screening: of new larvicides were discussed.. Monitoring of the Aqr:atic enrriror-rment 55. In Benin the monitoring of the fish fai:na has been camied out by the OCP trydroblclogist in Ju1y. He also monitored. the invertebrate far:na in Togo in Ar.rgust and September. 56. In July the ORSTOM tydrobiological laboratory, 3ouak6, te:minated. the monitoring of the irrvertebrate fauna of treated rivers in Ivory Coast. ,7. In August the monitoring responsibilities of the entmofauna was hand.ed over by ORST@i to the fnstitite of Tbopical Ecolory in Abidjan. In accordance with the contract for an a,mount of $g 0OO the Institute monitors the invertebrates of three rj-vers in the Ivory Coast on a monthly basis. 58. The stutly on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in fish in rivers treated. with tenephos and. chlorphoxjm was pursued. fi:rther" So far 1r5 fish se.mples from treated and untreated rivers in Upper Volta have been ana\rsed. by an investigator of the Institute of Aquatic Bi-olory, Ghana. The stud.y wj-l1 continue with samples frm the lvory Coast. In this respect OCP is stil1 concerned. about increased. use of chemicals in rivers for local f ishing by i.:nliabitants . _L1 _ ,g. A stu(y rrnclertaken by the OBSIfi tqfrrobiologl'caJ, Iabo::atory at Sorra.kri is irffestigAtlng the r:ntreated strctches of river systens in the proggame area anA their enviromental Lnpltcation. lflhe untreatecl rivers an6 thetr rrntreatect tributaries pLay a vltaL role in uaintaining the healttt -of ttre aquatic systeo by prorlding potentiaL refirg;la fe na,r{r non'-target orgarrisns. 50. A consultaat \pdrobiologist has been recnrj.ted to nonltor the non- target farrna durlng thl tests oi new larvicittes by the Programrne insectl'cide researoh team at Tania_yrax€,. GI. A ccrhract has been signed. wittr OnSfAt/Boraf6 (pon $5 000) to affuet eiebt t4ydrcmetric gtations (repafring the g!il88 of one) and' to create an ad,ttitional Etatlon needetl at Absraclinor. B. EPTDBIIOIOGY 62' rn t*re search for a'n imrurolog{'caI tHagnostlc nethod'' several biolog:tea3. sarnples have been sent to ine laUoratory of &rasitoloff.?nd ,Exotii nathoLGr in Grenobte (for the tlevelolment of a netaboEc.antise{)r to ttre University of Lille (te tfre proctuction of noaoclmal antibod'ies), to the Swiss [ropical Instltute tn Basle (for the develotrmelt of rn :inrmurt6-' logicar technieu-e) ana to the Lonclon school of {ygC'ene a^nd lrropical ttei,ic:.ne, f?o-where we bave receivecl an unln:rlfied antigen whlch has been teste6 in ttrree vi$agps in an uncontroLl-ecl zone in the Reprb]ic of Ma][. Ehe rtata flnm thes" 1"ifbgBs a.re being ana\rsecl. Fon sarnples sent to the Iabog2torT of Tomunoparasitotory (at ihe Wa1ter and Eliza EaII Institute of Metlicai Research, llelborrner-Austrafia) tU" 1re'livnina:rlr results should be enlarged upm by results frcm a second batch Eeta recentty tlispatched. Stu{v of tUe lonsevitv of aault wo:ms 6r, Shrd.ies have continged. to tl.etemine ttre 1on€Bvlff of adult woxlltso Besults obtained. showed. 69/o of worms had. cL:led in seven years. 64. Scme progress has also been matl'e ln keeplng of 9g-g@lgg.fen11'es- in-nftro (Ar -ScUuftz-Key). llhat*row has to be d.one iE to irnprove the keeping ;E-6-oins in vitrp without ttre acldition of serrn for imunoLog'ical reasonsr . and'tosfirdy@teosis.Acontracthasbeensl.gnedwithDrSchu1tz-ky for further stud.ies on the subject. Differp$tiatlon of sa.vanna'rorest strains 65, Success was irrltia.lly actrieved in the isolation of five 0. volvulus Etraing frco biolog:ica1 uaterial fron the nroga,me -; (q"--1. 3im); 0f the nariors "n j16"" testecl, only lactate ttetyclrogpnase (LIE) revealed a d:lfference betweln the forest strains a.nd the sa,vanna, strain. Also current\y unil.er investigation i.s the clifferentja.tion. of strajns by histocbenical stal&ing of infective la.rvae in ULacUU"t (U Onar). -u- Rai.sed leve]. of riortalit:,r lrr the bIind. 