Atlas of African health statistics 2018: Universal health coverage and the sustainable development goals in the WHO African Region

Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO African Region Le av in g n o one behind in A FRIC A Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018: universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO African Region ISBN 978-929023413-5 © WHO Regional Office for Africa 2018 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. 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More information about this publication can be obtained from: African Health Observatory World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Cité du Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo Tel.: +47 241 39323 / 39140 / 39316 email: afrgohssaho@who.int www.aho.afro.who.int Printed and bound in the WHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo iii Contents Message from the Regional Director..................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................x Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................................................................................................xi Overview of UHC and the SDGs ......................................................................................................................................... xii Introduction, objectives and methods .............................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1. The WHO African Region .............................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 2. Mortality and morbidity ............................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Average life expectancy at birth ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Crude birth and death rates ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Child mortality rates ....................................................................................................................................................................................10 2.4 Adult mortality rate ......................................................................................................................................................................................11 2.5 Causes of death ..............................................................................................................................................................................................16 Chapter 3. Maternal and Reproductive Health ........................................................................................................17 3.1 Maternal mortality ........................................................................................................................................................................................17 3.2 Family planning ..............................................................................................................................................................................................19 3.3 Antenatal care .................................................................................................................................................................................................20 3.4 Skilled birth attendance ............................................................................................................................................................................22 Chapter 4. Child health and nutrition .........................................................................................................................23 4.1 Immunization ..................................................................................................................................................................................................23 4.2 Child Nutrition .................................................................................................................................................................................................30 Chapter 5. Adolescent health services ........................................................................................................................38 5.1 Adolescent mortality ...................................................................................................................................................................................38 5.2 Adolescent sexual and reproductive health .................................................................................................................................39 Chapter 6. Communicable diseases .............................................................................................................................41 6.1 HIV/AIDS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................41 6.2 Malaria ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................51 6.3 Tuberculosis ......................................................................................................................................................................................................57 6.4 TB/HIV ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................66 6.5 Hepatitis ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................70 6.6 Neglected tropical diseases ....................................................................................................................................................................71 Chapter 7. Noncommunicable diseases .....................................................................................................................74 7.1 Prevalence of raised blood pressure .................................................................................................................................................75 7.2 Prevalence of raised blood glucose ...................................................................................................................................................75 7.3 Prevalence of raised total cholesterol ...............................................................................................................................................78 7.4 Physical activity ...............................................................................................................................................................................................78 7.5 Prevalence of overweight and obesity ............................................................................................................................................80 7.6 Tobacco use ......................................................................................................................................................................................................85 7.7 Alcohol use ........................................................................................................................................................................................................87 7.8 Road traffic injuries .......................................................................................................................................................................................88 7.9 Mental health ...................................................................................................................................................................................................90 Chapter 8. Health emergencies and interventions.................................................................................................91 iv Chapter 9. Health systems and services .....................................................................................................................93 9.1 Service availability and readiness ........................................................................................................................................................93 9.2 Health financing ...........................................................................................................................................................................................99 9.3 Health workforce .......................................................................................................................................................................................102 9.4 Medical products and infrastructures............................................................................................................................................103 9.5 Health information, evidence and knowledge ........................................................................................................................106 9.6 eHealth ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................107 Chapter 10. Social determinants of health ................................................................................................................108 10.1 Water and sanitation ................................................................................................................................................................................108 10.2 Access to electricity ..................................................................................................................................................................................109 References ...........................................................................................................................................................................110 Figures Figure 1 WHO regions ......................................................................... 2 Figure 2 Population distribution (%) by age ............................... 4 Figure 3 Average life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region ...................................................................... 5 Figure 5 Trend in average life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region .......................................................... 5 Figure 4 Trend in average healthy life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region ......................................... 5 Figure 6 Average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region ...................................................................... 6 Figure 7 Average life expectancy at birth in years by WHO regions ................................................................... 6 Figure 8 Trends in the crude birth and death rates per 1000 population in the African Region ....................... 6 Figure 9 Crude birth rate per 1000 population in the African Region ...................................................................... 7 Figure 10 Crude death rate per 1000 population in the African Region ...................................................................... 7 Figure 11 Crude death rate per 1000 population in the African Region ...................................................................... 7 Figure 12 Under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births in the African Region, 2016 .................................................10 Figure 14 Trends in child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region, projected from the MDG era ................................................................................10 Figure 13 Neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births in the African Region, 2016 .................................................10 Figure 15 Trends in child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region ...........................................10 Figure 17 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region ....................................................................11 Figure 16 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region, 2016 ........................................................11 Figure 18 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region ....................................................................11 Figure 19 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population in the African Region ....................................................................13 Figure 20 Trends in adult mortality rate per 1000 population, by sex in the African Region ..................13 Figure 21 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population by year in the African Region .......................................................14 Figure 22 Percentage of total deaths by main cause in the African Region ...................................................................16 Figure 23 Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region ...........................................................17 Figure 24 Trends in maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region ..................................17 Figure 25 Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region ...........................................................18 Figure 26 Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births by WHO region ..................................................................18 Figure 27 Percentage of married or in-union women of reproductive age who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods in the African Region ...................................................................19 Figure 28 Percentage of married or in-union women of reproductive age who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods by WHO region .........................................................................20 Figure 29 Antenatal care coverage (%) in the African Region 20 Figure 30 Proportion of pregnant women who made at least four visits to the antenatal care by WHO Region ..................................................................................21 Figure 32 Proportion of pregnant women who had their births attended to by a skilled health worker by WHO region ........................................................................22 Figure 31 Proportion of pregnant women who had their births attended to by a skilled health worker ........22 Figure 33 Percent of children <1 year who received up to three doses of Penta vaccine in the African Region 23 vFigure 34 Trend in percent of children <1year who received up to three doses of Penta vaccine in the African Region ..........................................................23 Figure 35 Penta1-Penta3 dropout rate by country in the African Region, 2016 ........................................................24 Figure 36 Penta 3 coverage (%) by WHO region ........................25 Figure 37 Percent of children 12–23 months who received all the routine vaccine doses during 2010-2015 in the African Region .......................................................25 Figure 38 Percentage of facilities that reported the availability of immunization services by country in the African Region ........................................................25 Figure 39 Mean availability of items necessary for providing immunization services by country in the African Region.............................................................26 Figure 40 Rates of stunting, wasting and overweight among children < 5years in the African Region .....30 Figure 41 Percent of children < 5 years who are stunted in the African Region.............................................................31 Figure 43 Percent of children <5 years who are stunted in the African Region.............................................................31 Figure 45 Percent of children <5 years who are wasted by WHO region ........................................................................31 Figure 42 Percent of children <5 years who are wasted in the African Region.............................................................31 Figure 44 Percent of children <5years who are stunted by WHO region .........................................................................31 Figure 46 Percent of children <5 years who are overweight in the African Region .......................................................32 Figure 48 Percent of children <5 years who are verweight in the African Region ........................................................32 Figure 47 Percent of children with low birthweights in the African Region ....................................................................32 Figure 49 Percent of children <5 years who are overweight by WHO region ...................................................................32 Figure 50 Prevalence of low birthweight and anaemia among women of childbearing age in the African Region ....................................................................33 Figure 51 Prevalence of anaemia in non-pregnant, non- lactating women by country in the African Region 33 Figure 52 Rates (%) of early initiation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding .................................................34 Figure 53 Percent of children who received prompt care for diarrhoea, fever or pneumonia in the African Region .................................................................................36 Figure 54 Percent of children who received prompt care for diarrhoea, fever or pneumonia in the African Region....................................................................................36 Figure 55 Adolescent population 10–19 by sex in the African Region, 1950-2015 .............................................38 Figure 56 Percentage of adolescent deaths (per 100 total pop.) in the African Region, 2010-2015 .....................39 Figure 57 Percentage of adolescent deaths (per 100 total population) in the African Region, 2010–2015 .......39 Figure 58 Percentage of adolescent deaths (per 100 total population) in the African Region against global deaths, 1980–2015 ............................................................39 Figure 59 Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 girls aged 15–19 years) in the African Region, 2009–2014 ...................40 Figure 62 Adolescent married by 18 (%) in the African Region, 2008–2014 ...........................................................40 Figure 60 Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 girls aged 15–19 years) in the African Region, 2009–2014 ..................40 Figure 61 Adolescent married by 18 (%) in the African Region, 2008–2014 ..........................................................40 Figure 63 Trends in the performance of the HIV indicators in the African Region ........................................................41 Figure 64 Number of new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population in the African Region .........41 Figure 65 Estimated number of new of HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population by country in the African Region ....................................................................42 Figure 66 Number of new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population WHO region, 2015 ..............42 Figure 67 Absolute number of new HIV infections by WHO region, 2016 .........................................................................42 Figure 68 HIV prevalence rate (%) among individuals 15–49 years in the African Region ...............................43 Figure 70 HIV prevalence rate (%) among adults 15–49 years in the African Region ............................................43 Figure 69 HIV prevalence rate among individuals 15–49 years, by year in the African Region ...........................43 Figure 71 HIV prevalence rate among adults 15-49 years by WHO region .........................................................................43 Figure 72 Percent of HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment in the African Region .......44 Figure 73 The trend in absolute number and percent of HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment..............................................................................44 Figure 74 Percentage of HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment in the African Region ........45 Figure 75 PMTCT coverage (%) in the African Region, 2016 ..45 Figure 76 Trends in PMCT coverage (%) in the African Region 46 Figure 77 HIV mortality rate per 100 000 population in the African Region ....................................................................46 Figure 78 Trend in HIV mortality rate per 100 000 population in the African Region ................................47 Figure 79 HIV mortality rate per 100 000 population in the African Region ....................................................................47 Figure 80 Number of people aged 15 years and above who received HIV counselling and testing per 1000 population in the African Region, 2014 ....................49 Figure 81 Number of people aged 15 years and above who received HIV counselling and testing per 1000 population in the African Region, 2012 and 2014 .49 Figure 82 Rates of condom use among young people (15–24 years) with multiple partners by country in the African Region, 2010– 2014 ..............................50 Figure 84 Trend in estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population in the African Region .....................51 Figure 83 Estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population in the African Region, 2016 ....................51 Figure 85 Estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population in the African Region, 2016 ....................51 Figure 86 Estimated change in malaria incidence rate per 1000 population in the African Region .....................52 Figure 88 Malaria incidence rate per 1000 population by country in the African Region, 2016 ...........................52 Figure 87 Estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population by WHO region, 2016 ................................52 Figure 90 Number of malaria-related deaths per 100 000 population in the African Region ................................53 Figure 89 Estimated number of malaria-related deaths per 100 000 population in the African Region ...............53 Figure 91 Number of malaria-related deaths per 100 000 population by WHO region ............................................53 Figure 93 Number of insecticide classes to which resistance reported by year in the African Region 55 vi Figure 92 Percent of children <5 years who slept under an insecticide treated net in the African Region, 2007–2016 ...........................................................................55 Figure 94 Trend in the number of new TB infections per 1000 population in the African Region .....................57 Figure 95 Number of new TB cases per 1000 population in the African Region, 2015 .................................................57 Figure 96 Number of new TB infections per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2016 ....................58 Figure 98 Number of new TB infections per 1000 population by WHO region, 2016 ................................58 Figure 97 TB case detection rate (%) for all forms of TB in the African Region, 2010 and 2014 .............................58 Figure 99 Number of TB cases per 100 000 population per year in the African Region ..............................................60 Figure 100 Trend in the number of TB cases per 100 000 population in the African Region ................................60 Figure 103 Percent of TB cases successfully treated in the African Region, 2010 and 2015 .....................................62 Figure 101 Percent of new TB cases successfully treated in the African Region, 2015 .................................................62 Figure 102 Trend in the percent of new TB cases successfully treated in the African Region (Data source: WHO) 62 Figure 104 Percent of TB cases successfully treated by WHO region, 2015 .........................................................................62 Figure 107 Number of TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population in the African Region....................................................................................64 Figure 105 TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2016 ...64 Figure 106 Trend in number of TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population in the African Region ....................................................................64 Figure 108 Number of TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population by WHO region, 2016 ........................................................................................64 Figure 109 Percentage of TB patients who tested positive for HIV in the African Region, 2010 and 2016 ................66 Figure 110 Trend in TB/HIV co-infection in the African Region 67 Figure 112 Percentage of TB patients who tested positive for HIV in the African Region ................................................67 Figure 111 Percent of TB patients who were tested for HIV in the African Region.............................................................67 Figure 113 Percent of HIV positive TB patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in the African Region ........67 Figure 115 Trend in the percentage of infants who received up to three doses of hepatitis B vaccine in the African Region ....................................................................70 Figure 114 Percentage of infants who received up to three doses of hepatitis B vaccine in the African Region 70 Figure 116 Prevalence of hepatitis B infection by WHO region, 2015 .........................................................................70 Figure 117 The probability of dying between the ages 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic obstructive respiratory disease (%) in the African Region ...............................74 Figure 118 Probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory (%) in the African Region .........74 Figure 119 Probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory (%) by WHO region .....................74 Figure 120 Percentage of adults ≥18 years with raised blood pressure in the African Region, 2014 ..........................75 Figure 122 Percentage of adults ≥18 years with raised fasting blood glucose in the African Region, 2014 75 Figure 121 Percentage of adults ≥18 years with raised blood pressure by sex in the African Region, 2014 ............75 Figure 123 Percentage of adults 18 years with raised fasting blood glucose in the African Region, 2014 ..............75 Figure 124 Percentage of adults ≥ 25 years with raised cholesterol in the African Region, 2008 ....................78 Figure 125 Percentage of adults ≥ 25 years with raised cholesterol by sex in the African Region, 2008 .......78 Figure 126 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years with insufficient physical activity in the African Region, 2010 ...........79 Figure 127 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years with insufficient physical activity in the African Region, 2010 ..........79 Figure 128 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years who were overweight in the African Region, 2016 ....................80 Figure 129 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years who were obese in the African Region, 2016 .................................................80 Figure 130 Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults ≥18 years (%) by country and sex in the African Region, 2016 ........................................................81 Figure 131 Trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the African Region ........................................82 Figure 132 Trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity by sex in the African Region ..........................82 Figure 133 Prevalence of overweight and obesity by country in the African Region, 2016 ...........................82 Figure 134 Percent individuals ≥15 years who used tobacco in the African Region, 2015 ............................................85 Figure 135 Percent individuals ≥15 years who used tobacco by sex in the African Region, 2015 ..............................85 Figure 136 Per capita alcohol consumption among people ≥15 years in the African Region, 2015 .......................87 Figure 137 Per capita alcohol consumption among people ≥15 years by sex in the African Region, 2015 ..........87 Figure 138 Number of road traffic deaths in the African Region 88 Figure 139 Reported distribution of road traffic deaths by type of user in the African Region ...............................88 Figure 140 Proportion of countries with guidelines or legislation for road safety in the African Region ....88 Figure 141 Registered vehicles per 100 000 population in the African Region.............................................................89 Figure 142 Road traffic death per 100 000 population vs registered vehicles per 100 population in the African Region ....................................................................89 Figure 143 Crude suicide rate per 100 000 population in the African Region ....................................................................90 Figure 145 Crude suicide rate per 100 000 population in the African Region ....................................................................90 Figure 146 Crude suicide rate (per 100 000 population) by WHO region .........................................................................90 Figure 144 Crude suicide rate per 100 000 population by sex in the African Region ........................................................90 Figure 147 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution per 100 000 population in the African Region.............................................................91 Figure 148 Mortality rate due to homicide per 100 000 population in the African Region ................................91 Figure 149 General service readiness in the African Region ....94 Figure 150 Percent of facilities that reported offering services (n=17 countries in the African Region .....96 Figure 151 Service specific readiness index (%) ..........................97 Figure 153 Per capita government expenditure on health in the African Region, 2010–2014 ....................................99 vii Tables Table 1 Population size and density in the African Region ....3 Table 2 African countries by income level ...................................4 Table 3 Crude death rate per 1000 population by WHO region ........................................................................................7 Table 4 Crude birth and death rates per 1000 mid-year total population ....................................................................8 Table 5 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births by country in the African Region ........................................ 12 Table 6 Top 10 countries with the highest mortality rate per 1000 population in the African Region ............... 14 Table 7 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population by WHO region .......................................................................... 14 Table 8 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population in the African Region ..................................................................... 15 Table 10 Projections for the maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region ................... 18 Table 9 Antenatal care coverage in the African Region ....... 21 Table 11 Coverage (%) of routine vaccines by WHO region . 25 Table 12 Penta1 and penta3 coverage by year and country in the African Region ........................................ 27 Table 13 Proportion of children < 1 year who received up to three doses of polio 3 vaccine by country in the African Region .............................................................. 28 Table 14 Coverage of BCG and Measles vaccine by country in the African Region, 2016 ............................ 29 Table 15 Rates of child nutrition indicators (%) by country in the African Region ......................................................... 35 Table 16 Percent of children who received prompt care for diarrhoea, pneumonia or fever in the African Region 36 Table 17 List of countries with the lowest percentage of children who received prompt treatment for diarrhoea, pneumonia or fever in the African Region ..................................................................................... 37 Table 18 Projections of total population, adolescent population 10–19 and proportion of adolescent 10–19 in total population in the African Region, 1990–2050 ............................................................................ 38 Table 19 HIV prevalence rate (%) among adults 15–49 years by country in the African Region ..................... 45 Table 20 Ten countries with the lowest percentage of HIV infected individuals on antiretroviral treatment in the African Region, 2016 ............................................. 45 Figure 152 General government health expenditure as a percentage of general government expenditure in the African Region, 2010–2014 ...............................99 Figure 154 Health expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure in the African Region, 2010–2014 ........................................................................ 100 Figure 156 Per capita total expenditure on health by WHO region, 2014 ...................................................................... 100 Figure 155 Per capita total expenditure on health in the African Region, 2010–2014 ......................................... 100 Figure 157 Per capita government expenditure on health by WHO region, 2014 .......................................................... 100 Figure 158 Private Health Expenditure as % of Total Health Expenditure in the African Region ........................... 101 Figure 160 Private Health Expenditure as % of Total Health Expenditure by WHO region, 2014 .......................... 101 Figure 159 Out of Pocket Expenditure as % of Private Health Expenditure in the African Region, 2010–2014 ... 101 Figure 161 Out of Pocket Expenditure as % of Private Health Expenditure by WHO region, 2014 .......................... 101 Figure 162 102 Core health worker density per 1,000 population* ..................................................................... 102 Figure 164 Beds in mental hospitals per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2014 ......................................... 103 Figure 165 Availability of technical specifications of medical devices to support procurement or donations in the African Region, 2013 .............................................. 103 Figure 163 Hospital beds per 10 000 population in the African Region, 2014 ..................................................... 103 Figure 166 Availability of national standards for or recommended lists of medical devices in the African Region, 2013 ..................................................... 104 Figure 167 National guidelines, policies or recommendations on the procurement of medical devices, 2013 ................................................... 104 Figure 168 Bottom 10 countries with low health facilities density per 100 000 population, 2013 .................... 105 Figure 169 Health facilities density per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2013 ......................................... 105 Figure 170 : Census carried out in the 2010 round of censuses (2005-2014) in the African Region, 2005–2014 ....................................................................... 106 Figure 172 Census carried out in the 2020 round of censuses (2015-2024) in the African Region, 2015–2024 ... 106 Figure 171 Percentage of civil registration coverage for births in the African Region, 2010–2015 ................ 106 Figure 173 Cellular or mobile subscribers (%) in the African Region................................................................................. 107 Figure 175 Cellular or mobile subscribers (%) by WHO region 107 Figure 174 Cellular or mobile subscribers (%) in the Afri can Region................................................................................. 107 Figure 176 Individuals using the Internet in the African Region................................................................................. 107 Figure 177 Population using improved drinking water source (%) in the African Region ............................... 108 Figure 179 Population using improved sanitation (%) in the African Region ................................................................. 108 Figure 178 Population using improved drinking water source by residence in the African Region .......... 108 Figure 180 Population using improved sanitation (%) by residence in the African Region ................................ 108 Figure 181 Population with access to electricity in the African Region ................................................................. 109 Figure 182 Population with access to electricity (%) by residence in the African Region ................................ 109 viii Table 21 PMTCT coverage (%) by country in the African Region, 2016 ........................................................................ 47 Table 22 HIV-related mortality by country in the African Region .................................................................................... 48 Table 23 Number of people aged 15 years and above who received HIV counselling and testing per 1000 population by country in the African Region ........... 50 Table 24 Malaria mortality rate per 100 000 population by country in the African Region ........................................ 54 Table 25 Malaria incidence rate BOE
*5/
VTF
BNPOH children <5 year ..........................
