Permethrin: effects on non-target aquatic organisms in the Onchocerciasis Control Program

1F'ermettrrrn: in Ef{estg c:n I'lon-Tarqet Aqutatrc Orqanl.srns ttre- Onchocerciasis Control Froqr';im by Er urc e t'l . lrJ;rti I e Hydrobi ol ogi st Consurl tant for UJor I d l-.ler.rl th Orqani, zati on Onc:lioc-c.rrci as1 E Control F'rogram Irr sE,c'ti ci de Regearch Uni t Eoual:6, Cote d ' Ivoi re, West A{ri ca May 19BB { Ferrnethrin (Ff'lC A3797, NRDC 14f,, Ol'1S 1B2i) rs a type I synthetic pyrethroicJ (N.rrah.eshi 198(i), with the chemical {ormlrla[3-pheno:.lybenyI + -cis, tr-ans f,-(2r2 dichlorovinyl ) 2r:-c1 imethyl cycl opropane carboxyl ateJ. It i s .lrr operatr onnl I arvr ci de urseld at (1 .(:)1lJ mg/1.rter,/1t-r minr-rt-es irrthe Onchocercj.asis Control F.rogram(OCP) to redurce $t_Ogl-lUn rJarnnggUU, the vector of bl i ndi ng onchocercj.asis in West A{rica (}lr-rrtat< et al . 1gB7). During treal-rnent of the breecling sites f or g. dgrmnosurn larvae ( i . e. rapi tls) a nurmber of other "ncln-target- " aqurati c organi srns are exposed to the insecticide. These are mainly fish {ood orqanisms (i,e. insects, crurstBcE€u-lrr) and {islr. F'ermethrin is apotent insecticicJe, arrd its weekly appl icatron to trlest A{t-ican rrvtlr's rnay be harm{ur1. OCF screens t_he ef f ects r:f new forntlrlations o{ permettrrin cln aquatic invert.ebr;rtes Ernd fish, and rnoni tors operati.onal ri velt-rr aIs, Act i on= r n the+ Envi ronnrent F'ermethrin readily adsorbs onto rnaterials (r.e. gIass, prl.rstic, soiI, plants, sedimenLg, {ecaI rnaterial ) and is not easily' desorbed (Rawn rrt aI. 1?81, sharom arrd solomon 1g81, HilI 1985, Leahey 1985) . Adsorption onto pIan},:tt:nic algae wi 1Igreatly decrease its larvicidal action lc.r Er_qul_t_uu larvae (ocp, utnpubl. data). There is Iess bio-availability of syntheticpyrethroids in the adsorbecl phase than in the aqLleoLrs phase, hecaltse the ma-ior degrad,ation produrcts of permethrrrr are less to:<:.c tl-ran the originat cornpournd. Tcrilicity o{ pyrethroids declines rapidly wittr timer BS ttre compol.rnd "ages" (HiIr lgas). E{{ec.ts on l.lorr-Target Aqt-ratic InvertE,bratc"s In the OCF non-guttter dr-ift test for- screenj.nq netAI formutlations {or their- e{{ects; on aquatic invertebrates (seer Appendi:< A f or nrethod), permethrin has been tested (ncrre than any other inEL,cticide. Table 1 showg the resurlts o{ al l thepermethr-in tests (2:) completed in this gutter system (L.lahIe 1gBfrh, 1988.r, 1gBBb, urnplrbl. clata; Yamdogo, urnputbl. clata). This inclndes products that were re_iected fr:r use in the ocF(Fynosect, Pot.tnce t(77. f lowable), sr-rspected test problems (NT-87-5, Coope;< ?Lr?-) 1 and those forrnulations not r-rtilized operationally{or sa{ety reason:; (4it7. and 3Ct7. solurtions). AI I tests uJere with EC forrnulations, e:<cept Founce IOZ flowable. Response to permethrin applicatiorr is rapid and acnter. Peak clri{t occutrred in 15-3(i minurtes. Tl.re catastrophic effect lasted 1 . ?5-2.5t) ho'-,tt and the reversi on e{{ect I asted tj-Zi. 25 honrg.OperationaL formulations of permethrin are Coope:< ?O7^t Talcord iO7. cand Pournce -i32. The #oLlowing re.surltg ar-Ei based rrn the oper-ational permethrins plurs Pournce IO.{. {IowabIe, because it was ther 1c:west water temperatr-.rre {.ar a permethri n test ( 1i tests) , A{ter Lhe tarqet organj.sm, Ephemeroptera nyrnphs are af{ected the most (T;rble ?). In tlre short-ternr, Eaetidae. I fJeler-lid.1E andTricoryttridae are equtal ly surscep'tibIe. From I rmited gurtter data. i t appErarE th.rt Leptopht ebi i dae arEl EensL t i ve 5 .1fid FoI ymi tarcyi dae and Frosopistomatidae are very EensI ti ve to perrnethr-in. Trichopter;r l.arvae were Iess sLrstreptibIe. in the order o{ (mean 1-rer-c:e,nt drift + stanclar d er-ror): I{ L-eptocer i dae * t--tZ Chrrol-rotnidae (Diptera) Iarvae w€?re rnurch less susceptrble than thetarget organi sm. Ti purl i dae l arvaL. were sl i ghtl y a{f ected, whi l eceratopogoni dae' and Empididae Iarvae were not .r{fected.t'liscellaneouts {aunar aE a groLrp, were mildly a{{ected. Ferlidae(Flecoptera) nymphs w*'re very sensitive to the permethrintreatments artd the rn.r-iori ty cl ri {ted wi tlii n the f i rst lror-rr.Coenagri on:i dae and Gomphi dae (Oclonata) di cl not appear 5,en5,i tr ve,bt-tt Libetlrrlidae did. EImj.dae (Coleoprtera) larvae cJid not appearvery sursceptible, hut Gyrinidae arrcj Dy.tiscidae Iarvae were =ensitive to permethrin. l-{ydracarina (sl i.ghtly) , Hirlrdinea andTutrb*lIa.ia we.e not af{ect-ed by the tre.rtrnents in gutters. 