66. rfhe Prograrnme has r:nd.ertaken a study of the raised level of nortali.ty in the brind ln three vi11a,ges in Benj-n and two in upper voLta.Medical, ophthalnological and bj.olog:icaI investigations *u=" "ii"ied. otrton brind. people and. their inmediate circre in these virlages. Eheir enviroruent was very close\r scnrtinj-zed. and a post-nortem was conducted. on those blind persons who d.ied. in the interyal betureen the last two visi-ts of the epicemiological tea.n. fhe processing of the tlata is now in a quite advanced. stage. The results are being ar:a\ysod. and. shoul6 theyprove significant, a ricier-scale stud.y could be rrnd.ertaken. Ehe nor:taljty of ad.ult worrrs 67. rt has emerged. from an a*zJysis of 711 female wonms that the mortality rate, which was i2.Bgd in a zone in vLrich transonission had. notbeen interrrrpted., w.as p.Vo after two yearst inter:rrption in transmisslon.ff, slimled to 21.9/o after three years and. reached.69-.4Yo after sir to seveny6a.rs I intermption of transmission. (tr,lgures 1 and 2). 58. An analysis of d.ata after five years pointed. out that the d.eeU.nein prevaler:ce of ocular lesions was rapld. in the region in rrhich transnlseion was interrupted. It cleclined. frm ,e,fft before the lauching of vector control ope:eations to 14.?/o in 1982. Irreversible ocular lesions harrc decU.nect fua l9.fl to l\.!/6. The blindness ?ate has decU-ned. frm- 5.d6 to4.fr. (rieure ,). Reassesment of ABR/ATP 69. StucLies bad. been rrnd.ertaken on the co:relation beir+-een epi.d.enn5.o1ogica1 and' entmolog:ical ind.ices for an und.erstand.ing of the tclerailq 'l{mifs ofinfecti'on. Results confi:med. that the o1d criteria esta'blished to approve areas safe for resettlement, AIH,/Afp of 1OO0/100, needed" to be re_exa.mined..However, the concepts of contj-nuous transmission, residr:aI transmission and.internrption in transnission must first be clarified. 'lO. In thj.s geme context the te:ms of tolerabilit;. of transmission,hitherto pagmatically defined on the basis of experience gained in savanna areasr need. to be revised. and properly red.efined, possibly taking into consld'eration that there nay be d.ifferences of ATP and. ABi- Ieve1s applicableto forest or sarranltEt zones respectively. There is a consideration for a cgnsultant golrp t_o participate in the re-evalua,tion of these tems togetherwith the units of Vector Control and. Epitteniolory. FIG.frlE i. -15- EVOLUTION OT NTE MORTALI.TY OF FEI.IALE 11. Vg"vllLtls tJoBMs TotaI nrrmbcr lr(}Lufis Mr le worms Fema I e i,rofmS Sex rat io Percenf,sgc of dead fcma I e w{)rmsPhases Du ra tion of effectivc vec tor control Number of vl 1 lage s Ntrnber of nodules 29 62 38 lio 53 182 152 751 I7 68 68 274 36 tt4 84 471 ,7 L,7 t, t.7 69,4 2I .e 19. r 12.8 I III.W lv tlesC Extenslon 6-7 ye.rr s 3 Ycar.s 2 ycilrs o 3 t I 3 I 138 t+27 7rlI 299 rrclrltii: 2. Evollitroil oF PER(jIINTACE HORTALITY ()F ll:-v(l-L!:l'lr!li, t't':}t/At.!:s A5 A !'t'i{cTloN oh' 'Il}tu l'oR uiim TltirNsMts$lt)N tNrtiRltLIll'l't':D tN liI(llI r.'l 1.1-A(:[s Ii'l'tItl': l'l{(x:HAl'tt-11: Rl'l(lltfN % mortalicY yljirri -16-CV F{ <' ra\tf\ r{ l.r\ D- r{()f'a\ r{ F{ A'n r.n o O\l,.C\ rl c\, o ta\ La\ -l O\ \O aaO f.r -l (\@ o.\ Lc\ r'{ ()\ r{ aa o\ tn l{ o lr\ rlt(\ aalr\M\d M\ \O I'a\ \O N Nc! L.\ M\ rl \o tr\ .+ a\o o o\ D-- r{N EJ .|, HHH C) u) CJ .q O{ I OHF3 Ho Ffo tliFl(n2Hc)U)(J Hdoocd ErFrl c)8H C) fazoo E{d-a EH()Ooa t{ ET6 .() tr:tHH BErHC)F-{ Z,Ha *a CHg{ Bo B a add(l) E o h0dfH o C) t{ op{ c) TJ(U aq) t{ d6 .Fl +1 o(D r{ r{ .goddEr r{E{Jdoot F"{ H iiril r il€l EFqBtZI ON r-- \o rl a) U) H t{otcJ t-r .c, -l !:) C5>'rlOOrlo(2p ro01q-.t .-.1 qr C qrOol OO o0J .rlO.r{ G) Ul O) oo oo og H H-t goo o c) rl O r{ l.{ rlg-3 gs Eoo o5 c)&8 d8 d ttr rc\@ aa If\M\ M\ rl tr\ o rl E{H(aH Ha E 2O -U- C. SOCIO-ECONCI(TC DEVETOTMEIIfI AI{D ITISTIC EEAT,|TE Clremotlrerlaw - ?I. At the EAC neeting ln Geneva ttre Cml.ttee discussecl a,nd reccrnmended. ihe otjectlve to find and develop a sa^fe, effective, lotr-cost a,Ird convenlent da.ug fA onchocerciasis, which w'iff ffff or penlainently steriLize the adult fernafe worms of @ wittrort, at the ea'ne tine, causing se\rere allergtc ffits frcm microfilaricicLal action" fhe Ccmr,,ittee stressed. that lt nas esgential the ctnrg industay be close\r involvecl. in ttre project, in order to take acl,vantagp of its expertise and' resuLts orientation. trhr1l adrrantage wiLL also be taken of expertise in academic jnstitqtes an6 in the IIMP/WorId BaixvllEO Special Prog:m.m,e for Besearch antl. llraining in Eropical Diseases (tnR). 72. 