56 Table 26 Percentage of children <5 years who slept under an ITN during the period 2007 - 2016 ......................... 56 Table 27 Tuberculosis case detection rate (%) by country in the African Region ......................................................... 59 Table 28 Number of incident TB cases by country ................... 59 Table 29 TB prevalence rate per 100 000 population per year and by country in the African Region, 2010–2014 ............................................................................ 61 Table 30 Percentage of TB cases successfully treated in the African Region .............................................................. 63 Table 31 Number of TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population per year in the African Region .................................................................... 65 Table 32 Number of TB deaths among HIV-negative people per 100 000 population by WHO region ..... 66 Table 33 Trend in the percentage of TB patients tested for HIV by country in the African Region .......................... 68 Table 34 Percent of TB patients who tested positive for HIV by country in the African Region .......................... 69 Table 35 Global list of neglected tropical diseases .................. 71 Table 36 Burden of NTDs and coverage of interventions for preventions of selected NTDs ................................. 73 Table 37 Prevalence of raised blood pressure among adults 18 years or older (%) in the African Region 76 Table 38 Prevalence of raised blood glucose by country and year in the African Region ...................................... 77 Table 39 Prevalence of raised total cholesterol among adults aged ≥25 years in the African Region, 2008 77 Table 40 Percentage of adults 18+years who were physically inactive in the African Region, 2010 ....... 79 Table 41 Prevalence of overweight and obesity by year in the African Region .............................................................. 83 Table 42 Prevalence of overweight and obesity by sex in the African Region ............................................................. 84 Table 43 Age-standardized prevalence estimates for daily tobacco smoking among persons aged 15 years and above .............................................................................. 86 Table 44 Average number of death from natural disasters ... 92 Table 45 Estimated number of direct deaths from major conflicts .................................................................................. 92 Table 46 Readiness to provide general services in 17 countries in the African Region .................................... 94 Table 47 Items for providing general services in the SARA core questionnaire and enquired about during the surveys .......................................................................... 95 Table 48 Percent of facilities that reported offering services, by service type (n=17 countries) .............. 96 Table 49 The mean availability of items for offering the specific services by country .......................................... 98 Table 50 List of countries that met the Abuja target, 2014 ... 99 Table 51 Bottom 10 countries with low per capita government expenditure on health at average exchange rate, 2014 .......................................................... 99 Table 52 Top 10 countries with high Private Health Expenditure as % of Total Health Expenditure, 2014 .......................................................................................... 101 Table 53 Top 10 countries with high Out of Pocket Expenditure as % of Private Health Expenditure, 2014 ......................................................................................101 Table 54 Median availability and consumer price ratio of selected generic medicines in the African Region, 2007–2013 .........................................................104 Table 55 List of countries that census was expected but not held, and those which census was held out in the 2020 round of censuses, 2015–2024 ............106 Table 56 Percentage of civil registration coverage for deaths in the African Region, 2008–2012 ................106 ix When I took office in 2015 as Regional Director, I introduced the Transformation Agenda of the World Health Organization Secretariat in the African Region an ambitious plan to transform the WHO African Region into a results-driven organization able to fully meet the needs and expectations of its stakeholders. In the aftermath of the Ebola Virus Disease epidemic, WHO needed to refocus on health systems development, primary health care, resilience and health security, all requiring effective intelligence gathering and knowledge generation. Furthermore, there was a critical information gap for effective implementation and monitoring of SDGs interventions in the Region, including progress towards Universal Health Coverage. Improving health information systems and expanding coverage of quality dependable data in the Region are both key to delivering on the Transformation Agenda. For this purpose, the Atlas of African Health Statistics remains the most comprehensive tool to monitor the health situation in the African Region, provide up-to-date information on the state of health in countries, and serve as a baseline for monitoring progress on internationally agreed targets. The Atlas is produced by the staff of the African Health Observatory at the Regional Office, with the contributions and active collaboration of all the clusters of the Regional Office and the 47 countries of the WHO African Region. Unlike in the past, the current Atlas includes brief interpretation of the statistics, to give deeper meaning and facilitate understanding of the health sector performance in the Region. I wish to thank all those who contributed to the preparation of the Atlas for their work. I hope Member States and partners will find this Atlas a useful reference source. Message from the Regional Director Dr Matshidiso Moeti WHO Regional Director for Africa xAcknowledgements This edition of the Atlas of African Health Statistics has been prepared by a core team from the Health Systems and Services Cluster of the WHO Regional Office for Africa, under the leadership and guidance of Delanyo Dovlo, the Cluster Director. The core team was coordinated by Benson Droti and included Monde Mambimongo Wangou, Anaclet Geraud Nganga Koubemba, Harris Benito Koubemba Mona, Davy Audrey Liboko Gnekabassa and Berence Relisy Ouaya Bouesso. It was reviewed by Humphrey Karamagi, Hongyi Xu, Grace Kabaniha, Derrick Muneene, Jadice Achille Mandimba, (IJTMBJO
(JTDBSE
Sabou Ngoma and Yves Turgeon. Mayur Mandalia Lalji and Martin Ota in particular did a comprehensive review of the Atlas. Specific sections of the Atlas were also reviewed by the relevant technical programmes and units in the Regional Office under the guidance of their cluster directors and team leaders. A special recognition goes to the contributions of Adelheid Werimo Onyango, Phanuel Habimana, Triphonie Nkurunziza, Teshome Woldehanna Desta, Leopold Ouedraogo, Ghislaine Sibdou Kafando Conombo, Steve Kubenga and Juliane Koenig. xi Abbreviations and acronyms AARR Average annual rate of reduction AFRO Regional office for Africa AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ANC Antenatal care coverage ANR African Nutrition Report ARI Acute respiratory infection ART Antiretroviral therapy ARV Antiretroviral BCG Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin BMI Body mass index CDR Case detection rate CI Confident interval DESA Department of Economic and social affairs DHS Demographic and health surveys DOTS Directly observed TB treatment strategy DTP Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis FRH Family and reproductive health GDP Gross domestic product GNI Gross National Income HCT HIV counselling and testing HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HSS Health system strengthening IQR Interquartile Range ITN Insecticide treated net ITU International Telecommunication Union LMICs Lower-middle income countries MCV Measles-containing vaccine MDG Millennium development goals MICS Multiple indicator cluster survey MMR Maternal mortality Ratio NCDs Noncommunicable diseases NTDs Neglected tropical diseases OOPS Out-of-pocket expenditure as percentage of total health expenditure PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmis- sion PvtHE Private health expenditure SARA Service Availability and Readiness Assess- ment SDG Sustainable development goals STEPS survey STEPwise approach to Surveillance TB Tuberculosis THE Total health expenditure UHC Universal health coverage UN United Nations UNICEF United nations children's fund WHO World Health Organization xii Overview of UHC and the SDGs INDICATOR BASELINE VALUE (2015) CURRENT VALUE (YEAR) 2030 PROJECTED VALUE1 TARGET (2030) COLOUR CODE2 COMMENT Target 3.1. Reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births) 542 No data 347 <70 The trend during the MDG period was towards substantial decline but the pace is not fast enough to meet the SDG target Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel 54 No data 64 >90 The pace is not fast enough to meet the SDG target Target 3.2. End preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1000 live births and under-five mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1000 live births Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 81 No data 43 25 The trend during MDG period is towards substantial decline but pace is not enough to meet the SDG target Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 28 No data 19 12 The trend during MDG period is towards substantial decline but pace is not enough to meet the SDG target Infants receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine (%) 76 No data 82 100 The trend during MDG period is towards substantial decline but pace is not enough to meet the SDG target Target 3.3: End the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases HIV incidence (per 1000 population) 1.6 No data 0.7 Proportion of HIV positive who are on treatment (%) 57 No data Over 100 100 The trend during MDG period is towards substantial decline and pace is enough to meet the SDG target Malaria incidence (per 1000 population) 165 No data 80 16.54 The pace is not enough to meet the SDG target Tuberculosis incidence (per 1000 population) 2.75 No data 1.70 0.6 The trend during MDG period is towards substantial decline but pace is not enough to meet the SDG target 1 Projected value is based on the average annual rate of change during the MDG era 2 Colour codes: Red: No or very slow progress, or decline in performance; Orange: Good progress but pace not enough to meet target; Green: Good progress; pace is enough to meet or surpass SDG target 3 UHC indicator 4 90% reduction in case incidence rate 5 80% reduction in the TB incidence rate xiii INDICATOR BASELINE VALUE (2015) CURRENT VALUE (YEAR) 2030 PROJECTED VALUE1 TARGET (2030) COLOUR CODE2 COMMENT TARGET 3.4: Reduce by one third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease 20.9 No data 19.74 10.45 The trend during MDG period is towards substantial decline but pace is not enough to meet the SDG target Suicide mortality rate 8.8 No data 7.44 7.92 The trend during MDG period is towards substantial decline and pace is enough to meet the SDG target TARGET 3.5: Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol Adults ≥18 years with raised blood pressure (%) 30 No data Adults ≥18 years with raised fasting blood glucose (%)7 9 No data Tobacco (non-use) (% of people ≥15)7 75.3 (Male) 97.7 (Female) No data TARGET 3.6: halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents Road traffic mortality rate (per 100 000 population) 26.6 Reach 50% of number of global deaths Health system Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPS) as % of Private Health Expenditure (PvtHE)7 60 No data 83.8 Reduce the Out of Pocket Expenditure Private Health Expenditure (PvtHE) as % of Total Health Expenditure (THE)7 52.2 No data 47.9 Reduce Private Health Expenditure Health-worker density (1000 population) 12.7 No data 1 Projected value is based on the average annual rate of change during the MDG era 2 Colour codes: Red: No or very slow progress, or decline in performance; Orange: Good progress but pace not enough to meet target; Green: Good progress; pace is enough to meet or surpass SDG target 3 UHC indicator 4 90% reduction in case incidence rate 5 80% reduction in the TB incidence rate

1Introduction, objectives and methods The 2018 edition of the Atlas of African health statistics describes the health situation and trends in the WHO African Region. Analysis is based on standardized data from the World Health Organization and other agencies of the United Nations, such as UNICEF and the World Bank. The focus is on the progress and performance of key health indicators during the last 5–10 years. Current or disaggregated data were not available for some of the indicators, which underscores the urgent need to strengthen data systems to improve the availability and quality of health data in the African Region. The progress and performance of each indicator is presented for the Region and by country and, when relevant, by other equity stratifiers such as age and sex. Disaggregation of results by country and equity stratifiers was done to identify those countries and key population groups that require special efforts to achieve parity and improve the national and Regional averages. Given that the African Region did not meet most of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), special attention was paid to the UHC and SDG indicators. Wherever possible, linear projections based on the average annual rate of change were done to predict future performance and provide guidance on how much more needs to be done in each country to meet the UHC and SDG targets. This included computation of annual targets for each indicator and for each country, which are useful guides for Member States to set their own targets during the development of national and disease-specific health strategies and plans. Comparison with other WHO regions was done to indicate where the African Region stands in relation to them and global results. The Atlas is divided into 11 sections: Chapter 1 provides a description of the regions of the world where WHO operates to improve health globally. Chapter 2 is a tabular presentation of the progress and performance of the UHC and SDG indicators, together with a prediction of future performance of each indicator. Chapter 3 looks at mortality and morbidity statistics, focusing on average and healthy life expectancy at birth, mortality rates among children and adults, most common causes of death, and most common diagnoses for utilization of outpatient and inpatient services. Chapter 4 presents statistics for maternal and reproductive health, focusing on maternal mortality and on coverage of interventions for maternal and reproductive health. Chapter 5 presents statistics for child health (immunization and care seeking) and nutrition (stunting, maternal anaemia, low birth weight, overweight, breastfeeding and wasting). Chapter 6 focusses on adolescent health services. The burden and impact of communicable and noncommunicable diseases are presented in Chapters 7 and 8, respectively. As neglected tropical diseases have become a key priority for WHO, particular attention was drawn to assessing the burden of neglected tropical diseases in the Region; however, this analysis was hampered by the lack of data in most of the countries. Chapter 9 focuses on health emergencies, Chapter 10 on health systems and services and Chapter 11 on social determinants of health. Introduction, objectives and methods Values Evidence Interests Priority SettingResearch Data analysis Data Approaches Methods UHC C o llab oration/networks Resource m obilizationG ov er na nc e/I ns titu te Ca pa ci ty b ui ld in g 2 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Chapter 1. The WHO African Region The African Region is one of the six regions of the World Health Organization (Fig. 1). It has over one billion inhabitants, which is about 14% of the world’s population, spread across 47 countries. The Region has an estimated annual population growth rate of 2.6%, much higher than the rate in the Eastern Mediterranean (2.0%), South-East Asia (1.3%), Americas (1.1%), Western Pacific (0.7%) and European (0.3%) regions. In 2015, most of the population in the African Region (95%) was less than 60 years old (Fig. 2). Nigeria is the most populous nation in the Region (Table 1), with slightly over 186 million people, followed by Ethiopia (101 million) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (79 million). However, when population density (number of people per square kilometer) is considered, Nigeria is the sixth most densely populated country in the Region, with 202.4 people per square kilometer, after Mauritius (626), Rwanda (451), Burundi (415), Comoros (361) and Seychelles (213). According to the 2016 World Bank classification, 27 of the countries in the Region (57.4%) are low income countries, 13 (27.7%) are lower-middle income countries, six (12.8%) are upper middle income countries, and one country, Seychelles, is a high income country (Table 2). Figure 1 WHO regions African Region Region of the Americas South-East Asia Region European Region Eastern Mediterranean Region Western Pacific Region 3Chapter 1 – The WHO African Region Table 1 Population size and density in the African Region Population density (per square kilometre) Population size (in thousands ) Algeria .  . Angola .  . Benin .  . Botswana .  . Burkina Faso .  . Burundi .  . Cabo Verde . . Cameroon .  . Central African Republic .  . Chad .  . Comoros . . Congo .  . Côte d'Ivoire .  . Democratic Republic of the Congo .  . Equatorial Guinea . . Eritrea .  . Ethiopia .  . Gabon .  . Gambia .  . Ghana .  . Guinea .  . Guinea-Bissau .  . Kenya .  . Lesotho .  . Liberia .  . Madagascar .  . Malawi .  . Mali .  . Mauritania .  . Mauritius .  . Mozambique .  . Namibia . . Niger .  . Nigeria .  . Rwanda .  . Sao Tome and Principe . . Senegal .  . Seychelles . . Sierra Leone .  . South Africa .  . South Sudan .  . Swaziland .  . Togo .  . Uganda .  . United Republic of Tanzania .  . Zambia .  . Zimbabwe .  . African Region .   . Data source: WHO, 2016 4 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 2 Population distribution (%) by age Table 2 African countries by income level High income (GNI/capita > ) Seychelles Upper middle income (GNI/capita – ) Algeria, Botswana, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa Lower-middle income (GNI –) Angola, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritania, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Swaziland, Zambia Low income (GNI/capita <) Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zimbabwe Data source: The World Bank, 2016 Data source: WHO, 2015 Aged over 60 Aged 15–59 Aged under 15 5Chapter 2 – Mortality and morbidity Chapter 2. Mortality and morbidity Figure 3 Average life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region Data source: WHO, 2015 Data source: WHO, 2010–2015 Figure 5 Trend in average life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region 2.1 Average life expectancy at birth WHO estimates show that the average life expectancy at birth in the African Region is low but increasing, albeit slowly. This increase is driven by declines in adult and child mortality. During the period 2010–2015, the average life expectancy at birth in the African Region (both sexes) increased by 5.1%, from 57 years in 2010 to 60 years in 2015. The average life expectancy for females is about 4 years higher compared to males. By 2015, the female life expectancy was estimated to be 61.8 years compared to 58.3 for males. During the same period, the average life expectancy at birth for females increased by 5.7% from 58.4 years in 2010 to 61.8 years in 2015 (average annual increase of 0.7 years), and for males increased from 55.6 years in 2010 to 58.3 years in 2015 (average annual increase of 0.6 years) (Fig. 4). There are substantial country differences in the average life expectancy at birth (Fig. 3). In 2015, Sierra Leone had the lowest average in the Region (50.1 years), followed by Angola (52.4 years), Central African Republic (52.5 years), Chad (53.1 years), Côte d’Ivoire (53.3) and Nigeria (54.5 years), which are much lower than the average life expectancy in Algeria (75.5 years), Mauritius (74.6 years) and Cabo Verde (73.3 years). Compared to other WHO regions, the average life expectancy at birth in the African Region is much lower: people in the Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia live at least 9 years longer, and those in the Americas, Europe and Western Pacific live at least 17 years longer than those in the African Region. When the healthy life expectancy at birth is considered, that is, the number of (Fig. 5) years a person lives in a healthy state, the life expectancy at birth in the African Region drops by about 14%. In 2015, it was 52.3 years, which represents a 6.5% increase from 49.5 years in 2012. As was the case with the average life expectancy at birth (Fig. 6), the healthy life expectancy at birth in Sierra Leone was lower than elsewhere in the African Region. Compared to the other WHO regions (Fig. 7), the African Region had the lowest healthy life expectancy at birth in 2015 (52.3 years), which is about 8 years lower than Eastern Mediterranean and South East Asia, and about 16 years lower than the healthy life expectancy in the Americas, Europe and Western Pacific Regions. Figure 4 Trend in average healthy life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region Data source: WHO 2010–2015 6 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Data source: WHO 2010–2015 Figure 8 Trends in the crude birth and death rates per 1000 population in the African Region Figure 6 Average life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth in years in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015 Figure 7 Average life expectancy at birth in years by WHO regions Data source: WHO 2015 2.2 Crude birth and death rates The crude birth and death rates in the African Region have decreased steadily, with the pace of decline faster for crude death rate than for crude birth rate (Fig. 8). The crude birth rate and crude death rate, respectively, refer to the number of births and deaths occurring in a population in a given year per 1000 mid-year total population. During the period 2000–2015, the crude birth rate per 1000 population declined by 13.3%, from 39.2 in 2000 to 34.3 in 2015 (0.9% average annual rate of decline) (Fig. 9). Meanwhile, the crude death rate per 1000 population declined by up to 43.1% in the same period, from 13.7 in 2000 to 8.9 in 2015 (2.9% average annual rate of decline) (Fig. 10). The pace of decline of the crude birth rate during the last quinquennium (2011–2015) was faster (1.3% average annual rate of decline) compared to the quinquennium ending 2010 (0.8% average annual rate of decline). In contrast, the pace of decline of crude death rate was faster during the 2006–2010 quinquennial period (3.6% average annual rate of decline) compared to the period 2011–2015 (2.9% average annual rate of decline). Intercountry differences in crude death and crude birth rates are fairly large (Table 4). In 2015, for instance, the crude birth rate per 1000 mid-year total population in Niger was higher than elsewhere in the Region (48.4), followed by Chad (43.9), Mali (43.2), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (42.8) and Burundi (42.7). Mauritius had the lowest crude birth rate per 1000 mid-year total population (10.1) followed by Seychelles (17.0), Cabo Verde (21.1), South Africa (21.3) and Algeria (23.9). During the period 2010–2015, the crude birth rate declined in all the countries except Seychelles, with the biggest decline in Mauritius (by up to 17.2%), followed 7Chapter 2 – Mortality and morbidity Data source: WHO 2010 and 2015 Figure 9 Crude birth rate per 1000 population in the African Region by Rwanda (10.5%), Sierra Leone (10.5%), Kenya (9.9%) and Eritrea (8.9%). The crude birth rate in Seychelles increased by 1.2%. Similarly, in 2015, the crude death rate per 1000 mid- year total population in the Central African Republic was higher than elsewhere in the Region (14.1), followed by Chad (13.2), Sierra Leone (13.0), Lesotho (12.9) and Nigeria (12.8). Algeria had the lowest crude death rate (4.8) followed Cabo Verde (5.6), Kenya (5.8), Senegal (6.1) and Rwanda (6.1). During the period 2010–2015, the crude death rate declined in all the countries except Mauritius, Seychelles and Algeria, with the biggest decline in Zimbabwe (by up to 34.3%) followed by Botswana (by 28.4%), Namibia (28.2%), Malawi (27.2%) and South Africa (25.2%). The crude death rates in Mauritius, Seychelles and Algeria increased by 5.3%, 1.3% and 0.4%, respectively. Compared to the other WHO regions (Table 3), the African Region accounted for 16.4% of the total global deaths in 2015, which is slightly lower than the 18.9% in the year 2000. In 2015, the African Region had the second highest crude death rate (9.3 per 1000 population) after Europe (10.2 per 1000 population). Table 3 Crude death rate per 1000 population by WHO region   Europe . . Africa . . South-East Asia . . Western Pacific . . Americas . . Eastern Mediterranean . . Data source: WHO 2000 and 2015 African Region Data source: WHO 2010 and 2015 Figure 10 Crude death rate per 1000 population in the African Region Data source: WHO 2010 and 2015 Figure 11 Crude death rate per 1000 population in the 8 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Crude birth rate per 1000 mid-year total population 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015  rate of change Algeria . . . . . . -. Angola . . . . . . -. Benin . . . . . . -. Botswana . . . . . . -. Burkina Faso . . . .  . - Burundi . . . .  . -. Cabo Verde . . . . . . - Cameroon . . . . . . -. Central African Republic  . .  . . - Chad . . .  . . -. Comoros . . . . . . -. Congo  .  . . . -. Côte d’Ivoire .  . . . . -. Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . . . . -. Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . -. Eritrea . . . . . . -. Ethiopia . . . . . . -. Gabon . . .  . . -. The Gambia . . . . .  -. Ghana . . . .  . -. Guinea . . . . . . - Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . -. Kenya . . . . . . -. Lesotho . . . . . . -. Liberia . . . . . . -. Madagascar . . .  . . -. Malawi . . . . . . -. Mali . . . . . . - Mauritania . . . .  . -. Mauritius  . . . . . -. Mozambique . . . . . . -. Namibia  . . . . . -. Niger  . . . . . -. Nigeria .  . . . . -. Rwanda . . . . . . -. Sao Tome and Principe . . . . . . -. Senegal .  . . . . -. Seychelles . . . .   . Sierra Leone . . .  . . -. South Africa . . . . . . -. South Sudan . . . . . . -. Swaziland . . . . . . -. Togo . . . . . . -. Uganda . . . . . . -. United Republic of Tanzania . . . . . . -. Zambia . . . . . . -. Zimbabwe  . . . . . - Source: The World Bank database– https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CONU.ZS Table 4 Crude birth and death rates per 1000 mid-year total population 9Chapter 2 – Mortality and morbidity Crude death rate per 1000 mid-year total population 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015  rate of change . . . . . . . Algeria . . . . . . -. Angola . . . . . . - Benin . . . . .  -. Botswana . . . . . . -. Burkina Faso . . . . .  - Burundi . . . . . . -. Cabo Verde . . . . . . -. Cameroon . . .  .  -. Central African Republic . . . . . . -. Chad . . . . . . -. Comoros . . . . . . -. Congo . . . . . . -. Côte d’Ivoire . .  . . . -. Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . . . . -. Equatorial Guinea .  . . . . -. Eritrea .  . . .  -. Ethiopia . . . .  . -. Gabon  . . . . . -. The Gambia .  . . . . -. Ghana . . . . . . -. Guinea  . . .  . -. Guinea-Bissau . . . .  . -. Kenya .  . . . . -. Lesotho . . . . . . -. Liberia . .  . . . - Madagascar . . . . . . -. Malawi . . . .  . -. Mali . . . . .  -. Mauritania . . . . . . . Mauritius  . .  . . -. Mozambique . . . . . . -. Namibia . . . . . . - Niger .  . . . . -. Nigeria . . . . . . -. Rwanda . . .  . . -. Sao Tome and Principe .  . . . . -. Senegal . . .  . . . Seychelles . . . . .  -. Sierra Leone  . . . . . -. South Africa . . . . . . -. South Sudan . . . . . . -. Swaziland . . . .  . -. Togo . . . . . . -. Uganda . .  . .  -. United Republic of Tanzania . . . . .  -. Zambia .  . . . . -. Zimbabwe 10 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 2.3 Child mortality rates The SDG target 3.2 aims to end, by 2030, preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality rate to at least as low as 12 per 1000 live births and under-five mortality rate to at least as low as 25 per 1000 live births. The child mortality data from WHO suggests that the neonatal and under-five mortality rates in the Region are declining fairly rapidly. During the MDG era (2000– 2015), the neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births declined by 38% from 41 in 2000 to 28 in 2015, and the under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births declined by up to 64% from 153 in 2000 to 81 in 2015. The linear projections based on the average annual rate of reduction during the MDG period show that the pace of decline during the MDG period is not enough to meet the SDG target. Nonetheless, the rates will come close to the targets. According to the projections, by 2030, the neonatal and under-five mortality rates in the Region will be 19 and 43 per 1000 live births, respectively. The child mortality rates continued to decline in 2016, with under-five and neonatal mortality rates per 1000 live births declining to 76.5 and 27.2, respectively. Differences in child mortality rates between countries were very large in 2016. The neonatal mortality rate ranged from 8 per 1000 live births in Mauritius to 42 per 1000 live births in Central African Republic, and under- five mortality rate ranged from 13.7 per 1000 live births in Mauritius to 127.3 per 1000 live births in Chad. If the pace of decline during the MDG era is sustained, the SDG target for child mortality rate may be met by about 20 countries, most of them in Eastern and Southern Figure 13 Neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births in the African Region, 2016 births in the African Region Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 15 Trends in child mortality rates per 1000 live Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros Figure 12 Under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births in the African Region, 2016 in the African Region, projected from the MDG era Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 14 Trends in child mortality rates per 1000 live births Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros 11Chapter 2 – Mortality and morbidity Africa, including Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. Compared to the other WHO regions, child mortality rates are generally higher. For instance, compared to the European Region, the under-five and neonatal mortality rate in 2016 was about 8 and 5 times higher, respectively. The SDG targets for child mortality are quite ambitious, as they aim to bring child mortality rates closer to zero. This may be difficult to achieve in the African Region, partly because of the known challenges in health care service delivery, and also because the pace of decline in mortality rates generally tends to slow down significantly as the values approach zero. Simply sustaining and/or increasing a trend towards a decline in child mortality rates could be a key performance indicator for the countries in the Region. 2.4 Adult mortality rate Adult mortality rate represents the probability that a 15-year-old person will die before reaching his/her 60th birthday. Adult mortality rate in the WHO African Region is still very high, but the trend is towards a steady decline. In 2015, up to 16 countries in the Region had an estimated adult mortality rate higher than 300 per 1000 population, and 24 countries had an estimated 200-300 adult deaths per 1000 population. The rate was 300 per 1000 population in 2015. This represents Figure 17 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region Figure 18 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 16 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births in the African Region, 2016 12 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 5 Child mortality rates per 1000 live births by country in the African Region Under-fice mortality rate Neonatal mortality rate Baseline value () Projected value () AARR () needed to reach the SDG target Baseline value () Projected value () AARR () needed to reach the SDG target African Region . . . . . . Algeria . . . . . . Angola . . . . . . Benin . . . . . . Botswana . . . . . . Burkina Faso . . . . . . Burundi . . . . . . Cabo Verde . . . . . . Cameroon . . . . . . Central African Republic . . . .. . . Chad . . . . . . Comoros . . . . . . Congo . . . . . . Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . . . . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . Eritrea . . . . . . Ethiopia . . . . . . Gabon . . . . . . Gambia . . . . . . Ghana . . . . . . Guinea . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . Kenya . . . . . . Lesotho . . . . . . Liberia . . . . . . Madagascar . . . . . . Malawi . . . . . . Mali . . . . . . Mauritania . . . . . . Mauritius . . . . . . Mozambique . . . . . . Namibia . . . . . . Niger . . . . . . Nigeria . . . . . . Rwanda . . . . . . Sao Tome and Principe . . . . . . Senegal . . . . . . Seychelles . . . . . . Sierra Leone . . . . . . South Africa . .  . . . Swaziland . . . . . . Togo . . . . . . Uganda . . . . . . United Republic of Tanzania . . . . . . Zambia . . . . . . Zimbabwe . . . . . . Data source: WHO 2016 13Chapter 2 – Mortality and morbidity a 12.8% decline from 341 in 2010. If the pace of decline during the period 2010–2015 is sustained, the adult mortality rate will be around 283 per 1000 population in 2017. The rates are higher among males than females and, because the pace of decline of adult mortality rate among males is slower (2.1% average annual rate of decline) compared to females (3.5% average annual rate of decline), the male-female gap is widening: in 2014 and 2015, the rate among males was 17% higher compared to females, up from 10% in 2010, 12% in 2011, 14% in 2012 and 15% in 2013. Differences in adult mortality rate between countries in the Region are quite substantial, with up to 375-point difference between the top and bottom countries. In 2015, Lesotho had the highest adult mortality rate per 1000 population (484), followed by Sierra Leone (413), Côte d’Ivoire (397), Central African Republic (397) and Swaziland (373). Algeria had the lowest adult mortality rate in 2015 (109), followed by Cabo Verde (114), Mauritius (146), Seychelles (168) and Senegal (188). Quite reassuringly however, during the period 2010–2015, adult mortality rate declined in each of the countries in the Region, with the biggest declines in the Southern African countries of Zimbabwe (by up to 45.0%), Botswana (31.0%) and South African (26.6%). Benin registered the smallest decline in adult mortality rate (2%), followed by Chad (2.2%), Guinea (2.4%), Mali (2.6%) and Sierra Leone (2.6%). Compared to the other WHO regions, the adult mortality rate is much higher (at least twofold) than elsewhere in the world. For instance, there are up to 207 more adult deaths per 1000 population in the African Region than in Western Pacific and 176 more adult deaths per 1000 population than in the Americas and Europe. Data source: WHO Figure 20 Trends in adult mortality rate per 1000 population, by sex in the African Region Figure 19 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population in the African Region Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros Data source: WHO 2015 14 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Data source: WHO Figure 21 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population by year in the African Region Table 6 Top 10 countries with the highest mortality rate per 1000 population in the African Region   Lesotho   Sierra Leone   Côte d’Ivoire   Central African Republic   Swaziland   Malawi   Cameroon   Chad   Mozambique   Nigeria   Data source: The World Bank database Table 7 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population by WHO region    Africa    South-East Asia    Eastern Mediterranean    Europe    Americas    Western Pacific    Data source: WHO 15Chapter 2 – Mortality and morbidity Table 8 Adult mortality rate per 1000 population in the African Region Both sexes Male Female Rate of decline () 2010 2015 2010 2015 2010 2015 Algeria 119 109 143 134 94 83 -8.8 Angola 365 335 388 362 342 308 -8.6 Benin 254 249 280 272 229 226 -2.0 Botswana 349 256 400 298 294 212 -31.0 Burkina Faso 279 260 296 275 266 248 -7.1 Burundi 330 288 356 320 302 255 -13.6 Cabo Verde 123 114 145 137 105 97 -7.6 Cameroon 370 357 384 377 357 338 -3.6 Central African Republic 446 397 464 420 431 375 -11.6 Chad 364 356 386 378 344 333 -2.2 Comoros 246 227 271 252 220 202 -8.0 Congo 298 267 313 288 282 245 -11.0 Côte d'Ivoire 417 397 437 414 394 377 -4.9 Democratic Republic of the Congo 283 258 306 283 260 234 -9.2 Equatorial Guinea 339 320 352 346 324 291 -5.8 Eritrea 298 255 339 289 258 222 -15.6 Ethiopia 261 225 284 253 238 197 -14.8 Gabon 294 229 268 239 320 219 -25.0 Gambia 284 262 306 290 261 234 -8.1 Ghana 267 249 287 274 249 224 -7.0 Guinea 291 284 307 296 274 273 -2.4 Guinea-Bissau 287 275 311 310 264 240 -4.3 Kenya 294 249 313 290 275 206 -16.6 Lesotho 527 484 567 528 498 450 -8.5 Liberia 272 259 293 285 252 232 -4.9 Madagascar 248 220 273 245 222 196 -12.0 Malawi 462 365 486 398 438 330 -23.6 Mali 273 266 273 266 275 267 -2.6 Mauritania 214 205 237 227 190 182 -4.3 Mauritius 163 146 214 190 110 99 -11.0 Mozambique 407 355 439 402 380 314 -13.7 Namibia 299 248 324 296 278 205 -18.7 Niger 252 220 263 236 237 199 -13.6 Nigeria 374 344 389 368 358 318 -8.4 Rwanda 260 227 353 313 178 152 -13.6 Sao Tome and Principe 204 190 234 217 176 164 -7.1 Senegal 212 188 243 225 186 156 -12.0 Seychelles 180 168 251 236 97 91 -6.9 Sierra Leone 424 413 427 422 421 403 -2.6 South Africa 428 328 476 386 389 272 -26.6 South Sudan 359 332 371 351 347 313 -7.8 Swaziland 459 373 516 425 408 326 -20.7 Togo 323 287 335 309 312 266 -11.8 Uganda 362 291 375 325 350 256 -21.8 United Republic of Tanzania 360 279 372 311 349 245 -25.5 Zambia 363 303 398 360 328 242 -18.1 Zimbabwe 527 336 542 359 513 313 -45.0 Data source: WHO 16 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 2.5 Causes of death Ischaemic heart disease and strokes are the world’s biggest killers, accounting for a combined 15 million deaths in 2015. While this is not the case in the African Region, greater efforts are required to control noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors, as recent trends suggest that it will not be long before both become the biggest causes of mortality and morbidity in the Region. In the year 2000, stroke and ischaemic heart disease were ranked 8th and 9th leading causes of death, respectively, but in 2015, they were in the 4th and 5th position, after low- er respiratory tract infections, HIV/AIDS and diarrhoeal diseases. When both stroke and ischaemic heart disease are combined, they rank second among the leading caus- es of death in the Region. Malaria has dropped quite substantially in position, from being the 4th leading cause of death in 2000 to the 7th, which is largely due to the good performance of the ma- laria control programme in the Region rather than the emergence of other diseases. HIV remains the second leading cause of death, but if the current improvements in HIV control programmes are sustained, it will not be long before HIV/AIDS is eliminated from the group of leading killers in the Region. Proportional mortality from lower respiratory tract infections and diarrhoeal diseases have remained largely unchanged in 15 years (2000–2015); special efforts are therefore required, including research that helps to understand the specific organisms responsible for the cause of death from lower respiratory tract infections and diarrhoeal diseases, as well as research on practices related to seeking health care. Similarly, proportional mortality from birth asphyxia, birth trauma and preterm complications have remained largely unchanged during the period 2000-2015, with birth asphyxia and birth trauma, and preterm complications still accounting for about 4% of deaths. Death from road traffic injuries is on the rise. In year 2000, road traffic injuries accounted for 1.2% of the deaths, but in 2015, it accounted for 2.9%. Road traffic injuries have moved up the ladder of the leading killers, from the 13th position in the year 2000 to the 10th position in 2015. Figure 22 Percentage of total deaths by main cause in the African Region Data source: WHO 17Chapter 3 – Maternal and Reproductive Health Chapter 3. Maternal and Reproductive Health Figure 23 Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region Data source: UN inter-agency group for maternal mortality, 2015 Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros 3.1 Maternal mortality The SDG target 3.1 aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100 000 live births. Data from the UN Inter-agency Group for Maternal Mortality suggests that the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Africa remains high but it is declining, albeit very slowly. By the end of the MDG era in 2015, MMR in the Region was 542 per 100 000 live births, which is up to 34 times higher than the MMR in Europe. Linear projection based on the trend during the MGD period suggests that Africa will not meet the SDG target for MMR of 70 per 100 000 live births by 2030, rather the MMR will be around 347 per 100 000 live births. If the pace of decline during the MGD period does not increase, it may not be until 2084 that Africa will hit the 70 per 100 000 live births mark. By that time, about 8 million mothers in the Region will have lost their lives to a pregnancy-related cause. Therefore, to meet the SDG target by 2030, Africa and its partners will need to put in place accelerated measures to reduce the MMR by about 13% annually from its 2015 value. Intercountry differences are quite substantial, with MMR in Sierra Leone much higher than elsewhere in the Region. Projections based on the trends during the MDG period suggest that only two countries in the African Region will meet the SDG target in 2030: Botswana and Mauritius, with the 2030 projected values as 52 and 70 per 100 000 live births, respectively. Rwanda and Zambia may come close to the target, with the projected values of 78 and 90 per 100 000 live births, respectively. The MMR in Sao-Tome and Principe, Algeria, and Ethiopia may be close to 100 per 100 000 live births by 2030. The other countries will require greater efforts. Figure 24 Trends in maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region Data source: WHO 18 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 25 Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 D ea th s pe r 1 00 0 00 li ve b irt hs S ao Tome and P rincipe S ierra Leone C abo Verde Liberia C AR Table 10 Projections for the maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births in the African Region Maternal mortality ratio Baseline value () Projected value () AARR () needed to reach the SDG target Africa  Algeria   Angola    Benin    Botswana    Burkina Faso    Burundi    Côte d’Ivoire    Cabo Verde    Cameroon    Central African Republic    Chad    Comoros    Congo    Democratic Republic of the Congo    Equatorial Guinea    Eritrea    Ethiopia    Gabon    Gambia    Ghana    Guinea    Guinea-Bissau    Kenya    Lesotho    Liberia    Madagascar    Malawi    Mali    Mauritania    Mauritius    Mozambique    Namibia    Niger    Nigeria    Rwanda    Sao Tome and Principe    Senegal    Seychelles Sierra Leone     South Africa    South Sudan    Swaziland    Togo    Uganda    United Republic of Tanzania    Zambia    Zimbabwe    „ Country that may reach the SDG target „ Country that may not reach the SDG target Data source: WHO 2015 Figure 26 Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births by WHO region Data source: UN inter-agency group for maternal mortality, 2015    19Chapter 3 – Maternal and Reproductive Health 3.2 Family planning The demand for family planning met with modern methods in the WHO African Region is low. During the period 2011 – 2015, only 49.6% of women of reproductive age who were married or in-union in the Region had their needs for family planning met with modern methods, which is far lower than the rates in the WHO Regions of Western Pacific (89.7%), Americas (82.5%) and South- East Asia (73.5%). Zimbabwe had the highest percentage of women whose family planning needs were satisfied (86.0%), followed by Swaziland (80.6%), Algeria (77.2%), Lesotho (76.1%), and Kenya (75.4%). The rates were particularly low in the Democratic Republic of Congo (15.6%), Guinea (15.7%), Chad (17.5), and Equatorial Guinea (20.5%). Figure 27 Percentage of married or in-union women of reproductive age who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods in the African Region Data source: WHO 2011–2015 20 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Data source: WHO – ANC visits in the African Region are very low when compared to WHO Regions of Americas and Europe where, for instance, 94% and 92% of pregnant women make at least four antenatal care visits, respectively. Figure 28 Percentage of married or in-union women of reproductive age who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods by WHO region Data source: WHO 2015 3.3 Antenatal care Antenatal care (ANC) coverage in the WHO African Region remains worryingly low. Although 77% of the pregnant women in the Region made the first antenatal care visit (ANC 1) in 2015; only 54% received the full life- saving potential of four ANC visits (ANC 4). Rates of Figure 29 Antenatal care coverage (%) in the African Region 21Chapter 3 – Maternal and Reproductive Health Table 9 Antenatal care coverage in the African Region Antenatal care coverage–at least four visits (%) Antenatal care coverage–at least one visit (%) Drop-out rate (%) Algeria 92.7 67.3 27.4 Angola 81.6 61.4 24.8 Benin 82.8 58.7 29.1 Botswana 94.1 73.3 22.1 Burkina Faso 92.8 47.2 49.1 Burundi 99.2 49.3 50.3 Côte d’Ivoire 97.6 72.3 25.9 Cabo Verde 82.8 58.8 29.0 Cameroon 68.2 38.1 44.1 Central African Republic 54.7 31.0 43.3 Chad 92.1 48.9 46.9 Comoros 93.2 79.0 15.2 Congo 90.6 44.2 51.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 88.4 48.0 45.7 Equatorial Guinea 91.3 66.9 26.7 Eritrea 88.5 57.4 35.1 Ethiopia 62.4 31.8 49.0 Gabon 94.7 77.6 18.1 Gambia 86.2 77.6 10.0 Ghana 90.5 87.3 3.5 Guinea 85.2 56.6 33.6 Guinea-Bissau 92.4 64.9 29.8 Kenya 93.7 57.6 38.5 Lesotho 95.2 74.4 21.8 Liberia 95.9 78.1 18.6 Madagascar 82.1 51.1 37.8 Malawi 94.8 50.6 46.6 Mali 47.9 38.0 20.7 Mauritania 84.7 63.0 25.6 Mauritius – – Mozambique 90.6 50.6 44.2 Namibia 96.6 62.5 35.3 Niger 82.8 38.0 54.1 Nigeria 60.6 51.1 15.7 Rwanda 99.0 43.9 55.7 Sao Tome and Principe 97.5 83.6 14.3 Senegal 95.0 46.7 50.8 Seychelles – – Sierra Leone 97.1 76.0 21.7 South Africa 93.7 75.5 19.4 South Sudan 61.9 17.3 72.1 Swaziland 98.5 76.1 22.7 Togo 72.7 57.2 21.3 Uganda 97.3 59.9 38.4 United Republic of Tanzania 91.4 50.7 44.5 Zambia 95.7 55.5 42.0 Zimbabwe 93.3 75.7 18.9 Source: WHO 2011–2016 Disparities between the countries in the proportion of pregnant women who make at least four ANC visits and therefore receive the full life-saving potential of ANC are very wide, with the absolute gap between the top and bottom countries as wide as 70 percentage points in 2016. In the same year, Ghana had the highest percentage of pregnant women who made at least four ANC visits (87.3), followed by Sao Tome and Principe (83.6%), Republic of the Congo (79%), Liberia (78.1%), Gambia and Gabon (77.6%). ANC 1 coverage was at least 95% in 14 countries, with near-universal coverage in Burundi (99.2%), Rwanda (99.0%), Swaziland (98.5%), Cabo Verde (97.6%) and Sao Tome and Principe (97.5%). However, there is a very big dropout rate between ANC  1 and ANC 4 in most of countries, including those with near universal ANC 1 coverage. For instance, the dropout rate in Burundi and Rwanda (countries that had near universal ANC 1 coverage) was 50% and 56%, respectively. Ghana and The Gambia are the only countries among those with near universal ANC 1 coverage that had low dropout rates: 3.5% and 10.0%, respectively. Data are not currently available to assess the timing of the first antenatal visit which has substantial impact on whether or not a pregnant mother makes the fourth ANC visit. Figure 30 Proportion of pregnant women who made at least four visits to the antenatal care by WHO Region Data source: WHO 2015 22 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 3.4 Skilled birth attendance Attendance at birth by a skilled health worker is one of the major interventions for reducing maternal deaths. The term “skilled birth attendance” refers to births attended to by doctors, nurses or midwives trained to provide life-saving maternal and newborn care during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. This excludes deliveries by traditional birth attendants or by other auxiliary health workers trained to provide maternal and newborn care. Similar analysis in some countries will often include deliveries made by other health personnel and traditional birth attendants who have been trained to provide maternal and newborn care. The rate of skilled birth attendance in the African Region is very low. During the period 2005–2016, only 54% of mothers had their births attended to by a skilled health worker, which is about half of the rate in Europe, Western Pacific and the Americas. There were wide disparities between countries, with rates particularly low in Ethiopia (16%), Chad (24%), Niger (29%) and Togo (29%). These countries, together with eight others (Angola, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Nigeria and the United republic of Tanzania), have pushed the rate of skilled birth attendance in the Region down to around 50% and therefore require special efforts (Figure 31). The rate of skilled birth attendance was above the SDG target (90%) in nine countries, including Botswana and Mauritius with universal skilled attendance at birth, and Seychelles and Algeria with near-universal skilled attendance at birth. The rate was close to the SDG target in seven countries: Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Malawi, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. These countries may meet the SDG target well before 2030 if they sustain the current efforts. Figure 31 Proportion of pregnant women who had their births attended to by a skilled health worker Data source: WHO – 0 20 40 60 80 100 P ercent Africa E thiopia C had Niger T ogo E ritrea Nigeria C AR Madagascar G uinea G uinea-B issau Angola UR T anzania Mozambique C ôte d'Ivoire G ambia Mali Uganda S enegal B urundi S ierra Leone Liberia K enya Zambia C ameroon Mauritania B urkina F aso E quatorial G uinea G hana B enin Lesotho DR C ongo Zimbabwe C omoros Malawi Namibia S waziland G abon R wanda C abo V erde S ao T ome and P rincipe C ongo S outh Africa Algeria S eychelles B otswana 100 99 97 94 94 93 92 91 89 88 88 87 82 80 80 78 77 71 68 66 65 65 64 62 61 60 60 59 58 57 57 56 54 49 47 45 45 44 40 35 34 29 29 24 16 54 S DG T arget: 90% Figure 32 Proportion of pregnant women who had their births attended to by a skilled health worker by WHO region Data source: WHO 2016 23Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition Chapter 4. Child health and nutrition 4.1 Immunization Penta 3 coverage The percentage of children who receive up to three doses of pentavalent vaccine (penta3) in the Region is low and has remained almost stagnant during the period 2010 - 2016. WHO estimates show that, in 2016, only 74% of children <1 year in the Region received penta3; this is far below the 90% global target for immunization set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan. Penta 3 coverage in the African Region is also much lower when compared to the other WHO Regions. For instance, penta3 coverage in the African Region in 2016 was about 23 percentage points lower than the coverage in Western Pacific (97%), and 18 percentage points lower than the coverage in Europe (92%). Differences in penta3 coverage between the Regional countries are very wide. In 2016 for instance, there was up to fivefold difference between the top and bottom countries, namely: Rwanda with 98% coverage and Equatorial Guinea with 19% coverage. Penta 3 coverage in 2016 was 90% or more in 14 countries: Namibia, Lesotho, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, United Republic of Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Eritrea, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Algeria. Penta3 coverage was less than 50% in five countries: Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, Chad and South Sudan. These five countries, together with 12 others with penta3 coverage 50% – 79.9%: South Africa, Madagascar, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Uganda, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Liberia Mali, Niger, and Mauritania, are pulling down the penta3 coverage in the Region. All countries registered Penta1-Penta3 dropout, except Cabo Verde, with the biggest dropout rate in Equatorial Guinea (53%) followed by Central African Republic (32%), South Sudan (26%) and Nigeria (23%). Rwanda, Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, Ghana and Democratic Republic of Congo had the smallest dropout rate (1%), followed by United Republic of Tanzania, Seychelles and Eritrea (2%); and Botswana, Burundi, and Senegal (3%). Figure 33 Percent of children <1 year who received up to three doses of Penta vaccine in the African Region Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 34 Trend in percent of children <1year who received up to three doses of Penta vaccine in the African Region Data source: WHO Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros 24 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Polio The global polio eradication initiative aims to achieve a polio free world. The initiative has included routine immunization against poliovirus as one of its core strategies for achieving a polio free world. Other strategies are supplementary immunization activities, mop-up campaigns, and disease surveillance. Worryingly however, progress with routine polio immunization has been rather slow in the African Region. After increasing fairly rapidly from 55% in 2000 to 74% in 2010, coverage of polio immunization (Polio3) declined to 72% in 2011 and has remained fairly stagnant since then. Polio immunization coverage varied quite markedly between countries in the Region, with the absolute gap between the top and bottom countries as high as 79 percentage points. Equatorial Guinea had the lowest polio immunization coverage in 2016 (20%) followed by South Sudan (31%), and Guinea (42%). In these three countries, the trend in coverage of polio immunization is towards a substantial decline, with the coverage during the period 2011 - 2016 declining by up to 67% in Equatorial Guinea, 76% in South Sudan, and 41% in Guinea. There were also declines in 16 other countries during the period 2011 – 2016, but the substantial ones were in Malawi (by 16%), Angola and Kenya (10%), Mauritania (9%), Mali (7%), Lesotho and Sierra Leone (5%), and South Africa, Algeria and DRC (4%). Coverage of polio immunization in some of the countries was, on the whole, remarkable. In 2016, polio immunization coverage was 90% or more in 19 countries, with the coverage near-universal in 9 countries: Rwanda (99%), Seychelles (96%), Mauritius (96%), Sao Tome and Principe (95%), Botswana (96%), Eritrea (95%), The Gambia (95%), Ghana (95%), and Cabo Verde (95%). Figure 35 Penta1-Penta3 dropout rate by country in the African Region, 2016 Data source: WHO 2016 25Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition Figure 36 Penta 3 coverage (%) by WHO region Data source: WHO 2016 Table 11 Coverage (%) of routine vaccines by WHO region BCG Polio MCV DTP Africa     Eastern Mediterranean     South-East Asia     Europe     Americas     Western Pacific     Global     Data source: WHO 2016 Full immunization Reliable data to assess the percentage of children who received all the routine vaccines were not available. Similarly, data were largely lacking for children who did not receive any of the vaccines. During the period 2010–
