Meeting Report Regional Consultation on Strengthening Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Prevention and Control in Primary Health Care
Beijing, China 14–17 August 2012
WPR/DHP/NCD(1)/2012 Report series number: English only
REPORT
REGIONAL CONSULTATION ON STRENGTHENING NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCD) PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Convened by: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC Beijing, China 14 – 17 August 2012
Not for sale Printed and distributed by: World Health Organization
Regional Office for the Western Pacific Manila, Philippines September 2012
NOTE
The views expressed in this report are those of the participants at the Regional Consultation on Strengthening NCD Prevention and Control in Primary Health Care and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the Organization.
This report has been prepared for the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific for the use of governments from Member States in the Region and for those who participated in the Regional Consultation on Strengthening NCD Prevention and Control in Primary Health Care held at Beijing, China, from 14 to 17 August 2012.
SUMMARY
Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) is a global and regional priority. The Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases in September 2011 provided the highest level of commitment for advancing the work in this area. The Regional Committee resolution WPR/RC62.R2 on expanding and intensifying NCD prevention urged Member States to fulfill the commitments of the political declaration and requested WHO to provide technical support. One of the strategic priorities of the resolution is to develop and strengthen essential NCD services for prevention, early detection, management, rehabilitation and palliative care as central part of health system strengthening for NCD prevention. The Regional Office for the Western Pacific and the Ministry of Health, People’s Republic of China, co-organized the Regional Consultation on Strengthening NCD Prevention and Control in Primary Health Care. The meeting was held in Beijing, China, from 14 to 17 April 2012 and brought together 32 participants from 10 countries in the Region, three temporary advisers and one resource person. The objectives of the consultation were: (1) to review the current status, challenges and opportunities for strengthening NCD prevention and management through primary health care; (2) to visit, discuss and learn from the community-based models of NCD prevention and control in China; and (3) to discuss the requirements of applying the package of essential NCD interventions (PEN) in primary care, and to identify country-specific steps. The proceedings included presentations and group works on identifying cross- cutting issues for strengthening NCD prevention and control in introducing essential disease interventions in primary care and development of next steps for action. The current status of NCD management in primary health care, the WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) disease Interventions for Primary Health Care and the role of health systems and essential drugs for NCD prevention and management were presented to set the scene. Experiences of Malaysia, the Philippines, Hong Kong (China), Japan and the Republic of Korea were presented in different areas of NCD prevention and management in primary health care. The meeting achieved its objectives and developed recommendations.
CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 1.2. 1.3 1.4 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 1 Participants ................................................................................................................... 1 Organization ................................................................................................................. 2 Opening ceremony ........................................................................................................ 2
2. PROCEEDINGS..................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Session 1 - Setting the scene ......................................................................................... 3 Session 2 - Country presentations................................................................................. 3 Session 3 - Health systems and essential drugs for NCD prevention and management 4 Session 4 - Learning from the field .............................................................................. 5 Session 5 - Group work ................................................................................................ 7 Session 6 - Field visit.................................................................................................... 8 Session 7 - Approaches for NCD interventions in primary care .................................. 8 Session 8 - Next steps for implementing/ strengthening PEN in primary care............. 8 Session 9 - Closing ceremony....................................................................................... 9
3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 10 3.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Recommendations....................................................................................................... 10
ANNEXES 1. List of participants 2. Programme of activities 3. Country presentations 4. Country experiences 5. Group work presentations 6. Next steps 7. Evaluation of the consultation 8. Background document
1. INTRODUCTION
Prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is a global and regional priority. The Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases 2011 provided the highest level of commitment for advancing the work in this area. The Regional Committee resolution WPR/RC62.R2 on expanding and intensifying NCD prevention and control urged Member States to urgently fulfil the commitments of the political declaration. One of the strategic actions envisioned in the above resolution is to develop and strengthen essential NCD services for prevention, early detection, management, rehabilitation and palliative care as a central part of health system strengthening for NCD prevention. Primary health care can provide the majority of the population with broader coverage and easy access to essential services for reducing NCD risk factors, promoting healthy lifestyle, facilitating early detection, management and referral of NCDs. The main challenge, however, is to strengthen the primary care services to offer a package of evidence-based interventions. Effective primary care services alone would not work and should be seamlessly linked with specialized services through a referral system. A WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) disease Interventions for Primary Health Care could be adapted for implementation in primary care in specific country contexts. 1 The consultation addressed the challenges and opportunities for NCD management in primary care and identified next steps for country-specific approaches. This consultation also served as a follow-up to the WHO-organized Intercountry Consultation on Improving Access to Essential Medicines, Diagnostics and Medical Devices for the Management of Noncommunicable Diseases held in August 2011. 1.1 Objectives The objectives of the consultation were: 1. To review the current status, challenges and opportunities for strengthening NCD prevention and management through primary health; 2. To visit, discuss and learn from the community-based models of NCD prevention and control in China; and 3. To discuss the requirements of applying the Package of Essential NCD interventions (PEN) in primary care, and to identify country-specific steps. 1.2. Participants
The meeting brought together 32 participants from 10 countries in the Western Pacific Region: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, China Western Area Health Initiative (WAHI), Hong Kong (China), Macao (China), Japan, the Lao People’s Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) disease Interventions for Primary Health Care. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012. 1
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Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam. Three temporary advisers and one resource person provided technical support during the consultation. The Secretariat was composed of staff from the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific and WHO China Country Office. Representatives from the Canadian Embassy in China, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningxia Medical University China, Fu Wai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (China), Department of Health (Government of the Special Region of Hong Kong), NCD Alliance and World Hypertension League also attended as observers. The list of participants, temporary advisers, resource person, and Secretariat are presented in Annex 1. 1.3 Organization
The meeting comprised eight sessions and the opening and closing ceremonies. Participants presented their country situations following a structured template provided to them beforehand. They worked in groups to identify cross-cutting issues in countries and worked as country groups to identify potential next steps for action in their respective countries. The programme included a visit to Dongcheng Management Center of Community Health Centers and some primary care centres to observe NCD prevention and management. A full outline of the programme is presented in Annex 2. A background paper was also provided to the participants (Annex 8). 1.4 Opening ceremony
Ms Han Jianli, Deputy Director of Department of International Cooperation, Division of International Organizations, Ministry of Health, China, welcomed the distinguished guests and participants. Dr Liang Xiaofeng, Deputy Director General of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Dr Han Tieru, Director of Building Healthy Communities and Populations, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, delivered the opening remarks. Dr Michael O' Leary, WHO Representative in China, delivered the opening address on behalf of Dr Shin Young-soo, WHO Regional Director for the Western Pacific. Dr Liang Xiaofeng (China) and Dr Tomofumi Sone (Japan) were elected as Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson, respectively, for the consultation.
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2. PROCEEDINGS
2.1
Session 1 - Setting the scene
Dr. Han Tieru, Director of Building Healthy Communities and Populations, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, presented an overview of NCD prevention and control in the Region. He discussed the magnitude of NCDs in the Region in terms of mortality and the risk factors associated with it as well as the intensified response of WHO to the global epidemic which can be classified under five themes: (1) national policy and plan within the national health and development plan, (2) population-based, multisectoral actions for risk reduction, (3) health system strengthening for NCD prevention and management, (4) surveillance, monitoring and reporting, and (5) sustainable partnerships and advocacy. Dr Cherian Varghese, Senior Medical Officer (NCD), WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, presented the status of NCD management in primary health care and the objectives of the consultation. Dr Varghese covered aspects of NCD management in terms of service delivery (both demand and supply sides), health systems, drugs and technology, and the variation in country capacity to address NCDs. He also introduced WHO PEN as an innovative, cost-effective, and action-oriented response for primary care in low-resource settings, as well as the proposed global monitoring framework for NCDs. Dr Evgeny Zheleznyakov, WHO Temporary Adviser, presented in detail the WHO PEN. Dr Zheleznyakov tackled the underpinning principles for integrating NCD prevention and control into primary health care, the flexibility and cost-effectiveness of PEN in diverse settings, its components and guidelines for implementation and some country examples. Professor Bruce Arroll, Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Auckland, New Zealand, described the management of total cardiovascular risk in primary care as experienced in New Zealand. Dr Arroll presented various ways in assessing cardiovascular risk and the influence of risk factors, such as blood pressure, smoking and total cholesterol, in increasing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk. Ms Kong Linghzi, Deputy Director of the General Bureau of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, China, presented the management of NCD in China. Ms Kong outlined how China developed primary care in rural areas in accordance with their plan of 2001-2010. She also discussed the other milestones in China NCD prevention and control: Health Care System Reform (launched in 2009) and the National Plan for NCD prevention and control for 2012-2015.
2.2
Session 2 - Country presentations
Each participating country provided an overview of the situation in the country (Annex 3). A summary of challenges and requirements in countries is presented in Table 1.
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Table 1. Summary of challenges and requirements in countries Challenges Low level of political commitment Human resources - Lack of adequate staff and skills - Limited capacity - Work overload (increase of aging chronic diseases and aging population) Finance - Limited budget for NCD in general and procurement of drugs and equipment - NCD medicines cost is high - Limitation in equipment, new techniques and methods Lack of technical guidelines for NCD management at primary health care centres (PHC) Adoption of WHO PEN in national health policy Training for enhancement of skills Budget allocation (for PEN, staff, etc.) Regular and appropriate drug supply Development of technical guidelines for primary care staff Requirements Increase awareness of NCD and risk factors
2.3
Session 3 - Health systems and essential drugs for NCD prevention and management
Mr Sjieuwke Postma, Team Leader, Health Services Development, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, made a presentation on NCDs and health systems. Mr Postma highlighted the fact that chronic diseases require a continuum of care that includes health promotion, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care and that this continuum of care requires a patient-centred and integrated service delivery, within the context of an overall NCD policy, strategy and/or operational plan. However, reality shows that many countries face different service delivery barriers at both demand and supply sides of the health services. These barriers prevent the appropriate implementation of NCD service delivery. It was acknowledged that the Member States present are at different levels of health sector (and thus NCD services) development and that not all barriers may or need to be addressed immediately. Therefore, a menu was provided with options to address those key barriers, with the suggestion that key health systems such as human resources, financing and the availability of drugs are priority areas to be addressed. By keeping the priority areas in view, Member States will ensure that equitable NCD service delivery is easily accessible, providing a range of acceptable and affordable services to the majority of the population. The proposed way forward includes NCD and other service delivery assessments (by "following an NCD patient's journey in the health system") to identify key service delivery and health systems issues and concurrently start looking at staff capacity-building and undertake
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(re)allocation of staff, finance, drugs and other supply resources while at the same time continue with health promotion and advocacy to political leaders and budget holders on NCD issues. Other health systems recommendations were: a) to ensure inclusion and regulation of the private and civil society organization; b) to make sure that Member States collect NCD data on burden and interventions, and c) to provide patients with unique identification codes so that they can easily pass through the health system while being covered for services supported by an appropriate insurance system. Dr Klara Tisocki, Senior Technical Officer, Essential Medicines and Health Technologies, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, presented the essential drugs for NCD. Dr Tisocki stressed that ensuring equitable access to essential medicines and technologies (EMT) would be essential for low- and middle-income countries to manage the increasing burden of NCDs. The main challenges for access to EMT for NCDs are inadequate access, unsafe and poor quality products, and their incautious use by prescribers and patients. Measures to overcome these barriers include rational selection of limited range of EMT (based on PEN) and improvement of procurement and supply chain efficiency. Affordability and financial protection can be enhanced by defining health insurance benefits that cover essential needs at all levels of care for NCDs. Public sector medicine budget can be prioritized and prices of chronic diseases medicines in the private sector can be reduced. Good governance will be needed to ensure that an appropriate balance of private and public partnerships is maintained. The use of generic medicines and devices, which have been shown to have bio-equivalence with branded medicines, will be the cornerstone of establishing the PEN programme. This action will require the use of national guidelines, preferential registration, permitting of generic substitution, education of prescribers and consumers, and ensuring quality of EMTs. 2.4 Session 4 - Learning from the field
Dr Fatanah Binti Ismail, Senior Principal Assistant Director of the Primary Care Section in the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, discussed the Malaysian experience in NCD management in primary care (Annex 4). Her presentation included a description of the structure of the Malaysian Health System with a focus on PHC and the evolution from a limited service in 1960, with a focus on acute illness, to a comprehensive, coordinated, continuous and community service that is now in place. There is a National Plan for NCDs for 2011 to 2015, including governance and a seven-step strategy, to provide a complete and high quality service. There is a plan to train health workers at all levels as well as promote self-management of patients. Dr Francisca Cuevas from the Philippines highlighted the critical activities that were involved in the introduction of WHO PEN in Pateros, Metro Manila (Annex 4) which included baseline assessment of the capacity to implement PEN, the procurement of essential devices and medicines, and the training of health providers on the protocol. The risk assessment was integrated with other public health programmes, although purposive case finding through community outreach was done. The referral system was strengthened by involving the referral doctors during the training and the drafting of the referral protocol. NCD days were designated to improve compliance. Community awareness on the availability of NCD services was made through a high-visibility event and through the community health volunteers. Information, education and communication (IEC) materials on NCD were also developed and used in the community. Health education classes were conducted among the patients and their families. The poor had no out-of-pocket payments but the non-poor paid US$ 1.19 for one-month’s supply of medications.
