Halogens

DEPENDENCE LLABILITY OF "NON-NARCOTIC" DRUGS 27 129. Wikler, A., Fraser, H. R., Isbell, H. & Pescor, F. T. (1955) Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 7, 1 (Electroencephalograms during cycles of addic- tions to barbiturates in man) 130. Wulff, M. H. (1959) Electroenceph. clin. Neuro- physiol., Suppl. 14, 1-173 (The barbiturate with- drawal syndrome: A clinical and electroencephal- ographic study) MONOUREIDES This is a group of very weak, slowly acting sedatives (Table II), some of which act by releasing bromine. In many countries, they are nearly obsolete and not readily available. A small number of cases of abuse can be documented for carbromal (S 70), bromisoval (S 69) and acecarbromal (S 67) and a few cases still seem to be occurring in some countries. They are not known to cause physical dependence. All three can cause bromide poisoning. No reference to abuse of the compound ectylurea (S 71), which does not contain bromine, was found. None of these compounds has had a thorough evaluation for dependence liability in animals. REFERENCES 131. Candura, F., Favino, A. & Pozzi, U. (1963) G. Clin. med., 44, 802-819 (Urinary and biliary excretion of porphyrin isomers in experimental intoxication by allylisopropylacetylcarbamide) 132. Glatt, M. M. (1958) Brit. med J., 2, 1100-1101 (Addiction to unrestricted drugs) 133. James, I. P. (1962) Med. J. Aust., 2, 277-283 (The recognition and management of addiction and chronic intoxication with sedative drugs) 134. Kay, W. W. & Copas, D. E. (1959) Lancet, 1, 1097 (Carbromal intoxication) 135. Lehoerky, T., Sos, J., Selineci, L. & Halasy, M. (1966) Ideggy6g. Szle, 19, 161-176 (Experimental porphyrinuria and its importance in human pathology) 136. Maynert, E. W. (1965) In: DiPalma, J. R., ed., Drill'spharmacology in medicine, 3rd ed., pp. 169- 187, McGraw-Hill, New York (Chapter 13: Sedatives and hypnotics I: Nonbarbiturates) 137. Rossum, J. 0. van (1964) Ned. T. Geneesk, 108, 1217-1218 (Masking of organic cerebral defects by addiction to carbromal) 138. Steel, M. & Johnstone, J. M. (1959) Brit. med. J., 2, 118 (Addiction to carbromal) 139. Stolk, D. P. (1962) Ned. T. Geneesk, 106, 2620-2623 (Chronic hallucinations with paranoid features due to misuse of carbromal [diacid, adaline]) HALOGENS Bromine is the only relevant representative of this class. At one time bromide poisoning was quite common; today it is rare but still occurs occasional- ly - Bromides appear to cause only mild psychic dependence, no physical dependence and no toler- ance. Bromides cause direct psychotoxicity mani- fested by drowsiness, impaired cognition, confusion, agitation, ideas of persecution and hallucinations. The dependence potential of bromides appears to be quite low. REFERENCES 140. Ewing, J. A. & Grant, W. J. (1965) Sth. med. J. (Bgham, Ala.), 58, 148 (The bromide hazard) 141. Hanes, F. M. & Yates, A. (1938) Sth. med. J. (Bgham. Ala.), 31, 667 (Analysis of 400 instances of chronic bromide intoxication) 142. Pren, P., Romano, J. & Brown, W. F. (1936) New Engl. J. Med., 214, 56 (Symptomatic psychoses with bromide intoxication) 143. Sharpless, S. K. (1965) In: Goodman, L. S. & Gilman, A., ed., The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 3rd ed., pp. 129-131, Macmillan, New York (Chapter 10: Hypnotics and sedatives. II. Miscellaneous agents) 144. Wagner, G. A. & Bunbury, D. E. (1930) J. Amer. med. Ass., 95, 1725 (Incidence of bromide intoxi- cation among psychiatric patients) a0 C 0 C D- In c- C- go~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~30*~~~~~~~C ~ ~0~~~~~~~~~ CL C 0 o 0~~~~~ 0Co0 0 0 u0weUE0 a.o U0 0 0 OL 0 ~00 0 0,.E0.o0" 0" 0" C 0 E~~~oo C C C 0 0 0 (D E ~ ~ ~ ~ zE zE .C 0 0 7~C 2; 0 cm0 0) 0 0 0=- 0 c 02 C C U 0>.±0 0 0 C~~~~~~C 0c0o 0 0 ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 'UE 0 oz0L 0- 0 0 0.o0 oO CL C 0 c <mz ,- 0 .0E C 0 0C .10 E CU oE' am E =o 0.U0 0 0 z I-ZI-Z to II 0 ts s. I,o asI6 I z 0=0I I z 0 /\ II011= IC a - 0 0- 0 0 0 04 L. CL C4 I-O 1-I-0 I I4 I-Z Z 11 U a U) 28 0 Co : z Co 0 J U) zLU (L J m ui 0 -J 0s C: E0 ~ _6EasEzzCZC 0- o 2 °Z E -'i E0 e,co ° C c: o C: 0 U.- E ELg 0) az 0_C 0 C0 0. C0= A 0) C 11 11 o02Z OLLUCE ~00 0 00U °0 Cm 0 .c 00 0L @ . e 0o U.O e0 _ 0.0 QoI C C_ 0 0j0 0. 00.. bob Co CLO,. °- 0.°2 C0 ~. E. (. a L- .O- 03. m 0 E C;0 E0 .0 CIA 0(D 0 a 0 0 0 cm C Ut 'co, Z.i 0- E 0 0 co0~ ~ .0 0 E 0l CL) CL 0 0 t <,,o E0 4)~~~~~~~~~~~U U) C C U0U E ° . 0 0 r. E E.E' 0o :0%0 0 a .0 L-U ,Q0 0 0 0 N 0E 0 z 0 200 -E la E C 0 EC 0 U0 E 0 z E R0 6.0 00 In C4 ('40 0 o=l I I0-Z Z C. II V 0t to -a 0 L. 2 L. 0ETC? 0 0 u:. LU -29 cz 0 U) 0 w a 0 z 0 U) z J U) U) w (U (L w a U) U) U) 0 z -i z I- cs n C4 X I I U=U I / 0 00 C 0 0 - 0 CM (I) S