2015, full immunization coverage in the Region ranged from as low as 12% to 91%. Figure 37 Percent of children 12–23 months who received all the routine vaccine doses during 2010-2015 in the African Region Data source: WHO Figure 38 Percentage of facilities that reported the availability of immunization services by country in the African Region Data source: SARA 2012-2016 26 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 39 Mean availability of items necessary for providing immunization services by country in the African Region Data source: SARA surveys The availability of services for immunization Facility assessment surveys done during the period 2012 – 2016 in 15 countries indicate that immunization services are offered by the great majority (85%) of the health facilities in the countries. Zimbabwe had the highest percentage of facilities that indicated offering immunization services (97%), followed by Sierra Leone (93%), Niger (92%), Chad (91%), and Zambia and Togo (each 89%). Mauritania had the lowest proportion of facilities that indicated availability of immunization services (65%), followed by DRC (75%), Uganda (77%), Benin (78%), Ethiopia (80%), Guinea (81%), United Republic of Tanzania (81%), and Kenya and Burkina Faso (each 85%). 27Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition Table 12 Penta1 and penta3 coverage by year and country in the African Region DPT/Penta Penta Penta- Penta dropout          Algeria 95 95 95 95 95 95 91 96 -5.2 Angola 77 71 75 77 64 64 64 79 -19.0 Benin 76 75 80 77 78 82 82 86 -4.7 Botswana 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 98 -3.1 Burkina Faso 91 91 90 88 91 91 91 95 -4.2 Burundi 96 96 96 96 95 94 94 97 -3.1 Côte d’Ivoire 99 90 94 93 95 93 96 96 0.0 Cabo Verde 84 82 85 89 87 84 85 92 -7.6 Cameroon 45 47 47 23 47 47 47 69 -31.9 Central African Republic 39 33 40 39 37 46 46 60 -23.3 Chad 74 83 86 87 87 91 91 96 -5.2 Comoros 74 82 85 85 90 80 80 85 -5.9 Congo 85 62 82 80 76 83 85 98 -13.3 Democratic Republic of the Congo 60 74 75 74 80 81 79 80 -1.3 Equatorial Guinea 44 41 24 3 20 16 19 40 -52.5 Eritrea 90 96 94 94 94 95 95 97 -2.1 Ethiopia 61 65 69 72 77 77 77 86 -10.5 Gabon 67 75 82 79 70 80 75 83 -9.6 Gambia 97 96 98 97 96 97 95 99 -4.0 Ghana 94 91 92 90 98 88 93 94 -1.1 Guinea 64 63 62 63 51 54 57 65 -12.3 Guinea-Bissau 83 86 87 87 87 87 87 95 -8.4 Kenya 90 96 94 87 92 89 89 96 -7.3 Lesotho 93 96 95 93 93 93 93 98 -5.1 Liberia 70 77 80 76 50 52 79 99 -20.2 Madagascar 70 73 70 74 73 69 77 84 -8.3 Malawi 93 97 96 89 91 88 84 89 -5.6 Mali 73 66 66 69 73 64 68 86 -20.9 Mauritania 64 75 80 80 84 73 73 87 -16.1 Mauritius 99 98 98 98 97 97 96 97 -1.0 Mozambique 74 76 76 78 79 80 80 90 -11.1 Namibia 83 82 84 89 88 92 92 98 -6.1 Niger 70 75 71 67 68 65 67 87 -23.0 Nigeria 54 48 42 46 49 49 49 64 -23.4 Rwanda 97 97 98 98 98 98 98 99 -1.0 Sao Tome and Principe 98 96 96 97 95 96 96 97 -1.0 Senegal 89 92 91 92 89 89 93 96 -3.1 Seychelles 99 99 98 98 99 97 96 98 -2.0 Sierra Leone 86 89 91 92 83 86 84 97 -13.4 South Africa 72 69 65 73 77 75 66 78 -15.4 South Sudan 61 59 45 39 31 26 35 -25.7 Swaziland 89 91 95 98 98 90 90 96 -6.3 Togo 83 85 84 84 87 88 89 93 -4.3 Uganda 80 82 78 78 78 78 78 89 -12.4 United Republic of Tanzania 91 90 92 91 97 98 97 99 -2.0 Zambia 83 81 78 79 86 90 91 99 -8.1 Zimbabwe 89 93 95 95 91 87 90 94 -4.3 Source: WHO 28 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 13 Proportion of children < 1 year who received up to three doses of polio 3 vaccine by country in the African Region        Rate of change Algeria 95 95 95 95 95 95 91 -4.3 Angola 81 73 75 67 68 70 66 -10.1 Benin 77 77 80 73 74 78 78 1.3 Botswana 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 0.0 Burkina Faso 90 90 90 89 91 91 91 1.1 Burundi 94 95 96 96 95 94 94 -1.1 Cabo Verde 83 80 85 88 86 83 83 3.7 Cameroon 46 47 47 23 47 47 47 0.0 Central African Republic 43 40 51 46 44 52 44 9.5 Chad 82 85 85 85 87 92 92 7.9 Comoros 72 69 61 85 90 80 80 14.8 Congo 81 58 83 79 76 81 80 32.2 Côte d’Ivoire 99 90 94 93 95 93 95 5.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo 76 77 76 74 79 78 74 -4.0 Equatorial Guinea 59 39 30 30 24 17 20 -66.8 Eritrea 90 96 94 94 94 95 95 -1.0 Ethiopia 69 70 70 70 75 75 75 6.9 Gabon 68 75 80 77 68 79 74 -1.3 Gambia 97 95 98 96 97 96 95 0.0 Ghana 94 91 91 91 93 88 95 4.3 Guinea 62 63 63 63 42 42 42 -40.5 Guinea-Bissau 82 85 87 87 87 87 87 2.3 Kenya 90 97 94 94 93 83 88 -9.7 Lesotho 92 95 93 90 90 90 90 -5.4 Liberia 71 77 80 75 49 52 79 2.6 Madagascar 70 73 71 73 73 71 75 2.7 Malawi 86 97 95 89 87 88 83 -15.6 Mali 77 72 72 70 74 66 67 -7.2 Mauritania 52 73 80 80 84 67 67 -8.6 Mauritius 99 98 98 98 98 98 96 -2.1 Mozambique 73 73 73 78 79 80 80 9.2 Namibia 83 85 84 89 88 92 92 7.9 Niger 75 40 71 56 67 65 67 51.6 Nigeria 54 48 42 46 49 49 49 2.1 Rwanda 93 93 98 98 98 99 99 6.3 Sao Tome and Principe 98 96 96 97 95 96 96 0.0 Senegal 76 89 83 89 85 85 92 3.3 Seychelles 99 99 98 98 99 97 96 -3.1 Sierra Leone 84 88 91 92 83 86 84 -4.7 South Africa 72 69 65 73 77 75 66 -4.4 South Sudan 66 64 50 44 41 31 -75.6 Swaziland 89 85 92 98 98 84 90 5.7 Togo 83 85 84 84 85 88 89 4.6 Uganda 79 82 82 82 82 82 82 0.0 United Republic of Tanzania 94 88 90 91 97 96 93 5.5 Zambia 80 83 70 74 78 90 87 4.7 Zimbabwe 89 93 95 95 92 88 90 -3.3 African Region 74 72 72 72 73 74 73 1.4 Source: WHO 29Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition Table 14 Coverage of BCG and Measles vaccine by country in the African Region, 2016 BCG MCV Algeria 99 94 Angola 58 49 Benin 96 74 Botswana 98 97 Burkina Faso 98 88 Burundi 93 93 Cabo Verde 70 78 Cameroon 74 49 Central African Republic 56 58 Chad 94 99 Comoros 85 80 Congo 95 77 Côte d’Ivoire 96 92 Democratic Republic of the Congo 80 77 Equatorial Guinea 97 93 Eritrea 75 70 Ethiopia 48 30 Gabon 94 64 Gambia 98 97 Ghana 94 89 Guinea 72 54 Guinea-Bissau 94 81 Kenya 99 75 Lesotho 98 90 Liberia 97 80 Madagascar 70 58 Malawi 86 81 Mali 92 75 Mauritania 85 70 Mauritius 98 92 Mozambique 95 91 Namibia 94 85 Niger 77 74 Nigeria 64 51 Rwanda 99 95 Sao Tome and Principe 92 93 Senegal 97 93 Seychelles 99 97 Sierra Leone 92 83 South Africa 37 20 South Sudan 74 75 Swaziland 97 89 Togo 79 87 Uganda 93 82 United Republic of Tanzania 99 90 Zambia 99 93 Zimbabwe 95 95 African Region 81 72 6RXUFH:+2 30 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 4.2 Child Nutrition 1 WHO 2014. Indicators for the global monitoring framework on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Available online as: http://www.who. int/nutrition/topics/proposed_indicators_framework/en/ The primary focus of maternal, infant and young child nutrition monitoring is on the first critical 1000 days of life which includes pregnancy and the first 2 years of life. It recognizes the importance of maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy. Hence, the global framework for monitoring maternal, infant and young child nutrition includes six primary targets to be achieved by 2025 for which countries are expected to monitor and report their progress1. ▶ A 40% reduction of the global number of children under five who are stunted ▶ A 50% reduction of anaemia in women of reproductive age ▶ A 30% reduction of low birth weight ▶ Halting the increase in overweight among children ▶ At least 50% increase in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months ▶ Reduce and maintain childhood wasting to less than 5% However, there is shortage of data in the African Region for monitoring the nutritional status of women of child bearing age, infants and young children. Countries are mostly dependent on population surveys such as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) that occur once every 3-7 years. These surveys report nutrition status among women of children bearing age and among under- five children, but data for under-five children are not disaggregated by age to facilitate effective monitoring of nutrition status in the first 1000 days of life. There is an underutilization of the existing health information management system in countries for the collection and use of nutritional data. Country-specific data used in this chapter are from the 2017 report on Nutrition Report in the WHO African Region which compiled data from population surveys available until 2016. Figure 40 Rates of stunting, wasting and overweight among children < 5years in the African Region Data source: UNICEF 2011-2016 31Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition Figure 41 Percent of children < 5 years who are stunted in the African Region Data source: WHO, ANR 2017 Figure 42 Percent of children <5 years who are wasted in the African Region Data source: WHO, ANR 2017 Figure 43 Percent of children <5 years who are stunted in the African Region Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 44 Percent of children <5years who are stunted by WHO region Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 45 Percent of children <5 years who are wasted by WHO region Data source: WHO 2016 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Nutritional status of children <5 years 2 Levels and trends in child malnutrition. UNICEF / WHO / WORLD BANK group joint child malnutrition estimates key findings of the 2017 edition. http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/jme_brochoure2017.pdf - accessed 19 September 2017 The UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank inter- agency team regularly publish joint global and regional estimates of child malnutrition on 3 indicators: stunting, overweight and wasting. The joint estimates, published in September 2017, reveal worldwide insufficient progress to reach the World Health Assembly targets set for 2025 and the SDGs set for 20302. The stunting rate in the African Region has declined slowly. During the period 2000-2016, the stunting rate among children <5 years declined on average by 1.3% annually from 38.3% [CI: 36.0%, 40.5%] in 2000 to 31.2% [CI: 28.8%, 33.6%] in 2016. In absolute terms however, the number of stunted children <5 years in the Africa Region actually increased from 50.4 million [CI: 47.4million, 53.4 million] in 2000 to 59.0 million [CI: 54.5 million, 63.5 million] in 2016. There are large inter-country differences in rates of stunting in the Region. In 2016 for instance, the stunting rate ranged from as low as 7.9% in Seychelles to as high as 57.5% in Burundi (median: 31.4%; IQR: 25.5% – 37.9%). The rate of wasting among children <5 years was 7.4% [CI: 6.1%, 8.9%] in 2016; this is high but close to the global target of 5%. There were also large differences between countries in the prevalence of child wasting, with the rate ranging from 2.0% in Swaziland to 22.7% in South Sudan with a median of 6.1% (IQR: 4.3% - 98%). Of the 45 countries in the Region with data on child wasting, up to 27 of them (60.0%) had child wasting rates above Figure 46 Percent of children <5 years who are overweight in the African Region Figure 47 Percent of children with low birthweights in the African Region Data source: WHO Regional office for Africa 2017 Figure 48 Percent of children <5 years who are verweight in the African Region Data source: UNICEF 2016
32 Data source: WHO Regional office for Africa 2017
Figure 49 Percent of children <5 years who are overweight by WHO region Data source: UNICEF 2016 Global Western Pacific South-East Asia Eastern Mediterranean Americas Europe Africa 4.1 12.8 7.1 6.7 5.3 5.2 6.0 33Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition the 5% global target. According to the 2017 edition of the UNICEF/WHO/World Bank malnutrition estimates, the number of overweight children under 5 in Africa has increased by nearly 50% since 2000. This runs counter to the target of “no increase in overweight” and deserves a call to action. The rate however varied substantially by country, ranging from 0.9% in Senegal to 12.4% in Algeria (median: 4.1%; IQR: 2.5–7.4). During the period 2001– 2016, it was ≥10% in five countries: Algeria, Botswana, Comoros, Seychelles and South Africa; and 7.5–9.9% in six countries: Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Swaziland. Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, São Tome and Principe, Senegal and Togo had the lowest rates of overweight among the under-five children (<2.5%). When compared with the other WHO regions, the rate of overweight among children <5 years in the African Region was much lower. For instance, the rate in Europe was 12.8% and in Americas was 7.1%. Figure 50 Prevalence of low birthweight and anaemia among women of childbearing age in the African Region Data source: WHO, ANR 2017 Low birthweight and anaemia among pregnant women Low birthweight The WHO African Region has a high prevalence of low birthweight, defined as birthweight <2.5kg regardless of the gestational age. During the period 2000-2015, the rate of low birth weight ranged from 6–34.7% (median: 11.7%; IQR: 8.6–13.7%) but data were not available to assess the progress towards the global target for low birthweight. Mauritania had the highest rate of low birthweight (34.7%), followed by Guinea-Bissau (21.3 %) and Mozambique (16.9 %), while Algeria, Cabo Verde and Rwanda had the lowest rate in the Region (6%). Figure 51 Prevalence of anaemia in non-pregnant, non-lactating women by country in the African Region Data source: WHO, ANR 2017 34 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Anaemia among women of childbearing age Anaemia, defined as haemoglobin level <11g/dl, is quite common among women of childbearing age in the African Region. During the period 2003–2016, the prevalence of anaemia among non-pregnant, non-lactating women ranged from 22% in Ethiopia to as high as 72.5% in Burkina Faso (median: 47.5%; IQR: 38.3–58.5%). Aggregated data for anaemia in non-pregnant, non- lactating women were available for only 30 of the 47 countries in the Region. These cover a very wide period from 2003–2015. The data show that the prevalence of anaemia among the non-pregnant, non-lactating women is very high, with the prevalence rate ranging from 15% in Ethiopia to 63% in Gabon (Median 39.8%; IQR: 28.6– 49.1%). Breastfeeding The UNICEF database only has aggregated data on early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding for the period 2011– 016. The data suggest that the breastfeeding practices in the African Region are quite poor. During the period 2011-2016, just over half of the babies in the Region (51%) were started on mother’s breast milk within one hour of birth, and 41.5% were exclusively breastfed in the first 6 months after birth. Of the 46 countries with data on exclusive breastfeeding, 28 (61%) had rates below the 50% global target, with exclusive breastfeeding rates particularly low in Chad (0.3%), Gabon (6%), and Equatorial Guinea (7.4%). Trend data were not available to assess progress towards the global nutrition targets. Figure 52 Rates (%) of early initiation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding Data source: UNICEF, SOWC 2017 35Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition Table 15 Rates of child nutrition indicators (%) by country in the African Region 2011-2016 2015 2011-2016 Low birth- weight (%) Early initiation of breastfeed- ing (%) Exclusive breast-feed- ing <6 months (%) Introduction to solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6–8 months (%) Stunting (%) Overweight (%) Wasting (%) Vitamin A supplemen- tation, full coverage (%) Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women (hb <11 g/dL) Algeria 6 35.7 25.7 28.2 11.7 12.4 4.1 – Angola 12 48.3 37.5 – 37.6 3.3 4.9 14 Benin 15 46.6 41.4 73 34 1.7 4.5 95 42.2 Botswana 13 40 20.3 – 31.4 11.2 7.2 57 Burkina Faso 14.1 41.6 50.1 59 27.3 1.2 7.6 99 72.5 Burundi 12.9 73.6 83.1 69.7 55.9 1.4 5.1 71 26 Cabo Verde 6 72.7 59.6 – – – – – 43.2 Cameroon 11 31.2 28.2 82.7 31.7 6.7 5.2 99 49.9 CAR 13.7 43.5 34.3 59.1 40.7 1.8 7.4 3 Chad 19.9 23 0.3 59 39.9 2.5 13 85 Comoros 25 33.7 12.1 80.7 32.1 10.9 11.1 12 Congo 13 25.3 32.9 84 21.2 5.9 8.2 99 58.4 Côte d'Ivoire 17 30.8 12.1 64 29.6 3.2 7.6 72 63.6 Democratic Republic of the Congo 9.5 51.9 47.6 79 42.6 4.4 8.1 94 43.4 Equatorial Guinea 13 20.5 7.4 75.7 26.2 9.7 3.1 – Eritrea 14 93.1 68.7 39.9 50.3 1.9 15.3 51 Ethiopia 20 73 57.5 60 38.4 2.8 9.9 74 22 Gabon 14 32.3 6 82.4 17.5 7.7 3.4 – 57.7 Gambia 10.2 51.5 46.8 46.8 25 3.2 11.1 27 67.9 Ghana 10.7 55.6 52.3 73 18.8 2.6 4.7 28 44.6 Guinea 12 16.6 20.5 43 31.3 3.8 9.9 69 64.9 Guinea-Bissau 11 33.7 52.5 71.3 27.6 2.3 6 87 Kenya 8 62.2 61.4 80 26 4.1 4 37 Lesotho 10.7 65.3 66.9 83 33.2 7.4 2.8 – 35.5 Liberia 14 61.2 55.2 46 32.1 3.2 5.6 61 Madagascar 16 65.8 41.9 89.7 49.2 6.2 15.2 97 38.3 Malawi 13.5 76.3 61.2 88.6 37.1 4.5 2.7 16 37.5 Mali 18 53.3 32.6 41.8 30.4 1.9 13.5 88 59.7 Mauritania 34.7 61.8 41.4 66 27.9 1.3 14.8 83 Mauritius 14 – 21 – – – – – Mozambique 16.9 69 41 95 43.1 7.9 6.1 99 50.9 Namibia 16 71.2 48.5 80 23.1 4.1 7.1 – 25.6 Niger 27 52.9 23.3 – 42.2 3 10.3 99 58.6 Nigeria 15.2 33.2 17.4 67 32.9 1.6 7.2 76 Rwanda 7.1 81 87.3 57 36.7 7.7 1.7 96 23.4 Sao Tome and Principe 9.9 38.3 73.8 74.1 17.2 2.4 4 42 55.8 Senegal 18.6 30.5 33.3 63 17 1 7 29 61.4 Seychelles – – – – 7.9 10.2 4.3 – Sierra Leone 10.5 53.8 32 63 37.9 8.9 9.4 97 54 South Africa – 61.1 31.6 – 27.4 13.3 2.5 – South Sudan – 48.1 45.1 20.9 31.1 6 22.7 – Swaziland 8.7 48.3 63.8 89.5 25.5 9 2 – 40.2 Togo 11.1 60.6 57.5 67 27.5 2 6.7 6 64.1 Uganda 11.8 52.5 65.5 67 28.9 3.7 3.6 – 30.6 United Republic of Tanzania 8.4 51.2 59.2 92 34.4 3.6 4.5 87 52.7 Zambia 11 65.8 72.5 82 40 6.2 6.3 – 38.3 Zimbabwe 11 57.6 47.8 91 26.8 5.6 3.2 45 33.1 sub-saharan Africa – 51 42 71 33.9 3.9 8.4 72 Data source: WHO, ANR 2017; UNICEF, SOWC 2017 based on DHS and MICS 36 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Care seeking Care seeking for children with symptoms of pneumonia, fever and diarrhoea is generally poor but improving in the African Region: the average scores for care seeking for symptoms of pneumonia, fever and diarrhoea were 38.3% during the period 2005–2008 and 43.3% during the period 2010–2015. During the period 2010–2016, data on care seeking for children with symptoms of pneumonia, fever and diarrhoea were available in 41 of the 47 countries in the Region. Using predefined criteria, only 10 of the countries (24%) were classified as having good care seeking for children with symptoms of pneumonia, fever and diarrhoea. During the period 2011-2016, care seeking in Chad was poorer than elsewhere in the Region. Care seeking in the Region varied by symptom. In the period 2011–2016 for instance, care seeking was poorer for children with diarrhoea than for children with fever and pneumonia. Table 16 Percent of children who received prompt care for diarrhoea, pneumonia or fever in the African Region – – Fever  . Pneumonia   Diarrhoea   Index . . Data source: UNICEF 2017 Figure 53 Percent of children who received prompt care for diarrhoea, fever or pneumonia in the African Region Data source: WHO 2011-2016 Figure 54 Percent of children who received prompt care for diarrhoea, fever or pneumonia in the African Region Data source: WHO 2011-2016 C abo Verde C omoros Mauritius S ao Tome and P rincipe S eychelles 21-40 41-60 61-80 No Data Non AFR O 25 50 75 P er ce nt S outh S udan Mozambique S ierra Leone C ameroon E thiopia G ambia Burundi G uinea Malawi C had 37Chapter 4 – Child health and nutrition Table 17 List of countries with the lowest percentage of children who received prompt treatment for diarrhoea, pneumonia or fever in the African Region Diarrhoea Pneumonia Fever Madagascar 14.6 Botswana 14 Chad 22.8 Central African Republic 15.6 Mali 23 Cameroon 32.9 Cameroon 15.8 Benin 23.3 Ethiopia 34.6 Côte d’Ivoire 17.2 Chad 25.8 Mauritania 35.2 Togo 18.6 Cameroon 28.1 Guinea 37.1 Mauritania 18.8 Congo 28.2 Chad 20.4 Central African Republic 29.8 Mali 21.6 Ethiopia 29.8 Algeria 25.3 Mauritania 33.7 Benin 25.4 Guinea-Bissau 34.3 Gabon 26.1 Nigeria 34.5 Rwanda 27.5 Guinea 37.3 Congo 28 Comoros 38.1 Ethiopia 29.5 Côte d’Ivoire 38.2 Senegal 31.6 Nigeria 33.7 Guinea 34.1 Guinea-Bissau 35.1 Burundi 35.6 Comoros 37.5 South Sudan 38.6 DR Congo 39.1 Burkina Faso 39.5 Equatorial Guinea 40.4 Data source: WHO 2011-2016 38 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Chapter 5. Adolescent health services Figure 55 Adolescent population 10–19 by sex in the African Region, 1950-2015 Adolescents are young people between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Their population in the African Region is on the rise: there were 224 million adolescents in the Region at the end of 2015, a number that is projected to double by 2050. Adolescents are often thought of as a healthy group but this is not the case, especially in the African Region. Adolescents are at an increased risk of mortality and morbidity associated with accidents, suicide, violence, HIV, drugs, pregnancy-related complications and other illnesses that are either preventable or treatable. Many more suffer chronic ill-health and disability. In addition, NCDs and their consequent disabilities have their origins in the unhealthy lifestyles during the adolescent period or earlier. The WHO Regional Office for Africa recognises the importance of adolescent health in the Region and has prioritised it, making it one of its flagship Data source: UN DESA, Population Division 2015 Table 18 Projections of total population, adolescent population 10–19 and proportion of adolescent 10–19 in total population in the African Region, 1990–2050 Year Total population (thousands) Total population of adolescent age 10–19 (thousands) Total adolescents aged 10–19 ( of total population   .  . .   .  . .   .  . .   .  . .   .  . .   .  . .    .  . .    .  . .    .  . .   ..  . .   ..  . .   ..  . .    .  . . Data source: UN DESA, Population Division 2015 programmes. Adolescent health is at the core of the Regional Office’s recommendation for prevention of occurrence of noncommunicable diseases in the Region. At the centre of this recommendations is a a life-course approach where healthy behaviours that prevent the risk of occurrence of NCDs are promoted from childhood through adolescence to adulthood and old age. 5.1 Adolescent mortality The global adolescent mortality rate is declining but Africa as a Region is not contributing to that decline; the rate in the Region is increasing instead. During the period 2011-2015, there were 6.4 adolescent deaths per 100 population in the African Region. This represents an increase in adolescent mortality rate from 6.1 per 100 population during the period 2005–2010 and 5.6 during the period 2000–2005. Differences between countries in adolescent mortality rate are quite wide, with the rate in Côte d’Ivoire higher than elsewhere in the Region. 39Chapter 5 – Adolescent health services Figure 56 Percentage of adolescent deaths (per 100 total pop.) in the African Region, 2010-2015 Data source: UN DESA, Population Division 2015) Figure 57 Percentage of adolescent deaths (per 100 total population) in the African Region, 2010–2015 Data source: UN DESA, Population Division 2015) Figure 58 Percentage of adolescent deaths (per 100 total population) in the African Region against global deaths, 1980–2015 Data source: UN DESA, Population Division 2015) 5.2 Adolescent sexual and reproductive health The rate of adolescents giving birth remains high in the African Region at 122/1000 girls aged 15–19 years. However, there is paucity of data for effective monitoring of adolescents reproductive health, with data completely lacking for some countries and for some years. Given that adolescent pregnancy is a major contributor of maternal and child mortality and of increased risk of birth injuries such as obstetric fistula, there is urgent need to improve the availability of data for effective monitoring of adolescent health. 40 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 'DWDVRXUFH:+2'DWDVRXUFH:+281,&() Figure 59 Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 girls aged 15–19 years) in the African Region, 2009–2014 Figure 60 Adolescent birth rate (per 1000 girls aged 15–19 years) in the African Region, 2009–2014 Data source: WHO/UNICEF 2016 Figure 61 Adolescent married by 18 (%) in the African Region, 2008–2014 Figure 62 Adolescent married by 18 (%) in the African Region, 2008–2014 D at a so ur ce : W H O , 2 01 6 41Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Chapter 6. Communicable diseases SDG Target 3.3: By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases. 6.1 HIV/AIDS WHO estimates show that the performance of HIV- related indicators in the Region is remarkable and continues to improve steadily. HIV prevalence rate in the Region has mostly stagnated, which should be expected given the rapid increase in recent years in ART coverage and the declines in HIV incidence and HIV-related deaths. These trends suggest that it is feasible to meet goal 3.3 of the SDGs to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. HIV incidence HIV incidence (or incidence rate) refers to the number of new HIV infections in a population at risk of acquiring HIV during a specified time. The rate is expressed as a fraction of the population (percent or per 1000 population). People who were infected before the specified time period are not included in the total estimate of incidence, even if they are still alive. Direct measurement of HIV incidence rate is extremely difficult. Consequently, mathematical models based on HIV prevalence rates are used to estimate the number of new HIV infections. HIV prevalence refers to the proportion of people living with HIV in a population during a period of time (period prevalence) or at a particular date in time (point prevalence). The HIV incidence rate (per 1000 uninfected population) in the Region continued to decline steadily. The rate in 2016 was 1.2 per 1000 uninfected population, down from 2.1 in 2011 (11% average annual rate of decline). In absolute terms however, the incidence rate in 2016 represents about 1.2 million new infections in the Region, which is very high. Figure 63 Trends in the performance of the HIV indicators in the African Region Data source: WHO Figure 64 Number of new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015 42 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Data source: WHO Figure 65 Estimated number of new of HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population by country in the African Region Data source: WHO. The 2016 data were lacking for 7 countries: Cabo Verde, Lesotho, Mauritania, Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles and Sierra Leone Figure 66 Number of new HIV infections per 1000 uninfected population WHO region, 2015 Figure 67 Absolute number of new HIV infections by WHO region, 2016 Data source: WHO There are wide differences in the rate of HIV infection between regions of Africa, with the HIV incidence rate in Southern Africa much higher than elsewhere. In 2016, the incidence rate per 1000 uninfected population was particularly high in Swaziland (6.6 or about 6220 new infections) followed by South Africa (4.8 or about 49 776 new infections), Botswana (4.4 or about 7996 new infections), Namibia (3.9 or about 8390 new infections), Zambia (3.6 which is about 52  076 new infections), Mozambique (2.9 or 72  594 new infections) and Zimbabwe (2.5 or 34  207 new infections). These seven countries, together with nine others with incidence rate higher than 1 per 1000 uninfected population (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Sudan and Uganda) require special focus. Special focus should also be given to the large population countries even if their incidence rates are low as the absolute number of cases they add to the regional pool tends to be large. In 2016 for instance, Tanzania, with a total population of 55 million people and an incidence rate of 1 per 1000 uninfected population, added about 55 000 new HIV cases, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with a population of 80 million and an incidence rate of 0.3 per 1000 uninfected population, added about 30 000 new cases. 43 Figure 68 HIV prevalence rate (%) among individuals 15–49 years in the African Region Figure 69 HIV prevalence rate among individuals 15–49 years, by year in the African Region Figure 70 HIV prevalence rate (%) among adults 15–49 years in the African Region Figure 71 HIV prevalence rate among adults 15-49 years by WHO region Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 2010–2016 Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Data source: WHO 2016 HIV prevalence WHO estimates suggest that the HIV prevalence rate among individuals aged 15-49 years in the Region is no longer falling and has stagnated at around 4%. The prevalence rate is also much higher when compared to the 0.1–0.5% prevalence rates in other WHO regions. Given that the incidence of HIV in the Region has gone down quite substantially, the stagnation in the prevalence of HIV rate can largely be attributed to the good performance of the ART programme, as patients on life- long antiretroviral treatment survive longer than would be expected without ART. However, the need to further strengthen and sustain efforts for prevention and control of HIV has never been greater. In 2016, an estimated 25.6 million people were living with HIV in the African Region [CI: 22.9– 26.6 million]. The recent trend in the rate of new HIV infections in the Region means that over one million new HIV cases are added annually to the pool of surviving HIV patients. With the reduced HIV-related deaths resulting from improvement in the performance of the ART program, the number of people living with HIV can only go upwards and could reach unprecedented levels. Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 72 Percent of HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment in the African Region Figure 73 The trend in absolute number and percent of HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment Data source: WHO 2016