01 igochaeta showecl c1 rnild response to permethrin {orrnulations.Sever.aI speci es of Col eoptera adul ts, Hemipterajurr.'eni. 1e,/adtrIts, ol igonecrri id.re nymphs, He-,ptageni idae nymphs,[Jdcinarta nymptrs, and Trichoptera Iarvae, were observed in the dri{ta{tr:r river treatments with permettirin. Freshwater shrirnp(MgqrpErachilrrn vr:!lenhovgnLr ) cli:;pl.ayed only hyperactivity, except f or one observed death, durring {ourr weekly Iarvicidetreatnrents .at Lg-'?4 c. However with treatment af ter arainstorm the night be{ore, that increased turbidity andprobably decreased water temperatLrre, a crab, a frog and a {ishHere {ound moribund ancl two f ish were {ound dead (tdahle 1gg6a).Frogs uJere not norrnal l y observed to be a{{ected by ocp i nsecti ci detreatrnents- Crabs wertr obs;erved to be af f ected by cypherrothrin(c)-(:)1 ng/1il<-t mn) in c-{ ri..ver- treatment (hjerhIe 19BBc), and bycy;:er-methrin (Ltl-l[::nown rJos-,aqe) in aqutatic contamination during ate.:rr-Estrial spraying (in Dolrben et .1 I . lgBj). Both cyphenothrin .lrld cypermerthr-in are alpha-cyano substitlrted pyrethroids.In t'he short-term observation oI a permethrin operationalriver trial , caenidae, EaetitJae, Hydropsychidae, chironornidae,sjirrrurliidae, Elmidae, and l{ydracarina hrr?re present in increasedabt-rndance in the drift after treatment. The majority of Baetidae,Caenidae, Hydropsyctrictae, and Sinrurliidaer in the drifi were yoLrngi n:;1:-rrs, arrd some of the post--tre.r.L.ment organi sms were aI i ve i nthe dr-ift. This stutdy cJemonstr.rted a similar hiqh increase indrift and varying reversiorr phases for the di++eient groups thatrArere observed in the gurtters (samman and Asobayire tgazt. In aneight week river test with permethrin, Baetidae and caenidaenymphs were af{ected the m*g;t, {ollowed by Trichoptera andchi.ronomidae Iarvae, in the short-term. In the mediurn-term, itappeared that Tricorythidaer nyrnphs were el iminated {rom the drif t,dri{t intensity decredsed, tafld the drift and saxicorous compc'si'bi on changed (Ol'lS l9A7) . Another ri ver test ( lS we,el.:s)shr:wed that a{ter treatrnent o Ephemeroptera (caenidae, Baetidae,Leiptciphlebi idae, Eurthyploci idae, Heptageni idae) and rrichoptera(Hydroprtilid,ae, EcnomicJae, L-eptocerj.clae) we-r.e present in the dri{t-a{ter treatnrent. In the merjiurrn-tE-.rrn the: cJri{t intensity cJecreasedaftu=r- Lhe {j.r-st treatment. arrcl the drjft and benthic cornpositionch;rnqecj (OMS l9A6). Ftr:.lopotamidae ;, Hydroptilidae ;,ry 1(:)(17. 35.6 -F |4-BLZ 19.4 + 6.2i,7 .t- Ef{ecL:; on Arnphibia anrl Fisti Irl test-.s; w j. th Nclrt li Arner i can cr ay{ i sh , waFrrwc:rtpr { i sh andbt-tllfrog tadpole's, t-he t.rclpt:Ies strowed the greatest- tolerance toperrnc'thrin (JoI ly ert .r]. lgTB) . Irr sgveraI static tests.permet-trrin was not to:<:.c to amplribia (HiIl lgBS). permethrin isrepr.rrted'Eo be ver-y torric to {ish flliIl lgBS, L_eahey lggs). Intests in plastic tanks in the Ivory coast, L? specins o{ fish were found to be lrrra,f{ected by pe-,rrnetlrrj.n art C).O15, (l_15();rnd(l'i(i(l mg/L for- lfJr 3C) and 6(i minr-rte Hxpost-rresr in the sl-rort-terrn(TeugeIs artd Traorel 1986). The e{{ect r.r{ welter temper.rturre onto:'licity lraE, been rllt:rF vari atrle lar {rsh tharr inverrtebr-atr_,s-, (seeHiIl 1gBE)' Frsh sizer itt{1t-tence-s to:<icity, witlr sinalI {islr berinclmore sutsct=ptrtrle (l':.t-tmar.rgutrLr arrd Eeetrnish 1gA1). Symptoms r:{pyrelLlrroicl "intoxicatiorr include hyperactivit-y (including gi IIflrovPrTlelrrt ) , l. oss ct{ h;aI ancEr "rncl the, dervel opment c:f dar [,:ened erea5,,,( 11:i I I 1985 ) " Fi sh reco.zered { r onr :=hort-ter-m €._1i{ pog,ur€Js topermetl-rr-in .-tFrd de'lt.amr-.thrrn (.:ee HiIl lggs). In the shert- andntecjiutrn*term permelthrin dt:es rrot appt:ar to be detrimental to t-tre{ i. sh pr-ipLrl.;rti on at El-uul-t_uq r arvi c i cJar cJoses (tjt'ls Lga6) , Ef{t=ct o{ Nater Temperature UJith data {rom the non-tc-trget gurtter tests, pertrent ad-iusteddrrf t ver-sus water treatment ternperature and month of test weretesterd {or relatronshi.p by linear regre'ssion. Dri{t verslrs watertt-eat'ment ternperatttre* and ma:rimum posttr-eatrnenl- water. temperatt.rrewere teste:cj with muJ.tiplel r.e.qressloni r.;trrne rna:<irnurnr posttreatoientte,mpr:raturc*s were r:st- j. matecl . Fretj i c terj lt-.)Cty- dr i f ts werecaLcutl;ited (Table:q), Ftegressione were: cjone with the Loturs r-.:-3f{el ease : t:o,npr.i{:er- F}r(]grarn.frJater temperaturre ;rt treatmernt time had a ptrilr e,{{ect onEphemer-optera (r sqr-tared C).(:r(J), Bat=tidaer and CaenirJae rrymplrs,burt did show a signi{icant effe'ct c,n Trico.ythidae nymphE,Trichoptera larvae, totar {aurna, arrd chironornidae Iarvae. ArIgroups had negative and di +fererrt slopes. The month of the yearthaL the tu'st was, tJclne hacl {air to excel lent corr.elations; ttreslopers r^rerF-r aIt posi.tive. -Ie,strng the theory that rtraterte-rnprerature at tr-eatment time and posttreatment rnaxirnum watertemperature a{f ected the drif t, poc:r to good r sqLrare va}utes wereobtai ned. st opes f or the wate-treatment temperature, i ngeneral , were negati ve, and sl opes {or ma>l i mlrrn posttreatment watertemperature were positive. Di scussi on Irrformation gathere-,d in the non-target gr_ttter tests gives avi ew o{ the dynami cs of permethri. rr 's e{{ects on a vari ety o{aqutatrc specir=s- Eiome ta:.la are very sursceptible to perrnetlrrin(e.9. Ephemerop't.erra, SirnuIij.dae., Fer-Iiclae), while others area{{ercted ntltcl'r less (e.g. Trichoptera, chironomidae) or not at allwi th i . th* 24 huurr observat i on per i od . The measurred ef { ect ,drift, is not a dir-ect incJic-ation o{ mortality. perrnethrin anclpyrethr-oids are well-llnown {or tlre.rr- rapid e{fect of increasintgact j' vi t'y arrd dri f t (Muri rheacJ-T'hornson t97it, lg77 , l97ga t'lutl I a etal ' 1978, Foirj.er and Sutrgeoner 1987). In other- ca5,eg5 13rqanisms er<p:osed to permethrrn wourld not det=rch, bt.rt rnay die in pl.rce( I'luri rlreacl -l-hornson Lg7B, ArrtJerson l ga:l ) . ocF, spends aI of o{ t r me 3 I a (r and money doing telstg that are based on dri{t (non-target qutter tests, river dri{t sampl ing) and not on actual mortal ity. Ulith sclme OCF oper.rtional insecticicles (e, t-I . temephns) t-here is high mor-t.atity in those organisms that, detach (l'lurirhead-Thomssn LC)7 l). With other irrsecticides (e,g. carbosr-il.