1phe Cmlttee approvect ttre proposal to esta,b].ish two interd'iscipllna.:ryganps of biolog"ists, chemists ancl. reLated technicians to move the research InA develolment pro"ess fo:mard ae rapiclly as possible, while at the sane ti:ne elcg1ga€1G rrecuiuarXr elements of cmpetitlon a.nd. avoitt:lng the allocation of all resources into a- single conceptual approa.ch. It aLso noteO. with satisfactlon cr:nent inctustrial interest i:r the projectn inclu&irg that of ttrree reputable fi.rts fYm three ccnrntrles" Chemotherapy Research 71. A contae,ct worth $l gOO has been signecl with tlre [bcpermedS.cinischesiiitit.t-(ffiG;nJ:-c"#qr) to e:e.ntne the effect of nebenda,zole/1eva.nlso1e m o:rchoce="* ,61*.1us woms- contained ln nodules re,movecl frco treatecl 1mtj.ents. 74. A contract for $1.50 OOO has been slgned with Ctba-Geiry (Basef) tofurther their research in lloxicoloryr Ptra,:macologr and. I[etabolisn of four antifilarial ccmpoqlits prev:iorsJy d:lscoverecl and. under develolment. 7q- :I|?re Proma^rme has siseed a ccartract worth $404 850 with the wellcme F6r:naation (S.cfenhae/U.K.) ior screening; compomds with antifjlarial activ:ity having a teinat or petrrrrnent3.y sterilizing action on the adult femaLes of !E@gg" 76. The Chief of the Economic Develotrment Unit took up his appointmentin Angust 1982. Eis pJa,n of action preeentecl to the Expert AcLviso'ry Ccmrntltee in September inclutlecl assistance to tlre Particlpating co:ntrles in preparlng their reports in ]:g8r. In particula.r the Unit will establish a benchmark info:mation base agai-nst wtr-tch to obserre the ffires and @€rlitucles of both econcmlJGeri";ituEr-*"ff jndustries, etc.) anA soclal (heaIth, ettucatiol and ir:f:castnrcture) ttevelotrments. The Uait, following contacts with na.tional authorlties, corld assist in studying: natters of cmton interest, such as spontaneors and organisetl. settlement, antl, appropr5ate nrral technolog:j-es. -18- Act hoc Workins Grotrp TT.Bhereisatrlroposalthata$[a11ad'hocworkirrgg3otrp'-includ'lnga representative of the EA.C, be convened to assist the Econmic Develotrment Unft in p1a,r:ning its work prograrme for 1981 within the accepted manda,te. lftre UniCnay also participate in nationaL working goLlps in an advisory cap,city td netp Governments exanir:e to what extent they are taking acl'rrantage of oncfrtcerciasis freecl. zones, of the inflastnrctr:re being hrilt up, and the changes in attitucle and. habit of people in the n6w1y |tonchocerciesis-control- ledtr areas. Soth FAO ancl. UNDP offered. to facilitate the work of the Unit thror€h their fielcl officers ancl' techrrical staff. Reports frm Participating Countries Tg. Accord.ing to the ad.opteri proposal by the l{ational Onchocerciasis Ccr"nittees that iational reports should be suhitted every tvro years, th9 follo,ring coustries have submitted. their econo'ic tlevelolment reports. llhosefro the other corntries are expected. next yea,r. 79. fn Ghana the Prograrme a.rea covers Northern Region ^and _Upper Regloa wirich take up ,4.M of t[e countr3r?s area. They contain Ldo of the total population of Ghana. Develorment r:Lan for Agiculture 80. Agricultr:re, which has hi-therto been hintLerect W the loss of arable la.ntl because of onchocerciasj-s, tryfnrroscmiasis ancl soi]- erosion, wiLl be the basic econmic activity in-tkris-area where $Ai of the population are small-scale fa:mers. In the northern sector a,lone there are )2J 00o faming fa.roilies. Ihe zone takes pricle of place i:e cereal production in Ghana ancl tras vast potential for mechanized. agriculture. 81. By 1!B! the zone should be able to groduce 4000 tons of millett 12 OO0 tons bf-yams, 18 000 tons of cotton (on 28 ll0 hectares), 11 000 tons of grorurtlrruts, Lnd 70 O0O tons of rice. Research on rrarieties is being conducted by the ldest Africa Riee Develolment Association (WARDA), wluich is engaged in trials in the vicin-ity of the Tono and vea dans. e2, Cattle, sheep and. goats constitute the bulk of the zonets livestock. Over {0 0OO ha will- be covered W the Wulugu Liirestock Ccmparly proJecte established jointly by the 3ank of Ghana, the Northera Regi-on Develotrment Corporation (mm) and the Mampnrsi Srattitional Coqncil. 81. ::ajnfalL distribution, the Gove:::ment of Ghara has cl.ecitletL to lan:nch an entensive irzigation pxogtar@e to supplement the large da^ms at Tono and- Vea ard. the 220 sna1l tlarns and dug-outs scattered. over the entire onchocerciasis- fyeed. alc€&o This progra,me is to be carried. out ty the Inigation,Develolnent Auttrority antl the Cf,"rra/C"rran Agricultural Develolment Programne (CGADP). Work las already begun on the med.irm-sizecL Sontanga Irrigation hojectr which will cost 22 nillion cedis and is expected to i:rigate 10O0 ha for the cultivation of various cropsr I.