44 Data source: WHO Antiretroviral treatment for HIV Estimates by WHO suggest that the progress and performance of the ART programme in the African Region is good and improving steadily. The absolute number of HIV patients receiving ART increased steadily during the past 10 years. By 2016, an estimated 13.8 million HIV patients were receiving ART, up from an estimate of 2.1 million in 2007. However, the proportion of HIV patients receiving ART is not consistent with the steady increase in the absolute number of HIV patients on ART. After initially increasing from 44% in 2007 to 57% in 2011, the proportion dropped quite drastically to 35% in 2014 before increasing to 47% in 2015. By 2016, over half of the HIV patients in the Region (54%) were receiving life-long antiretroviral treatment. The drop in the ART coverage during the period 2011–2014 could have been due to an increase of the denominator following a change in ART guidelines in 2010 that recommended early initiation of antiretroviral treatment, as opposed to the previous guidelines that recommended antiretroviral treatment only for subjects with advanced HIV disease. Much work remains, as the proportion of patients receiving ART in 2016 (54%) in the Region is well below the 90% target proposed in the 90-90-90 strategy for ending the HIV pandemic by 2030. There were large differences between countries in the proportion of HIV patients receiving ART. In 2016 for instance, Botswana had the highest percentage of HIV patients receiving ART (83%) followed by Rwanda (80%), Swaziland (79%), Algeria (76%) and Zimbabwe (75%). Special efforts are particularly needed in countries that consistently have very low ART coverage, such as Liberia, Madagascar and South Sudan. Prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) Antiretroviral treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women and a short course of antiretroviral drugs for babies soon after birth is one of the key strategies for reducing the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Other strategies include appropriate infection prevention practices during pregnancy, labour and delivery; appropriate breastfeeding practices; and measures to prevent HIV acquisition in the general population. WHO estimates that there were 1 300 900 million HIV positive pregnant women in the African Region in 2016 – a high number. The Inter-Agency Task Team for the Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission, which includes WHO, advises that all HIV positive pregnant and breastfeeding women should receive antiretroviral treatment, irrespective of clinical stage of disease or CD4 count. In the African Region however, PMTCT coverage, defined as the percentage of HIV infected pregnant women who received antiretroviral treatment for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, is not yet universal but the trend is towards a slow but steady increase in coverage. In 2016, about two thirds (68%) of HIV positive 45Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Table 19 HIV prevalence rate (%) among adults 15–49 years by country in the African Region 2010 2016 Rate of change (%) from 2010 baseline value Algeria 0.1 0.1 0.0 Angola 1.7 1.9 11.1 Benin 1.1 1 -9.5 Botswana 23 21.9 -4.9 Burkina Faso 1.1 0.8 -31.8 Burundi 1.5 1.1 -31.0 Cabo Verde 3.8 2.7 -34.2 Cameroon 0.8 0.8 0.0 Central African Republic 4.6 3.8 -19.1 Chad 4.8 4 -18.2 Comoros 1.6 1.3 -20.8 Congo 0.1 0.1 0.0 Côte d’Ivoire 3 3.1 3.3 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.2 0.7 -53.9 Equatorial Guinea 5.8 6.2 6.7 Eritrea 0.8 0.6 -28.8 Ethiopia 1.4 1.1 -24.1 Gabon 4.5 3.6 -22.3 Gambia 2.1 1.7 -21.1 Ghana 1.9 1.6 -17.2 Guinea 1.6 1.5 -6.5 Guinea-Bissau 4.4 3.1 -35.0 Kenya 6.1 5.4 -12.2 Lesotho 23.3 25 7.0 Liberia 1.9 1.6 -17.2 Madagascar 0.2 0.2 0.0 Malawi 10.9 9.2 -17.0 Mali 1.3 1 -26.2 Mauritania 0.7 0.5 -33.6 Mauritius Mozambique 14 12.3 -12.9 Namibia 14.2 13.8 -2.9 Niger 0.7 0.4 -56.0 Nigeria 3.4 2.9 -15.9 Rwanda 3.5 3.1 -12.1 Sao Tome and Principe Senegal 0.6 0.4 -40.5 Seychelles Sierra Leone 1.7 1.7 0.0 South Africa 18.3 18.9 3.2 Swaziland 3.2 2.7 -17.0 Togo 27.2 27.2 0.0 Uganda 2.9 2.1 -32.3 United Republic of Tanzania 7.4 6.5 -13.0 Zambia 5.6 4.7 -17.5 Zimbabwe 12.7 12.4 -2.4 Data source: WHO Table 20 Ten countries with the lowest percentage of HIV infected individuals on antiretroviral treatment in the African Region, 2016 ART coverage () Madagascar 5 South Sudan 10 Liberia 19 Angola 22 Congo 23 Mauritania 23 Central African Republic 24 Sierra Leone 26 Gambia 30 Nigeria 30 Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 74 Percentage of HIV infected individuals receiving antiretroviral treatment in the African Region Data source: WHO 2016 %BUB
TPVSDF
8)0
 Figure 75 PMTCT coverage (%) in the African Region, 2016 46 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 76 Trends in PMCT coverage (%) in the African Region Data source: WHO pregnant women in the Region were estimated to have received antiretroviral treatment for PMTCT, up from 50% in 2008. Intercountry differences in PMTCT coverage are quite pronounced. In 2016, PMTCT coverage was estimated to be near universal (95%) in six countries in the Region: Benin, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Uganda. In contrast, coverage was estimated to be lower than 50% in 10 countries, with the coverage particularly low in Madagascar (3%), Congo (16%) and South Sudan (29%). In comparison to the 2013 values, PMTCT coverage was estimated to have increased in all countries in the Region, with the exception of Congo, Ghana and Mozambique. Those countries registered a decline in PMTCT coverage, with the rate in Congo declining by up to 36% from 23% in 2013 to 16% in 2016; Ghana by 10% from 62% in 2013 to 56% in 2016; and Mozambique by 5% from 84% in 2013 to 80% in 2016. Figure 77 HIV mortality rate per 100 000 population in the African Region HIV mortality HIV mortality rate in the African Region remains high but the trend is towards a steady decline. The mortality rate per 100 000 population declined by an average annual rate of 13% from 139 in 2011 to 71 in 2016. Globally, the Region makes the biggest contribution to the total global HIV-related deaths. In 2015 for instance, an estimated 800,000 out of the 1.1 million global HIV-related deaths (72%) were from the WHO African Region. The Region accounted for up to three quarters (76%) of the global HIV-related deaths in 2016, with an estimated 721,100 out of the 949,600 global HIV-related deaths. HIV-related mortality in the African Region differs quite substantially by country. In 2016, Lesotho had the highest HIV-related mortality rate per 100 000 population (458.2) followed by Swaziland (299.0), Data source: WHO 2016 Mozambique (215.6) and South Africa (200). Algeria had the lowest rate per 100 000 population (0.5), followed by Madagascar (6.4), Senegal (12.1) and Comoros (12.3). The 2016 data were not available for three countries: Mauritius, Sao Tome and Principe, and Seychelles. There were big drops in the absolute number of HIV-related deaths in 29 of the 44 countries with data in 2016. For instance, the absolute number of HIV-related deaths dropped by up to 92% in Algeria, 81% in Uganda, 79% in Burundi, and 77% in the United Republic of Tanzania. The absolute number however increased in six countries: Angola (by 16%), Guinea (by 11%), Lesotho (by 15%), Mali (by 10%), Senegal (by 24%), and Sierra Leone (by 7%). The absolute number remained the same in Benin, Comoros, Eritrea, The Gambia, Mauritania and South Sudan. 47Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Table 21 PMTCT coverage (%) by country in the African Region, 2016 PMTCT 2005 2013 2016 Algeria 49.0 Angola 3.0 39.0 44.0 Benin 31.0 45.0 95.0 Botswana 49.0 95.0 95.0 Burkina Faso 10.0 62.0 83.0 Burundi 6.0 58.0 84.0 Cabo Verde 95.0 Cameroon 12.0 61.0 74.0 Central African Republic 9.0 33.0 81.0 Chad 1.0 19.0 63.0 Comoros Congo 29.0 23.0 16.0 Côte d’Ivoire 10.0 75.0 73.0 Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea 32.0 5.0 90.0 Eritrea 37.0 Ethiopia 5.0 55.0 69.0 Gabon 5.0 62.0 76.0 The Gambia 69.0 Ghana 7.0 62.0 56.0 Guinea 2.0 46.0 43.0 Guinea-Bissau Kenya 21.0 63.0 80.0 Lesotho 12.0 53.0 66.0 Liberia 5.0 69.0 70.0 Madagascar 3.0 Malawi 7.0 79.0 84.0 Mali 35.0 Mauritania 34.0 Mauritius Mozambique 9.0 84.0 80.0 Namibia 90.0 95.0 Niger 52.0 Nigeria 1.0 27.0 32.0 Rwanda 44.0 56.0 82.0 Sao Tome and Principe Senegal 55.0 Seychelles Sierra Leone 2.0 93.0 87.0 South Africa 26.0 90.0 95.0 Swaziland 50.0 95.0 95.0 Togo 13.0 75.0 86.0 Uganda 16.0 75.0 95.0 United Republic of Tanzania Zambia 18.0 76.0 83.0 Zimbabwe 12.0 78.0 93.0 Data source: WHO Figure 78 Trend in HIV mortality rate per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 79 HIV mortality rate per 100 000 population in the African Region Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO 2016 48 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 22 HIV-related mortality by country in the African Region HIV mortality rate per   population Number of HIV deaths  change in absolute number of HIV deaths     Algeria 3.5 0.5 500 200 -92 Angola 54 42.5 9,400 11,000 16 Benin 26 21.5 2,400 2,400 0 Botswana 286 169.2 5,800 3,900 -40 Burkina Faso 34 16.6 5,700 3,100 -61 Burundi 46 25.1 6,400 2,900 -79 Cabo Verde 196 121.2 27,000 29,000 7 Cameroon 9 18.9 200 100 -69 Central African Republic 234 146 9,500 7,300 -26 Chad 114 19.3 3,600 2,800 -25 Comoros – 12.3 100 100 0 Congo 121 80.1 3,700 3,800 3 Côte d’Ivoire 138 107.5 29,000 25,000 -15 Democratic Republic of the Congo 45 23.8 35,000 19,000 -61 Equatorial Guinea – 114.9 1,100 1,000 -10 Eritrea 15 18.6 1,000 1,000 0 Ethiopia 48 19.6 39,000 20,000 -67 Gabon 124 85 2,900 1,500 -66 The Gambia 24 53.5 1,100 1,100 0 Ghana 39 53.5 25,000 15,000 -51 Guinea 46 44.8 5,200 5,800 11 Guinea-Bissau 134 105.9 2,300 2,000 -14 Kenya 132 76.1 64,000 36,000 -58 Lesotho 778 458.2 8,500 9,900 15 Liberia 62 60.6 3,900 2,800 -33 Madagascar 24 6.4 1,400 1,600 13 Malawi 292 135.2 45,000 24,000 -63 Mali 36 33.6 5,500 6,100 10 Mauritania – 24 1,000 1,000 0 Mauritius 69 – – – – Mozambique 319 215.6 81,000 62,000 -27 Namibia 286 171 4,800 4,300 -11 Niger 16 16.4 4,000 3,400 -16 Nigeria 121 85.5 200,000 160,000 -22 Rwanda 39 27.7 5,600 3,300 -53 Sao Tome and Principe 122 – – – – Senegal 12 12.1 1,500 1,900 24 Seychelles – – – – – Sierra Leone 52 42.4 2,600 2,800 7 South Africa 370 200 210,000 110,000 -65 South Sudan 112 102 13,000 13,000 0 Swaziland 364 299 6,500 3,900 -51 Togo 97 68 7,600 5,100 -40 Uganda 168 69.4 63,000 28,000 -81 United Republic of Tanzania 159 59.8 71,000 33,000 -77 Zambia 186 125.6 29,000 21,000 -32 Zimbabwe 451 187.8 59,000 30,000 -68 Africa 122 71 1,103,800 721,100 -43 4PVSDF
8)0 49Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Figure 80 Number of people aged 15 years and above who received HIV counselling and testing per 1000 population in the African Region, 2014 Figure 81 Number of people aged 15 years and above who received HIV counselling and testing per 1000 population in the African Region, 2012 and 2014 HIV counselling and testing HIV counselling and testing (HCT) is the entry point for HIV treatment and care. It is one of the core objectives of the 90–90–90 strategy designed to bring the HIV epidemic under control. The aim of the 90-90-90 strategy is to have at least 90% of all people living with HIV know their HIV status; have at least 90% of all people diagnosed with HIV receive sustained life-long antiretroviral therapy; and have viral suppression in at least 90% of those receiving antiretroviral therapy. Data for HCT in the African Region are available only up to the year 2014, though missing those for Angola, Guinea, South Africa and Swaziland. In 2014, uptake of HCT in the African Region was only 116.1 per 1 000 population or 11.6% – this is way below the 90% target in the 90-90-90 strategy. The uptake in 2014 however represents a 20% improvement from 95.5 per 1 000 population in 2012. HCT uptake was poor in all the countries in the Region. The uptake per 1 000 population was better in Uganda (429), followed by Mozambique (395), Rwanda (356), Lesotho (354), and Zambia (305). Republic of Congo had the lowest uptake of HCT, with only 7 people receiving HCT per 1 000 population, followed by Mauritania (9 per 1 000 population), and Madagascar and Chad (19 per 1 000 population). Data source: WHO 2014 Data source: WHO 2012–2014 50 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 23 Number of people aged 15 years and above who received HIV counselling and testing per 1000 population by country in the African Region   Algeria 2 23 Angola 57 – Benin 56 64 Botswana 116 232 Burkina Faso 88 92 Burundi 127 190 Cabo Verde 91 138 Cameroon 54 65 Central African Republic 41 51 Chad 22 28 Comoros 27 19 Congo 11 53 Côte d’Ivoire 8 7 Democratic Republic of the Congo 15 41 Equatorial Guinea 44 36 Eritrea 204 159 Ethiopia 38 51 Gabon 29 65 The Gambia 55 48 Ghana 18 – Guinea 45 71 Guinea-Bissau 253 294 Kenya 239 354 Lesotho 93 – Liberia 20 19 Madagascar 178 205 Malawi 7.0 79.0 Mali 12 32 Mauritania 7 9 Mauritius 57 54 Mozambique – 395 Namibia 177 132 Niger 42 50 Nigeria 40 60 Rwanda 281 356 Sao Tome and Principe 114 132 Senegal 63 97 Seychelles 133 108 Sierra Leone 160 91 South Africa 223 25 South Sudan 15 16 Swaziland 285 1 Togo 76 429 Uganda – 305 United Republic of Tanzania 45 165 Zambia 270 – Zimbabwe 273 – %BUB
TPVSDF
8)0
 Figure 82 Rates of condom use among young people (15–24 years) with multiple partners by country in the African Region, 2010– 2014 Data source: WHO 2010–2014 Condom use among young people with multiple partners Rate of condom use among young people aged 15-24 years with multiple partners in the African Region is low and differs quite substantially from country to country and by sex. Figure 83 Estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population in the African Region, 2016 Figure 85 Estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population in the African Region, 2016 C abo Verde C omoros Mauritius S ao Tome and P rincipe S eychelles <25 25-99 100-199 200-299 ≥300 No Data Non AFR O 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 P er 1 00 0 po pu la tio n C entral African R epublic Burkina Faso C abo Verde Mauritania Namibia G uinea Malawi G abon C had Togo Mali Data source: WHO World malaria report 2017 Data source: WHO World malaria report 2017 51Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases 6.2 Malaria Malaria incidence rate The burden of malaria in the African Region remains very high but the trend is towards a steady decline. In 2016, there were an estimated 240 cases of malaria per 1000 population, which is about 194 million new cases of malaria. This represents a 22% reduction from 299 per 1000 population in 2010 (3.7% average annual rate of decline). The burden of malaria varies very widely between countries in the Region. In 2016, Mali had the highest estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population (460), followed by Burkina Faso (423), and Guinea (396). Countries with the lowest rates per 1000 population were South Africa (1.0), Cabo Verde (1.4), Comoros (1.8) and Swaziland (2.1) – most of the malaria cases in these countries may have been imported from elsewhere. There were no cases of malaria in Algeria during the period 2013–2016 Using predefined criteria, malaria incidence in 2015 was classified as very high (300 or more new cases per 1 000 population) in up to 10 countries: Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Guinea, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone and Togo. The incidence rate was classified as high (200–299 per 1 000 population) in seven countries: Angola, DRC, Central African Republic, Togo, Cote d’Ivoire, Niger and Mali. Special focus of malaria control activities in these 19 countries would have the potential to substantially reduce the burden of malaria in the Region. Figure 84 Trend in estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population in the African Region 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 P er 1 00 0 po pu la tio n 299 279 263 254 248 242 240 Data source: WHO World Malaria Report 2017) Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 86 Estimated change in malaria incidence rate per 1000 population in the African Region Figure 87 Estimated number of malaria cases per 1000 population by WHO region, 2016 Figure 88 Malaria incidence rate per 1000 population by country in the African Region, 2016 Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros 0 50 100 150 200 250 Global Americas Europe Western Pacific Eastern Mediterranean South-East Asia Africa 245 18 19 3 0 10 94 Data source: WHO World Malaria Report 2017
52 Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO World Malaria Report 2017 53Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Malaria mortality Malaria mortality rate in the Region remains high but is reducing. In 2016, there were 50 malaria deaths per 100 000 population. This represents an improvement from that in 2010 (72 per 100 000 population). However, the absolute number of malaria deaths is still high. In 2016 for instance, there were up to 405,880 malaria deaths in the African Region. In 2016, Mali had the highest malaria mortality rate in the region (121) followed by Burkina Faso (114) and Sierra Leone (94). There were no malaria deaths in Swaziland, Sao Tome and Principe and Algeria and this is possibly because the incidence of malaria in these countries is low. Generally, there is a linear relationship between the malaria incidence rate and the malaria mortality rate Figure 89 Estimated number of malaria-related deaths per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 90 Number of malaria-related deaths per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 91 Number of malaria-related deaths per 100 000 population by WHO region Data source: WHO 2010-2016) Data source: WHO Data source: WHO
 54 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 24 Malaria mortality rate per 100 000 population by country in the African Region    Algeria 0 0 0 Angola 64 101 41.5 Benin 104 80 55.2 Botswana 0.9 0.1 1.3 Burkina Faso 191 103 114.2 Burundi 12 32 47.5 Cabo Verde 79 55 39.9 Cameroon 0.1 0 14.3 Central African Republic 169 115 87.1 Chad 172 137 58.3 Comoros 36 68 1.7 Congo 93 104 39.0 Côte d’Ivoire 116 71 29.5 Democratic Republic of the Congo 119 105 78.0 Equatorial Guinea 79 69 65.5 Eritrea 5.4 3.1 4.0 Ethiopia 4 16 10.3 Gabon 39 67 25.3 The Gambia 83 84 29.4 Ghana 52 67 45.7 Guinea 144 105 74.4 Guinea-Bissau 108 96 33.0 Kenya 5.1 28 26.1 Lesotho – – – Liberia 86 69 41.2 Madagascar 16 27 17.1 Malawi 51 63 38.7 Mali 138 88 121.1 Mauritania 22 50 33.9 Mauritius – – – Mozambique 125 71 49.8 Namibia 0.6 0.1 7.7 Niger 100 111 86.1 Nigeria 131 107 61.4 Rwanda 4.2 33 33.6 Sao Tome and Principe 29 43 0 Senegal 44 58 26.0 Seychelles – – – Sierra Leone 177 109 94.6 South Africa 0.2 0.2 2.6 South Sudan – 55 49.1 Swaziland 0.1 0.2 0 Togo 63 83 52.6 Uganda 52 55 29.1 United Republic of Tanzania 34 44 39.7 Zambia 67 78 42.2 Zimbabwe 62 8.7 19.6 Data source: WHO 55Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Use of insecticide treated nets 1 WHO currently recommends four classes of insecticide for indoor residual spraying (pyrethroids, organochlorines, carbamates and organophosphates) and one for insecticide-treated nets (pyrethroids). The increasing trend in resistance to one or more insecticides classes constitutes a major threat to the effectiveness of current malaria control efforts. Insecticide treated nets (ITN) are the main malaria vector control strategy in the African Region. However, data on coverage of ITN are scarce. No usage data could be obtained in countries with very low malaria incidence rate, namely: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde and South Africa. Data on ITN use as well as on malaria incidence and mortality rate could not be found either for Lesotho, Mauritius and Seychelles. For the other countries, data from the most recent national household surveys are used. These span the period 2007–2016; most data is old and may not represent the current situation of ITN use. The data suggest that ITN use among children <5 years is low in most countries. Percentage of children <5 years that slept under an ITN was particularly low in Swaziland (2.0%), Mauritania (3.4%), Namibia (5.6%) and Zimbabwe (9%). The low coverage of ITN among children in these countries could be due to the low perception of risk of malaria resulting from the low incidence of malaria (0.2 – 88 per 1 000 population). Surprisingly, ITN use among children <5 years is worryingly low in countries where the incidence of malaria is high (≥200 cases per 1 000 population). Only Niger, with an incidence rate of 226 per 1000 population, had a near universal ITN coverage among children <5 years (95.5% in 2015). Burundi, with the highest malaria incidence rate in the Region (753 cases per 1000 population), had only 54% of its children sleeping under an ITN, while Mozambique, with a malaria incidence rate of 509 per 1000 population, had only 36% of its children sleeping under an ITN and Zambia, with a rate of 501 per 1000 population, only 40.6%. It is important to note that calculation of ITN use assumes that malaria is endemic throughout a country, which is not the case. Geographic patterns of malaria occurrence implies that interventions vary by levels of malaria transmission in many countries. In Kenya for instance, ITN distribution and use of intermittent presumptive treatment by pregnant women is not a major priority in low malaria endemic areas. Malaria resistance There is resistance to at least one of the four WHO- recommended insecticides1 and the resistance in the Region is increasing. For instance, Nigeria and Ghana that reported resistance to three of the four WHO- recommended insecticides in 2010 reported resistance to all the insecticides in 2015. Similarly, United Republic of Tanzania in 2010 reported resistance to only one insecticide but in 2015, it reported resistance to all the insecticides. Democratic Republic of Congo and Mozambique reported resistance to 2 insecticides in 2010 but in 2015, they reported resistance to three insecticides. Resistance disappeared only in Ethiopia and reduced from two to one in Madagascar. Figure 92 Percent of children <5 years who slept under an insecticide treated net in the African Region, 2007–2016 Data source: WHO most recent surveys Figure 93 Number of insecticide classes to which resistance reported by year in the African Region D at a so ur ce : W H O 56 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 25 Malaria incidence rate and ITN use among children <5 year Malaria inci- dence rate () () ITN use among children < years () ( – ) Algeria – – Angola 12 26 Benin 29.7 72.7 Botswana 0.2 – Burkina Faso 42.3 75.3 Burundi 15.6 54 Cabo Verde 0.1 – Cameroon 27.1 54.8 Central African Republic 31.1 36 Chad 16.7 36.4 Comoros 0.1 41 Congo 20.4 60.5 Côte d’Ivoire 22.3 37 Democratic Republic of the Congo 29.1 55.8 Equatorial Guinea 23.8 23 Eritrea 1.7 20 Ethiopia 5.3 30 Gabon 20.6 39 The Gambia 12.9 46.9 Ghana 28.5 46.6 Guinea 39.6 26 Guinea-Bissau 7.3 80.6 Kenya 8.5 56.1 Lesotho – – Liberia 23.7 38.1 Madagascar 6.4 73.4 Malawi 24.9 42.7 Mali 45.9 71.2 Mauritania 8.8 3.4 Mauritius – – Mozambique 30.7 36 Namibia 2.9 5.6 Niger 37.8 95.5 Nigeria 34.9 43.6 Rwanda 39.6 67.7 Sao Tome and Principe 1.1 61.1 Senegal 4.9 55.4 Seychelles – – Sierra Leone 30.3 49 South Africa 0.1 – South Sudan 15.9 25 Swaziland 0.2 2 Togo 14.4 54.4 Uganda 36 42.8 United Republic of Tanzania 18.7 74.3 Zambia 18.9 40.6 Zimbabwe 7.7 9 Data source: WHO Table 26 Percentage of children <5 years who slept under an ITN during the period 2007 - 2016 Year Children aged < years () Algeria Angola 2007-2013 26 Benin 2014 72.7 Botswana Burkina Faso 2014 75.3 Burundi 2007-2013 54 Cabo Verde Cameroon 2014 54.8 Central African Republic 2007-2013 36 Chad 2014-2015 36.4 Comoros 2007-2013 41 Congo 2014-2015 60.5 Côte d’Ivoire 2007-2013 37 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2013-2014 55.8 Equatorial Guinea 2007-2013 23 Eritrea 2007-2013 20 Ethiopia 2007-2013 30 Gabon 2007-2013 39 The Gambia 2013 46.9 Ghana 2014 46.6 Guinea 2007-2013 26 Guinea-Bissau 2014 80.6 Kenya 2015 56.1 Lesotho Liberia 2013 38.1 Madagascar 2016 73.4 Malawi 2015-2016 42.7 Mali 2015 71.2 Mauritania 2015 3.4 Mauritius Mozambique 2007-2013 36 Namibia 2013 5.6 Niger 2015 95.5 Nigeria 2015 43.6 Rwanda 2014-2015 67.7 Sao Tome and Principe 2014 61.1 Senegal 2015 55.4 Seychelles Sierra Leone 2013 49 South Africa South Sudan 2007-2013 25 Swaziland 2007-2013 2 Togo 2013-2014 42.8 Uganda 2014-2015 74.3 United Republic of Tanzania 2015-2016 54.4 Zambia 2013-2014 40.6 Zimbabwe 2015 9 Data source: WHO, most recent survey in each country 57Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases 6.3 Tuberculosis Tuberculosis incidence rate Tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate refers to the estimated number of new and relapse cases of all forms of TB arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100 000 or 1000 population. Direct measurement of TB incidence at the national level is generally difficult and costly, as it would require long-term studies among large cohorts of people. In countries where the TB surveillance system is very good, TB notification, defined as the number of new and relapse cases of TB that are reported to the national TB control programme, gives a very good proxy indication of TB incidence. But the TB surveillance system in most developing countries has significant gaps and weaknesses, with a low ability to detect TB. In 2014 for instance, TB case detection rate (CDR) – defined as the ratio of the number of notified TB cases to the estimated number of incident TB cases in a given year – in the African Region ranged from as low as 15% in Nigeria to 88% in Equatorial Guinea. Only 8 countries in the Region have achieved a TB case detection rate greater than 70%, the target set by the global TB control programme: Equatorial Guinea (88% CDR), Sao Tome and Principe (87% CDR), Rwanda (81% CDR), Kenya (80% CDR), The Gambia (76% CDR), Gabon (75% CDR), Algeria (74% CDR) and Uganda (72% CDR). Two countries, Botswana and South Africa, came close to achieving the target, with a CDR of 70%. Given these important limitations, statistical methods are used to provide the best estimate of TB incidence. WHO estimates show that TB incidence rate in the Region is still high, but the trend during the period 2010–2016 is towards a steady decline in the incidence rate, with a rate per 100 000 population dropping by 24% from 322 in 2010 to 254 in 2016 (average annual rate of decline 4%). However, the number of incident TB cases remained largely the same during the same period, with 2.67 million in 2010 and 2.59 million in 2016. Intercountry differences are quite large, with up to 766 points difference between the top and bottom countries. In 2016, the incidence rate per 100 000 population was estimated to be 300 or more in 16 countries, including all the countries in the Southern part of Africa except Malawi and Zimbabwe. The estimates show that in 2016, South Africa had the highest TB incidence rate per 100 000 population in the Region (781) followed by Lesotho (724), Swaziland (551) and Gabon (485). The rate was lowest in the small island nations of Seychelles (15), Mauritius (22), and Comoros (35). When the absolute number is considered, South Africa had the biggest estimated number of incident cases of TB in 2016 (438,000), followed by Nigeria (407,000), Democratic Republic of Congo (254,000) and Ethiopia (182,000). The smallest numbers were in the small island nations of Seychelles (14), Sao Tome and Principe (200), Comoros (280) and Mauritius (280). Figure 94 Trend in the number of new TB infections per 1000 population in the African Region Figure 95 Number of new TB cases per 1000 population in the African Region, 2015 Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 2016 58 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 96 Number of new TB infections per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2016 Figure 97 TB case detection rate (%) for all forms of TB in the African Region, 2010 and 2014 Figure 98 Number of new TB infections per 1000 population by WHO region, 2016 Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO 2014 Data source: WHO 2016 59Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Table 27 Tuberculosis case detection rate (%) by country in the African Region   Algeria   Angola   Benin   Botswana   Burkina Faso   Burundi   Cabo Verde   Cameroon   Central African Republic   Chad   Comoros –  Congo   Côte d’Ivoire   Democratic Republic of the Congo   Equatorial Guinea   Eritrea   Ethiopia   Gabon   The Gambia   Ghana   Guinea   Guinea-Bissau   Kenya   Lesotho   Liberia   Madagascar   Malawi   Mali   Mauritania   Mauritius   Mozambique   Namibia   Niger   Nigeria   Rwanda   Sao Tome and Principe   Senegal   Seychelles   Sierra Leone   South Africa   South Sudan Swaziland   Togo   Uganda   United Republic of Tanzania   Zambia   Zimbabwe   Data source: WHO 2014 Table 28 Number of incident TB cases by country TB Incidence rate per 100 000 population Number of incident TB cases    Algeria     Angola     Benin     Botswana     Burkina Faso     Burundi     Cabo Verde     Cameroon    Central African Republic     Chad     Comoros    Congo     Côte d’Ivoire     Democratic Republic of the Congo     Equatorial Guinea     Eritrea     Ethiopia     Gabon     The Gambia     Ghana     Guinea     Guinea-Bissau     Kenya     Lesotho     Liberia     Madagascar     Malawi     Mali     Mauritania     Mauritius    Mozambique     Namibia     Niger     Nigeria     Rwanda     Sao Tome and Principe    Senegal     Seychelles .   