{arr, perrmethrin) there is. a hi qh detachment rate, but a lrr gh retrovery r-ate rnay crccur. Recr:very has been reported for carbamate insecticides (MiIler Ls76 ' Nieji ma et .1I . 1985). EB.qreb-raqh.l-uu ygl-!-ElhayeDll exposed to l-iigh permethrin or deltamethrin contamirration of a river durring tselt-se f Iy spraying were able to recover a{ter 48 hours (Evert-s et aL 198f,) . Aquati c i nsectE; af f ected by perrme,thri n h,ere abl e to recclver in Iahorator-y tests (Muirheacl-Thomson 197A, Anclerson 19Bi) " The non-tar-get gurtter test j.s a relatively rapid way o{ comparing ttre short-term drif'b e{{e,cts o{ new insecticide{ot-mut}ations ()rr many rron-targr+t species et crnce. Howe,ver these tests tlo rrot give an actu.rl r,"r1ue f clr mortality. With new insecticides that arG: teste.rj i.n rive-"r trials, a period of 1-2 yr"ars should be enourgtr to evalLri:rte dri{t ef f ects. Since i t iE weIl-[rnown that perrnethrin caLrseE a large elevated drift, it is not necessary to ffi€clsLrFE this each trial . In a project with limited {ltnds, staf{ and time, the effort colrld be better pr-rt to Lrse studying the changes in benthic and f ish popurlations in the medil.rm and long-terrn, at this point. Tersts in the ocF area have shown that perrnethrin is not harrn{r-.tl to f ish specj.es tested in the short- and nrediutm-term, at E. danrS-oggm l.arvicide clos;es. changes in ttre availability cl{{ish {ood organisms j.s a nrurch rnc:re r-eal. possibility, brecause aquratic invertebrates (mainlv i.rrsects) are rnor-e sensitive than{ish te permetl-irin. Arrothelr effect rnic;lrt be the redurction o.f 5!mnIiuin darnnogum predator= (r,ee Muirhead-'fhornson L979 and Eloutard 1984), Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae) larvae are importantpredators; reduction of this groLrp should be viewed as serious since it is slower growing, althourgh not as sensitive ag the rapidgrowing Ephemeroptera. There is scrrne indication that Trichoptera rnay ber better able to hydrolyre pyretlrroids (permethrin) than ot-her qroLtps in the tersts, based on ttie f act tlrat Iacewing Iarvae(Ner-rroptera, a cl osel y rel.rtec1 order ) trave urnursual 1y hi gh esterase I evel s ( Ishaaya and Casi da 1981 ) . Correlations with tirne of the test, water treatment temper-ature, and water treatrnent and posttreatment temperatLrres were attempted to demonstrate that these factors play a part in the treatment ef f ects of permethr-in, even thourgh the data we haveis crutde rlnd limited. Nater temperattrre f or the testg are {rom a stnal I range, wi th most observati ons f r-orn 2B-?g C. Thus, thepredictive. valure ig most accurrate aroutnd ?B C. In the savanna =one o{ West Af rica the mean river temperature is 77 C (Grurnewaldt9B1). We had very f ew tests ert low or hirJh water ternperatLrres. Valures at the lower measurred end (?4 C) were f rorn a product that i s not ursed operat i onal 1rr,. I { the test were repeated at the game water temperature with an operational. perrnethrin, trigher drifts r.roul d be predi cted o thr-ts €l shi {t i n the sI opes. The correl ati on with nrontlr is from fair tr: excellent, indicating that the poputl at i ons are rnost sensi t i. ve dutr i ng t tre I ower water per i ods o{ t-he dry t;eascJn. Cot-r-elatiorr w: th wat-er- treatment termperaturre isgood {or most grc:Ltps and rrt=-gati vL. as elr.tpected {rom the I iterature, 4 ,l lntl icatlrrg an increase rn toxrcrty with decreasing temper.ature. The slopres (Table J, Figure 1) arEr di+f t:rent {or tlre. di+f erent taxa, etnd the-, strongest ccle{{icient r:f rJeterntination is {or Ctrironpmidae (Diptera). Fr-edicted Lt)1)Z drif t wourld crctrur at ?5 C{or Tr i cor;,f hi dae nymplrs wi. th permethri n treatment at(1.()15 nq/L/L<) rnn. Genera within this family have been noted as bei rrg sensi tve to OEF treatment s (El ouarcl and Trourbat 1979 , Deicrur.r et al. . 19Bo n Ever-ts 1.983, Everts et al. . 1983, CIMS 19a7) .EaetidaE: and Caenid.re larv;te lrave a pr-edictecJ LCIAIZ dri{t at 24 C. Tr i choptera I arvae and tot al f caLrridr are pred i. cted to have LOO7. dri{t at ?1 C' and Chironomidae Iarvae at 1.8 C. CIbvioutsly there 15 a discrepancy bertween ttrei predj.cted dri{t of Chironomidae and total {autna, t"lhich r^lourlcl irrclurde ChironomicJae. The data are baserj on the relatively {ew test-s that art: avaiIable, and ther LOt_tZ predicterJ valure is er.rtrapcrlated. For water temper-ature, good predictive relations w(?re obtairrecl with at I groups (e:<cept Tricorythi.dae) , comparirrg tFre I inear recgression and multiple regressi.on resr-rIts. Rersurlts f t-om oLrr non-target gurtter tests show that di++erent taxa respond dif+erently. Other rese,archers have also reported this with permet-hrin (Muirhead-Thomson L97Ar 7979i Anderson 198"; Poirj.er