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Dr Hiu Yeung Jacqueline Choi, Principal Medical Officer (NCD) Surveillance and Epidemiology Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Government of the Special Region of Hong Kong, presented the human resources, drugs and technology for NCD management as experienced in Hong Kong. Dr Choi highlighted the significant progress in primary care development such as the development of Strategy Document on Primary Care Development in Hong Kong. This development includes the primary care conceptual models and reference frameworks for adults and children and the primary care directory with doctor and dentist subdirectories, and the inclusion of the subdirectory on Chinese Medicine Practitioners (CMP). Under existing legislation, 13 types of healthcare professional are required to be registered with their respective boards or councils before they are allowed to practice in Hong Kong. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to identify and address risk factors of NCDs, engage early intervention through screening and counselling and support patients for self-management. Reference frameworks on two major NCDs (hypertension and diabetes) were published in 2011 by Department of Health with the aim to improve patient care. Regarding human resources, various Boards and Councils were established under relevant ordinances to look after the registration, conduct and discipline of their respective healthcare professionals practicing in Hong Kong. Thirteen types of healthcare professionals (medical practitioners, Chinese medicine practitioners, dentists, dental hygienists, nurses, midwives, medical laboratory technologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, optometrists, radiographers, pharmacists, and chiropractors) are required to register with their respective boards or councils before they are allowed to practice in Hong Kong. To provide information for the formulation of policy on health manpower planning, Department of Health regularly conducts Health Manpower Surveys to collect updated information on the size, characteristics and employment status of all healthcare professionals practicing in the private and public sectors. Dr Tomofumi Sone, Director of the Department of International Health and Collaboration, National Institute of Public Health, Japan, presented the screening programme for NCDs in Japan. Dr Sone reiterated that screening should be combined with health guidance/education to change people’s behaviours; otherwise, it does not contribute to the prevention of diseases. Occupational settings are appropriate to improve the coverage of programmes. High participation rate and quality control of screening are crucial for making the programme effective. State of the art technologies may not always be the best for screening in the population. Pros and cons of each programme should be strictly considered on the merit of the scientific data. There is a sort of “digging-up” paradox in NCD screening. The more “effective” secondary preventions are, the more will be the number of patients, as well as increased medical expenditure. This will continue until most patients are found and properly treated. Careful consideration of overall strategies and resource allocation on primary and secondary prevention is, therefore, essential. Mr Minsoo Park, Director of the Health Insurance Policy Division, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea, highlighted the universal service coverage which covers almost all NCDs in every level of hospitals and clinics. Korea’s National Health Insurance (KNHI) is a mandated social insurance programme and financed by various sources such as contribution of salaries, government taxes and surcharge on tobacco. This universal coverage of KNHI enables citizens of the Republic of Korea to enjoy remarkable improvement of access to medical services. Recently, the government of the Republic of Korea has implemented two new policies to enhance NCD management in primary health care. One of them is to provide economic incentives to primary health care in case of hypertension and diabetes, and the other is to increase coinsurance for medicines for 50 non-serious diseases seen in hospitals.
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Dr Young Kyung-Do, Professor in Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, presented the challenges and opportunities in NCD management in health systems. Strategies for low- and middle-income countries according to critical health care components (patient, provider, health care delivery, community, policy environment) were covered in his presentation. Dr Young also highlighted the well- known challenges in NCD control: that it requires revenue and political will to prioritize public expenditure for health; low public health expenditure is insufficient for the delivery of a basic package of health services; and governance and regulatory capacity of many countries may lack strength or experience to implement public health laws and pricing/taxation policies relevant to population level strategies for NCD control. Sample strategies presented were co-management of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes, integrating NCD disease prevention into maternal and child health programmes, offering integrated care for HIV/AIDS, diabetes and hypertension within chronic disease clinics and leveraging HIV programmes to support NCD services. Dr. Young suggested a systematic approach to strengthen NCD management in primary care: introduction of most relevant, selected priority interventions (e.g., tobacco control) and PEN; use of PEN as an opportunity to strengthen existing health systems (PHC and district health system) with improved resources/governance; and learning lessons from success and replicating them in other contexts (‘risk factors share common characteristics’). 2.5 Session 5 - Group work
Participants worked in three country groups: Group 1 - Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam; Group 2 - China (WAHI); and Group 3 - Brunei Darussalam, Macao (China), Mongolia and the Philippines. The groups identified cross-cutting issues for strengthening NCD prevention and control in introducing PEN in primary care (Annex 5). Countries made presentations in different areas and a brief summary of challenges and solutions is presented in Table 2. Table 2. Summary of challenges and solutions (from group work) Area Challenges National health service plan No NCD plan/committee/guideline; multisector coordination Financial resources Low funding; No proper allocation Human resources Staff shortage and low skills
Solutions External support; Multisector coordination Establish health promotion fund; Increase investment; Insurance Redistribution; Maximize other health care staff; Staff training Improve access to generic drugs; Increase awareness Donation policy; Staff rotation for training; Reimbursement through insurance Establish referral system; Increase awareness Get local authorities involvement; Public health leadership Establish/improve data collection system
Drugs Technology and laboratory services Referral systems Community linkages
Cost and quality; patient compliance; Procurement Not enough equipment; low/no staff capacity; sustainability Self- referral; Double referral system not established Lack of public participation and organization No system of reporting
Monitoring and evaluation
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2.6
Session 6 - Field visit
The participants were taken to the Dongcheng Management Center of Community Health Centers at Dongcheng District, in Beijing. Dr Qiang Shen, Deputy Director of the Center, explained the details about the primary health care organization which included a demonstration of the computerized systems capable of tracking individuals with NCDs in the community. After this event, participants visited three primary care centres: Beixinqiao Health Center, Haiyuncang Health Center, and Huayuan Health Center in Dongcheng District, Beijing. The functioning of the primary care centres was explained, with emphasis on their role in NCD prevention and management. The role of traditional Chinese medicine in NCD prevention and management was also explained. 2.7 Session 7 - Approaches for NCD interventions in primary care
Dr Liang Xiaofeng presented the learning from China. Critical factors include government and political support, coordinated NCD prevention and control system to address the severe epidemic of NCD, and effective NCD prevention and action (meaning when government takes leadership, when there is multisectoral collaboration in appropriate manner, and there is involvement of community, family and individuals). Even with this progress in NCD prevention and control, China still faced a number of challenges that need to be addressed, such as uneven distribution of health resources, imperfect health information system, weak capacities of health workforce, insufficient basic health facilities, inadequate financial resources for NCD and uncoordinated response to NCD. 2.8 Session 8 - Next steps for implementing/ strengthening PEN in primary care
Participants worked in country groups developed their plans for action under different areas (Annex 6), as presented briefly in Table 3. Table 3. Next steps Area Policy advocacy, stakeholder consultation Adapt PEN- Assess, identify a feasible package, reorient services, provide improved care Drugs-policy pricing, purchase distribution Human resource development Infrastructure, laboratory services Integrated service deliveryNCD services in current programmes Financing for NCD services in PHC
Next steps Multisectoral coordination; local government involvement; Revision of current NCD policy/plan Situational analysis; Local adaptation of PEN service package
Improve procurement mechanism; Revise essential drug list and improve accessibility Capacity building through training Improve capacity according to PEN package Combine NCD services in relevant existing programmes in different levels; Set up systems for monitoring and evaluation of services Redistribution of national or health budget; Inclusion in national insurance; External support
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2.8.1
Evaluation
An evaluation of the consultation was conducted. Participants were asked about the overall impression of the consultation and achievements obtained. They were also encouraged to make comments and suggestions. The structured questionnaire used and detailed results are in Annex 7. The overall impression of the consultation was good (78%). Most of the participants indicated that they collected valuable information in the sessions and learnt from the experiences of other countries. 2.9 Session 9 - Closing ceremony
Dr Liang Xiaofeng and Ms Kong Linghzi presented the closing remarks. Highlights and main outcomes of the consultation were captured by Dr Han Tieru in his final remarks.
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3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1
Conclusions
Noncommunicable diseases (NCD) are increasing in all countries of the Region. There is a need for a shift in health care needs from acute care for infectious diseases to the long-term management of chronic conditions. Many of what are considered conditions that can be well managed in primary health care settings are currently being managed in secondary health care facilities, usually by staff who are “over trained” for the task. A reorientation of thinking, personnel and systems is needed if health services are to cope with the workload. Flexibility is also important as different countries will have different capacity and requirements. 3.2 Recommendations
3.2.1 Countries may opt to do the following under each domain: Advocacy 1) Acknowledge the NCD epidemic and its health systems challenges by reflecting appropriate responses through policy, strategy, national health plan development as well as resource allocation. 2) Highlight the need for strengthening NCD prevention and management in primary care and to bring a package of services for NCD as part of the health services. 3) Promote PEN as a cost-effective, evidence- based package for NCD prevention and control in primary care. Assessment 1) Assess the capacity of health system for introducing a package of essential NCD services. 2) Study the availability of essential drugs and technology for providing NCD services and to identify measures at appropriate levels. 3) Review the procurement and distribution of NCD medicines. 4) Assess the human resource needs for NCD service provision at different levels of health care. Phased implementation 1) Consider a pilot phase and a phased-implementation strategy. 2) Consider different models for rural and urban population. 3) Identify and strengthen two way referral systems.
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4) Use workplaces and other settings for opportunistic case finding. 5) Provide a continuum of care service delivery that includes preventive, promotive, curative rehabilitative and palliative care. Human resources 1) Target key staff for reorientation and training on NCD service delivery. 2) Develop human resource plans to meet the current and future demands for NCD prevention and control. Essential drugs and technology 1) Revise and include in the national lists, products to be made available in line with the medicines and technologies recommended by WHO PEN. 2) Develop and implement actions and innovative solutions necessary to improve access to NCD essential medicines and technologies in primary care. 3) Identify and implement actions that can increase efficiency of procurement and distribution of NCD medicines to optimize the use of available resources. Financing 1) Undertake national health account reviews to indicate availability and initiate resource distribution to focus on NCDs. 2) Prioritize NCD prevention, treatment and care options and identify actions to provide adequate financing and financial protection to ensure equitable access to essential NCD medicines and technologies, and progress towards universal coverage at primary care level. 3) Provide more cost-effective and efficient health, including for NCDs service delivery packages. 4) Ensure early NCD prevention activities are included in health insurance systems. 5) Ensure health insurance coverage is portable and covers the whole continuum of care. Monitoring 1) Ensure the existence of a Hospital Management Information System (HMIS) that includes key NCD burdens and interventions. Indicators to assess population coverage can also be included. 2) Develop monitoring and evaluation framework with clear targets and indicators (aligned to the global targets) to monitor availability, affordability and rational use of NCD medicines as part of monitoring the availability and quality of NCD services in primary care.
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3) Ensure that unique identification codes are allocated to patients to ensure easy identification, registration and monitoring of the patient throughout the health system and disease journey. 3.2.2 Partners may consider the following: 1) Harmonize capacity building efforts aimed at strengthening national procurement and supply chain management systems. The aim should be to build sustainable, resilient integrated public health supply chain systems and optimize the efficiency of procurement system. 2) Promote integration of essential public health interventions at primary care level, including recommended intervention in WHO PEN package and equitable access to essential NCD medicines and technologies in primary care. 3) Provide continuing technical support to Member States to develop and implement pharmaceutical policies and regulations that can ensure quality of medicines and strengthen the capacity for national procurement and supply chain management to efficiently deliver to these commodities to primary care users. 4) Industries may work together with national governments and regulatory agencies to increase availability of low-cost, quality-assured, generic essential NCD medicines identified in WHO PEN package for priority NCD interventions. 5) Pharmaceutical industry can work on technical solutions that can increase accessibility and affordability of essential NCD medicines including packaging of combination treatments and development of affordable and rational fixed-dose combinations. 3.2.3 WHO may consider doing the following: 1) Provide technical and operational guidance to undertake national health accounts and development of cost-effective and efficient health service packages. 2) Advocate for the provision of adequate funding and implementation of financing mechanisms that can enhance the affordability and access to essential NCD medicines in primary care and include coverage in insurance reimbursement with the aim of progression towards universal coverage. 3) Provide technical support to adapt and make operational the WHO PEN at different levels of health care delivery in a phased manner. 4) Continue to promote and advocate for adoption of pharmaceutical policies, including generic medicines policies, by Member States which can enhance access to essential NCD services, medicines and technologies in primary care. 5) Promote inclusion of essential NCD medicines and technologies in national Essential Medicine and Essential Medical Devices Lists for use in primary care and adaptation of evidence-based PEN protocols in national standard treatment guidelines. 6) Support strengthening of health information systems which can capture health system response to NCDs.
