sr K / $"1p t onchoccrciasis contror Programme in the volta River Basin area Programme de Lutre contre l'onchoccrcosc dans la Rdgion du Bassin de la volra ,OIN'T PR(rcRAMME COMMITTEE Officc of rhe Chairman JOINT PROGRAT.IME COMMITTEE Fourt,h eeasion K. L. t{. Onchocerciaais Chemotherapy Project Socioeconooic DevelopnenE Iong-Term SErategy COMITE CONTOINT DU PROGRAMME Bureau du Pr6sidcnt JPC4.7, Rev.1(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.t) ORIGINAL: ENGLISH Noveaber 1983 Page 2 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 10 L2 14 t4 I5 16 16 t7 18 19 19 20 2L 23 25 JPC.CCP I I I I a Paris 12-15 Decenber 1983 Proviaional agenda iten 7 ONCHOCERCIASIS CONIT.OL PROGRAMI.IE IN THE VOLTA RIVER BASIN AREA EXPERT ADVISORY COMMITTEE Seport of the fourth session Bouak€. 26-30 Septeober 1983 cot{liENTs List of Participants A. Opening of the Meeting B. Eleccion of Chairman .. C. Adoption of the Agenda D. Report of the Ecological Group E. Revies of VCU Acrivities ResisEance Reinvasion Entonological Evaluation neceork F. Report on the Developmenc of Netr larvicides G. Revies of Epideniological Acriviries ll. Forest Onchocerciasis I. SouEhern extension J. I{estern extension .t i IlevoluEion N. Other Matters ArrangemenEs for next Beasion O. Approval of Report Annex f Research Sumnary Annex II Lawicide Developmenc Annex III Report of che fourth session of the Ecological Group , t JPC4. 7, Rev. 1(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.1) page 2 LIST OF PAtrf}CIPANTS Members Professor Dr T.A. Freyvogel, Direccor, Swiss Tropical InsEitute, Socinstrasse 57, 405L Eg!g, Switzerland Dr PeEer Haskell, Department of Zoology, UniversiEy College, P.0. Box 78, Cardiff CFl IXL, Wales, United Kingdour *Dr C. L6v€que, ORSTOM, 24 rlue Bayard, 75008 Paris, France Dr P. Mercenier, Institur de M€decine Tropicale Prince L€opold, KronenburgstraaE 25, 2000 Antterp, Belgium Dr A.B. Morrison, AssisLanE DepuEy MinisEer, Healch and Welfare Canada, Healch ProtecE,ion Branch, Tunneyrs Pasture, Q!g, Ontario KIA OL2, Canada Dr H.M.A. Onitiri, c/o Regional Bureau for Africa, United Natione Developmenc Programme, Africa Bureau DC 2474, One United NaEions Plaza, New$\, N.Y.10017, usA Dr D.E. Weidhaas, DirecE.or, Laboratory, 1600 SW 23rd 32604, usA Insects Affecting Man and Animals Research Drive, P.0. Box 14565, Gaileryq!, Florida Professor M. Cotuzzi (ad hoc member) Roma, CiEEa univerfrEEia, Rome, ParassiE.ologia, UniversicA diIstituto di IEa ly Observers Mr J.-P. N.W., Daitly, CoordinaEor for Onchocerciasis, WorId Bank, 1818 H. Streec Washington, D"C. 20433, USA Dr B. Liese, Population, Health and Nutrit,ion Divisioo, World Bank, 1818 H.Street N.W., Washi too D.C.20433, USA Mrs A.M. Denmrer, Regional Bureau for Africa, United Nations Development Prograrune, One United Nacions Plaza, spE, N.Y. 10017, USA Mr C.G. Groom, Senior Officer, Agricultural Services Division, Food and Agriculture Orgaoization of the United NaEions, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 @, IEal.y *Representing Prof. J.H. Koeman JPC4.7, Rev.1(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.1) page 3 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Technical Secretariat Dr N.G. GraEz, Direccor, Division of Vector Biology and Control, @ Dr E.M. Samba, Director, Onchocerciasie Control Prograrrne, 8.P. 549, Ouagadougou, Upper Volca Dr H. Agoua, Entomologist, Veccor Control Unit, OCP, @!|, Ivory Coaet Dr O. Ba, Parasitologist, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, OCP, Ouagadougou DrD.A.T.Ba1dry'Entomo1ogist,VectorContro1Unit,oCP,@' Mr G.B. Cliff, Chief, Aerial Operations, Vector Control Unit, OCP, Ouagadougou Mr B. Colussa, ICP/MPD/007, Bamako, Mali Dr Y. Dadzie, Ophthaloologist, Epidemiological Evaluation Unit, OCP, Ouagadougou Dr B.O.L. Duke, Chief, Filarial Infeccione, pDp, Geneva Dr J. Grunewald, Entomologist, Vector Control Unit, OCp, Ouagadougou Dr M. Karam, Parasitologiet, Epidemiological Evaluation UniE, OCP, Ouagadougou Dr D. Kurtak, Entomologist, Vector Control Unit, OCp, Ouagadougou Mr J.D.M.Marr, OCP Liaison Officer, Geneva Dr P. Masumbuko, Public Health Adviser, Econmic Development unit, ocp, Ouagadougou Mr M. Ocran, EnEomologisr, Vector Control Unit, OCp, @1, Togo Mr G.A. Pauquet, chief, Adminietration and ManagemenE, ocp, ouagadougou Dr B. Philippon, Chief, Vector Control Unit, OCp, Ouagadougou Dr J. Reme, Statistician, OCP Ouagadougou Mr G. Zerbo, Entomologistr Vector ConErol Unit, OCp, Ouagadougou Observers Dr B. Akpoboua, Entomologist, vector contror unit, ocp, Bouak6, rvory coast Dr W.G. Baker, OCP Liaison Office, Geneva Dr A.K. Dial1o, Entomologist, vecEor contror unit, ocp, Tamale, Ghana Mr J. Grey-Johnson, Consu1canE, InformaEion, OCp, Ouagadougou JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 4 Mr J. Ou6draogo, Entonologist, Vector Control Unit, OCP, Parakou, ileniir Dr D. Paugy, Hydrobiologist, Vector Control Unit, OCP, Ouagadougou Mr P. Poudiougou, Entomologist, Vector ConCroI Unie, OCP, Bobo-Dioulasso Upper Volta Miee H.L. Ravelonanosy, Programe Officer, Of fice of the Direct.or, OCP, Ouagadougou Mr A. 5oo6, Entomologiet, VecEor Control Unic, OCP, Ouagadougou Mr S.A. Souah, Entooologist, Vector Concrol Unitr OCPr @p, Ua-ii Dr R. Subra, EnEooologistr Veccor Control Unit, OCP, Ouagadougou Conaultants Dr J. MoucheE, 59, rue dtOrsel, 75018 Paris, France Dr O.I,l. ChrieEensen, 19 route de Tannay, 1296 gplg!., Vaud, Switzerland Mr J.F. Waleh, Biology DeparEment, Salford Universicy, Salford y5 4WT, Uniced Kingdom JPC4.7, Rev.1(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 5 A. OPENING OF THE HEETING l. Ttre fourth neetint of the OCP Expert Advieory Cormiccee was held ar HotelHarilattan, Bouak€, Ivory Coast, from 26 co 30 Septeober 19g3. 2. Ihlring the week prior to the meeting chree members of che EAC visited differenc Part8 of che-Programne aree to gain firet-hand knowledge of the activities. one sPent eeveral daye at thc Insaccicide Screening Laboralory in Lom€ and rhe others accoupanied an epideniologlcal evaluation tean to Westerrl- Ivory Coasc where Ehey observed nodulectooy and had the opportunity to see on-going slcioeconomicdevelopoent. 4' Ttre oeeting nas opened on the 27 septeuber by the Director of the prograruoe, DrE.M. Sanba, rho relcomed thoee oembere who had been able to atcend. tte eiplainedthac, for Eechnical and other reasons, the venue of the neeting had had to be charged froo Ouagadougou to Bouakd, but thie turned out to be frovidenEiat ae itwaa a major centre of oCP operational activity and in close proximity to the areasof reinvasion, resietance and socioeconmic developnent. 3. Ttre nembere and other participanEs spenc the first day at the Sector office inBouak€ where they rere preeented sith a decailed overvies of the VCU and EpIactivities. There rras an exhibicion of naps, graphs, phocographs, etc. anddeoonstrations of larval rearing, susceptibiliiy teeiing of-bractiry larvae andadults to different insecticides, blackfly diasictions and adult wotms of0tvolvulue digested from recenEly renoved nodules. A visic qrae later paid to theairport to inspect,an example of each cype of aircraft and application equipmenc uaed in the larvicide treetuents. 5. He Ehanked the EAC for ics unfailing coltaboration and understanding. rtsprevioua recounendation for extra staff had received a posicive r'""por,"" from theJPC and these were being recruited to help dear with the variou" p.""",rr.s facingthe Progrsrrne in 1983. Ttre Progrqrme had had to underEake the urient taek ofprcparing the long-Tetil strategy andr in ite operatione, cope wittr ttre appearanceof resietance in a forest population of savanna epeciea of the s.dannqsum complexin eouthern fvorT coaet. Ttre cooperacion and underatanding tt"Effir-e hadreceivcd fron all concerned during that emergency perioa trla-u""n-i3"t'g."tifying. 6' He paid Perticular tribuce to the staff of the vector control unir who had reaponded co che increaeing deoande on theo in an exemplary manner E.o achieve atrongst the best results registered in che Prograuoe E; dale despite the problemsthey had had to face. 7. Noting chet the agenda cootained a number of inportant itens, he urged that theCooictee Pay Perticular atcention to reeiscance "nd che Long-Tetm Stracegy, bothof rhich had inportent conlrequencea on the future of the protrarme. J1',:+ .7 , Rev . I(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev. 1) pege 5 R. ELECTION OF CHAIRMAN S. Professor T.A. Freyvogel was elecEed Chairman of Che CoomiCcee. g. Dr p. Haskell, Dr A. Morrison and Dr H.M.A. Oniciri accepted co be raPPorEeurs. C. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA 10. Ther i. 2. 3. 4. 5. following Agenda was adopted by che Committee: Opening of ehe Session Election of Chairman Adoption of the Agenda ReporE of Ecological Group Review of VCU activiEies - ResisEance - Reinvasion - EnEomological EvaluaE,ion network Development of Simulium larvicides Review of EPI acEivities Fr.r rest Onchoce rc iasis Southern exEension aree I,Jescern extension area Onchocerc iasis ChemoEherapy Project Review of socioeconomic developoeng rePort.s (Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo and Upper Volta) Long-Term Scrategy - Terms of Reference - ObjecE,ives - Devolution Other MaEEers Approval of Report 5. 7, 9. 10. 11. L2. r3. t4. 15. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 7 D. REPORT OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUP 11. The EAC reviewed the Report of the Ecological Group (see Annex III). 12. The Coruoittee expressed appreciation at what the Group had accomplished and conunenEed on Ehe following points. 13. In paragraph.12 of its report the Ecological Group had expressed concern in respect of the performance of nacional hydrobiological monicoring teaos. Ttre CoruniEE,ee tras asare that this eraa a probleo uhich could only be reeolved in collaboration with the Participating GovernmenEs. In this respecE, the Cormittee noced chat, since the work of Ehese teame was viEa1 to che Prograrme, the Group had discussed possible eolutions with the Director who nould explore sith these governmencs how OCP might help Ehem apply these eolutions. t4. Ihe EAC eupported che recormendation of Ehe Ecological Group (8.G. report, para. 14) that operat,ional lanriciding Eriale of perneehrin and azamechifos be carried ouc as soon aB poseible (see eection F. of this reporE). 