Sierra Leone     South Africa     South Sudan     Swaziland     Togo     Uganda     United Republic of Tanzania     Zambia     Zimbabwe     Africa   2 590 000 Data source: WHO 60 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 TB prevalence rate TB prevalence refers to the number of cases of TB (all forms) in a population at a given point in time (sometimes referred to as “point prevalence”). It is expressed as the number of cases per 100 000 population. Estimates of TB prevalence are based on a consultative and analytical process led by WHO and are published annually. WHO estimates of TB prevalence in the African Region are available up to the year 2014. Estimates for the period 2011 – 2014 show that TB prevalence rate in the African Region continued its steady decline: the prevalence rate per 100 000 population was 345 in 2011, 340 in 2012, 333 in 2013 and 330 in 2014. If the pace of decline during the period 2011 – 2014 remains constant, TB prevalence rate in the Region in 2017 is around 315 per 100 000 population. Intercountry differences in TB prevalence are very large. In 2014 for instance, there was more than 20-fold difference between the country with the highest and that with the lowest TB prevalence. South Africa had the highest prevalence of TB per 100 000 population (696), followed by Lesotho (671), Namibia (627), Gabon (615) and Swaziland (605). The prevalence was lowest in Seychelles (33), followed by Mauritius (35), Comoros (60), Togo (81), Burkina Faso (81) and Rwanda (85). During the period 2011 – 2014, TB prevalence decreased in 36 countries, with the biggest decrease in Namibia (by 28.9%), followed by United Republic of Tanzania (21.7%), Eritrea (20.5%), Swaziland (20.3%) and Rwanda (18.2%). Guinea and Cabo Verde had the smallest declines (0.8%), followed by The Gambia and Gabon (1.6%), Comoros (1.7%), Mali (2.2%) and South Africa and Madagascar (2.4%). TB prevalence remained the same in Malawi and increased in 10 countries: Seychelles (by 40.5%), South Sudan (17.4%), Equatorial Guinea (16.3%), Liberia (12.1%), Mozambique (6.7%), Democratic Republic of Congo (3.8%), Chad (2.9%), Nigeria (2.8%), Senegal (2.5%), and Republic of Congo (2%). The big increase in Seychelles is due to small numbers. Figure 99 Number of TB cases per 100 000 population per year in the African Region Figure 100 Trend in the number of TB cases per 100 000 population in the African Region Data source: WHO 2014 Data source: WHO 61Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Table 29 TB prevalence rate per 100 000 population per year and by country in the African Region, 2010–2014       change from  value  change from  value Algeria      -. -. Angola      -. -. Benin      -. -. Botswana      -. -. Burkina Faso      -. -. Burundi      -. -. Cabo Verde      -. -. Cameroon      -. -. Central African Republic      -. -. Chad      . . Comoros      . -. Congo      . . Côte d’Ivoire      -. -. Democratic Republic of the Congo      . . Equatorial Guinea      . . Eritrea      -. -. Ethiopia      -. -. Gabon      -. -. The Gambia      -. -. Ghana      -. -. Guinea      -. -. Guinea-Bissau      -. -. Kenya      -. -. Lesotho      -. -. Liberia      . . Madagascar      -. -. Malawi      . . Mali      . -. Mauritania      -. -. Mauritius      -. -. Mozambique      . . Namibia      -. -. Niger      -. -. Nigeria      . . Rwanda      -. -. Sao Tome and Principe      -. -. Senegal      . . Seychelles      . . Sierra Leone      -. -. South Africa      -. -. South Sudan 268 257 286 319 17.4 17.4 Swaziland      -. -. Togo      -. -. Uganda      -. -. United Republic of Tanzania      -. -. Zambia      . -. Zimbabwe      -. -. Africa      -. -. Data source: WHO 62 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 TB treatment success rate Successful treatment of infectious cases of TB is essential to prevent the spread of the infection. TB treatment success rate refers to the percentage of new smear-positive TB cases registered under directly observed TB treatment strategy (DOTS) in a given year that successfully completed treatment, whether with bacteriologic evidence of success (“cured”) or without (“treatment completed”). The data suggest that the TB treatment success rate in the Region is high and increasing but there are substantial inter-country differences. In 2015 for instance, the treatment success rate in the Region was 83% (range: 43 – 92%), with the rate at least 70% in all countries except Gabon (50%) and Equatorial Guinea (43%). During the period 2010 – 2015 TB treatment success rate increased by about 13% from 73% in 2010 to 83% in 2015. If the average annual rate of increase during the period 2010 – 2015 is sustained, the treatment success rate in the Region will be close to 100% by 2020. Figure 101 Percent of new TB cases successfully treated in the African Region Figure 103 Percent of TB cases successfully treated in the African Region, 2010 and 2015 Figure 104 Percent of TB cases successfully treated by WHO region, 2015 Data source: WHO 2015 Figure 102 Trend in the percent of new TB cases successfully treated in the African Region (Data source: WHO) Data source: WHO Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 2015 63Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Table 30 Percentage of TB cases successfully treated in the African Region    Rate of change  -  () Algeria    . Angola   - - Benin    -. Botswana    . Burkina Faso    . Burundi    . Cabo Verde –   - Cameroon    . Central African Republic    . Chad    . Comoros  –  . Congo    -. Côte d’Ivoire    . Democratic Republic of the Congo    . Equatorial Guinea    -. Eritrea    . Ethiopia    . Gabon    -. The Gambia    -. Ghana    . Guinea    . Guinea-Bissau    . Kenya    . Lesotho    . Liberia    -. Madagascar    -. Malawi    . Mali    . Mauritania    -. Mauritius    . Mozambique    . Namibia    . Niger    -. Nigeria    . Rwanda    . Sao Tome and Principe    -. Senegal    . Seychelles    . Sierra Leone    . South Africa    . South Sudan 72 71 80 10.5 Swaziland    -. Togo    . Uganda    -. United Republic of Tanzania    . Zambia    . Zimbabwe –   – Data source: WHO 64 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 TB mortality rate TB mortality rate in the WHO African Region is low and continues to decline, albeit slowly. During the period 2000 – 2010, TB mortality rate in the Region declined fairly steadily by about 2.8% annually from 62 per 100 000 population in 2000 to 47 per 100 000 population in 2010. The mortality rate continued to decline by an annual rate of 2.3% during the period 2010 – 2016, with the rate declining to 41 per 100 000 population in 2016. TB mortality rate differed quite substantially by country. In 2016 for instance, there was up to 76-point difference between the countries with the highest and the lowest TB mortality rates. Gabon and Guinea Bissau had the highest mortality rate per 100 000 population (76) followed by Mozambique (75) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (67). The lowest TB mortality rate was the Seychelles (0.4) followed by Mauritius (1.6) and Rwanda (1.7). During the period 2010 – 2016, the TB mortality rate increased in 15 countries including Kenya (by 120%), Equatorial Guinea (by 75%), Mauritius (by 48%) and Congo (by 38%). The rate declined in 27 countries, with the biggest declines in Rwanda (by 156%), Sao Tome and Principe (by 103%) and Togo (by 98%). Compared to the other WHO Regions, The WHO African Region has the highest TB mortality rate. In 2016 for instance, the TB mortality rate in the WHO African Region was 24 times higher than the rate in the Americas and 15 times higher than the rate in Europe. Figure 105 TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2016 people per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 107 Number of TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 108 Number of TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population by WHO region, 2016 Data source: WHO 2016 Figure 106 Trend in number of TB deaths among HIV negative Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 2016Data source: WHO 2010 and 2016 65Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Table 31 Number of TB deaths among HIV negative people per 100 000 population per year in the African Region    Rate of change () Algeria . . . -. Angola    . Benin  . . -. Botswana    - Burkina Faso   . -. Burundi    -. Cabo Verde . . . - Cameroon    -. Central African Republic    -. Chad    . Comoros . . . -. Congo     Côte d’Ivoire    -. Democratic Republic of the Congo    . Equatorial Guinea . .  . Eritrea    -. Ethiopia    -. Gabon    -. The Gambia    -. Ghana    - Guinea    -. Guinea-Bissau    . Kenya    . Lesotho    -. Liberia    . Madagascar     Malawi    . Mali  . . -. Mauritania    -. Mauritius . . .  Mozambique    . Namibia    -. Niger    -. Nigeria    -. Rwanda . . . -. Sao Tome and Principe  . . -. Senegal    . Seychelles   .  Sierra Leone    . South Africa    -. South Sudan 28 24 - Swaziland   - - Togo  . . -. Uganda    . United Republic of Tanzania    -. Zambia    . Zimbabwe   . -. Data source: WHO 66 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 32 Number of TB deaths among HIV-negative people per 100 000 population by WHO region African Region Region of the Americas Eastern Mediterranean Region European Region South-East Asian Region Western Pacific Region Global   .  .      .  .      .  .      .  .      .  .  .    .    .    .    .    .  .  .    .  .  .    .  .  .    .  .      .    .      .  .    .    .    .  .  .    .  .  .  Data source: WHO 6.4 TB/HIV HIV remains a key driver of TB in the Region, with 34% of TB patients testing positive for HIV in 2016 (range: 0.7 – 100). However, HIV testing among TB patients is not as universal as would be expected, but the rate has increased quite steadily over the years. For instance, the proportion of TB patients tested for HIV was 60% in 2010, 69% in 2011, 74% in 2012, 78% in 2013, 79% in 2014 and 81% in 2015. HIV testing among TB patients was universal or near-universal in 16 countries in 2015: 100% in Benin, Cabo Verde, Eritrea, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Swaziland, Togo and Uganda; 99% in Mozambique; 98% in Namibia; and 97% in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Mauritius, Sierra Leone and South Africa. Figure 109 Percentage of TB patients who tested positive for HIV in the African Region, 2010 and 2016 Data source: WHO 67Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Figure 110 Trend in TB/HIV co-infection in the African Region Figure 111 Percent of TB patients who were tested for HIV in the African Region Figure 112 Percentage of TB patients who tested positive for HIV in the African Region Figure 113 Percent of HIV positive TB patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in the African Region Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 2015 68 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 33 Trend in the percentage of TB patients tested for HIV by country in the African Region       Algeria Angola .      Benin       Botswana       Burkina Faso       Burundi       Cabo Verde –      Cameroon       Central African Republic       Chad       Comoros .  . . – Congo       Côte d’Ivoire       Democratic Republic of the Congo       Equatorial Guinea   – –   Eritrea – –     Ethiopia       Gabon       The Gambia       Ghana       Guinea       Guinea-Bissau       Kenya       Lesotho       Liberia       Madagascar       Malawi       Mali       Mauritania  . – – – – Mauritius       Mozambique       Namibia       Niger       Nigeria       Rwanda       Sao Tome and Principe       Senegal       Seychelles       Sierra Leone       South Africa       South Sudan –      Swaziland 86 92 100 91 97 100 Togo       Uganda       United Republic of Tanzania       Zambia       Zimbabwe       Africa       Data source: WHO 2015 69Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Table 34 Percent of TB patients who tested positive for HIV by country in the African Region        Algeria – – – – – – – Angola   .     Benin     –   Botswana        Burkina Faso      . . Burundi        Cabo Verde        Cameroon –   . .  . Central African Republic        Chad        Comoros        Congo –  .   –  Côte d’Ivoire        Democratic Republic of the Congo        Equatorial Guinea       Eritrea – – . . . .  Ethiopia  .   . . . Gabon        The Gambia  –      Ghana        Guinea        Guinea-Bissau        Kenya        Lesotho        Liberia        Madagascar . . . . . . . Malawi        Mali   .     Mauritania   – – – – – Mauritius . .      Mozambique        Namibia        Niger . . .  . .  Nigeria        Rwanda        Sao Tome and Principe        Senegal .  . . . . . Seychelles .   . . – . Sierra Leone  .      South Africa        South Sudan – 12 11 15 13 12 12 Swaziland        Togo        Uganda        United Republic of Tanzania        Zambia        Zimbabwe        Africa        Data source: WHO 2015 70 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 6.5 Hepatitis Coverage of hepatitis vaccination corresponds with coverage of penta vaccine i.e. penta vaccine includes the vaccine for hepatitis B. Figure 114 Percentage of infants who received up to three doses of hepatitis B vaccine in the African Region Figure 115 Trend in the percentage of infants who received up to three doses of hepatitis B vaccine in the African Region Figure 116 Prevalence of hepatitis B infection by WHO region, 2015 Data source: WHO 2016 Data source: WHO 2015 Data source: WHO 2016 Cape Verde Comoros Mauritius Sao Tome and Principe Seychelles < 50 50-79.9 80-89.9 • 90 No data Non AFRO 71Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases 6.6 Neglected tropical diseases Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of communicable diseases mainly found in the tropical regions of the world. They mostly affect populations living in poverty, without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and their reservoirs. During their 10th meeting held in March 2017 at WHO Headquarters in Geneva, the Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases increased the number of NTDs to 20, with Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses, scabies and other ectoparasites, and snakebite envenoming as the new additions. In the African Region, lack of reliable data remains a major challenge to assessing the burden of NTDs and progress and performance of interventions against them. This hampers regional level prioritisation of country interventions. Indeed, many countries in the Region are grappling with a heavy burden of reporting, but the renewed interest and investments in NTDs require national level prioritization on NTD reporting. This might include creation of programmes for NTDs in countries and simplification of the reporting forms. Countries should also be encouraged to report even if values are zero. Available data suggest that while some NTDs are fairly common, others are rare (but these could be underreported in a number of countries). Some NTDs are more common in some countries than in others. Cases of rabies are rare in the Region, with 67 cases reported in 2014. The 2016 data for trypanosomiasis (Gambiense and Rhodesiense) was available for only 24 countries in the Region, with 2184 cases reported overall. The Democratic Republic of the Congo accounted for 81% of the reported cases of trypanosomiasis. Data on Leishmaniasis (visceral and cutaneous) were available for only five countries in 2015: Algeria (7561 cases), Ethiopia (2291 cases), Kenya (1054 cases), South Sudan (2840 cases) and Uganda (34  cases). The 2016 leishmaniasis data are as follows: Ethiopia (1915), Kenya (721) and South Sudan (4175). Cases of leprosy were fairly common and 2016 data were available for 33 countries. The Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the biggest number of leprosy cases registered at the end of 2016 (4237), followed by Ethiopia (3970), Nigeria (2892), United Republic of Tanzania (2256) and Madagascar (1487). Data for yaws totalling 21 055 cases in 2013 was available for only three countries: Ghana (18  702 cases), Côte d’Ivoire (2256 cases) and Cameroon (97 cases). Table 35 Global list of neglected tropical diseases . Dengue and Chikungunya . Rabies . Trachoma . Leprosy . Human African Trypanosomiasis . Leishmaniasis . Taeniasis/Neurocysticercosis . Dracunculiasis . Echinococcosis . Scabies . Foodborne trematodiases . Lymphatic filariasis . Onchocerciasis (River blindness) . Schistosomiasis . Soil transmitted helminthiasis . Buruli ulcer . Chagas disease . Yaws . Mycetoma, Chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses . Snakebite envenoming Data source: WHO 2017 Data for preventive treatment of some of the NTDs were available for some countries. These showed that coverage of preventive treatment of at-risk populations varied from country to country and by disease. In countries that had data, coverage of preventive treatment for trachoma and schistosomiasis was generally lower compared to lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and soil-transmitted helminths. In 2016, Burkina Faso had the highest coverage of preventive treatment for trachoma, with all the at-risk population receiving preventive antibiotics for trachoma, followed by Guinea Bissau (88%), Malawi (78.9%), Uganda (72.8%), and Ethiopia (63.6%). None of the at- risk populations in Burundi and Mauritania received antibiotic treatment for trachoma in 2016. Coverage of preventive treatment for lymphatic filariasis in 2016 ranged from as low as 0.9% in Angola to as high as 92.1% in Zambia, with a median of 70% and mean of 59.3%. Angola also had the lowest coverage of preventive treatment for onchocerciasis (2.2%). Uganda had a near universal coverage of preventive treatment for onchocerciasis (96.6%), followed by Cote d’Ivoire (95.4%), and Burkina Faso (95.0%). 72 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 36 Burden of NTDs and coverage of interventions for preventions of selected NTDs Reported number of cased Buruli ulcer Trypanosomiasis Leishmaniasis Leprosy Rabies Yaws       Algeria – –  – – – Angola –  – – – – Benin   –  – – Botswana – – – – – – Burkina Faso –  –  – – Burundi – – – – – – Cabo Verde – – – – – – Cameroon   –  –  Central African Republic –  – – – – Chad –  – – – – Comoros – – –  – – Congo –  –  – – Côte d’Ivoire   –  –  Democratic Republic of the Congo   –  – – Equatorial Guinea –  –  – – Eritrea – – –  – – Ethiopia – –   – – Gabon   –  – – The Gambia – – –  – – Ghana   –  –   Guinea –  –  – – Guinea-Bissau – – – –  – Kenya –   – – – Lesotho – – –  – – Liberia – – – – – – Madagascar – – –   – Malawi –  – – – – Mali –  –  – – Mauritania – – –  – – Mauritius – – – –  – Mozambique – – –  – – Namibia – – – – – – Niger –  –  – – Nigeria   –  – – Rwanda – – –  – – Sao Tome and Principe – – – – – – Senegal – – –   Seychelles – – – –  – Sierra Leone – – – – – South Africa – – –   – South Sudan – 45 2840 – – – Swaziland – – – – – – Togo   –  – – Uganda –     – United Republic of Tanzania –  –   – Zambia –  – – – – Zimbabwe –  – –  – Africa          1 Trapanosoma Gambiense and Rhodesiense combined; 2Cutenous and visceral leishmaniasis combined; 3Coverage among school-age children
Data source: WHO 2015 73Chapter 6 – Communicable diseases Percentage of at risk populations that received preventive treatment Lymphatic filarialsis Oncocerciasis Schistosomiasis Soil transmitted heliminths Trachoma      – – – – – Algeria . . . . – Angola . . . . . Benin – – – – – Botswana . . . . . Burkina Faso – – . . . Burundi – – – . – Cabo Verde . . . . . Cameroon . . . . . Central African Republic . . – . . Chad – – – – – Comoros . . . . – Congo . . . . . Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo – – – – – Equatorial Guinea – – – – . Eritrea . . . . . Ethiopia – – . . – Gabon – – – – – The Gambia . . . . – Ghana . . . . . Guinea – – – . Guinea-Bissau . – . . . Kenya – – – – – Lesotho . . . . – Liberia . – . . – Madagascar – . . . . Malawi . . . . . Mali – – – – . Mauritania – – – – – Mauritius . . . . Mozambique – – – – – Namibia – – – – . Niger . . . . . Nigeria – – – . – Rwanda – – – – – Sao Tome and Principe . . . . . Senegal – – – – – Seychelles . . . . – Sierra Leone – – – . – South Africa – – 16.1 13.0 8.9 South Sudan – – . . – Swaziland – . . . – Togo . . . . . Uganda . . . . . United Republic of Tanzania . – . . . Zambia . – . . . Zimbabwe . . . . . Africa 74 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Chapter 7. Noncommunicable diseases SDG Target 3.4: By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, are the leading cause of mortality in the world, and their burden is growing both in the WHO African Region and globally. As mentioned under causes of death in chapter 3, ischaemic heart disease and stroke are the world’s biggest killers, accounting for a combined 15 million deaths globally in 2015. The trend in the WHO African Region suggests that it will not be long before Ischaemic heart disease and stroke overtake lower respiratory tract infections, HIV/AIDS and diarrhoeal diseases as the leading cause of death. In the year 2000, stroke and Ischaemic heart disease were ranked 8th and 9th leading causes of death, respectively, but in 2015, they were in the 4th and 5th position. When both stroke and ischaemic heart diseases are combined, they rank second among the leading causes of death in the Region. Most of the risk factors for NCDs are modifiable and include tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, overweight/obesity, raised blood pressure, raised blood sugar and raised cholesterol. Estimates by WHO however suggest that the prevalence of these modifiable risk factors in the WHO African Region has reached epidemic proportions and greater efforts are required to curb their rapid rise. Figure 117 The probability of dying between the ages 30 and 70 years from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic obstructive respiratory disease (%) in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015 Figure 118 Probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, or chronic respiratory (%) in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015 Figure 119 Probability of dying between ages 30 and 70 from cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory (%) by WHO region Data source: WHO 2015 75 C ape V erde C omoros Mauritius S ao T ome and P rincipe S eychelles 5-7.4 7.5-9.9 10-12.4 ≥ 12.5 No data Non AF R O auritius Sao To e and Principe SeychellesComorosabo er Figure 120 Percentage of adults ≥18 years with raised blood pressure in the African Region, 2014 Figure 121 Percentage of adults ≥18 years with raised blood pressure by sex in the African Region, 2014 7.1 Prevalence of raised blood pressure On average, close to 30% of adults 18+ years in the Region have raised blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHq or diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHq). In 2015, prevalence of raised blood pressure among adult males 18+ years ranged from 22.7% in Nigeria to 31.8% in Mauritania, with a median of 28.0%; and among adult females ranged from 20.2% in Seychelles to 35.8% in Niger with a median of 28.4%. Data source: WHO 2014 7.2 Prevalence of raised blood glucose About 5% of the population in the WHO African Region has raised blood glucose, defined as a fasting plasma glucose value ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dl) or on medication for raised blood glucose. In 2014, prevalence of raised blood glucose ranged from 2.6% in Burundi to Figure 122 Percentage of adults ≥18 years with raised fasting blood glucose in the African Region, 2014 Data source: WHO 2014 14.2% in Mauritius with a median of 5.0%. This is slightly higher than the prevalence in 2010 which ranged from 2.3% in Burundi to 13.1% in Mauritius with a median of 4.5%. Figure 123 Percentage of adults 18 years with raised fasting blood glucose in the African Region, 2014 Data source: WHO 2014 Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases Data source: WHO 2014 erde C omoros Mauritius S ao T ome and P rincipe S eychelles 20-24.9 25-29.9 30-34.9 No data Non AF R O ritius Sao Tome and Principe Seychell sComor sCabo Verde 76 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 37 Prevalence of raised blood pressure among adults 18 years or older (%) in the African Region 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 M F M F M F M F M F M F Algeria 26.8 26.9 26.5 26.4 26.3 26 26 25.5 25.7 25.1 25.4 24.6 Angola 30.2 30.3 30.1 30.2 30 30 29.9 29.9 29.8 29.7 29.6 29.6 Benin 28.7 29 28.4 28.8 28 28.6 27.7 28.5 27.4 28.3 27.1 28.1 Botswana 30 30.6 29.8 30.4 29.7 30.2 29.5 29.9 29.4 29.7 29.3 29.5 Burkina Faso 31.8 33.2 31.7 33.2 31.7 33.2 31.6 33.2 31.4 33.2 31.3 33.2 Burundi 26.2 29.8 26.4 30.1 26.6 30.3 26.8 30.6 27 30.9 27.3 31.1 Cabo Verde 26.6 25.9 26.2 25.7 25.9 25.4 25.5 25.2 25.2 24.9 24.9 24.6 Cameroon 32.2 29.7 31.9 29.4 31.5 29.1 31.2 28.8 30.9 28.4 30.5 28.1 Central African Republic 31.6 30.9 31.5 30.9 31.5 30.9 31.5 30.9 31.4 30.8 31.4 30.8 Chad 31.9 32.8 31.8 33 31.8 33.2 31.7 33.4 31.7 33.6 31.6 33.8 Comoros 27 27.6 27.1 27.7 27.2 27.8 27.3 27.9 27.3 28 27.4 28.2 Congo 28.4 26.1 28.2 25.8 28 25.6 27.8 25.4 27.6 25.1 27.5 24.9 Côte d’Ivoire 29 27.7 28.8 