=rie!j.51g To counteract the d.rawbacks of a single groring season and i:regular -t9- Comunication 84. Con'munications in the zone are quite Boodr with {00 }m of prirna^rry reds, 1.250 h of secondary road.s, 400 kn of feed.er roads and. a f\rther 400 h of feed.er road.s r:nd.er const:etrction. The main problem at presentis rnainteruLnce, and the next fi-ve-year p1a,n j-ntends to tackle this. Eeglth Seryices 8,5. As regards health services, the zone ls covered. W U hospitals(private ancl pub]ic), tO health centres ancl 21 health posts. llhe Ministry of Eealth intend.s to set up an epid.erniological rrnit that will v:i.sit the onchocerciasis area.s and. treat the severe cases, while a serj-es of progra,n- nes will clea1 with ecrrmr::ricable diseases. Within these prograrnmes attentionis tlrawn to the ]5 static clinj.cs and the 10 mobil-e stations in the 3awhr, 3olgatanga a"nd Ianrra tlistrj-cts, in ad.d.ition to the UB other clinlcs for the other legions. 86. llhe Govenment of Ghana great].y appreciates the eontributicr nade by the hogra,ume in traini-ng truo of its natica:a1s.in heatth eGo&$niqs. tbis t::aining will be put to use in the inplementation antt planning of projectsin the area,. 87. The onchocerciasis zone of }&a1i covers 16 cercles in for:r admrnistraf,iys reg:ions (Koulikoro, S6gou., Mopti and Sikasso), a tffiea of 125 ooo h2. lPhis area contains over two nillion of the countryts se\ren nillion inhabitants.It ccmXrs.ses abor:.t {000 villa,ges, with en average population of 6!0 inhabitantspen viUage. With trroject document pAg/14/O+J signed on 10 }Iarch 19TB by UNDP, FAO and the Gove:rment of Malir the la,tter ind.:i.cated. j.ts willingness to give the work of the hogranme an econoraj.c clinension in order to provitLe g,reaterjustification for the trernendous financial effort nacle by the lnterrnational cmunlty. Thls initiative j.s all the more justified. because the onchocerciasls zone appears to contain considerable potential fcr d.evelopment. 88. Develorment Pla,_rurine Unit The essentiaL task of the special\r created. econmic clevelotrment planuting un:lt ls to fo:rrulate, carrtrr otrt and supe:snise a progxarme for planning socio-economic developnent in the onchocerciasis-fleed areas. Its activj.ties shoulcl essentially be within the fra.mework of the various phases of the sta,ndald nethoclolory. The specific stratery ad.opted W I'Iali for plarxring ltsbasic clevelolment was laid. d.own at the stucly congress organized by the rlerelop- nent plarrring r:nit from 1l to l8 Decenber 1981 in 3a,nako. During this congress a permanent iltltink tankrr consisting of IINDP, FAO and various ui:risterial clepartnents was set up. The data bank was constituted fron the following: conponents: - a socio-econrmnic survey which d.ealt with such topi.cs as red.s, health and. educational i:cfrastructure, denograptqy, and. econmic activities including agriculture ; - a specific survey in the pilot zones; 89. 90. -20- - aerial photography on scales of I:15 000, 1350 000 antl 1:200 000; - docmentation on stud.ies al-ready ca:erj-ecl out in relation to the hogra.me area. specific projects within the nicroplan includ.e borehores equipped with pimpsr an area preparecl for cultivation, health and sehool infrastnrctr:re, equitrment for prodr:cing enerry srritable for agriculturaL purposes, i-mproved. si.tes, tnrlLers and mills, and. pens and drinking tro:ghs for cattle. llheseprojects, 50 in nmber, represent a total investment at cunent prices of 74 zU,l niIIlon Malian francs and are at different stages of d.evelo1ment. 91. the area of Seruln affeeted ty onchocerciasis covers the two northernprovj-nces of Sorgou and Atacora, totalling 81 ,00 km2 r,,'ith !21 851 inhabitants" which respecti.vely represent 72.