15. The EAC shared the concern of the Group at Ehe slow progregs of validation of hydrobiological data (E.G. report, para.21.). Nocing Ehar rhis was due co shortage of staff, Ehe Couaitcee rec@ended that the Director recruit tenporary staff Eo overcdre this difficulty. 16. Regarding the Grouprs corunenE (8.G. report para. 26) on the inrerpretation ofpara. 45 of the Report of che third meeting of the EAC, Ehe Comictee confirned ite unanioous vies that, in t.he event of a delay in reeponse frou either che Ecological Group or the EAC, the DirecEor should uee his poeer and discretion to deal wich any emergency situaEion as he thoughE best. Houever, che Comittee called on Che DirecEor Eo produce deLails of the contingency plan for the use of larvicides indealing with emergency aituatione for acrutiny by Ehe EAC and the Ecological Group. E. REVIE$' OF VCU ACTIVITIES L7. Ihe Chief of the Veccor Control Unit reported rhat, deepite difficulties connected with the application of Teknar (fornulation of Bacillus EhuringiensisH.14,Bl.H-14)duringtherainy8ea8on'Eotheriverbffi,as recorded, the entooological situation had remained ooet satisfactory in 1983 over Ehe greater part of the Progranme area. In the peak of the dry season aerial EreatmenE8 rrere neceasary on only abouE 600 kn of river. During this time surveillance and ground incervention by the evaluaEion teame were intensified but savings in flying time eere substancial. 18. Temephos continued to be used in Ehree-quartera of che programe area whereperiods of intentional suspension of treacoents were increaaed. Elsewhere, in Ehose river basins affect.ed by reeietance to organophoephate compounds, Teknar uas used alone or alternated wich chlorphoxin. Ttris etracegy was reitricted to southern Ivory CoaeE. JPC4.7, Rev.1(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) nage 8 i9. The emergence of resiscance in savanna spec ies of the S.damnosum conplex neginnirrg of the rainy season a ttclean-up" operation was carried out in the soui-h which neucralized that blackfly population before the resistance could spread. This t'clean-up" operation resulced in one of the best entooological siEuations being achieved and maintained, even in Phase IV, since the beginning of che Prograrrue, aided, wit,houE doubt, by exceptionally favourable hydrologtcal conditions. 2tl. The EAC, having reviewed the daEa and observations on che occurrence of resisEance and che steps taken by OCP to overcome it, congraculated Ehe Progranrne cn the successful research and operat.ions it had mounted at very short noEice. Itg sr.npl action had prevented the situaCion from getEins out of hand in 1983. Because of the remarkable result,s obtained from the new ttclean up" sEraEegy Ehe Cosmittee recomended that, if neceseary, ic be repeaEed in 1984. 21. The CorunitEee diecussed the poesibiliEy of recruiting a consultant to invest,igate engineering works and water Eanagement as a means to assisc the vectcrt corLtrol operations breeding sitee, particularly in case6 where Ehe complexity of ghe watercourses and nater flow made present control techniques difficult co appl.;'. ?2, The Cormritcee recognized that the successful developmenE of such a programrn{) 'ro-.ri<i required careful consideration of all related socioeconomic asPects. Closecollaboracion sith the Parcicipating GovernmenEe sould be necessary since many of these trere already engaged in projects involvin8 rracer management. Nevertheless, is was felt thae this approach could be helpful in reducing the presenc total :e:iance on chemical conErol and therefore reconrmended that the DirecLor explrrrt: r'.- ;ossibility of pursuing such a sEudy in collaboration with Parcicipacing C.r'tnitit:s. Rr.sistance 2-1. The ConrmicEee had before ic fuII details of the resiscance situaEion including ChaE reporced in 1983 in the lower Bandama and Ehe action taken Eo coobat it (para. 19). No temephoa was noo being used in that area to avoid further selecEion of a resiscanE population. The lorrer Bandama lraa treeted with B.E. H-14. ForEunatelY' tt,:'s river had not reached a diecharge of 250m3/sec beyonaGictr the B.t' tt-14 formulation availabLe could not be utilized. Elseshere, as a result rrf a revcrs:cr of chlorphoxim resisCance t,o almost nonnal susceptibility in qresEern Ivory Coasr-, (S.damnosun s.6. and S.sirbanum) in an isolated f i;-i"#i-6'ast early frEe ./ear called for urgent treaLDienEs were carried out alternat chlorphcxim resistance remained at a could be used. ing hi orest us on the lower Bandama ingly, at cheattention. Accord B.E. H-14 and chlorphoxim. However, gE-T6veI on Ehe Como6 where only B.c. H-'14 24. 1'opicat applications of insecticide Co adult flies had shown chat resistance ir: cire larval stage could be detected in Che adults for both chlorphoxim and temephos, so nak-i.og it easier to determine resi.stance when hydrological condicions would preclude the coltection of larvae and amongst flies in reinvasion areas and e l sewtrere . 25. The Conmittee emphasized the need to maintain the resisCance monitoring scheme at igs present level, since only in Chis way sould che Programne be able Eo detect early on the appearance of reeieEance, which could be a rapid and widespread phenomenon in the absence of suitable remedial measures. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAC/83. l, Rev. l) page 9 27. tn relation to the reeigcance firat rcported in s.eoubrenee/aanctipauli in r9g0studie3hadbcaacarricdoutbytheProgranctodet@acity of thie epecicc peir in the eavanna area. Ttris had shoen that experinencaliyS.aoubfenac/aarrctlpaull deoonstrated good vectorial potential in irf f bioclioatic zonea in lvory Coectr Togo and Benin. In Ivory Coaat the relevant pert they playin traneoieeion via-l-vie other epeciee of the !.dalng conplex decreased from- aouthern rain forcct arGas srhcre it ie 1002 to ffiffiIlny eiranna where it it nil. Horever, in intarnediate ares of Guinea aevanna rhere aeverc hyperendeoic onchocerciasie rar aegociated with high ATP.e and high nrnber of biting flies of eeveral epccice of the vactor conplex, thc s.aoubren;g populatlona had been able by theoeelvee to tive riac to ATPre exceeding fre a"c",pred tolerable level of I00lenrae notphologically lndistinguishable frou o.volvulus. Ttre aitution did noc ePPcar to be radicelly different in Togo nhereEffifiEa aavanna belt was ouchrider and the rain foreet abeenE and where the entouological eicuation waa coplicaced by probleoa of idencification of vector "p.Ii." and involvement of!rrqumoern. 28. Ttre comittec recouended thsc these etudies be continued. It alao recomendedthat attention ahorrld be given to deEecting in che adulte genetic differenceebetveen epeciec not currently eeparable by oorphological oeana. Rcinvaaion 26. In Ehie connerion the EAC dren attention to para. 53 of the Report of rhe rhirdEAc, sith ita rarning of the "catasErophic coneeiuences of the appearance of rerietance in aevanna epecice" and emphaeizcd chit the only meth;i at presenE availabte to corbet thie raa the applicatidn of differcnt insecricideg. t{trile rheProgramc uac Eoet auccccaful in overcouing the problen in 1983 rith the compounds and fotlulationr available to it, the Couittee etrongly recmended that thehighert priority continue. to be given to the lanricidi developnent and ecreeningprogr€ilne. (rca eection F) 29. Studies carried ouE in 1983 ehored that the reinvaeion had folloued rheclaasical Pettern of previous yeers. lloreycr, eme eites affecied in-isaz rrere nor rcinvedcd in 1983 bacause of thc treatnent of source rivera within the prograrme area u-eing E!. n-tA. Alao the conetruction of Selingue Dau cancelted reinvaeionfror that eitc. A- linear diapereal etudy of inigrani flies at Ia paya had eontinucd, thie bcing the eitc shcre an adulticiding trial ras undertlten inAugult. Ttrie trial, earried out ovcr a pcriod of tfiree ueeks and uring knapaacktPnyert and a uotorized oiat cprayer, covcred en area of about 30 heclarea io thc ccntre of the reinvasion zone. Ttre insecticidc uaed rae perrethrin. ftre effect ofthc tir-r8le lPray application to the fringing gellery foreit had resulted in anepprcciable rcduction in the nuubar of fiiGa deught- in the area, nithout drasticcffcct on noa-terZct aquetic organiena. 30. ttc couittcc, in reviering thc reinveeioa problen, and recalting itercco:adrtion concc-iog thc nced to devclop edulticiding ac or." ..Ihod ofnitigeting thc dclcterioua cffect of reinvrai.or. or. diseaae conErol., noted withlrtitftction thrt oPcrationat rcaearch on edulticiding had recently couenced.llocvcr, thc coEittee conridercd that rcecerch on aaulticiding ehould have higherpriority and rccmcndcd thrt it bcnGfit fro edditionel reehnlcal ateff and tf,arproviaion bc nrdc for purcheec of additionrl ground and acrial apreying equip,oenc. teams. C earns . JPC4.7, Rev.1(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.1) page 10 3I. The EAC noted that inadequate knowledge of adult fly behaviour and eaupling methods sere teo major obetaclee Eo further development of adulticiding techniquee. In order to a6si6E the Programme overcme these problene and also provide a beneficial input to development of trepa for evaluation (aee Pare. 35), the Conmiteee reconunended the setting up of a Uorking Group on Adult Behaviour and Trapping as soon as poesible. 32. The Comictee aleo recourended thet appropriate epideoiological data be obcained on the iopact of reinvaaion aod on diseaee prevalence in hunan populationr so affecced in the precent OCP area. Entomological Evaluation netteork 33. The Coranittee was informed of etudiee carried out and action taken totrards reducing the entomological evaluation netsork in che central part of OCP. Thie involved the regrouping and, in some ce8es, the abolition of aub-eectors and a reduction in the nunbei of cacching teame. The introduction of the ttaluninir.o sheet traptr confirmed thaE trapping could be used Eo indicaCe t.he Presence of blackflies in an area. The Conrmittee uaa reoinded of the overalt reduction in the network since 1977 when the area was divided inco 23 eubeectors and 86 catching In 1983 in the saae area, eurveillance lraa done from 17 eubeectore by 59 34. The EAC noted the coruaencement of the experiocnEal reduction of the enLomological eurveillance netrrork in reeponae to iEe recoruaendation in the rePorE oi ics third session (para. 59). However, Ehe Coomittee felt that further information on traps and crapping of blackfliee could aeeiet further atudiee to$rards the reduction of the surveillance netrrork (see para. 31). 