ANNEX 1
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS, TEMPORARY ADVISERS, RESOURCE PERSON, REPRESENTATIVES/OBSERVERS, AND SECRETARIAT
1. PARTICIPANTS Dr Harni Bahar, Senior Medical Officer, Primary Health Care Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, No. 4 Sumpang 166, KG, Sungalakar BC 3915, Brunei Darussalam, Tel. No.: (673) 8733839, Fax No.: (673) 2201607, Email: harni@gmail.com Ms Chua Lah Kheng, Pharmacist, Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Ministry of Health No. 608 KG Salar Jln Muara BU1429, Brunei Darussalam, Tel. No.: 8168339, Fax No.: 2242424 extn. 6474 Email: lahkheng@moh.gov.bru Dr Prak Piseth Raingsey, Director, Preventive Medicine Department, Ministry of Health No. 151-153 Street Kampucheakrom, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Tel. No.: (855) 12862022 E-mail: pisethrainsey@gmail.com Dr Thach Varoeun, Deputy Director, Preventive Medicine Department, Ministry of Health Directorate General for Health, No. 151-153 Street Kampuchea Krom, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel. No.: (855) (0) 11886906, Fax No.: (855 (0) 23722184, E-mail: varoeun@yahoo.com Dr Or Oudam Roath, Chief, Essential Drug Bureau, Department of Drugs and Food Ministry of Health, Directorate General for Health, No. 151-153 Street Kampuchea Krom, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Tel. No.: (855) 23880969, Fax No.: (855) 23 880696, E-mail: oudam_r@online.com.kh; oudamr@gmail.co Dr Qin Jiangmei, Director/Professor/PhD Supervisor, China National Health Development Center Room 225, Chan Ye Lou, Peking University Health Science Center. No. 38, Xue Yuan Road Hai Dian District, Beijing, 1000044, Tel. No.: (8610) 82805512, Fax No.: (8610) 82801398 E-mail: qinjm@nhei.cn Dr Li Guanglin, Deputy Director, Ministry of Health, China, No. 1, Nanlu, Xizhimenwai Beijing, 1000044, Tel. No.: (8610) 68792369, Fax No.: (8610) 68792514, E-mail: hnlgl@163.com Dr Song Zhihua, Deputy Director Ministry of Finance, No. 3th South, Sanlihe Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 1000044, Tel. No.: (8610) 6855226, Fax No.: (8610) 68511052 E-mail: klz1953@yahoo.com Mr Ding Xianbin, Director, The Institute for Non-communicable Disease, Prevention and Control Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 8, Changjiang erlu, Yuzhong District, Chongqin, 400042, Tel. No.: (86) 13896096430, Fax No.: (8623) 68803852 E-mail: xianbinding@yahoo.com.cn Mr Li Zhidan, Director Section Member, Chongqing Health Bureau, No 418 Songshi North Road 713, Yubei District, Chongqin, 401147, Tel. No.: (8623)67706637, Fax No.: (8623)67706786 E-mail: lzd1980@tom.com Ms Wang Yanping, Section Member, Chronic Non Infectious Diseases Department, Shaanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 3, Jiandong Road, Xi'an, 710054 Tel. No.: (86) 18709279326, Fax No.: (8629) 82255182, E-mail: wangyanping0927@163.com
Mr Zhao Guodong, Section Member, Chronic Non Infectious Diseases Department Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 599, Xiying Road, Xi'an, 710054 Tel. No.: (86) 15191486559, Fax No.: (8629) 85525117, E-mail: zhaoguodong8258@126.com Professor Yang Hong, Director, Chronic Non Infectious Diseases Department Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 18th Jinzhou Road, 530028 Nanning Tel. No.: (86) 13517662288, Fax No.: (86771)2518671, E-mail: yangh2288@sina.com Mr Zhou Weiwen, Doctor, Chronic Non Infectious Diseases Department Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 18th Jinzhou Road, 530028 Nanning Tel. No.: (86) 13978648660, Fax No.: (86771)2518771, E-mail: wwzhou2000@126.com Dr Hiu Yeung Jacqueline Choi, Principal Medical Officer (Noncommunicable Diesease) Surveillance and Epidemiology Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR Government. 18/F, Wu Chung House, 213 Queen's Road East, Wanchai, Hong Kong Tel. No.: (852) 29618960, Fax No.: (852) 25744263, E-mail: jacquelinechoi@dh.gov.hk Dr Kuok Hei Chou, Chief Officer, Technical Coordination Office, Macao Health Bureau Alameda Dr Carlos D'Assumpcao, 335-341 Edificio Centro Hotline, 6 Andar, Tel. No.: (853) 28532686, Fax No.: (853) 28308565 Dr Tomofumi Sone, Director, Department of International Health and Collaboration National Institute of Public Health, Japan, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako City, Saitama, 351-0197 Tel. No.: (8148) 4586159, Fax No.: (8148) 4692768, E-mail: sonetom@niph.go.jp Dr Phisith Phoutsavath, Deputy Director General, Health Care Department, Department of Health Care, Ministry of Health Vientiane Capital, Dondeng Village, Chanthabouly District, Vientiane Tel. No.: (856) 2055527721, Fax No.: (856) 21217848, E-mail: Psavath@gmail.com Dr Bounxou Keohavong, Deputy Chief of Drug Control Division, DFD, Ministry of Health Vientiane Capital, Simuang Road, Vientiane, Tel. No.: (85621) 214013-14, Fax No.: (85621) 214015, E-mail: kbounxou@yahoo.com Dr Thongsavanh Sengkongdala, Technical Staff, Regional Hospital Division, Department of Health Care, Ministry of Health Vientiane Capital, Dondeng Village, Chanthabouly District, Vientiane, Tel. No.: (856) 2056698966, Fax No.: (856) 21217848, E-mail: sthongsavanh@hotmail.com Dr Fatanah Binti Ismail, Senior Principal Assistant Director, (Primary Care Section) Family Health Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Level 4, Block E6, Complex E Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62590 Putrajaya, Tel. No.: (603) 88832169 Fax No.: (603) 88832210. E-mail: fatanah@moh.gov.my Ms Nik Nuradlina binti Nik Adnan, Principal Assistant Director, Pharmaceutical Services Division. Ministry of Health Malaysia, Lot 36, Jalan University, 46350 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Tel. No.: (603) 78413254, Fax No.: (603) 79682222, E-mail: nik.nuradlina@moh.gov.my Dr Mohammad Nazarudin B Bahari, Distric Health Officer II/Public Health Specialist Tawau District Health Office, Level 7, Bangunan Persekutuan, Peri Surat No. 990 90118 Tawau, Sabah, Tel. No.: (6089) 775733; mobile: (6073) 9808252 Fax No.: (6089) 757535, E-mail: dr_nazar@ns.moh.gov.my Dr Munkhdelger Chimedtseren, Head, Division of Pharmaceuticals, and Medical Devices Ministry of Health, Mongolia, Government Building VIII, Olympic Street 2 Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Tel. No.: (976) 11261682 Fax No.: (976) 11323541, E-mail: munkho18@yahoo.com
Dr Munkhtulga Palambadam, Officer-in-charge, Policy Implementation, and Coordination, Primary Health Care, Ministry of Health, Mongolia, Government Building VIII, Olympic Street 2 Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Tel. No.: (976) 99019895; (976) 9 3080054, E-mail: Tulgaa0903@yahoo.com Dr Bolorchimeg Taazan, Officer, Budget Planning and Coordination of Health Care Facilities , Ministry of Health, Mongolia, Government Building VIII, Olympic Street 2, Sukhbaatar District 210648, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Tel. No.: (976) 99104063, Fax No.: (976) 11320916, E-mail: boldbolorchimeg@yahoo.com Dr Erlinda T. Guerrero, Medical Officer VII, Bureau of Local Health Development, Department of Health, Building I, San Lazaro Compound, Rizal Avenue Sta. Cruz, 1003 Manila, Tel. No.: (632) 2532793. Fax No.: (632) 7116140;7116285, E-mail: erlindatguerrero@yahoo.com Dr Ernie V. Vera, Medical Officer VII, National Center for Disease Prevention and Control Department of Health, Building I, San Lazaro Compound, Rizal Avenue Sta. Cruz, 1003 Manila Tel. No.: (632) 3669094, Fax No.: (632) 7431829, E-mail: ervavemd@gmail.com Dr Marifel Tolentino, Medical Specialist IV, PhilHealth, City State Center, 709 Shaw Boulevard Brgy Oranbo, Pasig City, Tel. No.: (632) 2129174, E-mail: mbo1023@yahoo.com Dr Francisca Cuevas, Trainer, WHO Package of Essential NCD Intervention, #0006 General Luna Street, Ususan, Taguig City, Tel. No.: (632) 6424293, Fax No.: (632) 6423295 E-mail: anchitperez@yahoo.com: anchitperez@gmail.com Dr Minsoo Park, Director, Health Insurance Policy Division, Ministry of Health and Welfare 75 Yulgong-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-793, Tel. No.: (822) 20237410, Fax No.: (822) 20237390 E-mail: minsoo_park@hanmail.net Dr Hoang Kim Ha, Head, Division of General Plan and Health Policy, Department of Planning and Finance, Ministry of Health, 138 A. Giang Vo – Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Tel. No.: (844) 62732365; mobile: (84) 912126727, Fax No.: (844) 62732088, E-mail: hoanghamoh@yahoo.com Dr Truong Dinh Bac, Head, Noncommunicable Disease Control, and School Health Division, General Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, 138 A. Giang Vo – Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Tel. No.: (844) 37368378, Fax No.: (844) 37367379, E-mail: truongdinbac@gmail.com
2. TEMPORARY ADVISERS Assistant Professor Young Kyung-Do, Assistant Professor, Program in Health Services, and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Tel: (65) 6516 2790, Fax: (65) 6534 8632, Email: young.do@duke-nus.edu.sg Kong Lingzhi, Deputy Director, Disease Control, Ministry of Health, China, 1 Nan Road, Xizhimen Wai, Beijing 100044, Tel. No.: (8610) 68792397, Fax No.: (8610) 68792400, Email: klz1953@yahoo.com Dr Liang Xiaofeng, Deputy Director General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, P.R, China, Tel. No.: (8610) 58900213, Fax No.: (8610) 58900247, Email: liangxf@hotmail.com Dr Evgeny Zheleznyakov, Consultant, Rue Adrien-Lachenal 22, 1207 Geneva, Switzerland, Tel. No.: (4177) 4577855, E-mail: wma_2000@hotmail.com
3. RESOURCE PERSON
Professor Bruce Arroll, Professor, General Practice and Primary Health Care, General Practice and Primary Health Care, School of Population Health, Tamaki Campus, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 New Zealand, Tel. No.: (09) 3737599 extn. 86978, E-mail: b.arroll@auckland.ac.nz
4. REPRESENTATIVES/OBSERVERS
CANADIAN EMBASSY
Dr Felix L, Minister Counsellor (Health), Canadian Embassy, 19 Dongzhimenwai Dajie, Beijing 100600, China, Tel: (8610) 5139 4058, Fax: (8610) 5139 4454, Email: felix.li@international.gc.ca Dr Wang Linhong, Executive Deputy Director, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention No 27, Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Tel. No.: (8610) 63046708, E-mail: linhong@chinawch.org Dr Ma Jixiang, Deputy Director, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 27, Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Tel. No. (8610) 63131779, E-mail: majix@163.com Dr Li Yuan, Head, Branch of Community-based Intervention, and Health Promotion, Division of NCD Control and Community Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No 155, Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China Tel: (8610) 5890 0222, Fax: (8610) 5890 0247, E-mail: xiaoli341@hotmail.com Dr Huo Junsheng, Professor, National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention No 29, Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Tel. No.: (86) 13501152782, E-mail: jshuo@263.net.cn Dr Yin Shian, Professor, National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention No 29, Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China, Tel. No.: (86) 13701212904, E-mail: shianyin@126.com
CHINESE CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
NINGXIA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
Professor Li Lingui, Dean, The Ningxia Medical University No 692, Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China, Tel. No.: (86) 13619519672, E-mail: lilingui2533@sina.com
Dr Zhang Wensheng< Director, International Aid Project Office Health Department of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No 101, West of the Jiefang Street, Xingqing District,Ningxia, China Tel. No.: (86) 13895195859, Fax No.: (86951) 5033021 Email: zws1964@126.com CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION Dr Michael Engelgau, Director, China Non-communicable Disease Activities, Office of Global Health Promotion National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Address: US Embassy, No 55 An Jia Lou Road, Beijing, China 100600, Tel. No.: (8610) 6302 6560, Fax No.: (8610) 6532 9908, Email: mxe1@cdc.gov Professor Manlu Zhu, Director of Administrative Office Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (China), No. 167 Beilishi Lu, Xicheng District, Beijing, China Tel. No.: (8610) 88396281, Fax No.: (8610) 68333879 E-mail: manluzhu@yahoo.com; 13501262799@126.com Dr Tam Yat-hung, Senior Medical and Health Officer (Primary Care) 2, Primary Care Office, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR Government, 8/F, Murray Road Multi-storey Carpark Building, 2 Murray Road, Hong Kong, Tel. No.: (852) 3576 3517 Fax No.: (852) 3583 4549, E-mail: yathungtam@dh.gov.hk Ms Ann Keeling, Founding Chair, NCD Alliance, 166 Chaussee de la Hulpe, B-1170 Brussels, Belgium, Tel. No.: (322) 538551 Fax No.: (322) 5385114, E-mail: Ann.Keeling@idf.org; Lucy.Hadley@idf.org Professor Zhang Xinhua, World Hypertension League, Board Member, Room 808, BlockA1，Bailangyuan, Fuxing Road36A Haidian District, Beijing, 100039, China, Phone：+86 15007552901, Email: zhang_xh@hotmail.com.au
FU WAI HOSPITAL, NATIONAL CENTER FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CHINA)
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, HONG KONG SAR GOVERNMENT
NCD ALLIANCE
WORLD HYPERTENSION LEAGUE
5. SECRETARIAT WHO WPRO Dr Han Tieru, Director, Building Healthy Communities and Populations, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, P.O. Box 2932 1000 Manila Philippines, Tel. No.: (632) 5289980 Fax No: (632) 5260279, E-mail: hant@wpro.who.int
Dr Cherian Varghese (Responsible Officer), Senior Medical Officer, Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, P.O. Box 2932 1000 Manila Philippines Tel. No.: (632) 5289866, Fax No: (632) 5211036, E-mail: varghesec@wpro.who.int
Mr Sjieuwke Postma, Team Leader, Health Services Development, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific P.O. Box 2932 1000 Manila Philippines, Tel. No.: (632) 5289086 Fax No: (632) 5211036, E-mail: postmas@wpro.who.int
Dr Klara Tisocki, Senior Technical Officer, Essential Medicines, and Health Technologies, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific,P.O. Box 2932 1000 Manila Philippines, Tel. No.: (632) 5289026, Fax No: (632) 5211036, E-mail: tisockic@wpro.who.int
WHO CHINA
Dr Mukundan Sugunan Pillay, Senior Health Advisor WHO Representative People's Republic of China, 401 Dongwai Diplomatic Office Building, 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie. Chaoyang District, Beijing 1000600, China, Tel. No.: (8610) 65327189 Fax No: (8610) 65322359, E-mail: pillaym@wpro.who.int Dr Yanwei Wu, Technical Officer, WHO Representative People's Republic of China, 401 Dongwai Diplomatic Office Building, 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie. Chaoyang District, Beijing 1000600, China, Tel. No.: (8610) 65327189, Fax No: (8610) 65322359 E-mail: wuy@wpro.who.int Ms Jing He, National Program Officer, WHO Representative People's Republic of China, 401 Dongwai Diplomatic Office Building, 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie. Chaoyang District, Beijing 1000600, China, Tel. No.: (8610) 65327189, Fax No: (8610) 65322359, E-mail: hej@wpro.who.int
ANNEX 2
TENTATIVE PROGRAMME OF ACTIVITIES
Day 1 - Tuesday, 14 August 2012 08:00-09:00 Registration Session 1: Opening ceremony 09:00-09:10 Welcome address Ms Han Jianli Deputy Director Division of Int'l Organizations Dept of Int'l Cooperation Ministry of Health, China Dr Liang Xiaofeng Deputy Director General Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Dr Han Tieru Director, Building Healthy Communities and Populations Dr Michael O' Leary WHO Representative, China
09:10-09:20
Opening remarks
09:20-09:30
Opening remarks
09:30-09:40
Opening address
(Election of chair and vice chair for the meeting) 09:45-10:15 Group photo and coffee break Session 2: Setting the scene 10:15-10:35 Overview of NCD prevention and control Dr Han Tieru WHO WPRO Dr Cherian Varghese WHO WPRO
10:35-10:55
NCD management in primary care: Current status and objectives of the consultation WHO Package of Essential NCD Interventions for Primary Health Care Managing total CVD risk in primary care
10:55-11:15
Dr Evgeny Zheleznyakov WHO Temporary Adviser Dr Bruce Arroll Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care Auckland, New Zealand Ms Kong Linghzi Deputy Director General Bureau of Disease Control Ministry of Health, China
11:15-11:40
11:40-12:00
NCD Management in China
12:00-12:30 12:30-13:30
Discussion Lunch break
Session 3: Country presentations Challenges and opportunities for strengthening NCD prevention and control in Primary care 13:30-14:15 14:15-14:30 14:30-14:50 14:50-15:00 15:00-15:30 15:30-16:30 Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam Discussion China Western Area Health Initiative (WAHI) Discussion Coffee break Brunei Darussalam, Macao (China), Mongolia, Philippines Discussion Reception
16:30-17:00 18:00-19:00
Day 2 - Wednesday, 15 August 2012 08:30-08:40 Recap of Day 1 Session 4: Health systems and essential drugs for NCD prevention and management 08:40-08:55 Health systems for NCDMr Sjieuwke Postma WHO WPRO 08:55-09:10 09:10-09:45 09:45-10:15 Ensuring essential drugs for NCD Discussion Coffee break Session 5: Learning from the field 10:15-10:35 NCD management at primary care Dr Fatanah Binti Ismail Malaysia Dr Francisca Cuevas Philippines Dr Hiu Yeung Jacqueline Choi Hong Kong, China Dr Tomofumi Sone Japan Mr Minsoo Park Republic of Korea Dr Klara Tisocki WHO WPRO
10:35-10:55
Experience of incorporating WHO PEN in primary care Human resources, drugs and technology for NCD management Screening for NCDs in the population
10:55-11:15
11:15-11:35
11:35-12:00 12:00-12:30 12:30-13:30 13:30-13:50
Financing NCD management in primary care Discussion Lunch break NCD management in health systems Challenges and opportunities
Professor Young Kyung-Do Programme in Health Services and Systems Research Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore
13:50-15:30
Session 6: Group work on cross cutting issues for strengthening NCD prevention and control (introducing PEN) in primary care Coffee break Group presentations and discussion
15:30-16:00
16:00-16:30 16:30-16:45 16:45-17:00
Group 1: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam Group 2: China (WAHI) Group 3: Brunei Darussalam, Macao (China) Mongolia and Philippines Briefing on field visit
17:00-17:15
Day 3 - Thursday, 16 August 2012 Session 7: Field visit 12:30-13:30 14:00-14:10 Lunch Recap of Day 2 Session 8: Approaches for NCD interventions and primary care 14:10-15:00 Learning from the field visit Dr Liang Xiaofeng Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
15:00-15:30 15:30-16:30
Coffee break Discussion on approaches for NCD interventions
Day 4 - Friday, 17 August 2012 08:30-08:40 Recap of Day 3 Session 9: Next steps for implementing/ strengthening PEN in primary care 08:40-09:30 Model for strengthening NCD prevention and control in primary care through health system strengthening Coffee break Country group work Country presentations and discussion 11:00-12:00 12:00-13:00 13:00-13:30 13:30-14:30 Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam Lunch break China (WAHI) Brunei Darussalam, Macao (China) Mongolia, Philippines Session 10: Closing ceremony Coffee Dr Evgeny Zheleznyakov Dr Bruce Arroll Professor Young Kyung-Do
09:30-10:00 10:00-11:00
14:30-14:45 14:45-15:00
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•
'ISS 0.9">: available all-iC
• $J)ee'J1 l.lm
• wolghlng seal
® ® ®® Referral care
Burden of NCO in PHC • Average consulta tion a.l HC 225/ day (20\1 )
............