*o of the cor:ntryts area arfi.z$o/i of the totalpopulation. Tl:ese two provinces contain 1 754 hectares of cultirable lancL which Ls 66.f/o of the cultirrable land in 3enin but have poorer facilities thanthe rest of the country, Agricultural develoment 92. Develotrment of the potential of these two provinces is a.mong ttrepriorities of the na,tiona,l d.evelolment plan, which a,nong other objectives ai.ms at achj.evj.ng self-sufficiency in food through the e:qrI-oitation of all r:atural resources ancl harmonious spatial d.evelolment. The project list sho.rs a total investment vohmre of 21 52]. .lo million CFA francs for 1! agricultural projects (made up of )4 658,10 nillion francs for rrine proJects already in progressr 1815 million francs for a project for wtrtch firncls are cu:rent\r being negotiated, and 4848 million francs for five projects at the stucly stage). Social d.evelorment projects 9r. Eealth infrastnrctr:re includes five projects in the constrrrction, d.evelolment and. fitting-out of health centresr materzri_ty centres, d.ispensaries and. cmunity health centres. 94. und.er the village water-supply projects there are pl.ans fe 5g5 water-supp\y points, 225 boreholes and. seven water source j-mprovement schemes. 95. To open up the two prowinces there are plans to build over ?oo h oftracks suitable for motor vehicles. Out of 152 I@ covered by definite projects, 256 l@ have already been ccmpleted. 96. As regard.s education it is intend.ed. to buiLcl rural schools, po\rtechnic cmplexes antl integrated colleges of education in the princilnl tor^rns oi tfretuo provi[c€so -2L- Industrrr 97. In the requested extension cmplex costing 67 600 mi111on CFA costing ,0 800 million CS'A francs. Pla,n:rine Unit 98. The plarrning unit for the rtqrrelopment of the onchocerciasis-freed areas has been set up within the State Plarurlng Dj-rectorate of the Ministry of Planning, Statistics and. Econm:lc Ana,\rsis. 99. The activities of this unit will be guided by the standarti nethod.olory'of 1975, in its three stages (the ccmpilation and. utilization of a cLata bank, the preparation of a 10-year d.evelolrrent planr and the fo:rmulation of capital :.nvesment projects). [he final report is erpected. in March 1981. The stut[rt costing US$ Br2 000, will cover 120 v:i1Lages and. 1800 horseholds in the area and will involve the economics of agriculture, consumer butLgpts, demograptqr, crops, health, seasonal movements of livestock, and marketing. The unit pitt fact-finding visits to Upper Volta, Mali, Niger and Togo in ord.er to learre from the erperience of other Participating Countries. 1OO. In consultation with the regional develolment stnrctures (CARnm and Begional Pl.anning Departments), and i.:r agreenent with the populations, the unit ttecided on three pilot zones for d.evelopment: Segbana, Kerou-P6hunco- Sinenct6, and Materi-Cob\y" Visits to_the Unit 101. - lliss Eubert, a French eocj.al worker specially responsible for bIind. wonen and. child.ren, visitecl the Unit to nake lo:own her ccmmunit3r project. Mr Guj-ra Antoine (a sociologist responsible for an ongoS-ng study launched by the Office of Fr:nctional and Selectirre Literacy Canpign of the UBper Vo1ta Min-istry of National Education and Cultr:re). He was studying the place of se:rualiW in the trad.itional African education, and. he ca.ne to look for an assistance in the tiefinition of the nethodology antl i.mplenentation of the field. sl,rtrey. area the main projects are the SavS sugar francs ancl the O:igolo cement works an Upper Volta stualent d.oing her DEA in sociolory at the University of Paris. thesis on the roLe of the Mossi wcman in urban mi U.eus. - Miss ldacro Korotimi"(liprfue d'Etud.es ApprofontLies) Mlss Nacro was preparing her DEA the fanily econqr in rural and of USAID of Public 0ffice of Pha:macy Two successive discussions were he1d. with Drs Delgacl.o ancl fiarper on the hrbli.c Eealth of Upper Vo1ta. Dr Raniro De1gad.o, Professor Health at the University of tula.ner was to be seconded. to the PSa,nrring ancl Studies of the Minj.stry of Eealth. Mr Fulgence Oredraogo (an Upper Volta student in the tth year of at Reims) who was plann"ing a thesis on the imunolory of onchocer- ciasj.s was introcluced to the officer respons5.ble for the Research AtlvisoryCmittee a^nd to the d.octors of the Epitlemiological Evalrration Urdt. -22- Iteetinss 102. The Urui.t represented. the Reograme at the National Cqnnrission forthe International Year of the Disabled towards preparations for the national week for the disablecl in Upper VoLta. - The Unit represented the hograme at the meeting of the CIffiS/Sahel CIub Restricted. Conrmittee on the food. secnrlty stocks