35. The Prograume aleo reported on acudiee undertaken on the length of larval life co help determine the feaeibifity of prolonging treatment cycles. A certain variabilicy eras noted due to speciee differencee and local conditione. For the momenr ic would appear Eo be inopportune to change the rhythn of applicacion. F. REPORT ON TITE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW I.ARVICIDES 36. The Coruoittee tlas informed of progrese being made in the search for and 6evelopment of new inseccicides for OCP. Contaccs rith industry had been intensified and in June 1983 a meeting waa convened in Geneva nith 50 representacives actending from 39 companiee. This hae resulted in renesed intereet amongst theo in providing compounds for ecreening. Lt was recognized that effeccive ecreening on the targeE epeciee could only be done in Africa. There sae ,1"o " meeting to fevelop a proeocol for testing In8ecc GroqrEh Regulators (IGRs). While Carbamate8 and IGR.s Lrere proving dieappointing, one organophoephate colpound, several synthetic pyrethroids, and a nuuber of formulations of B.t. H-14 were promieing. 37. The Progreruue was carrying out an inteneive Ecreening Progremle of all the compounds it received. OuE of this azoethifoe (organophoephate) and permethrin(synchetic pyrethroid) seemed particularly promieing and a eelection would shortly be made of tire beet forroulation of each Eo proceed co operational river triala. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 1l 38. Ttre Comittee waa aleo Eold theE a new B.t. H-14 formulation, BacBimos, produced by Solvay vae already proceeding c6Tperaeional river triala. This product had ruany advantatca over Teknar in that it did noE have to be mixed uith lrater, it could poeeibly be applied through the present aerial equipment used for the organophoaphate fomulationa and iE had a dosnstreem carry of at leaet 10 km. This could becone operational in 1984. 39. The Cormitcee we!, very errcouraged with the eignificanE progress oade over the paat 12 uonths'not only in the development of a Eore operational B.t. H-14 fornulation but aleo in identifying pocenciatly suitable eynthetic pyrethroids which were in a different cheoical group froru ihe inaecticides presently available to the Prograuoe. It etrongly reco@ended thac furEher criala nith these be carried ouE es quickly as poeaible especially uith the perrethrin ae its potenEial effect on non-targec organicue would have to be obeerved throughouE e coEplete year. 40. The Comittee recognized Ehat es azamethifoa raa an organophoephate coopound Ehere walt a greater riek of rapid developnent of crose reeietance rich temephoa and chlorphoxin but, neverchelees, it could be a ueeful etandby ehould high nater discharges in the loner Bandama in 1984 preclude the use of B.t. tt-14. It Eherefore, eupported the Programere intention to proceed wiFoperationaL rivertriala rith ir. 41. fn coneidering the probleua rhich uust be overcooe before any of these coupounda coutd be declared operational, Ehe EAC reaffitted its agreeoent wich the Ecological Group Eestiru requirements and reiteraEed it8 staEeoent (para. 43, oc?lE Cl82.l) that nork was still required on the application, storage and supply of theee compounda. Ttre EAC recmended that arrengemente ehould be oade as a macter of urgency to carr? out storege triale of theee cmpounde. 42. As regards the final trial procedure the EAC requested the Prograrue co study the poaeibility of.aaving tine by carrying out, in parallel, trials of azamethifos and the aynthetic Pyrethroids but noted thac in Ehis connexion the Ecological Group raaintained ita vien that a yearra obeenrationr on non-tarBet effecEs raedesireble. However, the repreeentative of the Ecological Group agreed thac, iffurther triale continued until l{hy f984 with no adveree non-target effects, Ehe Group would exceptionally agree that, in caec of energency, the coopounde be releaeed for operational uae in the rainy aeason. 43. BxecuEion of the propoeala outlined above would eignificantly advance the dare when one or Eore of theee coapounde could becooe operational. Houever, cheComrictee sarned t,het several factora outeide the control of the programne also affected this date; theae included auch factors a8 the developuent 6f ,"""production Procesrrea by the manufacturer, the problen of oaincinance of qualicy control in large-ecale production and detivery tines and detays. 44. Becauee those srere unknown factore, the EAc felt it sas inadvisable to atEeoptto predict at present a more preciae tiuetable leading Eo release of one or more compounde for operational uee, but felc thie uae unlikely to be teae than 12 monthe, whlch rrec conaonant rith thc tiue fraoe aet out in para. 43 of Ehe reportof the third EAC. Sirrce, horevcr, VCU had now shosn that Teknar could be utiiizedfor control in part at leaaE of the rainy aearon, the risk of reaigtance bringingthe Programe to a helt hed bccn rcduced. tfith Bactinoe having given prooisiig - reeulta in prelioinary trials the poeaibiliry of errending the-ule of it.t. H-I4 inthe rainy aeason waa conaiderably increaeed. J?Ci.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAC/83. l, Rev. l) pa6t L2 /;5. it.:vertheless, it was essenEial that the programme give due erophasis t,o :rc::rlerating trials of all chese compounds and the Corfrietee recoruoended chat, if nra'-'ese4r!, extra resources be made available for this purpose. The Corunittee also i,--...'riltrenCed EhaB the Progranune indicace probable development t,iroe charts for each .i,: i!.e cornpounds to be f ield-tested (see Annex II). 46. the Coouitcee was pleased Eo note thaE the development and improvement of the ae.rial application equipment eras being rigorously pursued concomitant with the .:e,r-:}opmenE of nen insecticides. It recourended that thie research should be c'raiinued wich a vien to ensuring that alt products would be applied in the mosc r:fficient. and effecCive manner. t]. R,ETIIEW OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAI ACTIVITIES t7. From 1 October 1982 to 26 Septenber 1983 epidemiotogical inveetigations had been carried out in 64 villages in the OCP area, involving over 14 000 people. The Corunittee not,ed with satisfaccion that, in accord wich its recomnendatione of last\-rear, a Chief Epidemiologist had been recruited. Ttre Epideniological Evaluation Lrr--i had benefited from the recruitment of an experienced bioecatiecician recruiced i€'ce^rly for the Prograrune. lle wae located in Ouagadougou and had access to a rrerscnal compuEer. Detailed etatietical analysis of the extensive epidemiological d.tt:a .:ollecEed in the Prograruoe had already begun and plane were being made to el:a',rriue their relaEionship with entonological parametere. '13. A ne$, sEatistical neEhod for analysis of the epiderniological data, t.he force of on.hocercal infeccion modeI, was being developed. Preliminary analysis of data f:'aut a limiced number of villages in non-reinfected areas of the OCP showed :il.creaoing levets of prevatence of onchocerciasis and infection load of 0.volvulus e,'nce:ontrot operat,ions began. The st,atistical model predicted thac, based on Ehe ;.r'.)e+1r t.rend, major drops in prevalence could be expecEed within the next 2-3 y,: iri.: . Ihe average period of fecundity of the adult fenale rlorm qras Ehus predicte.i l;r' itrc model to be 10-12 years. If this prediction were valid, by 1985-87 '..:i!a'Dility in che duration of fecundity would becooe an importanc factor in r.ietennining Ehe remaining prevalence of onchocerqieais in che OCP area. 49. The Corunittee conmended the work that had been done Eo date on data analysis and sErongly recormended that further inveetigatione on validity of che statistical nodel be cornpleted as soon as possible. It naa expected this phase of the work uoulo be cornpleEed by I April 1984. Once the validity of the otacistical model was c.rnfirmed, the Coruuittee urged that top prioricy be given to analyais of .:pideniological data from all villagee examined. jr.;. The Conmrittee noced with satisfaction that the presence of che OCP stacistical ?.r',trp iu Ouagadougou was enabling closer collaboration sith scientists in theyector ConErol Unit and the other Units of the Prograruue. Strong links were also h,e:ne developed with cotleagues in other institutions. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 13 51. In accordance nith the Comicteera recmendatione of 1982, further inveatigatioaa had been done on the longevity of adult female worms. These etudiee, rtrich serc based on examination of trorult obtained by nodulectony of onchocerciaaie petiente and eubeequent cotlagenase digeetion, had ahown that eachyear the nunbcr of dead eotra and of feoale porua with enpty uteri was increaeing, and converacly the nr.ruber uith gravid uteri uas decreaeing. The Comictee recmcnded thlt thia eork be continued to obtain additional data eince information on the longevity of the rott had an important bearing on the required duration of vect,or controt opcratione and on the poEential role of chemocherapy. 52. Ttre Comittee notcd the increaeing deoand by inveetigators in several councriesfor apecinens of adult rrorns for uee both in imunodiagnostic research and inbiochenical sE,udiee on woru metabolism, rhich served all a prerequieite for lead-directed drug aynthcaia and developo€nt projects. It coruoended OCP for the unifotl high quality of epecimens provided to investigacors, but recomended that additional apparatus collecc and cryopres, apability t,o 53. Prelininary analyeie of three villagee theE had undergone vector control for seven to eighc years had ehonn that the prevalence of ocular lesions had decreased appreciably. ftre Cmittee, recognizing Ehe need to follow up, docr.ment and eonfiru these observations, endoreed plans to surirrey 25 additional villages in the ocP area which had been under vector control for seven to eight yeers. 