•0:..\IMrf ..NS • OC..!NI~ · HC~o
· · · ....... ... -r-•c~
• High blood p le89UI9 2.3%
.~""""""'"' ·B:IK·~ •'I'M ___ ·~ol---.
• Eye <isoaocs 3.2% • M~tal prcblerna 0.6% • Road l fal1 ic ta::kiQnt OA%
-
• Hoad InJ ury o. 1%
Monftorln g healt h services at PHC
Challenges In Intr oducin g WHO PEN Shot 1aot Of taedl &lUI on NCO r6\, ttetOte f'&CM-~fl Sllll tr.._,tn~ 10 IW>f* _ . . l.eJ Of dr'II!IIOI' HI!P ar'ld6-~ lr.tol~b'lfiiSMCWCO
·-• Ol'v;O'ole• . . • f'WII-!to:lll
• Cf'O/'t911..,_. 101\MCH,CO NeOj
,......,_, •
• "-pcw••>'*"CttCt •
-ca-.,.-r-., 11~1.«).1, lllllll)ll, dtfllll~. ~Cfl.~ ~......,.. Z.O~IIiii9( . . -.-,N'Ir.---.-~
• c..a:a of ~~· QQn~UT~atit lof Nc;:tlrl What iS needed for introducing WHO PEN7 Pfe..icle ao910911••41'U9 ~ ~· • R.,;r,g 6-ffl\reneM ()1'1 NCOe tiP. leeiOl$ 0
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Pro~Ade ·~~~~
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• SIMI bOI'II.e
2
OveMew of Chongqing
Progress of NCO Prevention and Control in Chongqing, China 0\0>"16CI n.g cerner foro ~Mot PrlSI!J'\1 O"l and Cont~o
~'1i lt....,kol in ~ ol (h.IU · "" t.t• ••
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Structure of NOO p revention and country In
To ena bllsh the area or comprehensive prevtnt lcn and contrOl for NCO and Improve the me-c.hanlsm of NCO prevention a.nd contrOl I#IICO -
Chongqln&
1 Mfriwr o1 Hta.llh
lriMioti-'COC:
p........,._ .,.,.,,..."_.,, ...,.,_...._. __ .,, :010 It JOI), f - ,.,,. _,,...., 00 00 . .,.,......,, tl
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........... _........,.... 1<0 lo)Oil,t,._IOol_._, ..._ . _ ...lfl _ .........._ . . . , _ _ ,.. 111»
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T o create hellfth .suppor1l\'e em1ronnttnt and
I• • • ••noll< the- acUon as_alm1 hlsh rbk r•ctors S111lw---··-··.,.-"_lfolt.~Otlt• .,.,..,l¢U, attllltll•1'-ul.loll. n~~o.n-....,6~...., -.-. ~l,_ w,~.,.,.,. ,S,.,.'f\! ..IN!.-l>, ll'l~olt.. ..e•lftr\.. 1 t.otii!W<'I"*>. 1 ~ >II'IKb. U llut1l po!b o"ftl ..,.,. ....,.. "-" c~·• rt.~tu- .,._"""""" • lll't9 "'..,. -tf'l lll"r-.~
The current s lahlll of t11c ba11ic medical ins6b1tion 1, Slllltl.,eol "'"'"" .. 10!~ 'J'S Mill NfUIImw.titlm....., .....f'/'tO, l'lw""ll !n&lllt!l ~lilt __,., ....,.., (/ Uotl, ..-.nkt ptfrli<'IM.
41
"""n:'
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"iu.•oo .,_,. 4t1f.._I!IICyVlll'l pH imlltut.ofllll-C,Il,~ ooM )m,..riW~Ir
.. lOU. tt• r.Wl(ll WHO L"tH baHf)l• MYft' 'on**f ~t;lll t q 1111..... tl p<.Gil II')IOOt.l.ooll- (,411(" lllt..o:h J~l
~-tit' ""''' .41/..... ICCOnt"" Ul tlet ~· "''l\1 ot lilt'"' fl ~
lOOM.
1
2. TN ~lk equlptnen' h ~Po>W¥11cecl
l. Thll bllsk uMc• of NCO~ b popuW
an ll>t 2. e~~t~a/lwuo~'-ic .un~ lld~atot.._ .!1 (OI..IIIA!Ii!)' (fiiiCJJ ..... Ctl~ •ilh b . . (llllifmflll lll.ltl l
Ill 2tll.t. \lle~u tOI WHO Hr.: b:i\lt l"o<'llcY intr('ltod l 'lal a!! c:o<~munity omter~ 11"1'' dtd thoe lnW>~dlotl fv '*~"' a,_.
• M('R"III)' JVh)~~- clmn:aic •'-W '"""" , _ietl', ao O")'I!Miklllk(OfCc('l llnl 0~ "'P((I)'). Wfijlol
tiw-t tllml~_.,.b«at~clllt H!Mceci...C, pl\yOOI! kL¥b.y, no 'mo'odns ll"d u..:. a'coild. 7l.U" ol (llllltrm conclliCU'd
tnlt'll, I::Co n!MIIInc, hpe'..atomiar, llttlloK~e,. ll!fi'CIIC'IIIfl~. t.klod Jlluc~c en«cr. llulllw
cquP,mnti IUth •
w(f·~.....~'l1 of ~(I ~t!"' ~'od 86 '"'of"'"~~ -oo~~ tile l'l\l.lurtO"' ;t!IOut lmoJ "'lnj«tlott tor d.aMCO$ ;w'lk!'l!,
Peal: 1\>w tlldcr, t~Glorc-()ltlmdr)' .,.._ «P•ir9C'd twdy
4. The~enll:llity of It((I mediul _.,jc" Is wt iiM\CI tht tol'ldillol\ ot 110tb1t nltmlls " '· lfl U t l ,
S. Tht <omrnul'llfY wpportr... ti\WOI\mtt~' it. b tnt fld al to concf.uct the nlt' ~mnasement of NCO T'lt! l""':._ rt'fkottt!il Llvt lhe o.~c medi;;al1 '1)011Clort <:OIId..Kttd liM> p~Wlll t'G.- !UWn, !Ciffilofd NCO
!I••....,.,., ..-.ltoi tN~a10to! ol291!. .,..._omtt c1 aow::
~U~~(-WfttN!I"'"-diW,lllV!IIolrO <l'('lm...tlr:ol•~•~clutd-f'W41w411• ,
·~ ,.....,.. - · · 'llfll(h to«<WO"Ad •tt l.J.«'ll. ,IJI . . .!h. unl'"" two. ciowlrrlpM l!ot..;. of .,~Moo ••1-M NWI ~IM~t.-.Ntl'
u.Wclnb a!ld f'.sle oop.r.:.t.oOn, follow-u:~, tll'nl~doc!D!")
,......l«r. ~~r....~eNilf"''t!"'-IIN'h ed~'Qt> . ht!~etlh ft'diiTot .-..:1 com'tluPiotY pro,:gpnda ba!oe<J on lhe com.--niii!T ty •nd 'rlll.ttlt (O-n'l'lis~
n. -llll* tl""'~rc'w~ ll l l
.......:oa.
Challenges
Sus.sestions t. ro~ 11•Mc:--lldltv a~ IIIWIIII~"'II'IIl !Q ~-I'Q,,... f(lf '1(!),_1141\ 1111111 (llf't<d. 1. f o-tlflotUr....,. too .....lltilolloi!'tclu. btW -~~~ ""'liM~!» rillilll l ....
). 1...
__ •.......,.,_.,lf!oo......._._ltiiiCD...-...
I ,..,_oo&ao•f,~'-'t ... ~eW._.,.,.~.,_\IIIr
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_....,_c:omrfllfe<MQ;,,..,,...-·-·- ·*"
,1, lo f'll'IC<~I~~~nol!lo f/ Na)pr~ . .d(O~In dllf-ar~
.....,M!!ItlW.J ol hO:I,._I:w' _. «<ff:l'lllll II •"""' ,.;,m _..onMilr-:lonorc~kn;tolora
WNo..:•I>II*MII-wt.. r.~U..Q~
teo 'ICG,_liO•UIWC_,d.. 4 t opcooitdtlw nl•r•ta...._,_m.,.ottor.n.wa...•IW.IfM.,.~II•ttw-:wlo-~OI'h~hMIIfrlln
ol,I'I'H.......~ ........ fllllr>CO...__._.,~••
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2
Pt•ocurement and supply • Develop guidelines on drug procurement • Promote Good Procurement Practice • Revolving Drug Fund • Centralized procurement • Cent:rali1.e Logistic Management
Drug and d evices for NCD • CardiovasQ.tlar medicine.'i' 14 items • Anrihypert.en.sive medicines tO items • lnsuline & other a ntidiabetic agenlS ·I items
0
·:· Rural • Drug for HC: us items • Dru,g for Vi.lla.ge49 i.tc:a ns ·!· Urb:m : 350 items
Tre nds in NCO risk raetors • ml's.....,.-,ooe
PHC 1'01 NCI) IT.flrnlkfl'nfn1
b·-· • ..a ''"' ........ ( ~,... OopC.I
odl') u
~ ...., Ito•
tr...a. ia :fCO oiok .-.. •• ..,
roo:to.~
X11t...J UV _.,.. SOI:L
lndkate ;._, IM'tiJte' tlllll' ..bif ol <ol~a ,,. • PHC: numb« of hypenM\klf\, dl;'l~!t'l. Mill o1hN HCD:s; SC'N l ... PI«: lhfr WrY~:¥ trr..tv~•! arr~ Cll! tc ~ 1hlt d11r • il!ll' ...WI Pf<C, It 1iw f'HC ~"""*toa"tdOI'IIht Wlu1 lnfotm11:1on k a:II«U-!1 en 11 t Ctllli'le b,"b Item 1~1 [,.,_mbe1 of p.r.len t \"fslt~ dt~ uW'Cl llbor!Jtory
,,.~'"'"'"'~- &o~ 'fWWI'I ~
"""'
l~ w~ Olf'duded ~y ba~ on~~
ooly to '"'"'llllt'lll of the
WI'IO l'tl.fflotn~lir.al P.-:kap-. whlth fiiCIIIJed D11 the•....,lbl:lll:y o4 1S" of fMl hi!\~ bMon ~ In tt.e
What level can WHO PEN be introduced ir the health svst~? What are th
Challenges for NCD control
challenges in terms of systems, personnel equipment, drugs and infrastructure? In appropriate conditlon fOf Laos shoulc Introduce Lhe WHO PEN for District level
0
Lifl'lltfod bud:tot a\"'lileble ror t'CD at tio;oiJ[es U•t~ ltfod Donor ror NCO Projed.s • ConOit t orinttorf$1 $ bttwt~en Lao )lln.bt1Y ot fl~th lPubk betltb) eompemin ICD!np\\nW bto1We1Vt p~lb!e lwa.lt.hl N~m·hKllll SfrtC~r:t *'~" Prlv.t~t. 1obteco 1:ad ala>..\ol
List the immediate requirements fo r WHC PEN introduction The capacity bulkflng amongs healt h staH I
needed
Pritt orm.didnts ro r l\'CD ir blab Limit• lion o n lho •«"'n lo NCD lll lldid.s•"'
2
Ofla~~b:lltlen
of the Hultllllu,_ll
( Mojor o_,.,.nbl)
Country presentation Macao SAR of the People's RepubUc of China Dr. Chou Kuolc Hci, Philip
Primary health care • Pritnary health care Ia &e1 up to pr011de QOrTllf~ primary ~ohh Qlre ~>ervfces to o11 Maeoo r0$idool& • PfltrWy health care, h::luding: early diagnosiS and c:ctllJieheosNe treatmert ol dlse86e8, healh proiOOI.lon. dise-roe ptevenhon and help
•
s,..~.a
.... u ...to to <,;..... ,....... (u,....... eu ~J) c..~
.......,. ...... 0
s,..... hllllbl llfWit
UeMh CMII/16 ptlMcllt 1 81 MII('_o ...,.,'fll
..,....,_to
potient$ to rOCO'Ief Thcrclorc. lho c:b}cc!No ol heaih centers ere not l mrted to prollidlng pRNry health care &eNices to p.a!lerts, but e.l&o Including ~llhy peop\ct
Service at PHC level Basic genemJ heafth car& • e.g maternal al"d child care, vaodnelion Ptog.Jam, prevertton and oorcrol d common d~ases. ~lat drt.gt enct heefth atagesofd~
Community l i nkage • Health S.Ureau. through the cooperation with the NGO to provide free home care
• Con&eeutNe eei'Yiee8 t~e cycle; d"lfferenl • Coi'JlM'ehe1"6Nt! aerviCt'l!l health promotiOn. Pfe¥enll0n. clag1"106ls, thefapy erd rch~Wto:hon
""""'""' ...
services toe palients in need. including hospital discharge pat;ents and Incapacitated patients whO can nee go lo heah.h oel'ller'S for foiiCMt-tJP action.