and Surrgeoner l9A7r. In general permethrrn has rregati ve ternperature coef { i ci ents f or water treatment ternperature and posttreatment ternperaturre reported in the literatutre (Harris and [.inostiita 7977, Harris et aI. 797A, Harrrs and Tutrnbcrl L 1978, Cutt[::ornp and Sutbrarnanyarn 1986) . OCF river treatments with perrnethrin c:n a wee[,:Iy basis showed simi lar short-term increrased dri{t. In the longer-tL5rrn, the cornpositrorr of dri{'1. and benthic {aurrra changed. In general odecapoda, amphibia and {igh are not gre"rtly a{{ected by the operati onal dose of (1 . ()15 rfiq/L / Llt (rrn, at water ternper-atLrres gen€rraI ly f ournd dr-tring the hiqh water period. I+ the permethrin dose is high enor-rgh aIl aquatic groups rnay be a{{ecterd. There have be'en observed irrcidences where clecapoda, amphibia and f ish have been affected (watile 19E}6a, I,l. [Jcr-an, pers. comrn-). These or-c:rtrred a{ter rai nstorms i n the ;rrea, and I owered water temperatLrres arE suspected . tli th pyr-et-hroi ds (permethr i n ) , an organism intoxicated at a Iower te'mperatrrre may be converted to an utninto:<icated organism by raising the temperatLrre. These states are reversible in a matter of seconds (HiIler and Adams 1982, Eaillie 19BS). In aerial spraying operations, gross overdoses of insecticide may reach rivers. These rnay be in the order of 50 times the ocF operational doge (oMs 1986). Aeria1 contamination by perrnethrin has eI iminated shrimp at 1.9-4.3 g (a.i.),/ha (Tah:l,en et aI. 197A, Everts et aI . L97A) and 4Ct g (a.i.)/ha (Everts et aI. 198f,)., and has been Ietha1 to crabs, shrirnp, taclpoles, and {i.r-.h at "48-5i(l s (a.i.)/ha (Dourben et aI.1985). F'ermethrin is rapidly rermovecJ frorn tlrE* aqLreoLrs phase by adsorhtion, and metaboli:etl by nc:n-t-arge,t organisms (i.e. insects,f ish, birds, mammals). The hea=ard o{ bioaccurmulation appears sI i ght w j. th permethri n (Hr I I 19BS) . ,:l-l ltult cf !' I . EieL..r.l-t!,E1 tf t acjrror-pt I oTr i l^JatL,r' r-Etfltpejr -{tur E, r t}cr Eias-'t:-:! E{IlLl c:rL'}l t-)tl q r-E.d(-tc:ed carr^y woLrld tlel (ji(perjLed wt f-h per-(itt?l--hr-rri tr-r:a1:nrerrt--, EtrrfrrparErd to sorne C]ther tnE-,etrtl crcJe:;. r. f-tqr-t;+trc triver-tel:r;i.F-r=s dentunstrtite rrtrt-t.-E:,.*se:tl rJi-r.t1: J.n l:l-re i;f rc.l)-t-'terni. lrr the rne.dl Ltm-ternr{ cjrr+t c-crnrpostt.tt:r-r J.riLJ tientfrt.c pt-r[jt.ll.rL'.rorr (:hariqe6 w{:re rt+r-,:rdr*cl" Srrtcr: jt ts wt:II--1.:nr:r+ri tlr.rt rFrLr-E,cf5€rd drr.tt occr-rr'5. rt is rrot r)E?c€nriselr-f to Gtfrrtrnr-ti_t11r' rnr-L{st.-ll-+l t'lirg. lrt a pro-tecl: rtrrtlr lrrnr.t-er:l furnd:i, br-:L.t:err Lt5tr (f+ trnre end filon€?y woutld t:e. to =turdy thE* mecJiurrn-.arrd 1onrf.-ternrt':ttr:c:1:'. o'f per-tnetltrrtr {an(1 r:clrbtLgt-t['f.-r.r'tr ,:1pl]1r.c..if..rcll-tri r:r-r 1--l'rrf berrlhrc anci trstr popr.tl*..tLc:ns, artcl ulhr+t-herr re:Lo\/Erry to..r "rr+t-utra1" .;1;;11;5-, r:; possrtrle afl-er- t.r'eatmenl-- l-i,rr=; elndr:d. -.;. ln 1:tre: :;h,=rt'-'tet-m EhrIflrp" craL-,i;,, +r'rJE:!* arrci f r=ti rJr-r n,:t i{ppEr-rr tu tlel a'f*t*cted by perrnr:l:trrrn at t-,.t-rlii (nr-J/i,/ 1r.., {il-'i. It- Hc:L.rlrJ l-re3 berre-lrcjlal to l-rc-tVE l.prtrler str-tclres r.'i/f hcrLtrg,' lor the=e n':]rr- tar-tir:t- er-nLrFs done in trlest ntr-rcar rrJttrt re.-r.1.:rstic var-iablt:,:;(1.e. Iocal tpecleg{ w.:te?r' che.rn}s;tri,. H,etE:.r temper';.(tLtres) . t{. rit LlrcJg.=; ovelr-ei{posLlr-c:S !1" El . i15 atlt-rl [:tt::tri:.nr-1 +(]r- i:Lat:Lf lrErs arld {-:;;-rt=.t-: f 1r.t+s) pernre:thrrn fli-q.\/ h:e t.L'r:rrI t-c: a. 1] aqt-ratrr- et.DL.rp-E, 'r. lrE'r(n(:-,'Lfrr.,.n (.1 nriln -i:{lpFt.-, -(:}r<-1.ti(i t:r.tbt;ttf*1-qf-a,11 :iyf1 t-.ftehrc i-)\,/r, '1:ht-old,t r:.i 1e== i-o:.ltr t.rr qerre,-rr+J. l:lian ;tipha--r:yai-ra Ejt.ttr*t-.ri-r-telri pL,'t-,.+1:iit-rrd= 1:cr rrclL.ra+-I.r rnVelr-t-etlrntus rtdalr.Le LYLJii'::r, +nr-i 1-itr 'recEiptrrdtr( and frsh (7lrtl.o ert a1 . lyj-), f''lcL.ere:=e ert_ al . le/bjr_rl, (:. t-:rTr r-rrrcler-standrncl ctt.the e*ieu'{::; t:+ rlrater"L.E(npE:fratr-rr.e (:fiArl(lrfs J e.ast- . c:n tt-re to:l i c i ty o+ perrnethr- r rr tr.r !i i mt-tl r Lrfli tJarnno=,Ltmt irt r^rnt-rld be valur.rb.Lc+ :.ntormaLr.on fr-rt- but-h fht: r-t:sFarcf-r clnd ,lpErr-i.t1 orrJ.i. s=;re,cta o{. LiLi''. /. F'er-rrre:thrrn has a lcltl rg.nl:: rnq ior cat-crncleE,nrc r:r-trnr.crclFI'rlc- potentral il'iaddy tt?84 i.J, Lrtchi'reld 1'7tJ5). r^,hrle Earbamates(1.8. carbo=t-tlf an) rnay pre:ierrt s..F-'t-lrrr-rE threat= to ttre lrealth t:i. developtnq {etns rn experirnenta. I a.nrmals (l"liller 198-rr. flris trat-l be an r nrportant tronsr cJera,t i orr urhErn r.hr:osr rre an i nser.t r c r de thert 1 si bei nq sprayed d i rect I rz i nto the lrutrnan Hatelr st_rpp I v . d. Hn e,++c,rt ha.s beren rnade tc.r urrroer-s;t.rnrJ thr+ etfe=qt_g cif :;ectiirfrl.1lItY arld Water tetnpe.rt-41:ttr-e fr15 ptfS.5rttlc- lc\Ct.Clr-S r{-r+1r-ret-l':rnq i-eel.t1*--"; ilrLhrrr ther LIL-F'ar-e;r r..rrth )n=Erct,rclder tree.f-me'nt, 1i- l.t; it:11: thd.t dr-ve'lclp1nq ir ItLose ffrr-J,jL-l r-ts,el:Ie'lor- l:, l-rc. efttrt-t. at-el<i.. r.r.tnr-'r t-l-tarr ;t rTrE)re ecciLir-c-rtE+ rnDcjel +ar a Ep(JCr -i t- (: r t v(jr C)r sr te.:. rg rTrc)r-r:r rzalut.lb.