in the Sahel. ere of the recommendations of the Ccnnmittss was the d.evelotrment of a system offood. security in which 1ocal production would play a key role. ThL attenti.on of the neetlng was therefore draun to the Iand.s freed. frm or:chocerciasis. D. STATISrICS Aquatic monitorins !9r: Duripe a trip to the Progra.rme area (by the Assistant to the hogra.meStatistician) an exanination of the results obtalned frm the aquatic monitor-ing qta processed. by ccnrputer was carried out with the tqyctrobiologist ofthe hogra,inne. ft was observed. that the main eard. contained. sme cod.ificati.on errors which had. never been corected.. It has been d.ecicled to co:rect as much as possible the erroneous data. The checkj,ng of the d.ata would. be d.one inOpgatloqou and. transnitted to Gene\ra. Fishes (data to be c@puterized) I04. - Soefficient of condition The results could. be produced. on request either by country, site,date, kind of fish or for the whole of the data and. the atemant- d-ata eliEir:ated autonaticarly frcm the calcuLations. Catch per r:nit of effort in the Eill-nets The results would be producect per mesh or group of meshes for one or scme selected. sites (for one, several or all the kind.s offish, for a chosen period. or without selection of period.). fhe invertebrates 105. [he systero, being tested presently, will be able to produce the resultsof day drifts, night drifts and artificial substrates. Processi.nn of the s.erial operations data. 105. [he rivers of the West Zone of the Progrra,rme, ctivid.ed into stretches(portion of river takins j.nto account the locaiion of the ,.t"=-e;r#;i;-;;" been cod.ifi.ecl as well as the aerial insectici.de treatrnentsr da,ta related. tothem since L)JB. These d.ata will be record.ec on na6netic tape and. theirhandling by a d.ata processing system would npke it possibre io; -2r- estilnate the anornt of savings realized a"nrnally througb suspensl.ons e lnteznrptions and voluntar5r cancellation of treafuentsi estabLish the forecasts of qr:antities of insecticitle for a part e alL the basins, for a g:iven periocl, for a ginen insecticid.e. 1O?. A sinilar stud.y wotrlcl be und.ertaken fc the East Zone of the hogranne. These stud.ies were ca^Eried. out in collaborati.on witJr tlre VCU Chief r the responslble aerial operations officers (Uest and East zmes)1 a consultant ald. the tlata processing unit. Vecton control L@. Recluctj-on of the catchine points - It has been shown that the oalculation of the AIP cor]d be more precise by cmbining the data of se\reral catehing points. It has also been d.emonstratecl how the nunber of catching points eorld be reducecL uhile naintaiaing the precision of the results. Using the research results of previous articles, recormenclations have been nad,e with a vj.ew to reorga,rrizing the catching points ln a prt of the Progra.me Area. 109. Co:rrelation of the ooints of the reinnasi.on zones In ortl,er to @ to d.ete:mi::e whether the catchlng points at thefrontter (t"-W""" the lrogsa.me area and the reinvasion zone of the Uest) corlct play the role of ind.icate of the arrival of fU.es to the catching points within the hograme, a stu(y has been cgIIIIlencQd on the ce"relation between dlifferent catching polnts of parotrs flles. Positive results showing ttre ad.nancement of reinvasion flies corrId. be used to foresee the amLval of flJes to the catching points witLrtn the Programe ar€a (shnly unclertaken in close coll.aboration with VCiU). 110. [his study, w]rich was started. Last y@rr has been copleted. Eoiclenl olosical evah:ation 1L1. The whol-e cla,ta processing system has been modified ao as to lroduce tbe results 01 the trrevalence, the intensity anct the incicl.ence of onchocer- ciasls pe:mitting the cmparison between the pre-control drata ard. those obtainetl after one to seven years of larvicitling. fhe fol].owing up of the data can be clone by uiilagp, corntr;i', phase, basinr end.enic 1evele a6o, and, B€xo A progra,rme worlcl also permlt the ana\rses of incidence and. the stu(y of the notion of probable false negatives antl of tra^nsnissions. rralleve - -24- Incidence of cata.:eact lJ-z. At the request of Dr T$lefors a grogramoe has been produced. showing the incidence of cataract among individuals betueen 15 and. 50years in the forest and. savanna, areas for each end.enic level in the hogra.me