• Humenl.:ed &ei\IION phySICel, paychetogleal and social st.WOO • PreventQnoonenled
1
Drugs and devices for NCO • Under Macau law, the impor1 of all ctugs and devices tor NCO must get the approval of the Macau Oil/i:sion d Pharmacy • As a responsible public sectot, mu:s.1 to ansure thai the use of public funds to meel
Facilities at PHC l evel o.... T«IIIII(Oit('_..,.,,,. <# Ufll!)~
acno
au.....{or.... e~ r e~ r. ""c..
IMf· -~.u.rN ii'I PHC $)'!11fll!l ¢ 33~10f11(1111
O llo<t..._
the oost-eflec:dveness. in order to proted the interests ol the palient All drug and devices procorement prooedll'es mUS1 aooor'ding to tM guidetlnes of the Macau law, in a !ormal and fair manner
••• ou•..-.•
0\lolto.. A. .........
ar._._ ...__
.. . _ ,., GII•,..,.
.... ' -
"' 1. ~ 4D(tllft
a r.... ~-,•·--·'
cr.
·tfo.l•-
Referral Care • Pat«<ta who enjoy fl'ee m&cJc:el Mtvteet. a11at ~A~ir sptcl.tst ha!montln •llbh concMon, e41n atRnge tor a T*t.tl'ot 110 f'linwy Hell,.. Ctnttr fOf ~up na-rnent. thould ltle pritru, t;Ondilion cfl*'ll•· con be r6\'6!Ud to 1M f'lospita! specialist klr loiiOYMip • Hops!taCHCSJ andPrfm.-yMetilh care v.ill tt~l'lance 11!9 t~~eel*' · IWO.wt'f re-l&rral 8)$1em ot comm.mhy f!NIIIl cenws, and joint foltcrw.up pa!itn1S, Dtld -..
Burden of NCO in PHC Mt;Jr NCO in yw 2011 IJ,..r.:nsioo
..._,
... .or, IW.>.
:
no. or l2!SZS
Dinbctes Oi:~lxte$ aa:!lilus and y~sioo
:i8.067 5.169
""'
17.183
9.132
33.S94
rMiOI\el use ot r-.ou«ee. r~g fie <lagt~OSit and tru'monlol oul•palitnl Wllili1191imt.
Prevention and treatment of non- communicable diseases • Cftioflk . . . . . M otft . .- l)lo ...I IM(OA41t}'.,....i8 ... ltldlgII delfhll MIGIO • SCI te~ • 'l:li•R dO-.tp_.l:wiCCnnl'f!M' ., I'N'toOO
Challenges • Increase and a!):ng o1 population • Rapid increase of incidence ol chronic diseases and matignan1 diseases • Expeclation d residents and heahh prolessionaiS beoomes nigher and nigher • Na-.v tec:t1niques and methodS • OUtbrea}(s of infectious diseases
__.,..flO. ,. .......
""' ,,_," 11111 hellft •e•lo c1 •
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ro..-.ll.. ~rmtft lt"*'• •oOt•caotoll"!l'~ QO«hhdc:lrcril ~<k-..,b 10;4'1*t <lllfl.,.. • - o1 f".di:J ,,_. ~,_,...,
t-.. ClllltM't
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~'*" 10 the liiJuo c:01n..-., .w ._001 ,.,... ro!•lrtt In"'- . . -tiol! .-IIIINI!...,..jiOit~l'lliwll r~~ .. ~,..._.iiMI.nd-..cfl
Cf M.,llOtO
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eor;11ff11111.,.,.,
ITG!J-.,~tn•ion ,Wif, wolltoJillbengllle!llhe tllfl
2
r
Challenges and opportunities for s!Mngthonlng NCD prevention and control In Primary health caro In Mongolia
--· --.-. ·~ ~ ~
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The senlices offered ar the primary heallh eate Medi:W Cllle £t\'wqllllOJ ~ c..
Commun~y
linkage
AA>!O hNII.I'I c.e
.... IVI,..,...WJI'*• Fo6ceei• PIIII-~<*W
Mal etnt~•r<ldllld h&WI
F'(l&~c..·
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_.., .......... '"" E~lon,
-·"" "'
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...._ ~lll•lonon
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O:.•~ MUIIY'IIIO
TPIIIft'lftfNIUI-
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... ·-N-or~
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Health workers in PHC (2011)
Medicloes lor NCO
~Mt'OIPHO~I* tunbtfol~ ~b« oltwnOG
== ••• ""' "" ,.. ·~ ,.,,
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;;;;;;;. ;;;;;;;..
1
Availability or Medicines" per the PEN list • Community pharmacies -3S,3%
[ -
Urban
·-...,.._ _ ---·-
- - -
,
' . t
Rural
• Soml pttarmac~es 18,5% · ~ ~als-88,.2%
-·· · -------....
"t ... . ..... . . .. . . . .
• •
•
'
·-
Referral system In Mongolia
Bwden d NCO In PHC
•• s--•-.... _ _ - -- ·-·
-- ----
[ rl~ol hcqliJalbec2$
;; = I
Nl.mber ol l'l1>0!ioMJ N~ ol ou! opelimll
-- _u_-= -
P~oi ~W
medic.,cheoa\-up
......... ,.. 32 .
..... •omo 392
2'00G'290
,..
N\ll'lbW Ol ,.111*'1101'1 I *
26
- ~
Aehievements in WHO PEN • fn 20 11 ~cd clinicl!ll g.~idelin<$ 6,
Challengu ln introducing WHO PEN
• La::k of tunan •csouoo a1d allocction in ' CS()UI oe lim11ec.i seulnO!J
• All lflfrilydoclor.ll!We It~ haw IOl8e dirical ~.k& , ldcrtily rR p~le and refet nex.t level d he8th cafe wete •t is
• IJ'nlte<l d !!tillS~ lcnQ~e 1 01 mOO~ Sla/1$
"""""'""Y
-
• Medcet eq.riprnml and devices slWfy is nal enough
2
Structure of Heatth System• Administration
strengtheoino HCD Ptoeventlon and control In Primary care
Ch.allenges a nd Opportunities for
Primary Health Care
= ·-
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Community U nkage
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Faellltfes at PHC Level ( Rural end Urban)
Facilities at PHC Level (Rural an d U rban)
·-·-· ·- ....- -·-· --· ·-. . -· ---.... ·-" -·_ ....... · '~~-~··-
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Refe rral Care
__ ..._ -___ ___ _____ _ ·--__ ..___ .__ --""'_ __ _ -__ ____ -.._ .. -·--· -·-·-------. __ ____ _ --· · --_____ --· __ _ ---·---· -Monitoring tlulth services at PHC ti~II S(''Ib Clorm-'QitSI~I::s
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Challenges: of W H O PEN • .......,._
.... _ ·-·---· .......... , . . . . . _ . __ ---1' 0 1.-· . ....._Oo>oooi __ _ ...,_ ..___ -~ -· -
0..00..0_, _ _ •
Req uir ements fo r WHO PEN
Status: PEN I n itia t ive 4- ()NWKJMMI'lir'lh'll!fiMO!OM • ~I'ES••I'oi:}tiOfNCOCOI•tclf ~ O:ln!UC:tod
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Tlflilii'IQ OOII!ee8(ltl PEN
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ACCESS TO M EDICINES
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ACCESS TO MEDICINES o SlandarditGd drug formulary uSGd in government l adlilies • lnchJSion of drugs. based on needS asses.-smen1 and phannacoecooomlc ewlullon • Str81 ifi()(S IO diffCIOiliJtlJO bOcwoon vt'tfOU$
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3
PEN Introduction EX PERlE \ICE OF INTRODUCING T HE
WHO PACKAGE OF ESSENTIAL NCO INT t RVE: N 11 0N5 l WHO PE: NJ IN PR MARY l.. l:A._l H CARt-_ f. A( ·Li l li: S IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PATEROS PHILIPPINES
Conw!t&tion mee tings wrth the Mayor,
Local Fina nce Comnut.ee and the Healthy
Pateros Task For<t
FranciscaP_Cue-va~, MD Health Pcoqramme Coordinator, MERLIN
PEN Introduction Consultation wori<shopw1th S1akeho!ders N.t1jc)t!- ~tl'fO<'QiiltMt<;onttol1 ht>'!tll P~i01'11 (p4-t<ftd~C~Iff, Ttltt!ttiii\Ctrtc.tr, C4'nMr fort!t;)lll\ O.:•tl~m_ WH0.11U~c,...w~Jiff, P.11ff0l 1!*'".11lttt.•~
PEN Introduction Baseline aSS6sment of t ile facilit y-based and conun,mity·bascdservic6 in the mumclpallty Development of a pr<Kt!ce manual with forms and tools onr.sk asstssrne:Mand screening, tisk eS1imation a nd risk management
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PEN Introduction Organization and training olthe CHRONIC CARE TEAM M inimum: • Phywian
• Hurse/Midw:lf• (non·ph~n health worku) Oesintble to have: • Dletioan • Ht.ahhEduutor(l'iEPO)
• 51'1dlllg ceuation counstb
CHRONIC CARE TEAM Minimum: • Physician • Nurst/Midwift(noo•physici.'ln l'ltalth worktf} Oes irabl~ to
PEN Introduction Developme-nt of iJiO e&emonlc irtforma1 ion systMJ to fadl~ate tht managtmtnt and ttiKkill9fmonitoring cJ clients ·Made use of an exis-ting system, and added an NCO component ·Used funds from DOH grants to Wy hardware
have:
• Oieti<iiln • Ht.ttth Educator(H.EPO)
• Stn<*ing < essttion sptci,li5.t
2
PAneNT RI SK CARO
PATIENT PASS800K
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PEN Introduction H igh~vts.ibilityevent - to lbunctl the project and to raise awateness on the NCO services that were ava1 labfe at the health facUlties
materials
PEN Introduction Condoct of community health edocatio11 classes
"I ketp my HEART health:('
3
PEN Introduction Link~ v.~h the Na~iooal C~nter for
Essent ial Drugs and Medic ines • ThliZide Ol ur~nics • St~ blockers
Pharmaceutical Ac<ess and Management forthe NCO comple!e tn'!atrnern packs
• AngiotensinconvertingtnZymeinhlbitors • CaklumChan~ blockers (sUStained ~lease
fonnul.ltlons)
• Aspirin • Metformin
Essential Devices • S!ethos<ope • Blood Prtlli.Ore measurement device
PEN IntroduCtiOn Local pt<X.UI'tll"'tnt of addi-:.lonat NCO medications- also in blister packs Deliw.ry o( NCO servlc es at the health
• Measvtf:ng Tape • Htigl'r: Boll rd • Weighing S<aie Glucometer & tes< strips • Cholesu~rol Mtter& teSt strips • Tes~ strips fOI'cl'lt<king utlnt k~ones and protein
centers and In thecomti'W.M\ltit.s Ovtrt.cltstMctsmonlllly NCO ~yat t1l' l'lu!~unte.rs- Tuesd~Y$ •nd Th.Jrwf:.'(5 R~err•l of a~s 10Sj)Kla! 1yOh'liC:S -
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• One visit approach for cervical cancer screening (VIA) and cryotherapy
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5
ANNEX 5
CHALLENGES National health service plan Group 1 No NCD plan or NCD committees or specific (CAM, LAO, guidelines (LAO) VNM) No integrated approach, many vertical programs (VNM) (CAM) or departments involved (LAO) Health systems network: curative/ preventive functions are split (VNM) National strategic plan does not belong to MoH; challenge to integrate with other sectors (MAY) Revise NCD implementation plan (CAM) Group 2 Political commitment (China Multi-sectors coordination and action WAHI) Priority on treatment Group 3 Sustainability after donor funding after initial (BRU, MAC, PEN MOG, PHL) Financial resources Group 1 Low budget/priority for health and for NCDs (CAM, LAO, (all countries) VNM) Limited insurance coverage (for NCDs) (LAO, CAM) Little donor and NGO financial support for NCDs (VNM) Group 2 Sufficient funding but no proper allocation (China Effective use WAHI) Group 3 Where to get the funding (BRU, MAC, MOG, PHL) Human resources Group 1 Increase capacity of current staff (CAM) (CAM, LAO, VNM) Lack of Training for NCDs (CAM) Increase staff (CAM, LAO, MAY) Redistribution of staff (LAO); lack of policy Group 2 (China WAHI) Group 3 (BRU, MAC, MOG, PHL) Lack of regular staff Lack of capacity Availability of staff
SOLUTIONS WHO to support plans/guidelines Ministries and Donors to harmonize WHO try to facilitate integration
Sit with all sectors/Ministries and plan activities with roles and responsibilities; Donors to harmonize Needs political commitment Health care reform Health education and promotion to raise awareness of NCD Enhance primary health system Insurance
Shifting balance Establishment health promotion fund
Less emphasis on some other diseases (By WHO and DPs) To increase investment Health insurance on prevention Monitoring and feedback Insurance
Multi-disciplinary teams; IMAI; Empower staff; Change behaviour of staff towards patients IMAI Rural assignment policy; Provide incentives; Move from curative to primary care Human resource management Continuous training to raise their comprehensive capacity Nurses, pharmacists could also do the prescribing functions Dispensing could be done by midwives Intensive training of staff; Online courses; To have on-going capacity building for staff Online courses; To have on-going capacity building for staff
Capability of staff Lack of trainors for the PEN guidelines
CHALLENGES Drugs Group 1 (CAM, LAO, VNM) Limited drug list for NCDs for all levels (VNM, LAO) Refuse patients without insurance (VNM) PHC facilities have limited access to NCD drugs (VNM, CAM), especially in remote areas (MAY) Quality of Medicines Patient compliance with taking drugs low (LAO) Group 2 Essential drug list is limited (China Procurement problem WAHI) Patient’s perception Group 3 Pricing mechanism (BRU, MAC, Monitoring of drug dispensing MOG, PHL) Procurement efficiencies Quality issues Technology, Laboratory Services Group 1 Not enough equipment (VNM, CAM); limited (CAM, LAO, equipment list VNM) Consumable expensive (after having received free equipment) (MAY) Quality and calibration issues of existing (often old) equipment (LAO) Group 2 Lack of skills or technical staffs (China Quality of service; WAHI) Group 3 Sustainability (BRU, MAC, MOG, PHL) Regulatory control in the quality of devices Referral Systems Group 1 Self-referral by patients (CAM, LAO, VNM) (CAM, LAO, Refusal by patients (CAM); lack of symptoms VNM) and money issues No system for referral; particularly transport (LAO) Group 2 Double referral system hasn’t established (China Pilot program need further improvement of the WAHI) mechanism of double referral system Group 3 Hospital staff are not aware in the PEN (BRU, MAC, guidelines MOG, PHL) Geography and insurgency Patients tend to go to hospitals first
SOLUTIONS Improve consumption profiles
Train staff to prescribe (change policy to allow this?)