[e tr: t-hte [-'rcire,,*-t_. v. F'e:rmetl-tr-tn tE a platerrt rnsectrcrde t,fiat has tfre ;-rot.entraJ. tr-r tlt?cclrnEt {rlflr-€? (t:r- Iesgl 'to>.1 rc r.n tlri: rrvLar-. I+ neeldt; t.o bt+ fr-rr-t-l'lF-lr :;tLtdleci ).rr the LJLl-' ar-Ec-r 1:(f rrnde,r'.,t-.eno I t'; melri rL-rm- t.r-, i clnc.l .-terrrrr r-rt , e:r:1:tl cln ttre aer-(.lt,r I c:r::mrnt.rn t Lv. ,L- r t_ e't-(itLrrF_, Lr t_e.:ci Fittclersurj. lrrrl'rart-cj L. l'lU'.:. Ir.iirlcLt.y ci+ +t:rrvale:rc:(tE{ €rnrJ per-rll€lthr 1n tt: sSevera. 1 nc)f'r t:ctr-qcf t acllraf.. r c r nver-tel:rr-a'f-t:t;. E-ri.yr r.Jn. Erit-onrr:} . 11: 1.J51- 7.j57. Lrar 1 I r e. t-i. t-.. l'll3::). li'ra l:r cc--f ie.lrnr cal, nrc:de c)J ac tt r:Tr rr.t .1.r-r:r(+Ei--rcrcl i=s. pll . ,7- L;.:) tqr lr.. r-" \,/'Jri t,..t:y:;elrl rrrql., A. tJ<r.r_lE:lt l-h. votl ::itre-Fran.jil': r r c-ldi. /ipFlr-i.t;-\r-nc-+-€i t-.L, new Ie"rdr: .trJr- lricjer-trcrri e=. 1--,pr-rnqer--Ve*r-.[e.c1 , He-:rIrrr. I'-:A ptr, .tn rl L. urt- !': t:r-rrp . L . [r. , p),rr:tlrr ol cl:j ta .l . FlrTrer. I'18=q, E. I or-tard, ,J . --l'l . iincl .l . -i . lr-i.-r--rl:.r.1-' " Lr? ?2. r.i:s,rnEFfrD5,\ r;Lrr' I ets 1 r-r t/Ft-te.bres-, ;(qLr,:rtt e,-re.premlE=r'= trartEnrent--, cje I er Lt;*s=.e, I,laraourr:. HoLral,.e . Lote cl ' I vot. re ^ artcj tl" llt-tt:r'dtrrctnV,i,n. l.'/LJ(:" 1 ol.lJ.(-11-y ot fiS:dgE e_i?q),-pt,r_ .[;*r var: r rr rEil at r on t.r-r tEmpi:ratLtrE]. L,crntroI Hsgn, ;l (.ii ) i.-t,,li-'.:,t+9. I.'c:,t t:r-tir. L,. , .J. --l'l . L-lor-rrrrcl n ,-l . l,l ,, Jt-tsLtn. F. I'l . l:rlb.JIr. srici J.-"J- [r-ourbat. lilt]r-t. F)cttt:n clur teme.phos \FitjatE,) =;L,r'lssirivertebrgs aqltatrqL.tte. VI I i. 1"1 rr=-'e E?t-r ev:.tJence cl Lr.n .rrriF,s.ct a. terrne apres sri( arlnees der l:r-u-vE1llenr:e. Flapp. Ut-(STDt'i lrlo. .i,ci, Llot.ta i:e . {-t1{: e: ci I vo l. r e: . I r:ri q IJC'Ltben. l:'. E. 1,. cJ. i,.i, E.vsri-:;,rrid J. Fl . t...r:enran. l'/t:,5" :irdE e+tet:tE u+ prvetl-rrc]rrJ15 r-r=;e:rJ 1:.ri c:r:rnf-r'ol acjr-.rlts o.t p111i1-_rJ.r9-tg (-.3ryr1o51t1r_r E.L. rn ni t.r./Hr-rri€ rr]t-€:eit r11 lot-lo rtrJtl,:t r{{:rtci{r. ilept. lc;lLCoi. r Hflrlc.. LJrt:v.. l.iaqerrtt-rqt:n, lfue l',lEthe"rLl6ci g,. 4rr Eli:t-t.rrrJ, ,J"-f{. l9LJ4. .[nipact C Lrn rnEEirLrr:t.r-lr: r]rq.-incrpt'lcr=Frit-.rre ( I. t-' ternerplicts ) =utr I eg E:rr1:n{n,:ri:enoEe,Ei arEc:c t. €ir::l aLui s F-a.desprL5tfrraqlnaui( dut c(]nrplei:r: _pf_q'trlt-;1qr d6r1r1gr.Eu'rr lherobaId (L'ipl:.er-alSrnrutlridarei. lhese, L,oc-. scr. lrial.:,,, Unrr.r. [:'a.rr.s-burrj , L.ent_re d L,lr- s;av. l-Lil'l 1.:i . LIR$ I Lil'l . l-'ar r E 54c- FJFj . pp" F{[1.: r L:rnsi dr: I r:tbel-t=(Jtt. E:1'*ert= cit:*- Ftapp . LlFl5 l-ul'r l.lc-r. .-:,i * Et,ertE..J. hJ. i9A.j,. I-\nrmal rndrcator:l for st.de--t*ffects chemical vector- Etrntrol . l:nvr.r'c.l11 . f'lonitorrncl /-lssessmen'h- ":i6. o'f -r,. .,?CJ_ Evert=. J. tJ. . li. f-i. E(oorr von Llctr:;ges:. G. ,i. l:'a}, , ancl J . l-.1 . l;.t:entart. 1978. liepor-t t:r-r tlre sr de ef *ercts o+ e:i(Flcir-tfllent{i.L rnsectrcrde :3pravrnq f,y he. Irc:c]pte+r .eclarnst- L1{_qg;_5_1r_r.i -",pp. l.t-rU;.rper r/o.lta. 1978. I-,ept,, lurx:.cc:I., Flgr-1E. Llnrv". l,Jac.telningen, I hE hlethe,r I arndg. l5 pp . Evert=n J. hl . n t.. \/an i-r-irrri.: eniilty;eln. E. lir:ntarr. 1(78:j. Srde-et+et-t:i of E:)ip(::rl.nrr=nl:.rl pvr-ert_lrr-t:i tJ the r:c:nl-roi cll t--setst=-+ i. I EJs. I rr a r-1 \.8+r-1rre 1-c)r(..st l-lr-t:lr, F-trvrt-Llt-r. L-tfrrL,.lnr. lr-.;:ltc_.:li. I;:..i 1 -,) ; - a n ci ,J . I i. lr.c)e:nran . ap:ipI r cat-r c-irr f c>r- liah r t at ( F){ r- 1 c.a.r . Grunewald, J. 198 1. Hydro-clrernical and physical char.rcteristics o{ l arv;r} si t es o{ spec i es o{ the dAUtgCUO compl e:t.pp. 227-?f,5 in M. Laird, ed. BIachf lies: The fututre o{ biologrcal nrethods in integrated control . Acadernic F'r'ess, New Yr:r l': . f,99 pp . 5i-nul-r-un Harris, C. R.posttreatment i nsecti ci des. Harr i s, C. R, and S. A. Tr_rrnbutl I . lg7g. the contact to:< i c i ty and act i vi ty i n soi Iinsecticicles. Can. Ent. 11(l:285-iBB. and G. E. l'iinoshita. t977. In{Iutence o{ ternperature on tlre to:.ticity of pyrethroid J. Econ. Entomol . 7rt (") :21i-I18. Harris, c. R.r H. J. svec ,antl R. A. chapmarr. Lg7a. Laboral-ory and {j.eld sturdies on the e{{E:ctiveness and persrstence o{pyrethroi d i nsecti c i des ursed f or cabb,age" I ooper control .J. Econ. Entomol . 7l t 647-64.4. Laboratory sturdies on of { ourr pyrethroi d HilI ' I. R. 1985. E{fects on rron-target organisrns in terregtrial and aqlratic environrnerits. pp. 15L-?6" LO J. F,. Leahey, ed.The pyrethroid insecticides. TayIor and Francis, London. 44o pp. Ishaaya, I. and J. E casirJa. 1?81. Fyrethroicl este--rase (g) contribute to natural pyrethroid tolerance o{ the Iarvae of corilm(]rr green lacewing. Environ. Entornr.ll . l.(l:681-684. irray the Jo11y, 1978. Trang. A. L., Jr., J, Acurte toxicity Am. Fish" Soc. tAl . Avautl t-, H. of permethrin 1tl7: 815-827 . L. Hoonce, to ser.,e.ral and J. Et. Graves. aquati.c anj.rrals. [,.urmaragurrut, A. F:: . and F. W. o{ perrnethrin (NRDC-143) to relatron to body weight and 5(i5. H. Beami sh. 1941. Lethat tor.ri ci. ty rai nbow trourt , SaI qro Sgr rgngrl , i n water terrperatLrre. t^lat . Res. 13: S0f,- l'.utrtalr, DanieI c. , Jorg Grnnewald and D. A. T. EaIdry. 