54. Ttre Couittee noted cith great intereat that, Vieual Fie1d TesEB were no!, being applied in the Progrrmre in etudiee on Ehe ocular effects of onchocerciaeis. It h;d been found that in eooe patiente uith onchocerciaeia the vieual field uae eeriously reduced so that the patiente suffered frou tunnel vieion. Sone patients so affected sere functionalty bl.ind. Although Ehe Vieual Fie1d Tesi rae not used atthc start of control operations and hence baeeline data on it were not available,it aeeocd reaaonable to aaaLrme Ehat considerably oore people eere functionaLlyblind froo onchocerciaeia than had previouely been considered. Ttre Comittee conaidered that this teet be adopted as routine in addicion to the currenE te8E. 55. In full collaboration uith TDR, reeearch vae undenray wich three inetitutions on developucnt of highly epecific and aenaitive imunodiagnoscic testa for onchocerciaria. Ttre availability of euch tcsts could play an iuportant role indctcctint early infection before there ncre aufficient nicrofilariae preeent to bedctcctable by corpcational ekin snip techniquer. Ae euch it nould be of great velue in thc dcvelopment of a lorrg range rtrrtety for dieeaae control. TtreCouittee rec@nded that reaearch on imroodiagnoeie continue to receive highpriority. 56. In this reaPcct' the Comitcee noled that TDR planned to hold a corkshop onthc uce of hybridoor techniquee in diagnoeie of filarial disease. An OCP sraff oeobcr ahould ettend thie uorkshop, which rould be held in Lille, France, 14-18 tlovcober 1983. Ttia rould enable hin to provide valuable oaterial to the workahop and to oake useful contacte nith imrnologiate working on onchocerciaeie. and equipenE be procured Eo strengEhen the c erve 0.volrnrlue nodulee collected in the field JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocp/EAc/83.1, page 14 Rev. I ) 57. The TDR Filariasis Steering Couuittee ahould be aeked to oake reco'-'endaCione aB co how reeearch for the imrunodiagnoetic test required by OCP couLd beet be accelerated especially in light of the report of the Lille vorkehop. Leading inuaunological reeearch institutee in varioue countriee should be vieiced in order to sEimulate inEerest in the inuaunological reeearch in OCP and enhance collaboration between staff of OCP and ecientists outeide the Programe. H. FOREST ONCIIOCERCIASIS 58. The Conunittee heard detailed reports of onaoing studiea in the foreat area on entomological and epidemiological alrpecEs of che foresE form of the dieease. IE recognized the value of such studies in delineating the relationship betreen conlrol in the foresE and eavanna, and recmended they be continued through 1984. 59. These etudiee led the Comnit,tee to diecuss the role of the Progrme in relation Eo control of both the foreet and eavanna vectors. In connexion with the a.s yet unresolved problem of the two forme of the paresite and the epidemiological and ent.omological implications of Ehese for Ehe whole Programe the Cotnnitcee considered it importanE eo continue efforte to differentiate between foreet and savenna strains of O.volvulus ueing the techniquee of oodern genetics. Information as co whether there were genetic differencee between these Btrains which, in turn, could explain differences in their pathogeniciEy, would be of great value in developing control straEegies in the two geographic areas. Ttre Cormittee aleo recormended thst clinical aopects of onchocerciaeie ehould be exauined on a high priority basis in forest and savanna settings within the OCP area both to atteopt co explain why the Ewo forms of the diaeaae differ, and co beccer define the true extene of clinical problems caused in the foreet,. T. SOUTHERN EXTENSION 60. The EAC reconfirned its view, firet expressed in ite 1981 Report (para. 50) of the eechnical desirability of proceeding rith the eouthern exteneion, and recalledics later deciaion, agreed to by che JPC, that thie uea noc feasible unBil cso operationally ueable larvicides became available. 61. The insecticide screening unit had already been eetabliehed in that area (eee section F.). In addition to this inportant facility, the Prograrrpe was carrying out a considerable range of activities in thie area, of which the following were some examples: (a) screening of larvicides and large-scale river experinente of eelected compounds, with appropriate aquatic monitoring using precontrol data collected on a regular basie by national teams of hydrobiologiete and regular ooniEoring of sueceptibiLity to insecticidee; (b) studies on correlations between pattern and evolution of the dieeaee and variatione of ATP based on four to five years of precontrol enEomological deCa; JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 15 (c) detailed etudies of che vecEorial role and migrant behaviour of vecEor epeciee; (d) etudiea of correlat.iono betseen hydrological oeaaureoence and dynaoice of veccor populatione rith the aio of ioproving the coet-efficiency of aerial operatione; in particular, ioplemencacion of a pilot aEudy of Eeletranemieaion of hydrological data aimed et a betEer adjuatnent of larviciding to hydrological fluctuationa. 52. Becauee continuation of all ttria entouological reeearch nae vital to the ultimete succeas of the vector concrol operaEions of the Programe, including the souEhern extension erea, che EAC recmended that OCP retain its faciliciee and staff in this area. J. t{ESTERN EXTENSION 63. Ttre Comictee noEed that Che l{esEern exteneion had been approved in principle by JPC3, which aaked that preparacory etudiee be carried out co provide information eeaential for developncnc of an acceptable conErol strategy. 64. AII preperatory atudiee propoeed to JPC3 eould have been eEarted in 1983, buc Ehere were ineufficient funde available to cover the global couituenta of the aecond financiat phaee, including the firsE tro priorities of larvicide developoent and the chemotherapy project. As a reeult, theae etudiea, shich included collecting baseline vector distribution and hydrobioloSical data, had noE all been carried out as had bcen hoped. However, thanke Eo general aeaieEance in etaff and funda froa the t{IlO Regional Office for Africa and reeourcee frm che countries concerned some usefut prelininary rork had been undertaken. 65. Bearing chie information in nind, and keenly errare of che fact that appropriaEe preperatory studier lrere carential to aseist the fifth Joint Programe Conuitcee in 1984 Eo aelect the optiual long-tet'n stretegy and to plan a decailed concrolled protrarme for the area, the Co";'ittee recomended that OCP take the following aceion respecting the t{ertern Extenaion during the next 12 nonths: (a) pursue baeic entoEoloSical studieg and suriveys to obtain baeeline data and determine dictribution and vcctor role of S.dannoeun cmplex epeciee; (b) carry out larvicide sueceptibility studiea over the whole area; (c) survey the erea by air and, where poeaible, on che ground to idencify enviroruuencel and logiatical conetraining factora; (d) revier hydrological eituation and arrenge for repair and upgrading of rlver gauger; (e) oonicor thc aqueEic envirorucnt; JPC4.7, Rev.l r 0CP/EAC/83.1, Rev. l) page 16 (^') st,udy the humid upland areaa to deteraine the most appropriete vector conErol techniquea and strat,egiee; (g) carry out piloc experimental studies on the effects of vector control on reinvasion into the currenc OCP area from euspected source rivers. fhis would enable the capabilities of national teams co be assessed under operat,ional conditions. The area chosen for these experiraenEal studies ehould be a srnall part of the eastern portion of the proposed extension(e.g. the Sankarani river basin). If control is succeseiul its coets in respect to aircraft would be at least partially recouped fron Ehe reducEion in control required on Ehe rreotern flank of the preltent control area; (h) collect preconr,rol epidemiological dara. K. ONCHOCERCIASIS CHEI,IOTHERAPY PROJECT r)4. The Counittee heard decails of progress being made in the chemotherapy r.rcject. A Steering Cmittee on the Cheaotherapy of Onchocerciasis had been established under TDR, and the poaE of Secretary to the Coruoittee had been acivertised. A research group at che Wellcme Laboratories had been set up, and search was underway for a second such group. Several experinental compounds protiuced by Ciba-Geigy had survived aninal ecreening for efficacy and preclinical toxicology asseaanent. One of these was expected to be cautiously introduced into human subjecEe early in 1984. 57. Flubendazo1e, produced by Janssen Pharmaceutica had shown promising clinicat a,rd paraaicological results in a emaIl trial in onchocerciaeis patients, but very uar.nful local inflarmatory reactions to injeccions of the drug had been eeen. fhese reacEions prevenEed further Eriale sith che present formulation and actemptspej.e nor., being made co reformulate the drug to make it more acceptable. i8. The drug Ivermectin (Merck Sharp and Dohne) had undergone preliminary studies io man. It appeared to acc es a oicrofilaricide, which produced relatively mild adverse tissue reactione; Ehere appeared to be no adverse effects on the eye from I irui ted work done to daEe. Although ouch further work would be required to detenuine Ehe potential utility of Iveraectin in Ehe treatment or control of human orrchocerciasis, the Comittee waa very encouraged by result,s obtained so far. It noted wich satisfaction asaurances fron TDR that major efforcs would be made to :ccelerate asseaament of the safety and effectiveness of Iverrorectin. 69 The CormritEee recoamrended cilemoEherapy project. that continued high priority be given to the IU' SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT l{). The Corunittee reviewed detailed reports of work conducted by the Economic t)evelopmenE UniE (EDU) and of progress made by eeveral Participating Countries. Developmenc of lande made available ae a reeult of control of the Simulium vector ha.l proceeded aE an accelerating rate in apite of the difficuLt ec6i6Ffi'roblems rhe Parcicipacing Countries had had to cope with in the paet tlro years. MosE ar.ojects concerned agriculture and liveeEock and had both economic and reeettlement c otnponent s . JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.1) page 17 71. Nocing Ehat oany of the Participating CounEries had lacely become concerrred about envirotrmental and ecological problems, such as desertification, deforestation and eoil depletion, che Comictee concluded it would be reasonable to expect Ehat resettleoenE patterna in lands freed from the threat of onchocerciaEis would not, duplicate thoee exieting previouely. Participating CounEriee might well decide, for eound ecological and other reasons, co alEer reseccleaent pat,terns. The availability of landg for reeetclemenc provided unparalleled opportunities for environmental oanagement by national governments. 