Better information from health staff Increase essential drug list Access to generic drugs Public education
Posting in the website pharmaceutical companies with good manufacturing practice Make equipment needs profiles Appropriate donation policy to be developed Rotation of staff from central level Training and management Better health service planning to management Insurance through reimbursement could sustain in the procurement Funding
Only allow if properly referred Improve patient’s understanding of early treatment Transportation To establish referral system To raise primary health care capacity Training of hospital staff
CHALLENGES Community linkages Group 1 No surveillance in communities (LAO) (CAM, LAO, No commitment of local authorities (VNM, VNM) CAM) Cultural festivals in the communities (too much partying/smoking) (LAO) Empowerment of communities to change their habits (MAY) Group 2 Workplace : no access (China Lack of public participation and organization WAHI) Group 3 Prevention and control (BRU, MAC, MOG, PHL) Sustainability of community interventions Monitoring and evaluation Group 1 No specific NCDs reporting (CAM); especially (CAM, LAO, at PHC. VNM) No surveillance/screening of risk factors in communities (LAO) Group 2 System of M&E hasn’t established (China Pilot program not expand WAHI) Group 3 Duplication of tasks (BRU, MAC, Monitoring of drug use, health outcomes, drugs MOG, PHL) Overpopulations
SOLUTIONS
Get local authorities involved Healthy cities strategy Increase price, but conflict of interest
To build healthy workplace. Public health leadership. Community based. Good community health teams Philippine Barangay health workers
Improve HMIS; include key NCDs Register in OPD Improve death registration STEPs implementation To establish the system of M&E. To use electronic health records effectively Harmonization of monitoring Strict in data gathering To set up medical data system
ANNEX 6 NEXT STEPS Policy advocacy, stakeholder consultation China •Health educations for the whole people •Supportive environment for smoking control, healthy diet, physical activities, etc Cambodia •Policy maker consultation with stakeholders for introducing PEN in primary health care Lao PDR •Revise the existing policy to be address the NCD prevention and Control as the high light of the up dated policy •Nationwide Dissemination the NCD Policy •Set up National NCD committee including local NCD committee •Advocacy among stakeholders •Health system reform •Introduce WHO PEN to be in place for action taken Macao, China •Modify the current NCD control program Mongolia •Develop strategy and policy on PHC •Multisectoral (MOH , other ministries, NGO, WHO etc.) consultation on strengthening NCD prevention and control in PHC Philippines •Harmonize PEN in the National Lifestyle-Related Diseases Program (Q4 2012) •Integrate PEN in the City-wide/Province-wide Investment Plan for Health (2013) •Multisectoral action with NGAs (including CHED), LGUs, NGOs and development partners (Q4 2012) Viet Nam •NCD Programme: Ministry of Health and the Institutes / Hospitals •WHO •Health System at the province (including medical village) •Local government •Institute of Nutrition, Health Education Center, Medical University •NGOs •Social Organizations: Women, Youth, Famer, Fatherland, Parent committees Adapt PEN- Assess, identify a feasible package, reorient services, provide improved care China •Select some PHC centres from WAHI to assess current services •Adjust the PEN according to local situation Cambodia •Adaptation of integrating management of HBP and diabetes and tobacco use as an entry point at national and provincial level •Protocol of NCD risk factors screening ( PA, tobacco use, BMI, blood pressure & glucose, cholesterol) •Integration into MCH package the screening of cervical cancer and breast examination and blood glucose tests for GDM Lao PDR •Assessment current situation by using the guideline provided in the WHO PEN in PHC •Adjust PEN in to all health care levels •Set up PEN national guideline for all health care levels Macao, China •Gain the understanding and support from the bottom Mongolia •Revise health service package for PHC •Conduct an assessment of capabilities of the PHC infrastructure Philippines •Assess – sampling of CCT/NHTS-PR LGUs (Q3 2012) •Develop package based on results of assessment (Q42012) •Develop PhilHealth benefit package following PEN – consisting of services and drugs (Q4 2012) •Develop Health Information System (2013) •Review implementation of Pilot Project in Pateros (Q4 2012) Drugs-policy pricing, purchase distribution Brunei •Procurement prices can be compared to the international drug price indicator in addition to the Darussalam current setting where only prices from the BNF or other reference source is used •Encourage Generic Prescribing & Public education on Generic Drugs •Improve efficiency in drug monitoring / drug availability through Health Information Technology – currently implemented in the country China •Rationale EML •Improve accessibility of EM •Reasonable Pricing of EM •Strengthen Local government involvement in the Procurement of drugs
Drugs-policy pricing, purchase distribution Cambodia •Adaptation of MPA essential drug list according to WHO PEN drug list Lao PDR •Bring in to account of price control based on the PM degree and cooperate with the concerned Ministries •Address the issue for exemption the tax of medicines importation •Negotiation and improvement on procurement procedure/mechanism •Promotion the Good Distribution Practice •Promote local production and procurement •Promotion of EML and RUM Macao, China •the current drugs supplement is sufficient to support PEN implementation Mongolia •Revise Essential drug list for NCD •Improve transparency, efficiency of procurement and requirement for quality of medicines •Develop a system for the control prices Philippines •Continue with the COMPACK program; roll-out to other LGUs •Harmonize with PhilHealth benefit package Viet Nam •Drug List •Distribution Essential Drug to CHC Human resource development China •Re-mobilize the current human resources •Bring-in qualified technical staff and some volunteers •Traditional Chinese Medicines practitioners Cambodia •Develop and dissemination PEN guideline •Refreshment training PEN guideline •Reallocate or recruit more staff at PHC level Lao PDR •Deployment in appropriate resources by using Family Medicine Specialist in PHC •Capacity building among health staffs in PHC •Train specialist nurses Macao •Grouping technical personnel to implement the PEN Mongolia •Improve capacity building of human recourse •Trainings on PEN, clinical guidelines on NCD •Trainings volunteers and social workers •Promotion for PHC health workers Philippines •Roll-out of PEN training course – LGUs, hospitals •Develop of online course •Develop certification mechanism of health workers Viet Nam •Capacity building - Develop documentation for training - Training on hypertension, diabetes, Health promotion, NCD Management for Provincial trainers, Clinical Dr Officials Health village, School teachers and government, and departments and unions. Project Management Officer. •Provide drugs and essential equipment for Hypertension treatment: measure equipment, phonendoscope, scale. Infrastructure, laboratory services China •Training and qualifying lab staff •Remobilize the current facilities Cambodia •Improve laboratory capacity according to PEN •Provision of appropriate Logistic Lao PDR •Setting up of lab equipment and supply standard in PHC of essential requirements •Procure the set of lab equipment and supplies Macao, China •Current Lab system is sufficient for the PEN Mongolia •To provide equipment by standard and service package •To improve medical information system FHCs Philippines •Due to devolved set-up, provide list of approved devices (glucometer, cholesterol meter) and guidance on partnership with level 2 laboratory facilities •Incorporate laboratory test in PhilHealth benefit package Viet Nam •Use available medical equipment at CHC and District Preventive Centers, and Provincial Preventive Medicine Center
Integrated service delivery- NCD services in current programmes China •Identify the current available programs •Establish evaluations and feedback on health programs. Cambodia •Integration of NCD services into relevant existing program ( MCH, TB, HP unit, HIV/Aids...) including outreach activities Lao PDR •Combined Prevention and Control on NCD at all levels •Setting up appropriate information system •Increasing public awareness on NCD prevention e.g health promotion activities Macao •Modify the 4 major NCD control programs Mongolia •Adapt training materials of NCD for PHC health workers •Set up monitoring system NCD intervention in PHC Philippines •Drafting of Memorandum Circular/Department Order prescribing the integration of PEN in existing public health programs such as MCH, infectious and environmental health programs (ongoing) Financing for NCD services in PHC Cambodia •Consultation fee ( including medicines subsidised by equity fund for chronic disease Lao PDR •Reallocation health budget for NCD from health sector budget •Internal and external Donor support Macao, China •The support from the superior level Mongolia •To improve financial management on PHC (Now we’re using Capitation payment on PHC, case based payment on II, III level. Still studying which is useful for what level. End of the year payment research will be done on SOUM Health centre. For the medicine outpatients in PHC centres get their medicines by prescription and 50-80 % of the price reimbursed from HIF) Philippines •Implementation and enhancement of PhilHealth benefit package on NCD at primary health care facilities (4th Q 2012) •Municipal/City-wide/Province-wide Investment Plan for Health – DOH grants, LGU budget and NGOs (2013) Viet Nam •Redistribution National Budget, priority to NCD prevention and Control. •National Targeted Programmes •Health Insurance •WHO •NGO Recommendations for Ministry of health China •MoH committed to implement PEN •Referral system-Health policies •Increase investment on preventive measures Cambodia •Reallocate budget for NCD at all levels •Policy commitment to support NCDs operational plan •Program investment plan for stakeholder invested Lao PDR •Restructure organization within MoH •Nominate NCD focal point in MoH •Setting up network from Central to local level •Setting up NCD surveillance system •Review the budget to make the fund available for NCD Macao, China •PEN Introduction Mongolia •Strengthen monitoring and evaluation on PHC •Build sustainability of intervention with other projects •Find out the way maintain financial mechanism •Fast-track the development and implementation of the DOH policy on PEN (by end of December 2012) •Develop more trainers for PEN •Review Manual of operations
Philippines
Recommendations for WHO China •Translate PEN into Chinese and other languages •Add preventive contents into PEN •Add alternative medicines into PEN Cambodia •WHO should initiated the integration of all comprehensive program such as TB, MCH, HIV/Aids, FCTC with NCDs especially PEN management. •Provide technical support and advise Minister of Health to commit PEN integrated management with MCH and other CDC program Lao PDR •Technical, operational and financial support for NCD Macao •Experience exchange •Control model share •Solution share Mongolia •Provide technical and methodological support •Funding from WHO Philippines •Technical assistance for the baseline assessment •Technical support for the roll-out trainings •Technical support for the development of the framework for PEN implementation
ANNEX 7
(Please check)
□ a participant □ a facilitator/a resource person □ an observer □ a secretariat
A. Questionnaire
Questionnaire 1 – Overall impression Please rate your impression of this meeting by filling the applicable number.
1: Excellent
2: Good
4: Not very good 5: Not good
A. The participation in this meeting was Comments, if any. B. The facilitation in this meeting was Comments, if any. C. The leadership in this meeting was Comments, if any. D. Transport for the meeting was Comments, if any. E. Facilities of this meeting was Comments, if any. F. Accommodation for this meeting was Comments, if any. G. Meals of this meeting were Comments, if any. H. The overall impression of this meeting was Comments, if any.
Questionnaire 2 – What have you achieved? Please rate your achievement by filling the applicable number. 1: Excellent 2: Good 4: Not very good 5: Not good Sessions 2-3: Setting the scene and country presentations 5~1 a. to understand the objectives b. to exchange views and information in discussion c. to learn from the experience of other countries d. Please add any examples you actually achieved. Session 4: Health systems and essential drugs for NCD prevention and management 5~1 a. to understand the objectives b. to exchange views and information in discussion c. to learn from the experience of other countries d. Please add any examples you actually achieved. Session 5: Learning from the field 5~1 a. to understand the objectives b. to exchange views and information in discussion c. to learn from the experience of other countries d. Please add any examples you actually achieved. Session 6: Group work 5~1 a. to understand the objectives b. to learn the experience of other countries c. to identify common challenges d. to identify common solutions e. Please indicate any specific learning from the group work. Sessions 7-8: Field visit and approaches for NCD interventions and primary care 5~1 a. To learn the organization of NCD prevention and health care in China b. To discuss and exchange information on NCDs in health systems c. Please indicate any specific learning. Session 9: Next steps for implementing/strengthening PEN in primary care 5~1 a. to exchange views and information in discussion b. to learn from the experience of other countries c. Please add any examples you actually achieved.
Questionnaire 3 – Comments and suggestions Please let us know your comments and suggestions. Please provide a maximum of 5 comments per question. A. How can the Package of Essential NCD interventions be introduced/strengthen in health systems? B. What are the additional support/information that will help you to do this work?