19a7. contr-or of black fIy vectors of onchocerciasis in Africa.pp, 34.1-f,62 LE He Churng F. j. m and Ri charcl ht. Merr i tt , eds.BIacl': {1ies. Ecology: popurtation management, and annotated world I ist. Penn. State Univ. , University par[,:, FA, USA. S2B pp. Leahey, J. F. 1?E}5. Met.rbol i sm andpp. 363-342 in J. P. Leahey, €d. TheTaylor and Francis, London. 44e pp. envi ronmental degradati on.pyre'Ehroid i.nsecticides. Li tchf i el d, tl. H. J. P. Leahey, ed. Francis, London. I'laddy, Fi. T. News 9(i):8. 1985. To:<icity to mamrnals. The pyrethroid insecticides. 44t_t Pp. pp. 99-15O tOTayIor and t l9B4 ?1. As ci ted i n VanDri egche. l'lags.(Coop. E:.rtent, Serv., Univ. Mass, Amhurrst Pest.1944). I !t"lcLeerse, D. W. , C. D. Metcarlf e and V. Zi l*: to. lgB(1 .pernrethrin, cyperme=thrin and {: envaler.ate to :;almonr shrimp. Butl I " Enviror-t. Cont-am, Tor.ricol . ?I: g5r-r-955. Lethal i ty of I obEter arrd MilIer, D" Neurr-obehav. MiIIer-, T. A. andpyre.throids. pp. act i on . Acaderni c Muirhead-Thomsori, R. C. lg7Lr.pyrethrirrs ;rnd pyrthroids on the. l arvi ci des i n gl,Ut!!_l_UU control . 64 (4 ) :895-9(:)6. 1982. Neurroto,'ticity o{ t.he pesticidal carbamates. To:.r i col. . Teratol . 4:779-7A7 . l"li l l er , T. A. L976. Di st i rrgui sh i nq bertween carbamate and organophosphate insecticide, poisoning in house {I ies by symptomology. Feigt. F{i oche+m. F.hvsioI . Cr: f,f_r7-j19. Mic[rael E. Adarns. 1982. ]'lode of actrorr r:{ 15-27 in Joel ft. Coats, ed. Insecticide ntode o{Fress, London . 47() pp. MilIer, T, A. ;rncl v. L-. Satq1ado. lgBE. The nrode of action o{pyrethroids on i.nsect_s. pp. a3-97 la J. p. Leahey, ed. Thepyrethroid insecticicles. Taylor antl Francis, London. 44(l pp. The potentiating e{{ect of action o{ organophosphate Trans. Roy.Soc. Trop. l"led. Hyg. Mui rtread-Thomson, R. C. Academic Fress, London. L97 1. Fesiticide.s and {reshwater {.aurns. 248 pp. Mr,ri rhead-Thonrson, R.blacl: f Iy (Simulir-rrn) temephos. t'losq. New L577. Comparative tolerance r'-vB€:a 'to permt*tlrri n (NRDC 143) 7 (?) t L7 :-179. C. Ia l. evel s o{ arrd I'h-ri rhead-Thomson, Fi. C.permethr-in (NRDC 14f,) onl'losq. News f,A(?) : 185-19t1 t97A. Le'thal and behavi oral i nrpact o{ selected stream macroinvertebrates. Mrrirhead-Thomsono R. c:. 1.q7s. Experimental gtudies on rnacroinvertebrate predator--prey impact o{ pesticides. reactions of E[yaqppt]itA and Eydfqpeyg[e (Trichoptera) 9f-OUI_fUO Iarvicides. Can. J. Zool . 57=?264-?,?7,o. The larvae to MurIla, M. S-, H. A. Biological activity agai nst mosquri toeg f,B(1):9t)-9e . Navv.eb-Gojrati and H. A. Darwazeh. Lg7B. and Iongevity of new synthetic pyrethroids and sorne nontarget ingects. Hosq. News Narahashi, T. 19E}(1. Site nerve membr-ane. pp . t S- 17 sand act i on. Tab I es Roncleg Ni e j i ma, Hei l,;o, Hi yoshi 0sawa and 'l-o:<icity o{ several insecticidesposttreatment temperaturre. BurlI.(i (?5) :8f,-9(1. and types of action o{ pyrethroids on Ln Pyrethroid insecticides: chemistryRoussel UCLAF No. 37 - T.edaharur Yoshi da. 1985. to honeybees: i n{ I urence of Fac. Agric. Tamagawa Univ. 9 aLll'll:. l'/L1o. Shclrt -- arr(l {nt..drLrm'-1:.rnr-{rr ei t €i(;1:s r,rf l;r I r:t:rrd pe]r-tn€+l:.hr'l.ri LJrr t trt? Irt)fu' t-ar cl€it aqttatl c +;{Lrrr .a } r) t-r oprt c al t clt I l.* F-,tr't'l t'-orrnreirrt s,. LJLI'/Vt,LirllYr--.ilLl,/t.J/:.1cJ. LJut,lclarit:uct(-rL(, I-'ttrr-l,rria F.iri,-). r. l, pfi. Ul'19. i'/E/. Ll f ects fi c-oLrr t. Ert nrL]yErri tblr file-, oE: s,Ltr 1es; Lnv€:rtd:brCs aqLrattqLrG3E de 1;r I'larartioure. u.t'r Vtil-J,r l'1 tlt Lt)itJ) . 14. OlrsqacJor.rqout, Lrurr l:r rra Fag,rr. I a pe+r rnt-,tttr r nr: 4 uFr. l'otr-:elr, D. Lr" r-ind tl t.hr outqt-r tr 1 c:.f e::a\,= cr+ I t-rv€-trtt?1.:r'a.tr:'=;. Uc-rn. t-i, :)r-tr-fle(:)ns?r. t'iLJ/. [.-aLrt-,r-,-,rtC.)i-v +,[ cfw-- 'f ot.tr {'orE+E,tr\, } ngErE:tr cr cJgrg, acr;r1 Tist-'=1:re"{flI Ii.rrt.. I I9 ('7 t z |i-iii--lLt'-i. liat^Jri. tr. t''. . lJ. L. tr. f'llrr r anrJ Lr. fi. E. [^Je:,t;:,ter. at-r(l pErsrstr:nct-: o+ per-rn*:1-hr irr by tr:;hi vE:clel:at_rul-r i-jth Flnn. i:rq. lt;rt:,. tJor-[,'sjhrJp, Gruterlpl-r. L,.1n" 1 '7tj i . [.JF] t- a l: El .fr-r(-i lrtrt-i r r-rgir)r i . Sarnm&.n, J. ;rrrci l'l, i^]. t-r:;c:Lr;t'r,rre" [:98,,. ij.rte.:'r_t_ tr-t .:rr=-r r3l ;IilPJ. lceitlon (f+ pErmEitfirlr') l"alcorci c,n rjrrftrnc.l ]nvLr,rtebrateg 1n the I-rIat:!. lrol'ta. tli"F'i VLjLl ./l-trl3 Iu,'81" 15. [Jr-r all;1s'| o,-rLlL:u-r , FLrr[,.rn,r Faso, tJ pp- Stia.roin" I'1. b. and ['... l-(, ::r:]. rirnon . l,lEl - rrd=r:rpt r c,rr .rnd dL'::oI-pttorr (:l+ [:Et-rrr(+'tl-rr-1rr afi(J other- pc+r;1:J.c:1rJ€:ii ()ri (:l ]. lr;s and i:1;t=trc ms. l:.erral= LtsECJ L11 hrioas:-,ey proLecj Ltrr:s. L.;(ri. J. [;rs;t-r. F-rq. :icr. . i,8: i'ir'-Jt-i4. lerl:[..i:rr. hJ. . F , Ha] i:, t:i. L, .larigen y and .J. i-i. LE-r(]r]rcrrr " ),i lr:t- lt-re riii[]Elf-trnE:rri:.r.I .fpipll.Cat-.1.(fi] ilr' J.ngEr.,t-.t.t:rcJer: tr(.1(fl rt l-rt:,t:*r:i[-rcg:r- fL-,I- t.i-r e l.(fntrrJl r-tl r1v€3rIrtE+ Fr,:;pr111atrtr,n!, cit Qf_c1;:_=y1 r_1ar t-elt._t_t]_DerEE:E Ir) i^le';t Hlr-:t(:a. UI. Obsr:r-va'trong ol-r:;'r.de-er+tF:L:1-Fi" l.:'/ihlS.r.4.rllrl45i:-- 4aa - ler-tqell=. l-rL.ry b. arrd l,.a=E;olrnr -l raord,. 