72. Ttre Comittee noted with regret that the Chief of the EDU had Eaken up another poat, and reco@ended that atrenuouo efforta be made co replace hin as Boon ag poaeibte 80 Ehe Unit couLd expand ita conEacBs with nationel governmente and aaaist them in exploring the opportunitiea provided by reeettlement. It expreeeed great eatiefaction with a8siscance provided to EDU by FAO, which had helped to fill the gap in thac Unit, and hoped euch aeeistence woutd be continued ae long as necessary. 73. While nocing the increaeing quality of national reports, the Comittee recomended that aa a eupplenenc to auch reports, che EDU provide each year additional data on the extent and nature of apontaneous and organized resetclement and an overall revieo of aocioeconomic development in the Prograrme area. Such information should be based on Ehe intiroate knowledge OCP had of the populations and geographic areae involved aided by Landsat studies. Ln addicion, OCP, with aesietauce froo PAO ae required, ehould provide additional quantification of the econmic benefits reeulting from regettleoenc. M. I'NG-TERT STRAIEGY 74. Ttre Comiteee noEed that the JPC at its third eeesion (December 1982) decided inter alia that a Iong-Teru SBrategy (LtS) for OCP, including mediuu- and long-teru -co8.te8ti'aateeehou1dbeprepareauLrorethecoup1ecionofPhaseIIofthe Progrrrme. To oeet thie echedule the LTS rould have to be preeented co the fifch eeeeion of the JoinE Programe Comittee in December 1984 for iEs coneideration and approval. Ttre task wae being undertaken by the Progrmne iteelf. 75. Ttre Comittee had before it a docrment outlining sEep8 Eaken eo far in preparatioo of Ehe LfS, and action planned for further developoent of a finalpropoeal. In addition to this information, uhich wea eaaencially procedural in nature, the Couittee alao examined a drafE vereion euoarizing previous stateoents on the objective of OCP. t{trile fully aeare of the fac! that the objective of the Programe had previouely been fom.rlated by varioue adviaorT groupn and co'r-icEees, EAC corrcluded that careful re-exoination of the objecEive tras an eesential first etep in developneot of che LTS. Precision of wording wae especially critical since Ehe ray in which the objective wae expreeeed nould have an important influence on the forr, nature and content of the LTS. After careful coneideration of varioirs alternacives, and exteneive diecueeion, the Comitcee recmended that the objective of OCP be defined aa follons: 76. Objeccive: To elininate onchocerciaois as a dieease of public healch and socioecooonic iuportaoce throughout the OCP area and to enoure that Ehere ie no recnrdeecence of the dieeaee thereafcer. Ttre Couittee further suggeoted Ehat to etEain thie objective, the following actione nere required: JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 18 reducing, and/or mainEaining che reduction of transoiesion of O.volvulus; carrying out neceasary epideoiological and enEmological surveillence and conErol operations; building up in a phased oanner in Participacing CounEries the operational and logistical capacitiee eseential for them to aasune reeponeibility for surveillance and conErol in the future; identifying an inter-country facilicy which, after cessaBion of OCP operat.ions, uould coordinate and, where neceaaary, coupleuenc the accivities of and provide operational asaistance to Participating Countries; carrying out necessary research and training programeli and activities. 77. Ttre Comitcee recognized that an inportant contribution to preparation of the LTS would be a scientific review of the Programe, shich would bring together in one document the operational and ecientific experiencee of OCP, including thoce reeulting fron OCP eponsored research. The Comittee noted thac preparaEion of this document had already begun, comended progress made Eo date, and recomended EhaE work to complete the document be continued. 78. Recognizing the inherenEly cooplex and potentially controvereial nature of the LTS, the Cormictee recouoended that either the entire Comittee or a subgroup of it meet in March 1984 to coneider in depch draft docuoenEs now being prepared by OCP scaff. This would facilicace discussions on the LTS at the fifch session of the Expert Advisory Comitcee prior to ite presentation to the subsequent JoinE Progranuoe ComuiEcee. Devolut ion 79. The Comrittee noted thaE, during its consideration in December 1981 of the reporE on Ehe Independenc Couliseion, the Joint Progra'rme Cott"nittee had addreseed the iesue of devolution of Programe activities to Parcicipating CounE,ries and had presented a tentative Einetable for this process. The third oeeting of the JoinE Prograone CouaiEtee aleo coneidered probleos and opportunities presented by devoluuion, recognizing the need to proceed ttvery gradually and cautiouelyrr, and the need for devoluEion to be linked with primary health care 6ystem8. 80. Ttre EAC had before it, within the concext of the preparacion of the LTS, draft documenEs prepared by OCP, which dealt with the principlee involved in planning for devolution of OCP accivitiee. In noting Che satiefacEory progress made Eo daEe, the Cormittee recomoended that in preparation of euch plans, there rdas a need Eo coneider carefully a number of factors. Theee included the following: - the Prograrune elements which would be devolved, criteria for Eheir eelection, the order in which devolucion will be impleoenced, and the tine frames involved; t JPC4.7, Rev.l(OCP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 19 Ehe need Eo establieh criEeria and eEandarde which muat be meE by national structuree of ParticipaEing CounEriee before the activiEies concerned could be devolved. Thie nae neceesary to ensure that the efficiency and/or effectiveneee of Programe accivitiee sould noE be impeded by devolution; the need to fully involve Participating Countries in all aspecEs of Ehe devolution proceaa, from planning Ehrough inpleoentation; the need to develop and have in place necessary phyaical infrasEructurea, and oanagerial capacity prior to initiacion of devolucion; che relationahip of devolution to nultidieeage control progra@elr, prioary health care, and developoent progre@es; the role to be played by Nacional Onchocerciaeis Comittees, and acadeuic and national reeearch inscitucee in Participating Countriee; Ehe need co Erain national staff ao they yould be able to take over reeponeibilicy for Progrm'e operations. D,evelopoent and iopleuentacion of adequate career structureo ouet aleo be conaidered; the need to recognize Ehat conErol ection, or lack of it, by a given Participating Country could have profound effects on disease control in others; the devetopnenE and maintenance of an intercountry facility vhich would carry ouE cerEain ectivitiea after OCP ceases operations; how to effectively Eanager in trays which would enaure continuance of disease control, the critical 'rphaee in-phaee outr'aapect of devolution, when OCP wae winding down and ParcicipaCing CounEriee sere gearing up. 81. The Comiccee sa8 tratified to note that vieits rould be paid to allParticipacing Councries by OCP sponeored uieeiong to obcain information and dataperEinent to the devoLution process. 82. The ComitEee recoqoended that OCP continue preparations for eventual devolucion, including preparation of detailed documente for coneideration by EAC, csA and JPC. [n view of the necesearily long detaye betseen planning and iupleoenEacion of devolution, it wae iuportant thie preparatonr work-be proceeded wich as quickly ae poaaible. N. OTHER MATTERS Arranqement e for next eeesion 83. Ae che ExPert Mviaory Comittee would have the reeponsibility inter alia of reviering Ehe l.ong-Term stretegy prior to ite euboiasion co Ehe :oiiEffi@e comittee it was propoeed that the fifth seseion be convened fron 18 to 22 June 1984. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.1) page 20 O. APPROVAL OF REPORT 84. The Cormit,cee approved che draft report prior to the cloeure of the session on 30 Sepcenber by the Chaittan wtro thanked Ehe members and other parEicipants for Eheir cooperat,ion and contributions Ehroughout the detiberatione. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 21 Annex I RESEARCH SI'HMARY (a) ftre CormitEee noted Ehec, at ite ueeting in 1982, EAC had identified three research areea of higheet prioricy - viz. larvicide developaenc, drug developnent and develoPEent of-a rapid, specific imr.rnodiagnoetic Eest for detection of earlyinfection in the field. Ttre Comictee confirmed the continuing high priority of- theae area8r diecueeed nore fully in sectione F and K. In addition, however, theComittee conaidered chat priority alao ouet be given to a nuober oi orher ciitical reaearch iesuee, all of which sere of conaiderable inportance in developaent of che Iong-Term Strecegy. They inctuded the fotloring. (b) Ttre public health aignificarrce of the foresc foru of onchocerciasis must be evaluated aa quickly aa poaeible. It rae sell eetabliehed thst it producee leeeblindneee, but the Couittee recognized thie to be an ineufficient Lagie on whichto judge ice overall iopact on Ehe health of foreat peoples. Ocher criteria ouetbe Eaken inEo consideration, including other ophchalnological parametero such asthe Vieual Field Teet, additional clinical featuree, and-imunllogical responaes.In order to explain differencee betneen aavanne and forest forae of onchoclrciasie,it sould be eseenEial to utilize the poverful toola of uodern genetice to identify and invegEigate varioue forme of the paraeite, 0.volvulue (c) ee indicated above, a clear definitioo of che iuportance to public health offoresE orrchocerciaaie uould be of very greac iuportance in the elaboration of apng-Teru Strategy for the Progrcme. Since vector concrol operaciona in cheforeac were nuch oore difficult and expensive Eo carry out th;n in the savanna,Ehie information could be of considerable economic eiinificance aa nell. (d) Ttre iupact of reinvasion on the aucceea of the Programr in achieving ita objective of elioineting oochocerciaeis as a dieeaee of public health and eocioecooooic