B. Results QUESTIONNAIRE 1 Excellent Good Not very good 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 17% 0%
Not good 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
50% 50% The participation in this meeting was 36% 64% The facilitation in this meeting was 50% 50% The leadership in this meeting was 32% 68% Transport for the meeting was 32% 68% Facilities of this meeting was 32% 60% Accommodation for this meeting was 17% 67% Meals of this meeting were 22% 78% The overall impression of this meeting was QUESTIONNAIRE 2 Sessions 2-3: Setting the scene and country presentations 36% 64% to understand the objectives 22% 78% to exchange views and information in discussion 26% 74% to learn from the experience of other countries Session 4: Health systems and essential drugs for NCD prevention and management 43% 57% to understand the objectives 30% 70% to exchange views and information in discussion 32% 68% to learn from the experience of other countries Session 5: Learning from the field 26% 74% to understand the objectives 30% 67% to exchange views and information in discussion 27% 73% to learn from the experience of other countries Session 6: Group work 37% 63% to understand the objectives 31% 69% to learn the experience of other countries 37% 63% to identify common challenges 13% 79% to identify common solutions Sessions 7-8: Field visit and approaches for NCD interventions and primary care 24% 76% to learn the organization of NCD prevention and health care in China 8% 84% to discuss and exchange information on NCDs in health systems Session 9: Next steps for implementing/strengthening PEN in primary care 36% 64% to exchange views and information in discussion 36% 64% to learn from the experience of other countries
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 8% 0% 0%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Regional Consultation on Strengthening NCD Prevention and Control in Primary Health Care
Background Paper on CVD Risk Reduction
August 2012 1
Contents I. II. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3 RISK FACTORS FOR CVD .................................................................................................. 4 a. b. Modifiable risk factors .............................................................................................. 4 Non modifiable risk factors ...................................................................................... 5
III. APPROACH FOR TOTAL CVD RISK MANAGEMENT ....................................................... 6 a. b. Individual risk factor approach ................................................................................ 6 Multiple risk factors ...................................................................................................... 7
IV. SERVICE PROVISION ........................................................................................................ 12 V. TOTAL CVD RISK MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CARE IN NEW ZEALAND .................. 14 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Identification of those at risk ...................................................................................... 14 Pharmacological interventions .................................................................................. 17 Thresholds for pharmacological interventions ........................................................... 17 Service provision- scenarios ..................................................................................... 19 Lifestyle advice .......................................................................................................... 21 Referral services ....................................................................................................... 22 How to improve compliance? .................................................................................... 22 Financial protection ................................................................................................... 23
Prepared by: Prof. Bruce Arroll MBChB, PhD, FNZCPHM, FRNZCGP Professor and Elaine Gurr Chair in General Practice University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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I.
INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world.1 The underlying cause is atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries) (Figure 1); this process develops over many years and is usually advanced by the time that symptoms occur. Symptoms commonly present in middle age, but atherosclerosis does affect some high risk individuals in their 20s.
Figure 1. Process of atherosclerosis and a photo of narrowed artery
The process can start with a tear in the wall (especially if the blood pressure is high, the blood glucose is high or the person is a smoker) and fat in the blood sticks to the wall and forms a plaque. A CVD event occurs when the plaque breaks (ruptures) and causes a blood clot to form, which in turn stops the blood supply to one or more of the organs of the body. A CVD event includes damage to the arteries of the heart (coronary heart disease or CHD), brain (cerebrovascular disease or CeVD), kidneys and legs (peripheral vascular disease or PVD). Acute CVD occur as strokes (in the brain) and as acute coronary events (heart attacks). They can also occur suddenly, even causing death before health care attention can be given.
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II.
RISK FACTORS FOR CVD There are a number of factors that contribute to CVD events. These can be grouped as modifiable and non-modifiable. a. Modifiable risk factors 1. Smoking This is a major cause of CVD and it is modifiable. Smoking also causes many cancers and lung disease. There is no safe level of smoking. There are many ways of reducing the risk of smoking such as banning smoking in public, raising taxes (very effective), medication and individual therapies such as counselling (Wheel of change).3 Most smokers give up without any help from health professionals. 2. Blood sugar (as in diabetes) The food we eat is turned into a form of sugar in the blood called glucose. When the levels of blood sugar get too high, the patient is said to have diabetes. Diabetes can be prevented and treated with reducing food intake and exercising as well as medication. It is modifiable. 3. High cholesterol (fat in the blood) Cholesterol is a term used for fat in the blood. Most of the cholesterol made in our bodies is a response to eating fatty foods. Less than 30% comes from the food we eat.4 There are many types of fat but the ones commonly discussed are HDL (the good fat) and LDL (the bad fat). It is good to have a combination of both high HDL and a low LDL. The term that is commonly used is total cholesterol (TC), which is where three forms of fat in the blood are added together to make a total. This is a modifiable risk factor and can be improved by losing weight, eating food that increases HDL, and by losing weight and/or using medication. Clinicians often refer to a ratio of TC/HDL. When this ratio has a score of < 4.5 the patient is considered to be of lower CVD risk than when it is > 4.5. 4. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) This is the pressure exerted in the blood vessels from the heart contracting. Previously, the diastolic blood pressure (when the heart relaxes) was used to predict CVD. Now we know that systolic blood pressure is a more important predictor of CVD. The systolic BP is also easier to measure. This is modifiable through lowering the intake of salt, exercise, drinking less alcohol and losing weight. Relaxation may also be effective.5 SBP can also be lowered with medication. The risk of CVD events rise with rising levels of blood pressure and glucose and the same applies for cholesterol.6
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5.
Family history of early heart disease A family history of heart disease occurs when a first degree male relative (e.g. father or brother) dies before the age of 55 years or a first degree female relative died before the age of 65 years due to CVD.7 This is most commonly due to cholesterol in the blood and, as such, requires special tests. In places where smoking is common, it can be difficult to decide if an early death is due to smoking or to a positive family history for CVD. When a person has a strong family history of CVD, they usually require medication to lower their blood pressure or cholesterol at an early age. To that extent, this is modifiable.
b. Non modifiable risk factors 1. Age Figure 2 shows that age is an important risk factor as risk increases with age. It is not modifiable. 2. Sex Men have a higher risk of CVD than women. It is not clear why this is but it may have something to do with the hormone, oestrogen. In women, oestrogen decreases at the time of menopause while the risk of heart disease starts to increase to levels typically seen in men. Sex, as a risk factor, is also not modifiable. 3. Previous CVD event Individuals are at much higher risk after a CVD event. This usually warrants medication especially if the event occurs at a young age < 35 years.
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III.
APPROACH FOR TOTAL CVD RISK MANAGEMENT
a.
Individual risk factor approach Individuals can have multiple risk factors which can be treated individually. There is a move to consider the composite (multifactorial) risk rather than individual risk factors. Table 1 shows the summary of advantages and challenges of treating individuals compared to composite risk.
Table 1. Advantages and challenges of treating individual risk factors Advantages Clinicians can easily identify patients with specific “elevated risk factors” and match specific drugs to treat these factors. It is easy to communicate this to patients but a clinician needs to know where to start. Patients with high cholesterol may have an unknown genetic condition and hence will be treated for that condition (although the serum cholesterol is an imperfect measure of CVD). Challenges Patients and lost clinicians have been trained to think in terms of individual risk factors. E.g. I am a diabetic. Individual risk factors are poor predictors of CVD risk and of the potential to benefit from treatment.6 Patients may have high blood pressure but no other risk factors. These patients may be exposed to medication risks when their total risk of CVD is low. Single risk factors will need treatment if they are very high-even in the absence of other risk factors. Risk of over-treating those at low risk. There are cost and harm implications of treatment.
There is a large rct* evidence base demonstrating the benefits of treating individual risk factors but a lack of direct rct evidence about when to start the benefits of treating CVD risk
*rct= randomised controlled trial which is a type of study in which we can have confidence in the findings of studies (a high level of evidence)
The most cost-effective way of managing CVD risk is to treat those at high risk.8 The lower the risk, the more expensive it is to get any benefit.
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b.
Multiple risk factors Individual risk factors do not contribute significantly to the risk of CVD. However, when risk factors add up they increase CVD risk. Figure 2 shows the addition of each risk factor to the total risk of CVD. Figure 2. Absolute risk of CVD over 5 years in patients by blood total cholesterol at specified levels of other risk factors 6
The reference group in figure 2 is a 50 year old woman who does not have diabetes, has a systolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg and an HDL cholesterol of 1.6 mmol/l and each coloured bar represents a total cholesterol of 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7. 7.5 and 9 mmol/l. The highest risk of CVD over 5 years is 2% which means that 2 people out of every 100 with this risk pattern will have a CVD event. The second set of bars shows the same except the systolic blood pressure is 170 mmHg. The highest risk in this group is 6%. The third set of bars shows the same as the previous group but now the person is a smoker. The highest risk in this group is 12%. The fourth set of bars makes the person have a HDL cholesterol of 1 mmol/l and the highest risk in this group is 18%. The fifth set of bars makes the woman become a man. The highest risk in this group is 23%. The sixth set of bars adds diabetes to the previous bars. The highest risk in this group is 32%. The 7th and final set of bars makes the person 60 years old and the highest risk in this group is 43%.
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A key message on this graph is that smoking is the most important contributor to risk in that it doubles the risk of CVD. All the rest increase risk but not by as much as what smoking does other than a 60 mmHg rise in blood pressure (which is a very high blood pressure in an individual and in this case such as increase triples the risk from 2% to 6%). It also shows the contribution of multiple risk factors to the overall risk of CVD. Approaches for CVD risk scoring 1. Risk tables The early risk tables and guidelines focussed on the treating of individual risk factors, such as stopping smoking, lowering blood pressure, cholesterol and reducing blood sugar levels (in diabetics), were developed in New Zealand (NZ).9 10 They were based on the Framingham heart study, a 1950s American Cohort.11 This study was of men and women who were not treated for risk factors for CVD as there were few pills available at the time. There has been a follow up study of the children of the original study participants.12 The risk of CVD can be assessed using risk factors (Table 2) categorized by those that are commonly used in risk tables and those that are not. However, some of these risk factors are not used in assessing CVD as they are either too difficult to measure (e.g. enlarged heart) or are related to other risk factors (so as not to double count the impact of these risk factors). Risk tables usually express risk over a 5 to 10 year period. Table 2. Risk factors contributing to CVD Used in risk tables Age Smoking status Gender Diabetes or measure of blood sugar Cholesterol (fat) measure in blood Blood pressure HDL (good cholesterol) Ethnicity Family history of premature CVD (CHD or stroke in 1st degree relative) Family history of diabetes or kidney disease in 1st degree relative Previous CVD event Enlarged heart Obesity
Percentage of CVD explained by risk factors 2 36% ↑ 10% ↑ 49% ↑ 18% ↑
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ 20% ↑ 8
Physical activity Premature menopause Raised levels of inflammatory markers in the blood (e.g. C reactive protein etc.) Raised pulse rate Protein in urine Socioeconomic deprivation Alcohol Psychological Explained by the above ↓ means a reduction in CVD risk and ↑ means an increase in risk
12% ↓
7% ↓ 30% ↑ 90%
2.
WHO/ISH (World Health Organisation/International society of hypertension) risk prediction charts The WHO/ISH risk prediction charts indicate 10-year risk of a fatal or nonfatal major cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction or stroke), according to age, sex, blood pressure, smoking status, total blood cholesterol and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus for 14 WHO epidemiological sub-regions. Figure 3. WHO/ISH risk prediction chart for WPR B
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The charts provide approximate estimates of CVD risk in people who do not have established coronary heart disease, stroke or other atherosclerotic disease. They are useful as tools to help identify those at high cardiovascular risk, and to motivate patients, particularly to change behaviour and, when appropriate, to take antihypertensive, lipid-lowering drugs and aspirin (to prevent blood clots in the narrowed arteries). For example, a man from China, aged 60 years, is a smoker, has diabetes, and whose systolic blood pressure is 140mmHg. His risk is 30 to 40% (see black dot on figure 4). This is very high and would warrant treatment with cholesterol lowering pills and multiple blood pressure pills. He may or may not be given aspirin.
3.
Probability of an event Risk tables calculate the risk of a CVD event based on a number of risk factors. The probability of 5% in the next 10 years means that for every 100 people with certain combination of risk factors, 5 will have a CVD event in the next 10 years. The risk tables in this book refer to primary prevention, i.e. before a CVD event has occurred. Those who have had an event are considered to all be at high risk, e.g. >30%. However, it is possible for a person who has not had a CVD event to have a greater risk probability than a person who has had a CVD event. Table 3 shows the impact of changing risk factors on risk. This highlights that the highest risks occur in smokers and diabetics. (based on tables for WPR B region) Table 3. Varying levels of risk factors and its CVD 10-year risk in males Person Smoking status SBP Diabetes CVD 10 year risk 40 year old male Smoker SBP-140 No Diabetes <10% 40 year old male Smoker SBP 140 Diabetes <10% 40 year old male Smoker SBP 180 No Diabetes 30 to 40 % 40 year old male Smoker SBP 180 Diabetes ≥40% 40 year old male Non-smoker SBP-140 No Diabetes < 10% 40 year old male Non-smoker SBP 140 Diabetes <10% 40 year old male Non-smoker SBP 180 No Diabetes 10 to 20% 40 year old male Non-smoker SBP 180 Diabetes 30 to 40 %
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Table 4. Varying levels of risk factors and its CVD 10-year risk in females Person Smoking status SBP Diabetes CVD 10 year risk 60 year old female Smoker SBP-140 No Diabetes < 10% 60 year old female Smoker SBP 140 Diabetes 10 to 20% 60 year old female Smoker SBP 180 No Diabetes ≥ 40% 60 year old female Smoker SBP 180 Diabetes ≥ 40% 60 year old female Non-smoker SBP-140 No Diabetes < 10% 60 year old female Non-smoker SBP 140 Diabetes < 10% 60 year old female Non-smoker SBP 180 No Diabetes 20% to 30% 60 year old female Non-smoker SBP 180 Diabetes ≥ 40%
Figure 4 shows the risk of 10-year CVD risk using risk tables for China demonstrating the increase in risk by adding the risk factors of diabetes, systolic blood (20 mmHg) pressure and age (20 Years). N.B. 40% is very high and equivalent to a person who has already had a CVD event.