27.6 28.6 27.4 28.3 27.2 28.1 27 27.8 26.8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 29.5 27.9 29.5 27.8 29.4 27.8 29.4 27.7 29.3 27.6 29.3 27.6 Equatorial Guinea 29.4 27.8 29.3 27.8 29.3 27.7 29.3 27.7 29.2 27.7 29.2 27.7 Eritrea 27.8 28.9 27.9 29 28 29.2 28.1 29.3 28.1 29.4 28.2 29.5 Ethiopia 28.2 30.4 28.3 30.7 28.4 30.9 28.6 31.2 28.7 31.5 28.8 31.7 Gabon 29.3 24.8 29 24.4 28.7 24.1 28.4 23.7 28.1 23.3 27.8 23 The Gambia 31 29.7 30.7 29.5 30.5 29.4 30.2 29.2 29.9 29 29.6 28.8 Ghana 26.2 24.1 25.9 23.9 25.6 23.6 25.3 23.3 24.9 23.1 24.6 22.8 Guinea 29.2 31.2 29.2 31.3 29.1 31.3 29.1 31.3 29 31.4 29 31.4 Guinea-Bissau 30.5 31.4 30.4 31.3 30.2 31.2 30 31 29.9 30.9 29.7 30.7 Kenya 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.4 26.3 26.4 26.4 26.5 26.4 26.6 26.5 26.7 Lesotho 26.4 30.5 26.4 30.6 26.3 30.6 26.2 30.7 26.2 30.7 26.1 30.8 Liberia 29.2 28.9 29 28.8 28.8 28.7 28.6 28.6 28.4 28.4 28.2 28.3 Madagascar 28 28.1 28 28.1 28 28.2 27.9 28.2 27.9 28.2 27.8 28.2 Malawi 27.1 28.6 27.2 28.9 27.4 29 27.5 29.2 27.6 29.4 27.8 29.6 Mali 31.3 33.5 31.3 33.6 31.2 33.6 31.2 33.6 31.2 33.6 31.2 33.6 Mauritania 33.5 32.8 33.2 32.5 32.8 32.2 32.5 32 32.1 31.7 31.8 31.4 Mauritius 27 23.7 26.9 23.6 26.8 23.5 26.7 23.5 26.6 23.4 26.5 23.4 Mozambique 28.4 29.3 28.3 29.3 28.2 29.4 28.2 29.5 28.1 29.6 28.1 29.7 Namibia 29.3 29.4 29.1 29.2 28.9 29 28.7 28.8 28.4 28.6 28.2 28.4 Niger 31.8 35.2 31.7 35.3 31.6 35.4 31.5 35.6 31.4 35.7 31.3 35.8 Nigeria 24.8 26.5 24.4 26.3 23.9 26 23.5 25.7 23.1 25.3 22.7 25 Rwanda 25.2 27.6 25.3 27.7 25.3 27.7 25.2 27.8 25.2 27.8 25.2 27.9 Sao Tome and Principe 28.7 26.2 28.4 25.9 28 25.6 27.7 25.3 27.3 24.9 26.9 24.6 Senegal 30.9 30.9 30.6 30.8 30.4 30.7 30.2 30.6 29.9 30.5 29.7 30.4 Seychelles 27.4 21.1 27.2 20.9 27 20.7 26.8 20.5 26.6 20.4 26.4 20.2 Sierra Leone 30.4 31.8 30.2 31.7 30 31.5 29.8 31.3 29.6 31.2 29.4 31 South Africa 28.5 27.6 28.3 27.3 28.1 27 27.8 26.7 27.6 26.4 27.4 26.1 South Sudan - - - - - - - - - - - - Swaziland 28.5 30.5 28.5 30.6 28.3 30.6 28.2 30.7 28.2 30.8 28.1 30.9 Togo 29.2 29.6 29 29.5 28.8 29.4 28.7 29.4 28.5 29.3 28.3 29.2 Uganda 25.7 26.6 25.9 26.9 26.1 27.1 26.3 27.3 26.5 27.5 26.7 27.7 United Republic of Tanzania 26.3 27.5 26.4 27.6 26.5 27.6 26.5 27.7 26.6 27.7 26.6 27.7 Zambia 28 26.9 27.9 26.8 27.8 26.7 27.8 26.6 27.7 26.6 27.6 26.5 Zimbabwe 27.5 29.3 27.4 29.3 27.3 29.2 27.1 29.2 27 29.2 26.9 29.2 Data source: WHO 77Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases Table 38 Prevalence of raised blood glucose by country and year in the African Region 2010 2014 Algeria 9.1 10.5 Angola 5 5.6 Benin 4.7 5.1 Botswana 5.4 6 Burkina Faso 3.8 4.2 Burundi 2.3 2.6 Cabo Verde 6.3 6.8 Cameroon 4.3 4.7 Central African Republic 5.1 5.7 Chad 4.2 4.6 Comoros 5.1 5.9 Congo 5.1 5.7 Côte d’Ivoire 4.7 5 Democratic Republic of the Congo 3.8 4.3 Equatorial Guinea 6.7 7.6 Eritrea 3 3.4 Ethiopia 3.5 3.8 Gabon 7.6 8.1 The Gambia 5.2 5.8 Ghana 4.5 4.8 Guinea 4.3 4.7 Guinea-Bissau 4.8 5.2 Kenya 3.5 4 Lesotho 5.8 6 Liberia 5 5.6 Madagascar 3.6 3.9 Malawi 4 4.3 Mali 4.5 5 Mauritania 6.1 6.7 Mauritius 13.1 14.2 Mozambique 4.3 4.6 Namibia 5 5.4 Niger 3.8 4.1 Nigeria 4 4.3 Rwanda 2.5 2.8 Sao Tome and Principe - - Senegal 4.8 5.1 Seychelles 9.2 10.1 Sierra Leone 4.3 4.8 South Africa 9 9.8 South Sudan - - Swaziland 6.1 6.6 Togo 4.4 4.9 Uganda 2.5 2.8 United Republic of Tanzania 3.9 4.3 Zambia 3.9 4.2 Zimbabwe 4.5 4.6 Data source: WHO Table 39 Prevalence of raised total cholesterol among adults aged ≥25 years in the African Region, 2008 Male Female Both sexes Algeria 37.3 41.4 39.4 Angola 29.7 31.8 30.9 Benin 18.9 21.4 20.3 Botswana 36.1 38.9 37.9 Burkina Faso 16.3 18.8 17.7 Burundi 17.1 20.2 18.9 Cabo Verde 19.5 24 21.9 Cameroon 23.7 24.8 24.5 Central African Republic 20.3 23.7 22.2 Chad 16.3 19.2 17.9 Comoros 22.7 25 24 Congo 26.7 30.7 29 Côte d’Ivoire 19.2 22.8 21 Democratic Republic of the Congo 14.2 17.6 16.1 Equatorial Guinea 39.8 41.8 40.9 Eritrea 21 21.5 21.4 Ethiopia 21 21.5 21.3 Gabon 40.5 44.2 42.5 The Gambia 18.1 22.5 20.3 Ghana 15.6 20.6 18.1 Guinea 16.4 20.6 18.7 Guinea-Bissau 15.4 18.4 17 Kenya 26.3 27.2 26.9 Lesotho 21.1 24.1 23 Liberia 14.1 17.8 16.1 Madagascar 23.8 24.8 24.4 Malawi 23.1 24.9 24.1 Mali 18 20.3 19.4 Mauritania 21.3 22.9 22.2 Mauritius 47.8 46 47.1 Mozambique 26.1 25.9 26 Namibia 31.1 34.5 33.1 Niger 14.2 16.5 15.2 Nigeria 14 19.4 16.8 Rwanda 20.7 24.6 23 Sao Tome and Principe . . . Senegal 19.9 22.9 21.4 Seychelles 59.1 55.3 57.7 Sierra Leone 14.3 17.6 16.1 South Africa 31.6 38 35.5 South Sudan - - - Swaziland 29.2 32.7 31.2 Togo 15.2 18.7 17.1 Uganda 20 24 22.2 United Republic of Tanzania 21.6 25.5 23.7 Zambia 26.5 28.5 27.7 Zimbabwe 21.8 25.3 23.9 African Region 21.2 24.8 23.1 Data source: WHO 78 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 124 Percentage of adults ≥ 25 years with raised cholesterol in the African Region, 2008 Figure 125 Percentage of adults ≥ 25 years with raised cholesterol by sex in the African Region, 2008 Data source: WHO Data source: WHO 7.3 Prevalence of raised total cholesterol Recent WHO estimates for blood cholesterol in the WHO African Region are not available but by 2008, up to 23.1% of adults ≥25 years in the Region (range: 15.2% – 57.7%) had raised total blood cholesterol, defined as total blood cholesterol value ≥ 5.0 mmol/l. Given the current increase in rates of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in the Region, it can be assumed that the current rates of total blood cholesterol are considerably higher than they were in 2008 because there is a direct correlation between raised blood cholesterol and occurrence of ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Raised blood cholesterol is estimated to account for up to a third of global ischaemic heart diseases. Male-female difference was considerable, with the prevalence rate higher among females (24.8%) than males (21.2%). This difference was retained in all but two countries: Mauritius (males 47.8% and females (46.0%), and Seychelles (males 59.1%) and females (55.3%). Seychelles had the highest prevalence of raised total cholesterol (57.7%), followed by Mauritius (47.1%), Gabon (42.5%) and Equatorial Guinea (42.5%). The prevalence was lowest in Niger (15.2) followed by Sierra Leone, Liberia, and DRC (all at 16.1%). 7.4 Physical activity Regular and moderately intense physical activity of at least 150 minutes in a week reduces the risk of noncommunicable diseases as well as mortality from other causes. It is estimated that people who have insufficient physical activity have a 20% to 30% increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those who engage sufficient physical activity. In 2010, the WHO African Region ranked second in physical activity after South-East Asia, with 79.1% of the population estimated to be physically active. This means that up to 20.9% of the African population or about 177 million people in the African Region were physically inactive in 2010; this is big! People in Mozambique were physically more active than elsewhere in the Region, with 94.2% of the population estimated to be physically active in 2010, followed by United Republic of Tanzania and Benin (93.1%), Lesotho (92.8%), Malawi (92.5%) and Guinea (90.1%). South Africa had the lowest percentage of people engaged in physical activity, with only 53.1% estimated to be physically active in 2010, followed by Mauritania (54.9%), Swaziland (63.2%), Algeria (65.6%), and Namibia (68.2%). Males in the African Region were more physically active than females, with 82.7% of males active compared to 75.6% of females. C ape V erde C omoros Mauritius S ao T ome and P rincipe S eychelles < 30 30-39.9 ≥ 40 No data Non AF R O auritius Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesComor sCabo Verde 79Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases Figure 126 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years with insufficient physical activity in the African Region, 2010 Figure 127 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years with insufficient physical activity in the African Region, 2010 Data source: WHO Data source: WHO Table 40 Percentage of adults 18+years who were physically inactive in the African Region, 2010 Male Female Both sexes Algeria 27.7 41.2 34.4 Angola - - - Benin 5.7 8.1 6.9 Botswana 21.7 32.6 27.2 Burkina Faso 15.9 20.9 18.4 Burundi - - - Cabo Verde 22.8 38.7 30.7 Cameroon 13.5 25.7 19.6 Central African Republic 10.8 13.3 12.0 Chad 21.7 27.4 24.6 Comoros 8.5 20.0 14.2 Congo 21.2 29.6 25.4 Côte d’Ivoire 18.0 27.1 22.6 Democratic Republic of the Congo 23.1 29.0 26.0 Equatorial Guinea - - - Eritrea 5.7 15.6 10.7 Ethiopia 14.0 23.9 18.9 Gabon 17.7 34.4 26.0 The Gambia 16.9 26.1 21.5 Ghana 13.1 18.0 15.6 Guinea 7.1 12.7 9.9 Guinea-Bissau - - - Kenya 17.3 21.1 19.2 Lesotho 7.5 7.0 7.2 Liberia 24.5 30.6 27.5 Madagascar 13.7 22.2 17.9 Malawi 5.6 9.4 7.5 Mali 18.2 29.1 23.7 Mauritania 38.0 52.1 45.1 Mauritius 23.1 27.3 25.2 Mozambique 5.5 6.2 5.8 Namibia 26.4 37.1 31.8 Niger 23.3 27.0 25.1 Nigeria 20.6 24.0 22.3 Rwanda 12.0 18.6 15.3 Sao Tome and Principe . . . Senegal 21.0 29.0 25.0 Seychelles 19.3 22.3 20.8 Sierra Leone 10.5 17.9 14.2 South Africa 42.2 51.6 46.9 South Sudan - - - Swaziland 32.8 40.8 36.8 Togo 9.9 11.0 10.4 Uganda - - - United Republic of Tanzania 6.1 7.6 6.9 Zambia 17.3 23.7 20.5 Zimbabwe 18.7 26.1 22.4 Data source: WHO C ape V erde C omoros Mauritius S ao T ome and P rincipe S eychelles < 20 20-29.9 30-39.9 ≥ 40 No data Non AF R O Mauritius Sao To e and Principe SeychellesComorosbo 80 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 7.5 Prevalence of overweight and obesity There has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight (BMI 25–29.9) and obesity (BMI 30 or higher) in the African Region. Since year 2000, the proportion of the population 18 years or older that is either overweight or obese has increased by up to 38.4%, from 28.4% in 2000 to 41.7% in 2016. In 2016, nearly half a billion people (428 527 965) in the African Region were either overweight or obese, assuming a constant prevalence rate in all population groups. Women in the Region are twice as likely to be overweight or obese as males, a relative gap between males and females that has remained almost constant for decades: In 2016, 54.1% of women compared to 28.4% of males were either overweight or obese. The values were 42.7 % for women and 21.1% of males in 2006; 33.9% for women and 16.2% for males in 1996; and 25.3% for women and 11.8% for males in 1986. The WHO estimates show huge disparities of overweight and obesity between countries in the Region, with the absolute gap between the country with the highest and the country with the lowest prevalence of obesity or overweight among adults 18 years or older being 61% for males and 56% for females. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in middle than lower income countries. In 2016, Algeria was estimated to have the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity in the African Region, with 76% of the males and up to 90% of the females aged 18 years or older either overweight or obese. Ethiopia was estimated to have the lowest prevalence of overweight and obesity, with 15% of the males and 34% of the females aged 18+ years either overweight or obese. Figure 128 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years who were overweight in the African Region, 2016 Data source: WHO Figure 129 Percent of adults ≥ 18 years who were obese in the African Region, 2016 Data source: WHO 81Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases Figure 130 Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults ≥18 years (%) by country and sex in the African Region, 2016 Data source: WHO 2016 E thiopia E ritrea B urkina F aso Niger Madagascar C had B urundi Uganda Malawi DR C ongo R wanda C entral African R epublic Mozambique K enya G uinea Angola Mali UR T anzania E quatorial G uinea C omoros T ogo S ierra Leone S enegal Nigeria Zambia G uinea-B issau B enin C ongo Liberia G ambia C ôte d'Ivoire Mauritius G hana C abo V erde C ameroon S ao T ome and P rincipe Mauritania S eychelles G abon Namibia S waziland Zimbabwe Lesotho B otswana S outh Africa Algeria 65 64 55 52 52 51 50 46 44 41 40 40 40 40 39 38 38 37 36 36 36 35 35 35 35 34 34 34 34 34 33 33 33 32 32 32 31 30 29 29 29 28 28 28 27 27 35 40 29 27 25 26 25 20 21 19 17 16 16 17 16 15 15 14 14 14 14 12 13 13 13 13 12 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 9 10 9 9 9 9 8 9 8 8 7 E thiopia Uganda B urundi Niger E ritrea Malawi R wanda B urkina F aso C had K enya Madagascar DR C ongo Mozambique C entral African R epublic C omoros G uinea E quatorial G uinea S ierra Leone Zambia Angola UR T anzania S enegal T ogo Mali Lesotho B enin Nigeria G uinea-B issau G hana S waziland Zimbabwe Liberia C ongo G ambia C ôte d'Ivoire Mauritius C ameroon Mauritania Namibia C abo V erde S ao T ome and P rincipe S eychelles B otswana G abon S outh Africa Algeria 56 39 32 29 27 27 26 26 25 24 24 23 23 23 22 22 21 21 21 21 20 20 19 19 19 19 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 17 17 17 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 20 15 10 8 8 7 7 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2Obeses Overweighted 82 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 131 Trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the African Region Data source: WHO by sex in the African Region Data source: WHO Percent Ye ar 22.4 22.9 23.4 23.9 24.5 25 25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30 30.5 31.1 6 6.2 6.5 6.7 7 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.3 10.6 0 10 20 30 40 50 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ObesityOverweight Obesity Figure 133 Prevalence of overweight and obesity by country in the African Region, 201 37.7 38.8 39.7 40.7 41.7 42.7 43.8 44.7 45.8 46.8 47.9 48.9 50 51 52.1 53.1 54.1 18.3 18.9 19.4 20 20.5 21.1 21.7 22.4 22.9 23.6 24.2 24.9 25.5 26.3 26.9 27.6 28.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 FemaleMale Percent Ye ar 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Africa E thiopia E ritrea Niger Burundi Uganda Burkina F as o C had Malawi Madagas car R wanda Democratic R epublic of the C ongo Kenya C entral African R epublic Mozambique G uinea E quatorial G uinea C omoros Angola United R epublic of T anzania S ierra Leone Mali Zambia T ogo S enegal Nigeria
























































Benin Data source: 8HO G uinea-Bis s au C ongo Liberia C ôte d'Ivoire T he G ambia G hana Mauritius C ameroon Mauritania C abo Verde S ao T ome and Principe S eychelles S waziland Zimbabwe Les otho Namibia G abon Bots wana S outh Africa Algeria 60.5 52.5 42.4 39.1 39.0 37.5 37.3 37.3 35.7 34.1 33.5 33.1 32.3 31.4 30.8 30.5 30.3 29.8 29.7 28.6 28.4 27.6 27.3 26.9 26.7 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.2 26.1 25.6 25.5 25.4 25.1 24.3 24.1 23.8 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.9 21.4 21.1 21.0 21.0 19.9 31.1 27.4 28.3 18.9 17.2
15.0 16.5
15.5
16.6 14.0 12.4 12.7
11.8 11.4 10.9
10.8 9.9
10.3
10.3 9.6 9.6
9.5 8.8
8.9 8.7
8.6
8.1
8.4 7.8
8.2
8.4 7.2
7.7
8.0 7.1
7.5 5.8
6.7 5.6
6.1
5.8
5.3 5.0
5.5 5.4
5.3 4.5 10.6 Overweight Obesity Figure 132 Trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity 83Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases Table 41 Prevalence of overweight and obesity by year in the African Region Obesity Overweight               Algeria 23.3  . .  . . . .  . . .  Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burkina Faso  . . .  . . . . . . . . . Burundi  . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cabo Verde  . . . .  . . .  . .  . Cameroon . . . .  . .  . . . . . . Central African Republic . . . . . . .  .  . . . . Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Congo .  . . . . . .  . . . . . Côte d’Ivoire . . .  . . . . . . . . . . Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . . . . . . .  . . . . Equatorial Guinea . . . . . .  . . . . . . . Eritrea . . . . . .   .  .  .  Ethiopia . . . .  . .  . . . . . . Gabon . . . . . .  . . . . . . . The Gambia  . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghana . . . . . . . .  . . . .  Guinea . . . .  . . . . . . . . . Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lesotho . . . . . . .  . . . . . . Liberia  . . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar . . . . . . . .  . . . . . Malawi . . .  . . . .  . . . . . Mali . . . . . . . . . .  . . . Mauritania . .  . . . . . . . . . . . Mauritius . . . . . . . . . .  . . . Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Namibia  . . . . . . . . . .  . . Niger . . . .  . . . .  .  .  Nigeria .  . . . . . . . . . . . . Rwanda . . .  . . . .  . . . . . Sao Tome and Principe  . . . .  . . . . . . . . Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seychelles .  . . . .  .  . . . . . Sierra Leone . . . .  . . .  . . . . . South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . South Sudan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uganda . . . . .  . . . . . . . . United Republic of Tanzania . . . . .  . . . . . .  . Zambia . . . . . . . .  . . . . . Zimbabwe 13.8 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 35.7 36.2 36.6 37 37.3 37.7 38.2 Africa 8.7 9 9.3 9.6 10.3 9.9 10.6 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.5 30 31.1 Data source: WHO 84 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 42 Prevalence of overweight and obesity by sex in the African Region       M F M F M F M F M F M F Algeria 69.9 94.5 71.4 95.9 73 97.2 74.6 98.5 76.2 99.7 77.7 101 Angola 19.5 40.8 20.3 42.1 21 43.2 21.9 44.5 22.7 45.7 23.5 47 Benin 22.4 45.5 23 46.7 23.7 47.8 24.4 49 25.2 50.3 25.9 51.5 Botswana 33.5 80.8 34.3 81.9 35.2 82.8 36 83.8 36.9 84.9 37.8 85.8 Burkina Faso 15.5 31.5 16.1 32.6 16.7 33.8 17.3 34.9 18 36.1 18.7 37.3 Burundi 14 33.1 14.4 34.2 14.8 35.3 15.2 36.4 15.6 37.5 16 38.7 Cabo Verde 27.1 52 27.9 53.2 28.7 54.4 29.5 55.6 30.4 56.9 31.3 58.1 Cameroon 29.6 51.9 30.4 53.1 31.4 54.2 32.3 55.4 33.4 56.6 34.4 57.7 Central African Republic 19.2 39 19.6 40.1 20.2 41 20.8 42 21.4 43.1 22 44.1 Chad 16.7 33.8 17.1 34.7 17.5 35.7 18.1 36.7 18.5 37.6 19.1 38.7 Comoros 19.3 42.2 19.7 43.3 20.2 44.4 20.6 45.5 21 46.7 21.5 47.9 Congo 25.5 45.9 26.3 46.9 27.1 47.9 28 48.9 28.8 49.9 29.7 50.9 Côte d’Ivoire 25.9 48.6 26.8 49.8 27.6 51 28.4 52.3 29.4 53.5 30.3 54.7 Democratic Republic of the Congo 18.3 36.5 18.8 37.4 19.5 38.5 20.2 39.6 20.8 40.6 21.6 41.7 Equatorial Guinea 19.7 42.7 20.2 43.7 20.8 44.8 21.3 45.8 21.9 47 22.5 48.1 Eritrea 14.6 30.8 15 31.7 15.4 32.7 15.9 33.8 16.3 34.8 16.7 35.9 Ethiopia 13.4 30 13.7 31 14.1 31.8 14.5 32.9 14.9 33.9 15.3 34.9 Gabon 38.4 62.3 39.4 63.2 40.4 64.1 41.3 65 42.4 65.9 43.3 66.7 The Gambia 25.7 47.8 26.5 49 27.4 50.1 28.3 51.3 29.1 52.5 30.1 53.7 Ghana 23 51.5 23.7 52.8 24.4 54 25.2 55.2 25.9 56.4 26.6 57.6 Guinea 19.4 40.1 20 41.2 20.5 42.3 21.1 43.4 21.8 44.5 22.4 45.7 Guinea-Bissau 23 44.6 23.8 45.9 24.6 47.1 25.5 48.3 26.3 49.6 27.2 50.9 Kenya 16.4 39.3 17 40.5 17.4 41.6 17.9 42.9 18.4 44.1 18.9 45.4 Lesotho 22 72.9 22.7 74.5 23.4 76 24.1 77.4 25 78.9 25.7 80.4 Liberia 25 47 25.7 48.1 26.5 49.1 27.2 50.3 27.9 51.3 28.7 52.5 Madagascar 17.7 32.1 18.2 33 18.8 34 19.4 35 20 36.1 20.7 37.1 Malawi 15.1 35.3 15.5 36.3 15.8 37.4 16.2 38.4 16.6 39.5 17 40.6 Mali 20.8 41.1 21.7 42.4 22.4 43.7 23.2 45 24 46.3 24.9 47.5 Mauritania 28.1 54.6 28.9 55.8 29.8 57.2 30.7 58.4 31.6 59.6 32.6 60.8 Mauritius 27.5 50.7 28 51.6 28.4 52.5 28.9 53.5 29.4 54.4 29.9 55.5 Mozambique 18.8 39 19.3 40 19.7 41 20.2 42 20.7 43 21.3 44.1 Namibia 28.7 69.8 29.9 71.3 31 72.8 32.2 74.4 33.5 75.8 34.7 77.3 Niger 14.8 33.1 15.3 34.1 15.7 35.2 16.1 36.1 16.5 37.2 17.1 38.4 Nigeria 22.3 42.8 23 44 23.9 45.3 24.6 46.6 25.4 47.8 26.3 49.2 Rwanda 14.9 36.7 15.4 37.9 15.9 39.1 16.4 40.3 16.9 41.6 17.5 42.8 Sao Tome and Principe 30.5 52.6 31.5 53.8 32.4 55 33.4 56.2 34.4 57.4 35.4 58.5 Senegal 20.6 43.4 21.2 44.5 21.6 45.5 22.2 46.6 22.9 47.7 23.5 48.8 Seychelles 32.2 59.7 32.9 60.8 33.6 62 34.4 63.2 35.3 64.4 36.1 65.6 Sierra Leone 20 43.5 20.5 44.7 21 45.8 21.6 46.9 22.3 48.1 22.9 49.3 South Africa 48.9 99.5 50.2 100.5 51.6 101.7 53 102.8 54.4 103.9 55.9 105 South Sudan Swaziland 24.4 72.2 25 73.5 25.6 74.9 26.2 76.2 26.9 77.5 27.6 78.8 Togo 20.3 42.4 20.9 43.6 21.5 44.7 22.2 45.9 22.8 47 23.5 48.3 Uganda 13.7 34.1 14.1 35.1 14.3 36.2 14.7 37.2 15.1 38.3 15.5 39.5 United Republic of Tanzania 20.1 41.4 20.7 42.8 21.3 44.1 22 45.4 22.7 46.7 23.6 48.2 Zambia 19.6 43 20.2 44.1 20.7 45.3 21.4 46.4 22 47.6 22.6 48.7 Zimbabwe 24.4 73 24.8 74.1 25.3 75 25.9 76.1 26.3 77 26.9 78.1 Africa 24.9 48.9 25.5 50 26.3 51 27.6 53.1 26.9 52.1 28.4 54.1 Data source: WHO 2011–2016 85Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases Figure 134 Percent individuals ≥15 years who used tobacco in the African Region, 2015 Data source: WHO 7.6 Tobacco use 1 World Health Organization 2012. Mortality attributable to tobacco. Available online at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44815/1/9789241564434_ eng.pdf accessed on 19th Oct 2017 Levels of tobacco smoking in the African Region vary from country to country but are very high, especially among males. In 2015 for instance, the percentage of people 15+ years in the Region who said they smoke tobacco ranged from 3.1% to 20.6% with a median of 10.3%. Lesotho had the highest percentage of the population 15+ years that said they smoke tobacco in 2015, followed by Sierra Leone (19.4%), Republic of Congo (17.4%), Namibia (17.2%), and South Africa (17.0%). Ghana had the lowest rates, followed by Ethiopia (3.2), Nigeria (4.6%), and Niger (4.7%). Differences in tobacco smoking between males and females were considerably high. In 12 countries in the Region for instance (Niger, Eritrea, Ghana, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Senegal, Nigeria, Algeria, Benin, The Gambia, Kenya, and Togo), tobacco is smoked predominantly by males, with rates of tobacco use among females ranging from 0.1% to 0.7% only. In Lesotho, males smoked tobacco up to 129 times more frequently than females. Similarly in Niger, males were 110 times more likely to smoke tobacco than females. According to the 2014 Global report on tobacco use, 12% of all deaths among adults aged 30 years are attributable to tobacco use1. The attributable risk of tobacco use for some diseases is considerably high: up to 71% of all lung cancer deaths and 42% of all chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are attributed to tobacco use. These statistics should greatly concern all governments in the Region. Special efforts are therefore required to reduce the rates of tobacco use in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with use and exposure to tobacco, including acceleration of implementation of Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. As part of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, a few countries such as Swaziland have introduced high taxes on alcohol and tobacco products and promulgated, as an act of parliament, the Tobacco Products Control Act. The STEPS survey done in 2014 in Swaziland which formed the basis for the WHO estimate found that 6% of adults aged 15-69 years in Swaziland use tobacco. It would be interesting to see the impact of such interventions in subsequent analyses; this will require strengthening efforts for data collection on tobacco use as well as on other NCD risk factors. Figure 135 Percent individuals ≥15 years who used tobacco by sex in the African Region, 2015 Data source: WHO C ape V erde C omoros Mauritius S ao T ome and P rincipe S eychelles < 5 5-9.9 10-14.9 15-19.9 ≥ 20 No data Non AF R O Mauritius Sao To e and Principe Seychell sCo rCabo Verde 86 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 43 Age-standardized prevalence estimates for daily tobacco smoking among persons aged 15 years and above Male
Female
Both sexes Algeria 23.8 0.5 12.2 Angola – – – Benin 10.4 0.5 5.4 Botswana 27.8 4.7 16.2 Burkina Faso 20.2 1.6 10.7 Burundi – – – Cabo Verde 12.9 1.8 7.2 Cameroon – – – Central African Republic – – – Chad – – – Comoros 20.0 3.7 11.9 Congo 33.8 1.1 17.4 Côte d’Ivoire – – – Democratic Republic of the Congo – – – Equatorial Guinea – – – Eritrea 9.4 0.2 4.7 Ethiopia 6.1 0.2 3.2 Gabon – – – The Gambia 25.5 0.5 12.7 Ghana 6.1 0.2 3.1 Guinea – – – Guinea-Bissau – – – Kenya 16.4 0.7 8.5 Lesotho 41.6 0.3 20.6 Liberia 14.7 1.2 7.9 Madagascar – – – Malawi 19.2 3.0 11.0 Mali 18.3 1.3 9.8 Mauritania – – – Mauritius 31.2 1.5 16.0 Mozambique 23.5 3.7 13.2 Namibia 27.6 7.7 17.2 Niger 10.2 0.1 5.1 Nigeria 8.6 0.5 4.6 Rwanda 17.0 3.7 9.9 Sao Tome and Principe – – – Senegal 14.1 0.3 6.9 Seychelles 28.3 4.6 16.6 Sierra Leone 33.1 6.2 19.4 South Africa 27.8 6.7 17.0 South Sudan – – – Swaziland 11.6 1.3 6.3 Togo 11.2 0.7 5.8 Uganda 11.3 2.1 6.7 United Republic of Tanzania 20.7 2.2 11.3 Zambia 17.2 2.2 9.6 Zimbabwe 22.9 1.2 11.8 Data source: WHO 2015 87Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases 7.7 Alcohol use 2 World Health Organization 2014. Global status report on alcohol and health. Available online at: http://apps.who.int/iris/ bitstream/10665/112736/1/9789240692763_eng.pdf accessed on 19th Oct 2017 It is estimated that, every year, harmful alcohol use results in 3.3 million deaths globally. According to the global status report on alcohols (2014), in 2012, alcohol accounted for up to 5.9% of all deaths and 5.1% of the global burden of diseases and injury2. In the African Region, total recorded and unrecorded alcohol per capita consumption among people aged 15+ years ranges from 0.1 litres to 11.8 litres, with a median of 5.3 litres. Namibia and Uganda have the highest total alcohol per capita consumption (11.8 litres), followed by Equatorial Guinea (11.6litres), Rwanda (11.5litres), and South Africa (11.2litres). Total alcohol per capita consumption is lowest in Mauritania (0.1 litres), followed by Comoros (0.2litres), Senegal and Niger (0.5 litres), Guinea (0.8), Algeria (1.0 litres), Mali and Eritrea (1.2 litres). Most of these countries with the lowest total per capita alcohol consumption have large population of the Islamic faith. Figure 136 Per capita alcohol consumption among people ≥15 years in the African Region, 2015 Data source: WHO Figure 137 Per capita alcohol consumption among people ≥15 years by sex in the African Region, 2015 Data source: WHO 2016 C ape V erde C omoros Mauritius S ao T ome and P rincipe S eychelles < 2.5 2.5-4.9 5-7.4 7.5-9.9 ≥ 10 No data None AF R O Mauritius Sao To e and Principe SeychellesComorosC bo V r e 88 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 7.8 Road traffic injuries 3 World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates Summary Tables: DALYs by cause, age and sex. Geneva: WHO, 2013. The burden of injuries has been recognised by the global community as an impediment to sustainable development and therefore included in the SDGs. Injuries account for up to 10% of deaths worldwide. According to WHO, approximately 5 million people die each year from injuries and violence, with 90% of the deaths occurring in lower-middle income countries (LMICs)3. The 2013 Global Health Estimates show that road traffic accidents accounted for the largest share of deaths from injuries (29.1%), followed by self-harm (17.6%), falls (11.6%), and interpersonal violence (8.5%). Road traffic accidents are a major public health problem in the African Region. In 2013 for instance, the absolute number of deaths from road traffic accidents was greater than 10,000 in 7 countries: Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. Projections show that road traffic injuries will be the 7th leading cause of death in the Region, up from the 9th position in 2012. The high number of road traffic accidents in the African Region is a function of the interaction between several factors including poor state of roads, poor state of vehicles, increasing number of vehicles, ill trained or untrained drivers, over speeding, drink-driving, and suboptimal enforcement of traffic laws. In 2013 for instance, most countries in the Region (94%) had policies for road safety but institutional frameworks and legislation on road safety were available in only 57% and 58% of the countries, respectively. WHO is working with partners - governmental and nongovernmental - around the world to raise the profile of the preventability of road traffic injuries and promote good practice related to addressing key behaviour risk factors – speed, drink-driving, the use of motorcycle helmets, seat-belts and child restraints. Figure 138 Number of road traffic deaths in the African Region Figure 139 Reported distribution of road traffic deaths by type of user in the African Region Data source: WHO 2013 Data source: WHO 2013 Figure 140 Proportion of countries with guidelines or legislation for road safety in the African Region Data source: WHO 2013 89Chapter 7 – Noncommunicable diseases Figure 141 Registered vehicles per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 142 Road traffic death per 100 000 population vs registered vehicles per 100 population in the African Region Data source: WHO 2014 African Region Guinea Benin Democratic Republic of the Congo Ethiopia Central African Republic Togo Madagascar Rwanda Sierra Leone Eritrea Niger Mali Mozambique Angola Congo Malawi Côte d’Ivoire Senegal The Gambia United Republic of Tanzania Nigeria Uganda Zambia Guinea-Bissau Kenya Chad Ghana Lesotho Zimbabwe Burkina Faso Mauritania Cabo Verde Gabon Namibia Swaziland South Africa Algeria Seychelles Botswana 4.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 4.6 5.9 5.9 6.2 10.7 11.2 11.8 12.0 14.4 18.6 19.5 23.9