iuportance ouat be investigated on a prioricy b."i", utilizing both epideaiological and encmological par@eters. Ttris information ie required todeteruine-the iupact of the propoeed Ueetern extension in adjacent areae. It waeof great iEPortance co detect sourcea of che vector8 involvei, if che phenmenontrere co be prevented. Ttrie fact provided the ecientific racionate for the recomendation oade previoualy in thia report (para. 55g) ttrat experiuental etudieebe conducted on vector conErol in suepeeted souice riveie in a emall part of thepropoeed Weetern exteneion. (e) Research nas required to identify the leve1e of prevalence and intenaity of0.volvulue iofection, and aaeociated ABR and ATP levele belon which traaeoilaionrra-;liEffi:ftively internrpted and vector control could ue aieconiii""irqr at leasEgreatly ecaled dora to a level rtrich prevented recrudeecence of the infeetion.Coneideration alao ouet be given Eo the poeeibility that different ATp and AIRlevels uighc be applicable in Ehe foreet and aavanna zonea. Ttre operational aadhence the econooic inplicatione of anasers to there queetioas rere, of courae, obvioue. JPC4.7, Rev.l(OCP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 22 Annex I (f) ft was also important to cont,inue investigations on Ehe longevity of the adult female rrorms. On the baeis of admittedly preliminary data from direct obeenrations of woms recovered from patienEs and indications from the sEauistical nodel relating prevalence and infection load to duration of control, preliminary estinaces of average longevity rrere beEseen 10-12 years. However, definitive analrera in chis area qrere urgently required, eince on them depende the overall period of vector conErol operations, che role of chemotherapy, the foro of the Iong-Term Strategy and, indeed, Ehe duraEion of the Programe itaelf . JPCA.I , Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 23 Annex II TENTATIVE TII.IETABLE FOR THE DE OF I.ARVTCIDES AIID THEIR ENTRY INTO OPERATIONAL USE 1. So1vay "BacEinoer' fornulation of B.t. H-14 - Finieh teeting - End 1983 (Trials of treatment equipoent, operational crial nith ecological nonitoring) N.B.s tonger trial noc required gince it ie a nev Foruulation of an ineecticide already approved by the Ecological Group. - Cormercially available - YES - 15 000 lirree alrcady produced - Operational deliverT - 4 nonEha arge-eca1e operational use aa a Teknar replaceoeat in the ret oeason of 1984. 2. Azaethifoe Setection of fomulation - October 1983(baeed on target and non-target dete) Conclueion: In I Operational te8t with Ecological uonicoring - loNE 1 - YES - 4 nonths Comercially availablc OperationaL delivery oT tf,e refny eeaeon, 1984 eEergency u8e at the beginning lDo,rble resisEance to this organophoepha!9 product could occur during a one?eertrial in a river containing S.oanctipauli/aoubrenge. The product ,oita thur loeeitsvalueaea.|eEopgap..inffieperennialrivercavai1ab1e for operational tests (che southern Extearion zone) all contain Eheae foreat epeciee. It ie thue planned to aak the Bcological Group for authorizatioo for icashort-tem u8e. In e SutEer oyeteu, it haa ebout the aaoe effect oa the non-tergetfauna ae teuephoe. Corrclueion: Available for JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 24 Annex II 3. Permechrin Setection of foruulation - late 1983 Beginning of operational teeE sith ecological monitoring - early 1984 End of operational teet with ecological monitoring and final decieion Comercially available Operationally delivery - lare 19841 . YES - 4 oonEhe large-ecate operational use in early 1985 if efficacity and ecological safety are confirmed in the operational EeBt. Itt i" sork will be pursued ae rapidty as poeeible in order to allon coneideration of prelininary results by Ecological Group and EAC in June 1984 and final reeulte by the JPC at the end of 1964. Conclusion: Available for JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 25 Annex III A. B. c. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. ONCHOCERCIASIS CONIT.OL PROGRAUME IN THE VOLTA RII/ER BASIN AREA REPORT OF THE FOURTH SESSION OF THE ECOLOGICAL GROUP Bouak6. 21-23 Septenber 1983 CONTENTS TN1RODUCTION ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA REVIET{ OF 1IBCMR CONM.OL ACTIVITTES AQUATIC MOMI0RING ACTMTIES TNSECTICIDES UI{DER TEST PRO'ISIONAL ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION OF NEIil INSECTICIDES AqUATIC HONITR1NG PROTOCOL rN LIGHT OF ALTERNATING INSECTTCIDES PROPOSED AQUATIC I{ONITORING PROToCOL FOR UTESTERN EXTENSTON DATA TIAIIDLING ADI,LTICIDING BXPERIHE t{T - EW IROI.UENTAL HONITORING RESETTLEMENT IN L.IINDS FREED FROM ONCHOCERCTASIS AITY OTIIER BUSINESS: Incerpretetion of paragraph 45 of report of chird eeesion EAC Emergency Strstegy Uee and abuae of peeticidee in Progrnarne area Correlation between hydrological conditione and fish catchee Teletraneniaeion of hydrological data Laboratory culEuring of S.damnoaun apecies Page 26 26 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 30 3l 31 SenrcEure and Meetings M. APPROVAL OF REPORT N. CIOSURE OF HEETING 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 26 Annex III A. INIts.ODUCTION 1. The Ecological Group held its fourth session at the OCP Sector Office at Bouak€, Ivory Coaet, from 21 to 23 September 1983. 2. Profeesor Dr J.H. Koeman chaired the meeting which was atLended by three other oembers of the Group and the technical secretariat, lieted in Appendix 1. 3. In opening the neeting the Chairman recalled the OCP related activitiee ofgevera1membersoftheGroupsincethe1aetneeEing.Theeeinc1ude@,the visit made by himeelf and Prof. Cumine Eo the Programe area and Eheir aEtendance at Ehe JPC held in Bamako, Mali, in Deceuber 1982; the vieit of Drs Harriaon and L6v€que to che Prograrme area and their attendance at the annual hydrobiologists' neeting held in Ouagadougou, Upper Volta, in April 1983. In the light of the appearance of ternephoe-resietant etrains of savanna species of Sioulirn da.onoer.m in arestrictedareaofthelorrerBandamatheEco1ogica1Grouptraa@ the PrograrEtre on emergency treatuenEs thac oight become neceaaary to deal with the probleo. B. ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA 4. The folloring agenda was adoPted by the Group: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Recent OCP operational acciviuies Aquatic oonitoring activitiee Inseccicides under cesE Provieional acceptance or rejection of new ineecticides Aquatic moniEoring prot,ocol in light of alternating insecticides Propoeed aquatic monitoring Protocol for Western extension Data handling Adulticiding experirnent - environmental Ecological aspectlt of resetclement Any other business Approval of report C. REVIEW OF VECTOR CONTROL ACTIVITIES 5. Ttre Prograrme reported chat, since the lasc meeEing of the Ecological Group, deepite disgurbing hydrologicat conditions and very serious logistic problems associated with the use of Teknar (9.t. H-14), entomological conErol had been maintained at a satisfacEory leve1 in almosE the whole of the initial Prograrme area. In 1982 temephos had been used in 752 of this area including the lower streeches of those large rivers in the souEhern forest zone of Ivory Coast where resistance Lo organophosphaEes exieted in non-savanna species. Teknar was ueed extensively on the upper streEchee and tribuEaries of chese river ltysEeD8. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 27 Annex III 6. Owing to a particularly favourable dry season in 1983 and becter utilization of the existing knowledge, Teknar and Abate treacments were progressively curtailed so that, at the heighE of the dry seaaon, in the shole Prograrme area only about 600 km of the Bandama river system were treaEed, using Teknar alone. An experioent carried ouc on the Marahou6 river had deoonacrated Ehe poseibility of ueing chlorphoxim temporarily becauee of the revereal of reeietance to thie ineecticide; consequently chlorphoxim was reinEroduced in Lvory Coaet when rainy aeaaon discharges r.rere too high for the application of Teknar. However, neither Abate nor chlorphoxim could be used on Ehe lorrer Banda^ma rhere resiacance to Eeoephoe has been demonacraEed in a restricted population of eavanna speciee of S.daonoeum. An early ttclean up'r operacion wich Teknar rralr very successful on the lorer Bandama and with che concinuacion of normal Teknar applicacions in southern Ivory Coagt thie area had been kepC cmplecely under control. Ttre situation nae the beet recorded in chie area eince the beginning of the Programe, thanke partly to a particularly deficienc rainfalt in 1983. In fact, the entooological resulte co date sere amongst the beec ever recorded over the whole Programe area despite some aeasonal reinvaeion in the wescern and aouEh-eestern peripheral zoneo. D. AQUATIC UONITORING ACTMTIES 7. Ttre Group regreEced chat the aquatic nonitoring reports had not been received by the Group oeobers. Ttre Prograrme hydrobiologiat geve a reer.md of reeulte vhich confirued that there had been no major changes in either inverEebraee or fieh fauna. Some caxa rhich had been under-represenced for eoue tiue had reappeared when ceoephoe was replaced by B.t. H-14. Ttre Group coneidered the eituation to be satigfaccory on the basie of the information provided but looked fonrard to the independenc in-depth analysie of all data (eee para. 2l). 8. Ttre report of the Hydrobiologiete' meeting held in Ouagadougou in April 1983 was reviewed by the Group which made the following comenta on certain of the reconnendatione put fonrard. (a) The Group would recon,nend that the pollution index used on the Marahoud scudy ehould be applied Ehroughout che OCP area. fn case che hydrobiologiete felt that a nerr basie for calculating the pollution index was neceaaary the Group would welcme evidence on the baeia of strich adecieion could be taken. (b) Regardirg repopulation and recolonization of treeEed ereaa after alcernance, overdoaage or breake in larvicide treatoents, the Programe had already been requested to etudy refugee of non-target speciee and a report presenEed (eee para. 11). Neverthelesa, the Group sould appreciate any addicional information which could be gathered by the hydrobiologiate and which would add co the overall inaighc and knowledge on theee ortters. (c) with the introduccion of nesr larvicidee, the Group sould nelcooe any observations and suggestiona from Ehe hydrobiologiete wtrich rould helpdeteraine srhether there was any need for change in the oonitoring ProEocol, indicator speciea of non-target organisEa or sopling techniquea(see paras. 