1?tih. Evalltat:rori r.t.f t-hE+ ei+e'c-l:s tlt trer-n'lei:hr-1n on frsh tr-clrn 1:he Hrtncl.r(na lirver 1n thc: Ir'crr i' L,cl.ist: tarrh tegts. tJLl't l,'(-U,, llvLtl L-r rElo. ,-J,-rscladr:LrLlr-lr-rr Lir.lr l, t ner F erso. i 5 pp . l{ahIe. LtrLttre I'l . 1?86a. E+fect-s crt r:arrLrosurlf;rri artri perniettrrrn clrl hresh'-water- shrrmp t[.lecapoda: f,.1rideraI 1rr $cfL(thter-n Ioqo, [rJersi: Africa. tdl-{O/IJCF'. fJuraqacloLrqoLl , trlest rt{:rira. :,.J pp, lrlahle. hrt-tce t'l . 1?E5tt. fJomparrEtrn oi :;(]fite lnEe:ctrcrtle farrnutlartrong in the Onchotrt:rr-resis; Lontrc.rl [,r'aqram. F:i+ects crn rron --t.ir-qe.t aqLtat i C: i nvertebratr.s i r-r th61 [-...rincle lir ver' , COtr:d lvorre, lrlelst it{:rrca. Unpt-tbI. L,onsurl[.. tte,p. ldl-tL-lzLJLI-'/It{U, Ei:rr.rai':ri. Licile d 1vtr:.re. t{est Fi.fr-tLa. i:.{_r, Flt,, !^Jal-rIer. t{r'LtcE f'l . 1?r:rj.i. F'i d.etalrasr-, rJ{ t-he crc.LrtF Fjl+ects ot rrtSr=ctrc-rtlt:5 L-1t-l trt-rn*tar.rqet ctclclLttrc. tnvertc-tlrct'te?=;. tJriprr-.rbI. L-orrsrrlt. Iie,p. t{l-Jt-},,tit-F'r II1LI . HqlLr3[:;€!, L,(rt_e_, rji J.vclr.ren trJe_..=t r-i+r'].La. L ,' l_tlJ. I (-) ( trlahle, Brurce M. 1988b. Relative toxicities of the CICF' operati onal insecticider,: sltsrt-term E'{{ects on non-target aqt-tatic invertebrates. UnpubI. Const-rlt. Rr=p. t^lHO/OCF/IEU, Eoural:e!, Cdte d ' Ivoi rer, He=t Af r r ca. 15 pp. hlahle, Brucer M. 19BBc. Short-term ef{ectg o{ three new synthet-ic pyrethroids on non-target aquratic organisrns: potential replacemerrts lor permethrin in the OCF'. UnpurbI. Consurlt. Rep. hlH0/OCF/IRtJ, Boural.:6, Cot-e d'Ivorre, trJest A{rica. 2f, pp. Zitlrr:, V. n D. W. Mr.Leese, C. D, l'letcaIfe, ancl W. G. Carson. l97ri. Toxicity o{ permethrin, clecarnetlrrin arnd related pyrethroids to galmon and I cib$ter. Eurl I. Environ. Contamrn. Toxicol. 21:f,f,B-f,4f,. 11 ,- a Anne:< es t2 aiable l. lests rrth pertethrlfl3 Hfl = drta not avrrlab,ie(llahle l98rb, 1988a, 1988b, unpubl. datal tareoqo unpubi. datar Versron Date: 29lVi88. llest Hurber NT-8i-7 t{I-8i-7 ltl-87-7 HT-87-i ttl-87-5 ilT-87-I HI-Bi-S l0ate 24-2itrllll/8i 24-25/VIIIl87 21-25tVIlt/8i 24-25tUil t/8i l-4iVir0i t-4/Vt/87 i-4tUU8i lStte |.operaqul koperagut koperagui lr,operaQur troperaQut Loperagur i.operaqur I Ht ver Sassandra Sassandra Srssandra Sassandra Sassendra Sassandra Sassandra lDose 0,u15 0,01I rr.0l5 ri.0l5 0.013 0.rjli u.015 Irrqliilu tn,' lForrulatton Pounce 251 Coopex 202 lellcone 40i( Pounce 40'/ [oopex 201 Irperator 25I ArbuEh 50I lHater leaperature 28.0 28.(r 2B.u 29.0 ZB.0 28.0 2E.n I ([] at treatrent 1------------ !Estraated 27.5-28.5 27.5-28.5 27.i-28.s zi.s-29.5 27.5-28.5 27.5-28.s 27.s-zg.S lPearl Lh.Z 15.1 i4.5 16.1 lu.d ti.6 ri.? I Instantrneous lDrr{t l------______ lltae of Peak J0 J0 50 t0 15 lS tI !llr n. -|lax. later I Ielperature l--__________ 10rr it after I Ireatrent (lnr t------------ It-enqth oi lCatostrophic 2.5 i.i 1.5 l.7S l.I t.2S t,t3 !Ei{ect thr t------------ lLenqth oi lReversion E{{ect 3.5 3.5 0.i5 t.2S 0,0 0.0 tl,?s I (hr t------------ li Adjusted 0riIt: I Epherer op t er a 91. i 91.0 8r. B 90.8 81,5 88. 0 7b. B 'Irtchopterr 52.5 19.8 52.0 ti.l t\.1 $.0 JB.l I -----_______ l[hrronomdae 19.5 l8.E Z9.t Z2.l 0.0 0.0 li,Z l------------ l0tptera 18.5 69.2 30.1 t9.9 0.0 0.0 lo.9 ll'liscellaneous o5.J t0. I 72.1 B9.l I -------_____ u.0 0.0 i5. + I Iotrl 56.9 55.5 ci a l3 59.7 lB. I 2a. I 36.5 afuble I rcont. i Versron late;2?1Vl88. ITest llusber |lI-87-4 NT-87-+ l{I-87-+ l{T-87-{ NI-87-{ NT-86-5 t{I-86-6 l------------ lltate 18-19/llli87 l8-19/lll/ai l8-t9/llt/87 l8-19/ilti87 t8-l9iilt/87 5-o/I/86 lJ-l{/I/80 l_-____-_____ lSrte koperaQur Koperaqur fi.operaqur LoperaQur l,operaqur ltoperagur Koperaqur l------------ lfttver Sassandra Sassarrdra Sassandra Sassandra Sassandrr Sassandra Sassandraj------------ llose 0.015 0.015 u.rJ15 u.0i5 0.015 u.015 0.015 'trq,'1r1r an, lForrulation Ialcord 20[ Coopex 20I Pounce 25i lrperator 25i llellcore 40I Coopex 20'/ Coopex 20I i ------______ lliater lenperature :8.u 28.{i ZB.0 28.0 ZB.0 26.0 26.5 I tCl at treatrent I ____________ lEstrnateo 27.5-29.0 27.5-29.0 27.5-19. n 27.1-19.0 27.5-29.ri 25.0-2i.0 25.5-27.i ilh n. -l1ax . Hater I Telperature I Peal i I ln:tantaneous llirrft r9.5 tL..1 J$.4 i\1. i Nh NA lhre o{ Peak liirr{t a{ter !Treataent {rnr 30 IJ lrl l0 3i) ttA Nii I Lenqth oi iCatostrophrc 1.5 1.5 l.I 1.5 1.5 Hri NA lE{iect (ht l------------ lLenqth oi lReversron Effect 0.i5 0.5 0.5 r).5 0.5 t{A tiA ! ihi l------------ rl Adrusted Drift: I Epherer op t er a 66. s oJ. ,l o9. 6 9n. { 8b.8 9t.0 85.5 I Trr choptera 0.0 0.9 6. I 4i.5 ji.0 56.9 {1.0 t------------ lChrronouoie 5.8 5.0 i,2 16.5 0.0 -12.4 {1.4 t------------ lDrptera ,1.9 4,Li o,i lB.5 0.u NH NA lllrsceilaneous Il.2 0.0 i,5 19.2 0.0 +J.S J0.2 !------------ llotal 2?,5 11.6 2S.B bJ.O 43.6 BJ.9 75. I l1 oIible I r[ont.], Versron !ate: 29lVtil8. lTest Huaber t{T-86-6 NT-86-2 NI-80-2 flT-Bb-z llT-86-2 t{i-86-J rtl-85-l ilT-85-2 lrrn. -nax. ' I ------------ --------------- r lDate 13-l4ixl86 14-15illl/86 l1-lSilll/86 l1-15/ilt/85 l+-t5lilt/86 l-2lu/80 l5-16/IIt/8i tc-2utxfii84 Il---------------------------1, lSite fi.operaout tlrouakoukro Arouakoukro Alouakoukro Atouatoukro Arouakoukro Ietetou Arou-0blo r , l---------------------------li lRt ver Sassandra [oroe [oroe Coroe [oaoe loroe fiono llrgu i . l------------ llose 0.020 0.015 0.015 0.015 u.015 0.015 0.015 0.u15 r ,l(rg,rirlunni t I l---------------------------l lForrulatton Coopex 20i [oopex Z0I Pynosect 23i. Pounce 25L Talcord 20I Ja]cord 20I Talrord l6t Pounce l0I , i !