atrea. Visits LL}, Visits to OCP/Statistics in Geneva by: Dr Davies (Liverpool School of llropical Med.icine. C,eneral d.escription of the following up of the processing of the entmological data. Reduction of the catching network in the hogra.me Area). Dr Renz (Universitat tubingen. Methocl. of calculatlon of ATP, AIB). Miss MacFarlane (I,ivezpool School of Tropical lled,icine, statLsti- cian. fhe possibi]ities of micro-ccmputers in Africa). Mr 0rain (consultant. Aerial operations, aerial treatments). Micro-ccmnuter 114. Steps are being taken for the installation of a rnicro-cooputer in Oagadougou for the processi-ng of data of aqr:atic monitoring, aerial Eeafuent operations and. variotrs research stud.ies. TBAINING 115. Corrses Messrso A.Yo Agbeye K.Y. Arnana, S. Bileou, D.A. Torlassi., four Eealth Asslstants of Togo, schedulect for a for-.month course in Elrtmological llechnolog3r began their initial thnee months t training lrith lSTO/Bo:aJc6 in September. Later they will und.ergo their one-month practical training in the kogra,me Area in December. Mr S.E. I{amattou (SnS/luiger) ccmpleted. his trairring in &rtcnolog:icaL Technolory having done his practicals in the Kara Secte i.n July. Mr Kmlan Etor (Togo) was accepted by the Institute of [bopical Ecolory (fnn) in Abidjan for fris tfrree yeeks final practicals in Ichtiryoloryin Septenber. 115. Fellowships Dr W.D. Osei (Gframa) who obtained. a two-year scholarship for Epicl'eniolory at the University of i(ichigan (Um) was schedulect to LoB1etetris stuAj.es in August 1982. E. Messre. James Ansoanur:r and. N. Belo-Giwa (of the Mirristry of Econcmj.c Planning/Ghare) who obtainetL seholarships for Eealth Econcmnj.cs at the University of l{ictr-i-gan (USn ) should. be ccmpleting their I!-nonth stud.ies in JuJy and September 1982 respective\r. - Mrs 1,.K. fbaon6 (Upper Vo1ta) awarded. a JO-month scholarship to specialise in ParasitologSr at the Faculty of Pha:macy ([o',rrs/France) was scheduLed. to cmplete her stud.ies in September l)82. 1U. Jn-service trq.in:Lng - Ur Ka^nbou Clement, Laboratory Assistant (Uff) followed a 2-nonth course in Ophtha}nolory at IOTA/Bamako on 1 Jrrne 1!82. - I'Ir llqre A'bse Louis, Techn:lcal Assistant (Korhogo) fottowed. a 2-month train:ing in techniques of cytotaxonomy. - Mr Nador Fo1iy, new\r recnritecl Mechanic Helper (ra.mn-fara) followed & oo€-week training at OCP garage (Ouaga) on 9 September !982. -25- Tl AIIiII]rISINATION Eg4get and FinanE 118. At the end. of the q'.rarter elBend.itrre a,mornted. r:nliquittatecL obligations $6rZ86rOZ!, making a total- of an approved budgst of $1e 17561900 for the year. Recruitnents/kof essio_f aL_ s'!a:[f 119. - Mr ?ierre Renaud. (Insecticicte Entmologist) in Ju1y. Ee is stationed, at lema-Ka::a. to $9r5641798 a/od $t5re5ore2J out of joinecl the fuogra.nme - Mr Yaya Idrissa (Econcmj.st) assr:med duties as the Chief of the Econcuric Development Urrit in Ju1y. Mr Jean-Pierre Ayina-Akilotan took up duties as Transport Management 0fficer in Ju1lr, 120. Mr Henri 0rain -Ms. Ad.e1ine Mate Ivlr Alphons Renz Ir Robert J. Cooter FIr Kenneth R. Si-mnrons Dr Mol:amned, S. Omar Unit vcrl Prog. Djrector VCU vcU VCT vcr/EPr Capacity Technical Officer Info:mati on/m E::tmologist Entmologist E::tmologist Entcmologist Duration [o July 1!82 11 nonths 2 nonths 6 weeks 5 weeks ] months Dtr Ya,noeogo Iaurent Dr Jean l{orchet Ith Leonard. A.K. Antwi VCU Mr Frangois Gibon Dr Abekoue M. Denke Dr Stephanie Mered.ith VCU Dr D.A"[" Bald-::./ -26- VgU {ydrobiologlst J months VCT Research Officer j weeks Research 0fficer 5 roonths VCIU Eydrobiol-ogist one week VC'U Parasitologist 5 MW C5rtogene+icist 11 nonths Senegambla Entoologist LL nonthehoject 72L. In accordance with a salar5r srrvey report sutnitted. to Eea6quartersby UNDP, the d.ependantts allouance for gBr,"ra1 servj.ce staff has beenincreased effective 1 Jury L98z (for rvory coast, Ma1i, Benin, Niger and.U1ryer Vo1ta). Contributions fr@ ParticipatinE Counfries X?.--. tpr"! frorn the Goverruoent of Niger, whose contribution fon 1982 ofal.l ,54 fias been pid into our account in New York, no other Govqs:ment contributions for the cument year have been trmict W the&rticlpating cor:ntries. chan; has alceady paicl. r:ntil 19g5. llbansport ]Ia^naaeraent D5. As at J0 Septenbet t)82, Zfl of t]ne 276 vehicles allocatetl to the 1arlous unlts, services and sectors were operatior:at (g* coefficient).