17 to 19). JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 28 Annex III (d) (e) Regarding the questions of criteria for acceptance or rejection of new ineecticidee reference should be oade Eo paras. 15 and 16 and offlood regines and their influence on fish catches to para. 29. The Group eould certainly appreciate all information that Ehe hydrobiologists might collect on pescicide abuse in the OCp area. 9. Ttre Group oould suggest that, in fuEure, the hydrobiologiets organize their rePort to formulate cheir recomendations more specifically and indicate clearly to wttoo they are addreesed. The Group nould also like to receive Ehe reports of the national Eeems sufficiently early to enable detailed comtenta and suggesEions to be offered. 10. Turning to the resulte of cholinesterase studies the Group noted wich satiefaction that there lraa no change in cholinesEerase aceivity in two species offiah taken at randoo froo Ereated rivers whereas up to 202 reduction in such ectivity nae noted in cagee specimene. The Group supported additional etudies to be undertaken on the rat,e of recovery Lo nornal cholinesterase level and on ueaeuring the effect in relacion to distance from the point of larvicide applicaBion. The reeults obcained so far ehould be published as soon as possible. 11. The Group ras pleased to note Ehat the study had been carried out on refuges on the River Nzi. The report sholred Ehat the majority of invertebrate species found in the uain rivers also occurred in the minor tributaries, whereae there lres a difference in the fieh populaeions in these two locations. This would confirm the need to adhere to the criteria drarn up by the Group wich regard to the selecEion of new larvicidee. 12. The Group considered that che response of the national teams had not been coneiatent and that the overall coordination of Ehe hydrobiological monicoring progrnme ehould be inproved. Now that it was necessary to introduce alternative larvicidee on an ever*ridening scale Eo the operations, the need for reliable and coneiatent hydrobiological data was most importanc. The present sEructure did not incorporate any means of checking Ehac che data being collected throughout the Progrnnme area were of the desired quality. The Group recalled that the ORSTOM Hydrobiological team had aet a high etandard of monitoring but had now been diebanded. AccordinglL it strongly reconmended that OCP strengthen its own hydrobiological team eiEher by additional recruiEment or by collaboracion with a specialized ineticucion to coordinate t.he moniEoring activities and to obtain additional samples throughout. the Progrqme area at lea6t once per year. This would also enable increased contact with che naEional te.rms and help them overcome any difficulcies which they may face. E. INSECTICTDES UMER TEST 13. A report was presenced to the Group decailing the list of candidate larvicides rhich had been received froo induetry. A large selection of chese had been passed through initial ecreening teet6 out of which formulations of two products, peroethrin and azamethifoe, had shown up as being potentially effective against the targeE organisme uich a potentially acceptable impact on non-targec organisme. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.1) page 29 Annex III Aleo, four fottualCions of Bactimoe (formulaCions of B.t. H-14 prepared by Sotvay)had given prooieing reeults. The Group traa encourageEo note itral two of theselatcer foroulationa had paeeed Ehe guEter teot and one, rhich could be produced incmercial quantities and able to be utilized in the exiating aerial application sysceEs for teoephosr rras due to encer large-scale field Eriale in October. 14. As the Prograrme ie in urgent need of at least one other larvicide in additionto teoephoe and BacEiaoa (aseuming chie producE proves operetionelly acceptable) Ehe Group strongly recomended thac imediate sEeps be taken to obclin auificientquantitiea of che beet fortutatione of perrechrin and azemethifog to enable their early evaluation in large-acale field trials in areas nhere baeeline data already exieted. Ttrie acceleration ehould be undertaken rithout prejudicing che continuation of the routine screening activities. Aleo, na*ir,r, hydrobiologicaldata should be collecced during chese triale to determine whecher Littrer meets the criteria drarm up the Group for their entry into operational use. F. PROVTSIOI{AL ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION OF NEI{ INSECTICIDES G. AQUATIC }IOI{IIDRTNG PROIOCOL TN LIGHT OF ALIERNATING INSBCTICTDES 17. As stated io previous reports, Ehe protocol drawn up originally for nonicoringthe non-target fauna ehould be applied when a new inaeccicide ie introduced to ariver aylteE. To inveetigate ehort-tem effecte, artificial substrate and drift eaplee ehould be taken Eonthly throughout the year, as far as chie is poeeible.Surber aoplee ehould be Eaken during the dry aeaaon only, to oonitor the long-terileffects. 15. Ttre Group would recomend that the criteria for provisional acceptance or rejeccioo of a nes larvicide should be eufficienEly flexible to eneuie adequatejudgeoent on any given coopound, in particular remembering that coueiderablediecrepaaciee sere poeeible betneen laborator? and field results. Ttris judgenent sould be baaed on the previously proposed and accepted etepwiee evaluation froulaboratorT co gutter to field trials. As a general rule, if ttre formulation of a coupound l,ae found co kill fish at e concencraEion not Eore than cnice that required for-acceptable mortalicy of blackfliee, it8 further Eeeting should begiven low prioriry. 16. Ttre Group reconfimed the criteria for acceptance of a lanricide into operational uge decailed in the report of its eecond neeting (eee Appendix 2).With regald co level of overall effecE, che foruuletion of tenephoa used in theProgrmlc ahould be taken as the etandard. In this reopect, chiorphoxin is acceptable becauee its uae ie liniced to rainy aeaaon aiplicacion. Ttre Group eould recmend an erpanded trial in the second year following its approval baaed on the resulte of a couplete year'a fietd trial. lftren an energency gituation aro8e, as inEhe case of che appearance of reeietance, Ehe aree ao aifectea could be uaed for euch an expanded trial. JPC4.7, Rev.1(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 30 Annex III 18. If the situation appears Lo be safe from an ecologicaL poinc of view afcer 2-3 years in-depth inveeEigation then the sampling schedule could be eioplified ae wae the case for Eemephoe/chtorphoxim. 19. The Group noted Ehat elternating the present operational inseccicides(teraephoe/chlorphoxin/9.t. H-14) in Ehe lower Marahoud did not affect draetically the invertebrate faunaf6Tt the aituation would have to be checked again on the introduction of sooe ocher larvicide. llowever, if coneidered necessaqr, il working group could be aeked to reeramine the protocol following a deEailed analysie of the daca obteined eince the beginning of the Programe, but it ouaE be kepc ae eiuple as poseible for national te{rms to inpleoent and, at the Bame time, provide reliable daca readily cooparable with that collected ueing Ehe preeent protocol. H. PROPOSED AQUATIC MONITORING PROTOCOL FOR UTESIERN EXTENSION 20. ftre Group wae inforoed that, while Ehe Joint Progrnmre Cor-itcee gave approval in principle to che Western extension, the lack of funde to cover all identified prioritiee prevenced the Programe from initiacing in chat area the hydrobiological scudiee recmended by the Group (see Report of third seeeion, para6.42 and 43). As there could be a poesibility of exteneion operaEions starting io 1986, the beginning of the third financial phase, the Group etreesed the urgent importance for hydrobiological nonicoring to be started in the river sections identified in Guinea, Mali and Senegal not later than the beginning of 1984 to enable the required tero yearsr baseline data to be available. The Group noEed that OCP sae undertaking already the training of nacional teamo in the countries concerned. Nevertheleas a6 this is a neu area, it recorunended Ehet the iniEial etudiee should be carried ouE by experienced hydrobiologists. I. DATA HANDLING 21. The Group expreesed its concern that the recent hydrobiological dat,a had not been vatidaced and hence could not be analyaed. In view of the Grouprs recormendacion made at ic6 previous meeEing (eee para. 40 of Report, of third aeesion) thaE an independent analysis of the data be carried ouc every two yeera, it wae iuportant that the data be validated withouE delay so that the report of the independenE analysis could be considered by the Group at its meeting in 1985. J. ADT'LTICIDING EXPERIMENT - E}IVIROI${ENTAL MONITORING 22. A reporc rraa preaenced on an adulciciding trial with permethrin that lrag carried out in a stretch of gallery forest, alongside the river La Faya in Mali. The Ecological Group recormended thet additional dat,a be collected on Ehe behaviour and reating eites of invading flies in affected areas. Withouc such daca it was not possible co deviee control procedures that could be coneidered optimal from an environmental point of vies. As invading flies were unlikely to be randooly diecribuEed within Ehe fringing forest habitats concerned, a study should be undertaken to identify the distribution pattern of flies and sooe advice was given to Ehe Prograrrne with regard to Ehe methodology which should be applied in euch a e tudy. JPC4.7, Rev.1(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 3l Annex fII 23. The Group aleo recognized chet the developoent and inpleoentation of adulticiding implied that provieion ehould be nade for a oonitoring programe on the baeie of which che poeeible iupact on the non-EargeB terrescrial fauna could beidentified and recomended thac an enviromencal biologict/ecologiat experienced in thia field be contracted. Ttre Group requeeted the Progra-e to provide more detailed informacion on the eize and geography of the areaa where adulticiding oight eventually be iopleoenced. Should adulticiding becoue operational the oeoberahip of Ehe Ecological Group pould have Eo be strentthened by a pereon nith experierrce in cerreetrial ecology in Africa. K. RESETIT.EI,TEIfi IN LAIIDS FREED FR([.