---------------------------r llrter leaperature 26.5 28,5 2E.s 28.5 tB.5 ll.0 2B,b t4,n I i4-il r|(Cl at treahent , r l---------------------------i lEstraated 25.5-27.5 i7.5-33.0 27.5-t5.0 2j.5-53.0 27.5-3J.r) 10.5-14.0 2i.0-29.5 2+.u, , illt n. -llax . l{ater r , ! Terperature r r lPeal ir ilA t?.6 I.,: o.{ g.o lir.i ilri ltA lJ.6-i6.+ i I Instantaneous , '!rr{t , l---------------------------rr llire o{ Pear r{A ls iu t5 i0 J0 fiIfi il{r llS-tt,l0rrit after i i llreatlent (lnr , ; :---------------------------;, lLenoth oi ,l[atostrophrr llA l.i5 l.i i,i i.tt 2.n ilfi ilrt '1.]S-2.i, lEi{ect thr , I ------------ --------- --- - l llenoth oi ! r lReversion Ei{ect }lA 0.5 0.is lt.0 9.0 0.0 tiA }iA l}-ll.zs , l(hJ , r lZ Adrusted [irr{t lEphereroptera ?1.2 86.8 20.1 47.9 6i.l 7b.{ 92.6 59.J,lt,.l-91.0, l------------ -- r --------- r llrrchoptera +0.0 lB.,l z.i g.J g.J 15. I 65.6 16.l I (,.r.)-7b. r,l--------------1---------, lchrronoardae l9.l 0.9 0.0 0.0 5.7 g.o 13.6 55.9 I 0.0-55.81 l ------------ __ i _________ I lDtptera Na 1.9 li.o 10.0 lJ.2 l0.g ttA NH I 0.rr-og.Zi l------------ --t ---------illlrscellaneous 38.i 0.0 0.0 u.0 u.0 22.6 t{A NA I r'.0-90.1:l--------------l---------: llotal 85.i 17.b 17.0 J4.D JB.{ 2s.6 t6.l 6J.9 117.0-83,91 riIJ IT.rbIe 2. Comparison of perrnethrrn {ormlrlations tested and operational permethrin {ornrul.itions, e{{ects on non-targert group:ir rnean ad_iursted dr-i{t plurs or rninus standard error(WahL e 19BBb,, urnpurbl . dat.r) . Ta;< on A1 I Forrnnl at i olrs Operat i onal Formul at i ons Eplrerneropt-era Tr i choptera Chi ronorni dae Di ptera mi .;cel I anerol.rs total {at-rna 7-7 T -Tt 14.6 TC'. J -, Eio. J 47.3 .7 tz .5<?7. . g(17. aq'/ 7 L-,. 'fo L6. 18. 14" 49. . t_tBZ .217. .997. 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Ctcl ir ,r; l{ 9qlr;rr r'd f a-iclf-er!i9,1 (iIr l:I.-,tutr d.le. hl l-:([:n r dae: l{ lrtr-:orvtfrrcl ae: hl it'r r.irt]pt€3ra L- l-,it t r-oncrrrtl. dd.Er L 1-r-ii_;-.1 t lL.rrr;t I'lr:r*rtl'r-'I r near- relqr-egist. rJll L pl renrerrrpt€i,r';i l.l IJ.lr=Jt- 1 d;re hl Li.renl dae lJ 'l r- i cclr-ytfrr dae l.l lrrrhoprte,ra L itr,,dr (fp(sVEir r. (iae L.- r-.hr r cinoflu. dae L- 1: t:t l-. =i i + ittr rr ar '.li )L.rgit€:ci L,r r +t + Er I ail urr - I l. . .f.fj t-t . l-,i,., - ,.J n ,-_r .r ta, . \_t ,_. ..'l i . rL1 . fri . ., t-t i,.t LJl.JH i^l t.j i ..i 4 l- -4 I .i'-t \.. -ii L ,1 L- J .t 4 r+ cf + -, r+ t,jgt.gr I r eatnrElnt and I'lc().( l rlr.lflr i'r;=,t tt- F,.:{1-iiiEar rr- i e.rnpr--:r e(t Lrr H5:- rilt.r i i: t- rJ,L E: r'eC]r-e5:3r cln 5l cip€: rlir I Lp fr e.nrer op i er r-r t\i Liee+t l dac: t{ La(+l'l 1 clee I'J lrLchopte.ra L t-hlr-ont:rritd.B.e L tot-al f;.\Lrns (-r. ,, :, 1.r r tn (_r. ,5L-1 r-r . elt_t 4', . ;l(-t I . ,:;' --c). ,, i - J. a:1+ -4. b4 . i_a z1r i ,6(_,r t_l -- tl. -1 *1 -1 Ir {tqre :EU Ss>sl. tiloU c; (.ttt'\ V^ t c, d *lS 'll$J B'|{ s..E/\ o ,. '+ b { €Lq, ari oq< I 'crS*\ d< ol- o) t- k) oo C\I o o)s\totOo(ool-oqOoo)oo tq c? a o) tr) ,p E .o ,g x @Ft b oNq, L J L|- s)NR t-q)t\ tolNs, s d o)&t tq) 6 E g\t ,F 4 (4 s 'f qt ct qJ R, d s o 'c dL cl Ro Fi S qD F-. -tJ rgI\ AD 1r)Fr .|) U s\L F-. i- ED +.) B N I *)(h- -t.t i. a 13 qD .l.) o 'c 13 qD tq .j 0) \ Ul .-l fr{ o + tfrr1 p alaalcpv flec.Lad o / +t,q,t Ss) .:d SE >StqoUoLl Lt\*Vb!o q) t -i t- o) F. .$rt\ cJsrt -vElJO!...| ^)NarS$: H€aL'QI\ S.. . 6/. $L+rO dLE't b trl e? 0? cD h o) N t. C\ lfJ C\t cD N ,F @ -t E q s c q) stqjq d l. o .cJ dLql Ro si S qD E- rr)t- qD a)Fr +) U s\ ? F(\Fr t qD B N I *) \ Ir a ri) qD C) 'cJ 13 ED t- R, ; 0,t{ a ..1 E{ 46 / o|- C\l 9) t- tO \] d sq) tar c HFDSa CLUL\ d< oI\ oo N o e')o\totOo(ooeoo)oo + o ?lUO p e?e-el.c2cv lTta c r.ad ."4 t t rrl ill(j,'( rr. I'lL'-ll1L.ti.,: l.Jl' [:!rr-rLUHl.LL]lrl t)l- ltiE L]-FEL-l$ LiF ::11'll.ll..-I!Jl'l L-Hli(/IL.,II)[:.':] AljrilhlSt hll.ll-J-lr+F:LrF-l L]li:L)/:lltltbl'lb L--Lt L-. l.: e..r- lhr:, te.chni qure ] :, ba=e-,d c'ri t:ire rnEasLtrern€int. o+ the drr't't rrlL'taclrin(:jn'l:, ol a herrt-hrr aqLta.+:ic clr-qlanigrn. l-his pltenomerlon c,cr-Lu.s naLutr-eI1y rrr a darly rjytrIe. butt rs very ntutch lncrEas€?d LtY 'l-l-r r= pa.55iiQe (ff toiltc: rn,al:e:r-r:rJ.s;. lhe qutter (.r =e:r'1eE c:i+ F'\-)t- t)rpE:s 1.4 flr lortq by ?.5 cro iri rlrarnetr:r/ reF.'r-e:;(=n1:e; a str-etcir ot rlver in miniatLlr-e. lt- is pl.ace:d rr-r ther rrvr:r' ..'4 rloLrrs tre'fcrre the application t:t :.ne;et--trc:1tJc='and r-nlon:.tE-:d bv e-r.rJdrne naturr-al sutpports (gtones' :;trcl.g Etr.,, ulrth ;rdl-rerrrrrl trr-gsnlBrns. -[lie treatment 1:i applied cl\,/er- t:en rnr nt-tte=q r l-r t-he r-rp:i'tream end o{ the qurttet-. rr net r sj atteclie'rJ t-c: thrl dor.Jrrs;tream end o{: ttre gutt f-er . and rJF-il:cr.El-rrncI rJr-clar-tlgrns ilrc'cr:llelrted *1t intervals after the passa.Qe L't l-he In-cig3c-t tCr de-., Itii= rnetfrod tl-rurE perr,its en anErlysis oi the clynamlcs o* the: etfc:c1-'s r:+ the rrrsecticrcies. as r.+e11 aE the qlcltral redrtctic:tr clt ea.'- h qr DLlp E l" E]r il a.rl l. sfn5 . i9