}pirrs the quarter the vehicles covered zrloz615z4 km fid consumed lioieaelJ,tree of petrol and, 27 1310 1itres of dieseL iuel. D4' One Mercedes type-pII famker wit]r a blgger catrnclty has been receivedrhi.le 10 nehicles bave already been registeredl* Tue foogrLrnme is also exSncting three Lendrovers, fotr Peugeot JA!, arrd three Renault R.4T[ or ord,er. D5. Nine accid.ents were record.ed. dr.rring the quarter. t{ith the exceptionof one in oua6adougor and. another i.n Tera-tara, all the other seven accid,ents oaused, g6s imrortant material dana.ces. Supplv Services. lif:=^_ fhe Prograrme received 245r0oo litres of Tela:ar B[.SrtN.4O2 throughsDldJano 5amFles of insecticid.es for experioents were also receined. f1.crnmrlous suppli.ers frcm USA, Great Britaia and. Be]€:ir.m. General Services V'1. Apart frcm nainter:a^nce and. serrice of office equlpment, repalrs wereoarzied' out on the Programers railio network in the sectors and. subsectors.Ca'nqdian lvlarconi has been approached. for a short-tamn assignnent of a3eqnrt to revj.ew all stations and to provj.d.e training for the staff, -27 - fha.nsfer of Ea,ma1e Air-base 128. The Ctr-tef of Aamipistrati.on ancL Management visited Lana-IGra to discuss the constnrction of a new aerial hangar at Sara-I(ar.ra. It was possible for him to inspect the site a^nd. cliscuss OCP obtain:ing a J-ega1 titfe to the lanal. Ee also d.iscussed standard.s of builctings acceptable to the authorities and water suppLy with the fublic tforks Department. At the end of September the Chief of Aaministratlon ancl Managenent was also j.n Lcnn6 to contact an arch:ltect of USAID on the subject. G. IJAISON ACTT\rITTES Devolution of Maintenance P9. OCP is initiating studj.es in order to arrive, within a couple of years, at practical proposals on the ffite of infrastnrctr:re requirecl at national leve}s to maintain the Progra,mne after cl.evolution. Enphasis ls being laid on the research aspects whlch are of greatest inportance in relation to the clevolutj-on of surveillance acti'v:lties and their integration into the health services of Participating Cor:ntries. Exnert Adviso:sr Cmittee 1rO. The EAC met in Gene'ra fron U-15 Septenber 1)B2 to d.j-scuss the operationa.l anti research activities of the Onchocerciasis Control Progra.me" Dtxing the d.elibere,tions several inportant issues were reviewed. includ.ing the clevelopment of larricid.es. In ad.d.ition proposals for an onchocerciasis' chemotherapy project and the Southern and. lfestern Extensj.ons were reviewecl. Lrl-. The Progra.me Director prticipteci in the thirtt session of the E4rert Ad.visory Ccumittee in Generra, and took trnrt in the J2nd. session of the IJI{O Regiorral Ccrnnrittee Meeting in Libreville. He took advantage of this to get the ccmments of the governments of MaIi, Senegal and. Guinea, who were represented. at the meetingr on the plan of action for the llestern Extension of the activities of the ?rograrnme. He is expected to acccmpany the Wor1il Sank mission on visits to scmae of the donors, and participate in the clonorst neeting and. that of the Sponsoring: Agencies, In Paris in October. Info:ma_Lion !r2. OCP has had the occasion to show the filn ttA Plague Upon the Iandrr to s, regional gathering of Red. Cross workers froro Benin, Togo, Niger, Malit Ivory Coast and Upper Volta, A tea.n frcm the wtits of VCU and ECO that participated. provided background infortation on the present situation of the Progra.ure an6 answered. several questions frcm an enthusiastic gathering who sr.ggestert a close collaboration between OCP and. the Red Cross. The aclrrantages of ttris colla,boration frcrrn the PHC viewpoint carurot be overlooked. -28- JPC.a i:e Saroako. 7-10 Decenber 1082 Ltr. llhere was a second trreparatey visit to Banako by a tearn fbm the hogra,me head.quarters to surrey preparations so far rnad.e and. suhj.t recom- nendations for further requirements. The JPC in Banako will be the first to take place in the Republic of Mali and the Govermtent is d.enonstrating enttnrsiasm for it. hrblicity started. in the niddle of August ancl it will cover other aspects of hrblic Eealttr throughort the tturation of the meeting. The Gover:ment of Mali is hopeful that success of the JPC woultl help to stj-mulate public interest in her health prog?almes.