{ ONCIIOCERCIASTS 24. Noting thet resettleoent in lande rhere oochocercieaie eae under effective control rraa an iten on the agenda of the fourth ueeting of the Expert Advieor1l ComiBtee, the Group briefly diecuseed the poeeible ecological coneequeocea of this develop,ment. I{hil.e realieing that the eubject did not fall strictly rithin ite tetTs of refereoce, the Group drey attention to the fact that resettl€ocnt uight cauae changee in the struclure of the landecapee corrcerned, as obeenred elaeshere. Ttrie could lead ultinately to a eerioug decerioration.in the capacity of the areae to suPport oan. t{ithin thie context epecial eophasia ehould be paid Eo the Eanageoen! and/or protection of the gallery forectr, becauee, ea uaa etreaaed in previoue neetinge of the Group, thie is an eceential prerequiaite for the uaintenance of the hydrology of the rivera, the preventioo of erocion of river-banka and eafeguarding of fiaheries intererts. Ttre bioaag of fiah and invertebratea ielargely dependent on che enerty flor froo the otrearcide cerreatrial envirorueot. 25. It naa aleo recognized theE reseEBlcoeat activitiee sould put pressure on thelaat reoaining populations of larger omels like elephant and hippopotous sithin the Programe area. Although an inpact on thccc enioela rould be har{ to avoid, atiuely conaideration of thie coneequeace oight oake it poaaibte to cake Elaurea to uininize the iupact ae ouch ae poeaible. L. ANY ONIBR BUSINESS InEerpretation of paraRraph 45 of Report of third seeeioo EAC 26. Ttre Group expreseed concern over the interpretation of the paragraph 45 of the rePort of the third Eeeting of the Expert Advieory Couittec conecruiug the teEPorary relaxation of reetrictiona on larwicides. fre Programe aseurcd the Groupthat it rould not relax teoporarity the criteria relatiog to-larvicidea sithoutfiret obtaining the approval of the Ecological Group. Eoercencv atrateev _.q 27. As had been noted earlier in thie report, teuephoe-reaistance had developed in areetricted area of the loser Bandaa . The Group conaidercd the oiturtioa eirouldthe hydrological situation preclude the use of B.t. E-14. fire Group viaited thelorer Bandama in thc courae of thie Eeeting andEncludcd thrt it sis doubtful rhether, in 1983, the strean flm in the area in qucetioa sould crcecd the lencl above shich either Teknar or the Bacti.uoa forurletion of B.t. tt-14 could be uacd. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 32 Annex fII llowever, they agreed to the OCP eaergency back-up Btrategy ehould this becooe necessary. At the eame cioe it reenphaeized the need, mentioned in para. 14, for OCP to epeed up the triate on the tvo promieing candidates (perilethrin and eztoethifoe) eo aa to provide an ecologically acceptable altlrnative should the Programe face recurrenE teuephos-resiecance and unfavourable hydrological conditione in 1984. Use and abuse of peeticides in the Programe area 28. A report fron ocP waa made orally to the Group on the utilization of agricultural peaticides in the Ivory Coaet, highlighting the fact that considerableqrrantitiea of peeticidee were available locally and that aome tlere perhaps mieueed for poieoning fish. ftre Group recomended, therefore, thaE Ehe Prograrmre take steP8 to Protect ite stocke of larvicide, particularly if uore producte with higher toxicity eere to becooe operational. Correlation betrrcen hydrolosical conditione and fieh caEches 29. ftre Group sas inforued of propoaed studies on Ehe correlation between the hydrological data in a given year and che fieh cacch in the eubeequent year. There waa probably a.ainilar correlation rith the invertebrate fauna. While welcooing any etudiee strich would add to the knonledge of the biological situation in the Programe erea, the Group rraa concerned that such etudiea be undertaken only if they would not abeorb technical reaources from more essential activiEies, euch as the training and eupervieion of national hydrobiological teams. Teletranaoieeion of !1d1olqgical data 30. ftre Group wae notified of triale to be undertaken on the Oti River basin for the celetraoemiaeion of hydrological data via eatellite and appropriate recepcor stations into the Programe'e operational network. In view of the need to reduce any risk of overdoaage, particularly of cheoical larvicides to be introduced as alternatives to ternephoe, and the resulting unfavourable impact on the environment, the Group oupported this poeitive developoent in the Programere research activic iee. Laboratory culturing of S.damnoeum species 31. The Group considered che culturing of the target organiem to be a key aspect of any iotegrated peet oanageoenE progrrme and requeeted OCP to provide an updated report on ite efforte to develop self-producing colonies of Sioulium epeciee and coordinatioo with oEher Simuliuo culture progranoes especially in Nort,h Anerica. SEructure and HeeEings 32. Ttre Group urged theE all relevant documente be dietributed to all members through Geneva in Englieh not later than one uonth before future sessione Eo enable their sacisfactory review before discussion. It aleo reconmended that interprecacion facilities be made available as necessary. JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAC/83.1, Rev.l) page 33 Annex LII 33. As much benefit wae derived from thorough briefing by Progrme personnel, Ehe Group expressed a preference to hold its sessiooe generally in the programe Itreadquarfere rhile recognizing the need, on occaeion, of rleetiog eleeshere ntren an agenda oay benefit froo the input of other epecific expertise. IE would aleo be concidered conetnrccive if the chaiman perticipated in draring up the agenda and he nas fully briefed ahead of each neeEing. 34. fire Group elected Professor K. C"unins ag ChaiEuaa of the next oeeting. Iteinvited the Group to convene for itg fifch Eeeting ac the Univereity of portland, Oregon, USA, che propoeed date being the seek beginning 28 May 1984. 35. Ttre Group agreed that, unEil the next ueecing, either of che European based r[€obers ahould be conEacted by the Programe should the advice of che Group be required on any EatEer. 36. For the ueetings to be held by OCP at shich rhe Ecological Group ehould be aepResented, the folloring participation nae suggeeted: EAC lGecing JPC lhetiag Itydrobiologiete I Meeting Septeaber 1983 Bouakd Deceober 1983 Parie April 1984 (?) Otragadougou ( ?) Dr Ldv€que Dr Koeoen Dr Harriaon Dr Itrvtque l{. 37. rtre draft rcPort of the fourth session of the Ecological Group tras approved. N. CU)STIRE OF I{EETING 37. In clociog the meeting the Graitran thaaked all participsnts for their collaboration, to the Sector Chief for oaking the facilitiei of rhe Sector Office available aod to the Programe for arranging che vieit to Chutes Gauthier. APPBOVAL OF REFORT JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 34 Appendix 1 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Membere of Ecolocical Group Dr Kenneth W. Cuunins, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon St,ate Univeraicy, Corvallie, Oregon 97331, USA logy DeparcmenE, Univereity of WaEerloo' Waterloo , Ontario currencly at Univere ity of Addis Ababa P ia) .6',-;T1819, AratAddia Ababa Ethiop Dr A.D. Harrison, Bio N2L 3G1, Canada ( Kilo Poet Office, Prof. Dr J.H. Koeman, DepartmenE of Toxicology, Agricultural univeraity, Dr Dreijen 12, 6703 SC Bgglnge", The Netherlands. Dr C. It'v€que, ORStrOM, 24 rue Bayard, 75008 Parie, France. Technical Secretariat co Eco al Group Dr H. Agoua, Entooologist, Vector ConErol Unic, Onchocerciasie Control Programe, Bobo-Dioulasso, Upper Volta Dr B. Akpoboua, Entooologist, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programe, Bouak6, Lvory Coast Dr W.G. Baker, Consulcant, OCP Liaison Office, mlO, Geneva Dr D.A.T. Baldry, EnEooologist, Vector ConErol Unit, Onchocerciasis Control Programe, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta l,tr C. Groom, Agricultural Services Divieion' FAO' @ Dr J. Grunewald, Entomologist, Vector Control Unit,, Onchocerciasis Control Programe, Ouagadougou Hr J.D.M.l{arr, OCP Liaison Officer, Geneva Mr M. Ocran, OCP/Insecticide Screening, @1, ToSo Dr D. Paugy, Hydrobiologiet, VecEor Control UniE, Onchocerciasia ConErol Programe, Ouagadougou Dr B. Philippon, Chief, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciasia ConErol Progratme, Ouaeadouqou - JPC4.7 , Rev.l(ocP/Elc/83.1, Rev.t) page 35 Appeadir 1 Dr G. Qu6lennec, Peaticides Safe Usc Developnent, Vector Biology Control Divieion' t{IlO, Geueva. Dr R. tiubra, Entoologiat, Vector Control Unit, Onchocerciaaig Control Prograne, Ouagadougou Tesporary Advieera ltr L. Yadogo, Shor-t-Tem Coneultent, Vector Control UniE, Onchoccrciuie Cootrol Progrc, Ora8adougou 2JPC4.7, Rev.l(ocP/EAc/83.1, Rev.l) page 36 Appendix 2 CRITERIA APPLICABLE TO THE SELECTION OF ALTERNATII'E COMPOUNDS FOR SIMULIT'M CO}ITROL (Extracted from ReporE of the eecond Session of the Ecological Group, page 30) 1 Ttre acute effects of a candidate peaticide, in the fornulation and doae rate e8 appropriate for ite uae againat Siouliun ehould not reduce the nuobers of invertebrate species to a level at which their survival in a given localicy nould be endangered. Itre peaticide ahould not give riee to the regional loee of any invertebrate apecies; the teoporatT aeaoonal local dieappearance of ame invertebrete epeciee at the breeding eitee of Sinulirn uay have to be accepted. 3. Ttre peeticide ehould not cause a long-term (i.e. extending beyond the next eeaaon) iobalance under normal conditione of application, e.g. uarked shifte in the relative abuodance of epeciee ehould not occur. 4 Ttre uee of the pescicide ahould have neither any direct iupact on fieh nor any effect on the life-cycle of fieh. 5 Coupounde Iikely to accr.rmulate in the food web ehould be avoided. 6. In the proceaa of aelecting peeticidee for Sinulir.ro control in an area, full account ehould be teken of hr.roan activiciee nhich either by theoaelvee or in conbination with the vector control operatione oight cauae adveree effects on the enviroruenc. i I
Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ / WHO) · Technical Documents
Expert Advisory Committee: report of the fourth session, Bouaké, 26-30 September 1983
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