Data source: WHO 2013 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 7.9 Mental health Figure 143 Crude suicide rate per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 144 Crude suicide rate per 100 000 population by sex in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015 Figure 145 Crude suicide rate per 100 000 population in the African Region Figure 146 Crude suicide rate (per 100 000 population) by WHO region Data source: 8)0
–
 Data source: WHO 2015 Data source: WHO 2015
90 91Chapter 8 – Health emergencies and interventions Chapter 8. Health emergencies and interventions SDG Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management. SDG Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptative capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries. SDG Target 16.1: Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related deaths everywhere. Figure 147 Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution per 100 000 population in the African Region Data source: WHO 2012 Figure 148 Mortality rate due to homicide per 100 000 population in the African Region Data source: WHO 2012 92 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 44 Average number of death from natural disasters Africa 495 Nigeria 91 Mozambique 56 Ghana 55 Madagascar 48 Kenya 46 Niger 40 Democratic Republic of the Congo 39 Malawi 34 Zimbabwe 31 South Africa 27 United Republic of Tanzania 27 Angola 25 Namibia 22 Uganda 20 Côte d’Ivoire 11 Burkina Faso 9 Mali 9 Senegal 8 Chad 7 Rwanda 6 Benin 5 Lesotho 4 Sierra Leone 3 Swaziland 3 Mauritius 3 Congo 2 Botswana 2 Maurinatia 2 The Gambia 1 Data source: WHO 2013 Table 45 Estimated number of direct deaths from major conflicts Africa 13 838 Nigeria 5 648 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 391 Central African Republic 1 254 Congo 1 103 Uganda 742 Mali 651 Algeria 397 Kenya 276 Ethiopia 199 Côte d’Ivoire 114 Rwanda 81 Niger 40 South Africa 27 United Republic of Tanzania 27 Guinea 25 Senegal 15 Chad 14 Mozambique 14 Mauritania 12 Madagascar 12 Burkina Faso 9 Zimbabwe 8 Eritrea 3 Guinea-Bissau 1 Data source: WHO 2011-2015 93Chapter 9 – Health systems and services Chapter 9. Health systems and services 9.1 Service availability and readiness The concept of service availability and readiness assessment (SARA) was developed by World Health Organization and other collaborating partners to assess whether a health care facility meets the required conditions to support the provision of basic or specific services. Service availability refers to the physical presence of the delivery of services, and service readiness refers to the capacity or ability of health care facilities to offer services. Service availability is a measure of health care access, and service readiness is a proxy indicator for health care quality and safety. Distinction is made between general service readiness and service-specific readiness. General service readiness refers to the overall capacity or ability of a health care facility to offer general services – measured through the availability of items of basic amenities, basic equipment, essential medicines, standard precautions for infection prevention and control, and diagnostic capacity. Service-specific readiness meanwhile refers to the ability of health facilities to offer a specific service, and the capacity to offer that service measured through the availability of items such as trained staff, guidelines, equipment, laboratory services and medicines. The assessment of readiness is based not on all items that can be used to offer a service but on a selection of basic items that are particularly important for offering the service. In SARA surveys, such items are referred to as “tracer items”, that is, a limited number of items used to give a general indication of readiness. Assessment of service-specific readiness is done only among facilities that report offering the service. Service availability and readiness is central to efforts for achieving UHC and attaining the SDGs. Consequently, monitoring the availability and readiness of services has recently become one of the key performance indicators for the WHO Regional Office for Africa. This means, countries in the Region are required to conduct facility assessment surveys every one or two years to provide data. The assessment of service availability and readiness in the Atlas uses the most recent SARA data in each country. It covers the period 2013–2017, with data available for 17 of the 47 countries in the Region. General service readiness Assessment of general service readiness is based on the availability of 63 items that are considered to be particularly important and that are enquired about during the SARA surveys. The items are grouped into five domains: basic amenities (7 items), basic equipment (6 items), standard precaution for infection prevention and control (9 items), diagnostic capacity (8 items) and essential medicines (33 items). During the period 2013–2017, the general service readiness index, which is a composite index of the items of general services in the 17 countries, ranged from 43% in Ethiopia to 77% in Kenya. This means that Ethiopia had only 43% of the items that are particularly important for providing general services and that were enquired about during the survey, and Kenya had 77%. The availability of essential medicines and diagnostics was generally low across the 17 countries, with the availability ranging from 26% (in Ethiopia) to 73% (in Kenya) for essential medicines; and from 27% (in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to 68% (in Zimbabwe) for diagnostics. 94 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 149 General service readiness in the African Region Data source: SARA surveys 2013 - 2017 Basic amenities Basic equipment Standard precautions for infection prevention and control Diagnostics Essential medicines General Service Readiness index General Service Domains Table 46 Readiness to provide general services in 17 countries in the African Region Readiness Domain Basic amenities Basic equipment Standard precau- tions for infection prevention and control Diagnostics Essential medicines General Service Readiness Index Zimbabwe 2015 81 88 84 68 48 74 Zambia 2015 71 87 89 66 43 71 Ethiopia 2016 44 63 41 39 26 43 Benin 2015 64 86 84 51 41 65 Burkina Faso 2014 72 89 88 61 38 70 Chad 2015 48 82 78 31 44 57 Mauritania 2016 61 83 71 32 35 56 Niger 2015 64 82 75 36 41 60 Sierra Leone 2017 57 77 83 33 31 56 Burundi 2017 71 79 73 52 29 61 Uganda 2013 62 79 83 47 35 61 Kenya 2016 83 76 76 73 77 Tanzania 2016 (SPA 2016) 56 64 71 64 Seychelles 2017 96 88 92 41 63 76 Liberia 2016 77 57 73 42 44 59 DRC 2014 75 58 27 20 45 Togo (2013) 49 87 85 40 39 60 Regional Average 66 78.9 76.7 44.4 40.6 62 Data source: SARA surveys 2013–2017 95Chapter 9 – Health systems and services Service availability Assessment of availability of services in SARA surveys is based on the physical presence of 23 services. Services for cervical cancer screening, blood transfusion, advanced diagnostics, and antiretroviral treatment for HIV (ART) were quite scarce in the 17 countries surveyed – implying that access to these services is highly limited. However, in most of the countries in the Region, these services were offered in higher-level facilities such as hospitals and specialised units. The low rates for these services may therefore be due to inclusion of lower level facilities in the denominator. The availability of some services (family planning, antenatal care, basic obstetric care, child immunization, preventive and curative care, malaria, services for sexually transmitted infections and comprehensive surgery) was high in most of the countries. For instance, the availability of malaria services was universal in all countries except Kenya (with only 50% of facilities reporting offering malaria services) and Ethiopia (with 81% of facilities reporting the availability of malaria services). The low availability of malaria services in Kenya is possibly because some regions of the country are low malaria endemic zones i.e. malaria in Kenya is a major public health problem only in the endemic areas around Lake Victoria and in the coastal counties. Table 47 Items for providing general services in the SARA core questionnaire and enquired about during the surveys Basic amenities Basic equipment Standard precautions for infection prevention and control Diagnostics Essential medicines 1. Power 1. Adult scale 1. Safe final disposal of sharps 1. Haemoglobin 1. Amlodipine tablet or alternative calcium channel blocker 2. Improved water source inside OR within the ground of the facility 2. Child scale 2. Safe final disposal of infectious wastes 2. Malaria diagnostic capacity 2. Amoxicillin syrup/suspension or dispersi- ble tablet 3. Room with auditory and visual privacy for patient consultations 3. Thermometer 3. Appropriate storage of sharps waste 3. Blood glucose 3. Amoxicillin tablet 4. Access to adequate sanitation facilities for clients 4. Stethoscope 4. Appropriate storage of infectious waste 4. Urine dipstick- protein 4. Ampicillin powder for injection 5. Communication equipment (phone or SW radio) 5. Blood pressure apparatus 5. Disinfectant 5. Urine dipstick- glucose 5. Aspirin cap/tab 6. Facility has access to computer with email/internet access 6. Light source 6. Single use –standard disposable or auto-disable syringes 6. HIV diagnostic capacity 6. Beclometasone inhaler 7. Emergency transportation 7. Soap and running water or alcohol based hand rub 7. Syphilis rapid test 7. Beta blocker (e.g.bisoprolol, metoprolol, carvedilol, atenolol) 8. Latex gloves 8. Urine test for pregnancy 8. Carbamazepine tablet 9. Guidelines for standard precautions 9. Ceftriaxone injection 10. Diazepam injection 11. Enalapril tablet or alternative ACE inhibi- tor e.g. lisinopril, ramipril, perindopril 12. Fluoxetine tablet 13. Gentamicin injection 14. Glibenclamide tablet 15. Haloperidol tablet 16. Insulin regular injection 17. Magnesium sulphate injectable 18. Metformin tablet 19. Omeprazole tablet or alternative such as pantoprazole, rabeprazole 20. Oral rehydration solution 21. Oxytocin injection 22. Salbutamol inhaler 23. Simvastatin tablet or other statin e.g. atorvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin 24. Thiazide (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide) 25. Zinc sulphate tablets, dispersible tablets or syrup Data source: WHO SARA reference manual 96 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 48 Percent of facilities that reported offering services, by service type (n=17 countries) Zim ba bw e 2 01 5 Za m bia 20 15 Et hio pia 20 16 Be nin 20 15 Bu rk ina Fa so 20 14 Ch ad 20 15 M au rit an ia 20 16 Ni ge r 2 01 5 Sie rra Le on e 2 01 7 Bu ru nd i 2 01 7 Ug an da 20 13 Ke ny a 2 01 6 Ta nz an ia 20 16 (S PA ) Se yc he lle s 2 01 7 Lib er ia 20 16 DR C 2 01 4 To go 20 13 Re gi on al av er ag e Family planning 90 87 94 83 91 80 67 96 96 74 92 84 80 76 88 33 84 82 Antenatal care 91 90 80 91 90 96 72 93 97 71 70 89 85 48 90 78 93 84 Basic obstetric care 89 69 55 90 88 92 69 89 96 78 53 76 16 89 12 91 72 CEmOC 17 95 3 96 89 6 89 43 53 29 57 47 52 Child immunization 93 89 80 78 86 91 65 92 95 64 77 85 81 68 82 75 89 82 Preventive & curative services 97 95 91 98 97 97 78 98 98 92 93 23 98 76 94 88 99 89 Adolescent health services 89 62 60 90 98 96 32 76 89 34 59 23 60 88 17 90 66 Malaria 96 100 81 100 100 100 90 100 100 98 100 50 99 97 99 100 94 TB 94 62 63 8 92 96 24 39 14 32 42 50 12 48 21 30 37 45 HIV counselling and testing 93 97 54 54 94 56 12 63 62 75 77 81 52 21 47 63 HIV care and support 95 75 29 26 88 35 4 21 33 38 54 64 32 16 9 34 41 ART 91 66 17 38 77 18 5 15 40 43 35 28 16 12 25 35 PMTCT 92 89 45 79 88 58 11 75 61 57 52 80 52 32 61 21 56 59 STIs 95 100 77 86 99 100 66 99 93 77 94 88 99 80 94 78 92 89 Diabetes 67 58 22 23 46 51 27 29 11 49 34 52 22 14 35 36 Cardiovascular diseases 73 72 41 25 86 28 33 42 20 45 44 65 43 16 45 45 Chronic obstructive respiratory disease 73 73 45 20 80 52 34 43 15 39 48 61 32 36 47 Cervical cancer screening 13 9 2 9 21 8 3 3 3 4 8 Basic surgery 55 73 52 65 98 100 65 71 59 75 54 68 36 71 31 65 Blood transfusion 19 11 4 7 5 7 5 8 4 6 7 44 15 8 11 Comprehensive surgery 75 24 97 69 72 100 100 90 87 9 100 50 81 98 70 75 Service availability index 76 71 52 59 80 68 46 61 59 53 62 59 69 52 58 46 61 59 Data source: SARA surveys 2013–2017 Figure 150 Percent of facilities that reported offering services (n=17 countries in the African Region Data source: SARA surveys 2013–2017 97Chapter 9 – Health systems and services Service specific readiness In most of the 17 countries, the availability of items for offering services was low for TB, ART, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, advanced diagnostic services and high-level diagnostic services. Readiness was generally high for antenatal care, basic obstetric care, child immunization, preventive and curative services, HCT, comprehensive surgery and family planning. Figure 151 Service specific readiness index (%) Data source: SARA surveys 2013–2017 98 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 49 The mean availability of items for offering the specific services by country Zim ba bw e 2 01 5 Za m bia 20 15 Et hio pia 20 16 Be nin 20 15 Bu rk ina Fa so 20 14 Ch ad 20 15 M au rit an ia 20 16 Ni ge r 2 01 5 Sie rra Le on e 2 01 7 Bu ru nd i 2 01 7 Ug an da 20 13 Ke ny a 2 01 6 Ta nz an ia 20 16 (S PA ) Se yc he lle s 2 01 7 Lib er ia 20 16 DR C 2 01 4 To go 20 13 Av er ag e Family planning 86 73 64 73 90 83 66 89 76 86 74 84 49 90 73 64 71 76 Antenatal care 77 75 41 74 70 61 58 66 66 62 63 89 81 67 62 43 60 66 Basic obstetric care 80 67 68 63 66 57 63 68 63 66 71 43 65 45 52 62 CEmOC 72 59 64 73 73 60 73 72 44 85 100 57 45 69 68 Child immunization 82 77 54 80 84 87 84 88 68 79 80 85 78 34 42 79 74 Preventive and curative services for under-fives 79 73 49 62 71 56 58 68 74 57 58 89 55 63 57 45 64 63 Adolescent health services 66 58 25 40 61 40 29 48 70 57 47 23 48 34 25 30 44 Life-saving medicine (children) 60 43 60 62 87 33 55 47 72 32 55 Life-saving medicines (mothers) 42 50 39 57 36 45 31 59 47 45 Malaria 75 72 42 69 75 71 46 68 81 61 61 54 56 60 54 64 63 TB 79 62 56 62 68 13 46 58 63 65 65 46 68 23 34 40 38 52 HIV counseling and testing 68 86 51 72 67 73 57 78 82 74 71 80 58 66 79 80 71 HIV care and support 79 72 57 67 62 59 62 67 63 63 57 48 55 39 55 60 ART 45 55 46 43 24 31 34 37 31 26 46 80 41 46 13 49 40 PMTCT 89 71 41 46 52 41 37 49 53 53 64 80 54 37 52 57 55 STIs 71 66 54 60 80 58 39 65 46 57 58 88 61 55 43 61 60 Diabetes 61 58 53 52 46 32 42 42 46 42 60 52 80 49 48 51 51 Cardiovascular diseases 61 52 41 46 37 38 38 36 37 32 54 64 62 89 43 40 37 47 Chronic obstructive respiratory disease 48 43 27 28 30 19 23 21 34 26 32 64 30 75 37 19 35 Cervical cancer screening 72 62 72 70 52 48 55 38 47 65 31 56 Basic surgery 66 49 41 46 44 47 52 43 41 43 53 33 70 44 42 29 46 Blood transfusion 47 61 56 68 64 55 43 45 61 54 67 71 100 43 45 73 60 Comprehensive surgery 51 85 72 81 79 84 62 59 62 92 58 22 51 61 48 69 65 Advanced diagnostic services 28 67 52 67 77 41 22 25 71 22 25 6 42 High-level diagnostic services 19 51 2 60 95 54 19 52 10 38 40 Average 64 64 51 58 61 58 49 57 53 57 58 62 54 61 48 44 55 56 Data source: SARA surveys 2013–2017 99Chapter 9 – Health systems and services 9.2 Health financing Financing of health in the African region remains suboptimal and reducing. The government budget for health as a share of total government budget in 2014 was about 10% on average which is way below the Abuja target of allocating 15% of the government budget to the health sector. The trend in recent years (2012-2014) suggests that the percentage of government budget allocated to the health sector is steadily reducing in the region. In 2014, the Abuja target was met by only four countries: Gambia, Ethiopia, Swaziland and Malawi. The per capita government expenditure on health in the region in 2014 was 51.6 US Dollars at the average rate which is a very tiny fraction of the per capita expenditure on health in America (USD 1,858.3) and Europe (USD 1,828.1). The financing system in almost all the African countries is pluralistic, with funds from different sources and mechanisms. During 2010 – 2014; the total health expenditure, which is the sum of health expenditure from all sources in a given year, remained stagnant at around 5% of the gross domestic product. Of this, about 30% were from out-of-pocket payments, 10% from external resources such as donor funding, and just under 50% were general government health expenditure. This means that private inflows account for slightly over 50% of the total health expenditure in the Region. During 2010 – 2014; rates of funds from external resources such as the donors have remained stagnant around 10%. Figure 152 General government health expenditure as a percentage of general government expenditure in the African Region, 2010–2014 Data source: WHO, 2017 Table 50 List of countries that met the Abuja target, 2014 The Gambia 15.31 Ethiopia 15.75 Swaziland 16.58 Malawi 16.77 Data source: WHO 2017 Figure 153 Per capita government expenditure on health in the African Region, 2010–2014 Data source: WHO, 2017 Table 51 Bottom 10 countries with low per capita government expenditure on health at average exchange rate, 2014 Madagascar 6.62 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7.04 Guinea-Bissau 7.63 Central African Republic 7.63 Niger 10.00 Burundi 11.37 Eritrea 11.53 South Sudan 12.48 Liberia 14.57 Guinea 14.77 Data source: WHO 2017 100 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Figure 154 Health expenditure as a percentage of total health expenditure in the African Region, 2010–2014 Figure 155 Per capita total expenditure on health in the African Region, 2010–2014 Data source: WHO, 2017 Data source: WHO 201 Figure 156 Per capita total expenditure on health by WHO region, 2014 Figure 157 Per capita government expenditure on health by WHO region, 2014 Data source: WHO 2017 Data source: WHO 2017 Western Pacific South-East Asia Africa Americas Eastern Mediterranean Europe Total health expenditure per capita (PPP int. $) Per capita total expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$) Western Pacific South-East Asia Africa Americas Eastern Mediterranean Europe Per capita government expenditure on health at average exchange rate (US$) General government health expenditure per capita (PPP int. $) 101Chapter 9 – Health systems and services Figure 158 Private Health Expenditure as % of Total Health Expenditure in the African Region Figure 159 Out of Pocket Expenditure as % of Private Health Expenditure in the African Region, 2010–2014 Data source: WHO, 2017 Data source: WHO, 2017 Table 52 Top 10 countries with high Private Health Expenditure as % of Total Health Expenditure, 2014 Sierra Leone 79.37 Democratic Republic of the Congo 78.26 Guinea-Bissau 77.33 Cameroon 76.60 Uganda 73.66 Liberia 73.09 Côte d’Ivoire 72.84 Nigeria 71.47 Niger 67.97 Guinea 67.91 Data source: WHO 2017 Figure 160 Private Health Expenditure as % of Total Health Expenditure by WHO region, 2014 Figure 161 Out of Pocket Expenditure as % of Private Health Expenditure by WHO region, 2014 Data source: WHO 2017 Data source: WHO 2017 Table 53 Top 10 countries with high Out of Pocket Expenditure as % of Private Health Expenditure, 2014 Eritrea 100.00 Congo 97.82 Algeria 96.45 Mali 95.19 Nigeria 94.84 Cabo Verde 93.05 South Sudan 92.80 Mauritania 92.73 Benin 92.46 Cameroon 92.21 Data source: WHO 2017 102 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 9.3 Health workforce Figure 162 Core health worker density per 1,000 population* *
The core health workforce consists of physicians, nursing and midwifery personel Date source: WHO 2017 103Chapter 9 – Health systems and services 9.4 Medical products and infrastructures Figure 163 Hospital beds per 10 000 population in the African Region, 2014 Figure 164 Beds in mental hospitals per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2014 Data source: WHO 2017 Data source: WHO 2017 Figure 165 Availability of technical specifications of medical devices to support procurement or donations in the African Region, 2013 Data source: WHO 2017 104 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Table 54 Median availability and consumer price ratio of selected generic medicines in the African Region, 2007–2013 Median availability of selected generic medicines ()* Median consumer price ratio of selected generic medicines** Private Public Private Public Burkina Faso 72.10 87.10 2.90 2.20 Burundi 58.30 46.70 2.80 1.70 Congo 31.30 21.20 11.50 6.50 DRC 65.40 55.60 2.30 2.00 Malawi 55.60 63.30 3.90 Mauritius 70.00 88.80 5.90 Niger 65.80 35.00 3.90 2.90 Rwanda 80.00 46.30 3.60 1.70 Sao Tome and Principe 22.20 56.30 13.80 2.40 Tanzania 50.00 37.80 Uganda 78.00 70.00 Zambia 81.30 74.00 4.70 *
Median percentage availability of selected generic medicines in a sample
of health facilities in the African Region, countries with data ** Median consumer price ratio of selected generic medicines (ratio of median local unit price to management sciences for health international reference price), countries with data Source: WHO 2017 Figure 166 Availability of national standards for or recommended lists of medical devices in the African Region, 2013 Data source: WHO 2017 Figure 167 National guidelines, policies or recommendations on the procurement of medical devices, 2013 Data source: WHO 2013 Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros Cabo Verde Sao Tome and Principe SeychellesMauritiusComoros 105Chapter 9 – Health systems and services Data source: WHO 2017 Figure 168 Bottom 10 countries with low health facilities density per 100 000 population, 2013 Figure 169 Health facilities density per 100 000 population in the African Region, 2013 Data source: WHO 2017 106 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 9.5 Health information, evidence and knowledge Figure 170 : Census carried out in the 2010 round of censuses (2005-2014) in the African Region, 2005–2014 Figure 171 Percentage of civil registration coverage for births in the African Region, 2010–2015 (2015-2024) in the African Region, 2015–2024 Data source: UNDS 2016 Figure 172 Census carried out in the 2020 round of censuses Data source: UNDS 2016 Data source: WHO, 2017 Table 55 List of countries that census was expected but not held, and those which census was held out in the 2020 round of censuses, 2015–2024 Burkina Faso 2016 Census was expected but not held Cameroon 2016 Census was expected but not held Comoros 2016 Census was expected but not held Congo 2017 Census was expected but not held DR Congo 2016 Census was expected but not held Ethiopia 2017 Census was expected but not held Mozambique 2017 Census was expected but not held Nigeria 2017 Census was expected but not held South Sudan 2017 Census was expected but not held Swaziland 2017 Census was expected but not held Equatorial Guinea 2015 Census was held Lesotho 2016 Census was held Sierra Leone 2015 Census was held Data source: UNSD, 2016 Table 56 Percentage of civil registration coverage for deaths in the African Region, 2008–2012 South Africa 2008–2010 87.10 Mauritius 2011–2013 100 Seychelles 2010–2012 100 Data source: WHO, 2017 107Chapter 9 – Health systems and services 9.6 eHealth Figure 173 Cellular or mobile subscribers (%) in the African Region Figure 174 Cellular or mobile subscribers (%) in the AfrJcan Region Figure 175 Cellular or mobile subscribers (%) by WHO region Figure 176 Individuals using the Internet in the African Region Data source: WHO 2000–2013 Data source: ITU 2016 Data source: ITU 2016 Data source: WHO 2013 108 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 Chapter 10. Social determinants of health Data source: WHO 2015 10.1 Water and sanitation Figure 177 Population using improved drinking water source (%) in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015 Figure 178 Population using improved drinking water source by residence in the African Region Figure 179 Population using improved sanitation (%) in the African Region Figure 180 Population using improved sanitation (%) by residence in the African Region Data source: WHO 2015Data source: WHO 2015 109Chapter 10 – Social determinants of health 10.2 Access to electricity Figure 181 Population with access to electricity in the African Region Figure 182 Population with access to electricity (%) by residence in the African Region Data source: The World Bank 2014 Data source: The World Bank 2014 110 Atlas of African Health Statistics 2018 References The following data sources have been used in the compilation of the Atlas: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) GHDx, the Global Health Data Exchange http://ghdx.healthdata.org/ Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) – Data Downloads http://ghdx.healthdata.org/global-burden-disease-study-2013-gbd-2013-data-downloads International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Cancer mondial http://www-dep.iarc.fr/ GLOBOCAN 2012: Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012 http://globocan.iarc.fr International Health Partnership (ihp+) The IHP+ Global Compact for achieving the health Millennium Development Goals http://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/en/tools/global-compact/ International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Statistics http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) UNHCR Population Statistics Database http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview UNAIDS AIDSinfo http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ UNICEF UNICEF Statistics and Monitoring http://www.unicef.org/statistics/ UNICEF data: monitoring the situation of women and children http://data.unicef.org/index-2.html The State of the World’s Children 2015 http://data.unicef.org/resources/the-state-of-the-worlds-children-report-2015.html United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division World population prospects, the 2015 revision – Data files http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) Child Mortality Estimates (CME Info) http://www.childmortality.org/ United Nations Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-agency Group (MMEIG) http://www.maternalmortalitydata.org/ 111References The World Bank World Bank Open Data http://data.worldbank.org/ World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory (GHO) – Data repository http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main ; http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.1?lang=en Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators, 2015 http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/indicators/2015/en/index.html Malaria – Data and statistics http://www.who.int/malaria/data/en/ WHO country offices in the WHO African Region http://www.afro.who.int/en/countries.html WHO global health estimates http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/en/ WHO global TB database http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/download/en/