Figure 4. Risk of 10 year CVD risk using risk tables for China 40 yr old male Smoker Non diabetic BP 140/ 80 mmHg TC 6.0 mmol/L HDL 1.0 mmol/L TC/HDL = 6.0 10-yr CVD risk = <10% 60 year old male Smoker Diabetes BP 160/80 TC 6.0 mmol/l HDL 1.0 mmol/l TC/HDL =6.0 10-yr CVD risk > 40%
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IV.
SERVICE PROVISION (with permission from WONCA Dr Tiago Villanueva (Portugal) Prof Michael Kidd (Australia)
It is essential that prevention and control of CVD risk be based in primary health care settings. (WHO/EURO, 1998) reflects the culmination of a European-wide consultative process over almost a decade, initiated by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. This group summarized the attributes of family practice (primary health care) as follows.
General. Family practice addresses the unselected health problems of the whole population; it does not exclude certain categories of the population because of age, sex, social class, race or religion, or any category of complaint or health-related problem. It must be easily accessible with a minimum of delay; access to it is not limited by geographical, cultural, administrative or financial barriers. Continuous. Family practice is primarily person-centred rather than disease-centred. It is based on a long-standing personal relationship between the patient and the doctor, covering, individuals’ health care longitudinally over substantial periods of their lives and not being limited to one particular episode of an illness. Comprehensive. Family practice provides integrated health promotion, disease prevention, curative care, rehabilitation, and physical, psychological and social support to individuals. It deals with the interface between illness and disease, and integrates the humanistic and ethical aspects of the doctor-patient relationship with clinical decisionmaking. Coordinated. Family practice can deal with many of the health problems presented by individuals at their first contact with their family physician but, whenever necessary, the family physician should ensure appropriate and timely referral of the patient to specialist services or to another health professional. Collaborative. Family physicians should be prepared to work with other medical, health and social care providers, delegating to them the care of their patients whenever appropriate, with due regard to the competence of other disciplines. They should contribute to and actively participate in a well-functioning multidisciplinary care team and must be prepared to exercise leadership of the team. Need to up skill administration and nursing staff e.g. we have nurses who suture, start insulin etc. Family-oriented. Family practice addresses the health problems of individuals in the context of their family circumstances, their social and cultural networks, and the circumstances in which they live and work. Need to deal with issues around language and health literacy 12
Community-oriented. The patient's problems should be seen in the context of his or her life in the local community. The family doctor should be aware of the health needs of the population living in this community and should collaborate with other professionals, agencies from other sectors and self-help groups to initiate positive changes in local health problems. Working from a similar conceptual framework, the College of Family Physicians of Canada has defined four principles that underlie family medicine
The importance of Primary Health Care Community-wide studies of whole populations also reflect the impact of primary care physicians on the quality of care. An analysis of mortality rates from cancer, heart disease and stroke, the three primary causes of death in the United States, showed a consistent relationship between availability of primary care physicians and positive health levels, including a decrease in the number of residents stricken with or dying from these diseases.14 This study also showed that higher numbers of primary care physicians correlated with lower infant mortality rates, lower overall mortality and higher life expectancy. Sub-analyses of the data indicated that these results were primarily due to the influence of the family doctor, an association that held after correcting for the effect of urban-rural differences, poverty rates, education, and lifestyle factors. It is of interest that a higher number of hospital beds or of specialists was not associated with a lower death rate or longer life span. Other investigators have shown that expenditure on care for the elderly in the United States was lower in areas of the country with high ratios of primary care physicians to population and this ratio was found to be the only consistent predictor of improved age-specific mortality rates, even when considering such variables as educational levels, poverty and living in rural areas. A study on the impact of primary care in 12 European and North American countries showed that those with more highly developed systems of primary care (mainly composed of general practitioners) tend to have lower health care costs, and that the lower cost is achieved without an increase in mortality rates and with significantly improved health outcomes as measured by 14 health indicators, including birth weight, neonatal mortality, infant mortality and age-adjusted life expectancy.15 These studies should convince decision makers of the quality and effectiveness of services provided by family doctors.
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V.
TOTAL CVD RISK MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY CARE IN NEW ZEALAND CVD is a major cause of premature death in New Zealand. However rates have fallen from a high level in the mid-1960s and have continued to fall until the present day. The most likely cause of this reduction is the decrease in consumption of saturated fats (butter and fatty meat), the reduction in tobacco consumption and the widespread use of CVD reducing pills. In New Zealand primary health care is funded in part by the government and in part by copayment from patients. The government funding is a capitation scheme (a fixed payment per person based on their age, sex and ethnicity and a measure of socio-economic status based on their address). In many practices there is no payment for children but this is at the discretion of the practice. The secondary care system is fully government funded. There is also a private secondary health system which only deals with elective health issues such as elective surgery. There is also a no-fault accident scheme which can pay for all or part of treatment required if there is an injury as the result of an accident. This includes payment for time off work and permanent disability payments. Maternity is fully covered by the government but patients can opt out and use a private system which needs to be fully funded by the patient. New Zealand was the first country to develop risk tables in the form that the WHO now use. They first appeared in 1992 as blood pressure guidelines and were in black and white. In 1995 they become coloured in line with their European equivalent and in 2003 became focussed on total cardiovascular risk rather than high blood pressure. a. Identification of those at risk Screening for CVD risk factors is recommended for all men aged 45 years and above and all women 55 years and above. For those who are Maori or of Pacific Island identity or Indo-Asian ( Fijian Indian, Sri Lankan, Afghani, Bangladeshi, Nepalese, Pakistani and Tibetan) should all have their risk assessed 10 years earlier. Others warranting a risk assessment at 35 for men and 45 for women include diabetes in a first degree relative (parent or sibling), premature CVD in a first degree relative, people who smoke, have had gestational diabetes, BP ≥ 160/95 or TC:HDL ≥ 7. Prediabetes, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, or waist circumference ≥ 100 cm in men or ≥ 90 in women or poor kidney function eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Screening is now done using computers. Almost all general practice consultations are done using computers and virtually all prescriptions are written through a computer. This is accessible at http://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/programmes-resources/healthprofessionals/your-heart-forecast/Your-Heart-Forecast-Online-Tool which is a free web tool (see figures 6,7,8,9).
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Figure 5. Homepage of “Your Heart Forecast”
Figure 6. This shows 60 year old man with 10 years of diabetes who is a smoker and has a blood pressure of 150/80 and a total cholesterol to HDL ratio of 4
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Figure 7. This shows what will happen to the above man if he does not stop smoking and does not get his risk factors modified
Figure 8. This figure shows how the clinician or patient can enter their mobile phone number and email and send their results to themselves or to whomever may be interested in their risk results
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b.
Pharmacological interventions
Table 5 presents the drugs and daily doses, where those in asterisk constitutes the second line of treatment while the rest are the first line (all medications shown are available as generic, i.e. no-name brand). Table 5. Drugs and daily doses Blood pressure lowering Name of BP lowering drug Thiazide diuretics Chlorthalidone Hydrochlorothiazide Bendrofluazide ACEi (angiotensin Captopril converting enzyme Enalapril inhibitors) Lisinopril CCBs (calcium channel Amlodipine blocker) Felodipine Beta blockersa Propranolol* Metoprolol* Cholesterol lowering Name of cholesterol drug Statins Simvastatin Atorvastatin b Antiplatelet therapy Name of antiplatelet therapy Aspirin Clopidogrel Hypoglycaemic drugs Name of drugs Metformin Sulfonylurea medications* a
Daily dose range 12.5 mg to 25 mg 12.5 mg to 25 mg 1.25 mg to 2.5 mg 6.25 to 50 mg 3 x daily 2.5 to 20 mg 2 x daily 5 mg to 80 mg daily 5 to 10 mg daily 2.5 mg to 20 mg daily 80 mg twice daily* 47.5 mg to 190 mg daily* Daily dose range 10 mg to 40 mg at night 10 mg to 80 mg daily Daily dose range 75 to 100 mg daily 75mg daily Daily dose range 500 mg to 1 gm 3x daily
atenolol is not mentioned here as there is some doubt as to how effective it is compared with other Beta blockers such as metoprolol. b Antiplatelet therapy stops blood clots in the blood vessels
c. Thresholds for pharmacological interventions The risk of CVD can be reduced and there is no threshold for intervening. Even a risk of 1% over 10 years can be reduced to below 0.5% risk with lifestyle change and medication use. The grey line on the table below shows the risk threshold for New Zealand, which is 15% over 5 years. Tables 6, 7, 8 show a range of thresholds. Table 6 shows the effect of lowering cholesterol through giving atorvastatin (a powerful statin) which can cause a 40% reduction in cholesterol when the LDL cholesterol is reduced by 2 mmol/l, thus a 40% reduction against a range of baseline risks. The grey
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line shows 15% 5 year risk of CVD risk which is the New Zealand threshold for treating CVD risk. Table 6. Effect of administration of Atorvastatin in reducing risks Reduce cholesterol Baseline risk Risk of CVD after a drop of 2 mmol/l in LDL i.e. a 40% reduction Risk 5% 3% 10% 6% 15% 9% 20% 12% 30% 18% Similarly, the effect of lowering blood pressure using pills can cause a 30% reduction in blood pressure (Table 7), which is a 30% reduction against a range of baseline risks. The grey line shows 15% 5 year risk of CVD risk which is the New Zealand threshold for treating CVD risk Table 7. Effect of administration of pills to lower blood pressure in reducing risks Reduce BP Baseline risk Risk after a 30% reduction in risk assuming a drop of systolic BP 10 mm Hg Risk 5% 3.5% 10% 7% 15% 9% 20% 14% 30% 21% Table 8 shows the reduction of CVD risk by giving aspirin 75 mg to 100 mg per day, which causes reduction of CVD risk to 25%. The grey line shows 15% 5 year risk of CVD risk which is the New Zealand threshold for treating CVD risk. There is a fixed risk of harm which is 0.9%. 17 Table 8. Effect of administration of aspirin in reducing CVD risk Baseline risk Risk after giving low Risk of a bleed dose aspirin Risk 5% 3.75% 0.9% 10% 10.5% 0.9% 15% 10.5% 0.9% 20% 15% 0.9% 30% 22.5% 0.9%
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d.
Service provision- scenarios Delivery of health services is described in detail in three different communities: a village with a health care assistant, a village with a nurse and some finger blood testing equipment and a doctor in a standard clinic. 1. Community setting with a health care assistant (HCA )and no laboratory testing available Case 1: A 50 year old illiterate man presents for a CVD risk assessment. He is a smoker, his BMI is 24, and he has never had a CVD event nor does he have a family history of CVD. The HCA estimates the patient’s heart age (table based your heart forecast tool at http://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/programmesresources/health-professionals/your-heart-forecast/Your-Heart-Forecast-OnlineTool) at between 40 and 75 years (table 4) and encourages him to stop smoking. He may wish to advise the man to take a cholesterol lowering pill and perhaps an aspirin and be more insistent if the man does not stop smoking. He would not be able to offer him blood pressure lowering medication as he has no way of measuring blood pressure. The patient would get his medication in individual tablets and provided with a plastic blister pack to assist him in remembering his medications. He may wish to use a reusable blister pack (Photo 2). If blister packs are not available, he would be advised to put each day’s pills into a bowl. He can collect his medication from the local grocery store.
Photo 2. This shows a picture of a plastic blister pack that can be reused and can hold 7 days of pills
Table 9 presents the heart disease risk by heart age 50 yr old man, his cholesterol cannot be checked and nor can his blood sugars. He is a smoker and has a BP of 175 systolic.
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Table 9. Heart disease risk by heart age of a 50-year old man Non smoker Smoker Systolic BP 175 mmHg 60 years 75 years● Systolic BP 150 mmHg 60 years 70 years Systolic BP 125 mmHg 50 years 60 years Systolic BP 100 mmHg 40 years 50 years
2.
Community setting with a nurse (HCA) who can do a blood test for cholesterol and a blood test for diabetes. Case 2: A 50 year old woman, illiterate, presents for a CVD risk assessment. She is a smoker and her BMI is 24. She has never had a CVD event and does not have a family history. The nurse checks her blood pressure at her upper arm and the systolic BP is 175 mmHg. Her total cholesterol is 5 mmol/l and her glucose is 20 mmol/l (suggesting she has diabetes) using an electronic blood testing device. There is good evidence that non health workers can use electronic blood pressure machines to check blood pressure in similar settings so this is an option in this setting.16 Looking at the risk table (figure 3) and assuming the total cholesterol is 5 mmol/l and the HDL cholesterol is 1 mmol/l. The nurse estimates the person’s risk of CVD is 10 to 20% over the next ten years. She encourages her to stop smoking and offers her medication. This could include a cholesterol lowering pill (table 5) a blood pressure lowering pill and possibly a low dose aspirin tablet. She will need metformin to help control her diabetes. She would get her medication in individual tablets provided with a plastic blister pack to assist her in remembering his medications. If these are not available, she would be advised to put her pills into a bowls marked out for each day. She can collect her medication from the local grocery store. The nurse can follow her up every 3 to 6 months to check her blood pressure, blood sugars and cholesterol and to see how she is doing with quitting smoking. Photo 1. Picture of a specially made wrist blood pressure cuff Wrist blood pressure monitoring Blood pressure can be checked at the wrist (photo 1) using a wrist cuff. There are proper wrist blood pressure machines and cuffs meant for the upper arms should not be used at the wrist unless no other cuff is available. The wrist blood pressure is similar to that obtained on the upper arm and has the advantage of not needing a wide cuff in overweight patients.23
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3.
A doctor who has access to all developed country equipment, i.e. who can do a blood test for cholesterol and a blood test for diabetes Case 3: A 50 year old female accountant presents for a CVD risk assessment. She is a smoker and her BMI is 24. She has never had a CVD event and does not have a family history. The doctor checks her blood pressure at her upper arm and the systolic is 175 mmHg. Her total cholesterol is 5 mmol/l and her blood sugar is 70 mmol/l (suggesting she has diabetes). The doctor looks at the risk table (Figure 4) and estimates the person’s risk of CVD is 10 to 20% over the next ten years. She encourages her to stop smoking and offers her medication. This could include a cholesterol lowering pill (table 5) a blood pressure lowering pill and possibly a low dose aspirin tablet. She will need metformin to help control her diabetes. She would get her medication in individual tablets and provided with a plastic blister pack to assist her in remembering to take her pills. If they are not available she would be advised to use the bowl as in the case above. She can collect her pills from the local grocery store or pharmacy. The clinic nurse can follow her up every 3 to 6 months to check her blood pressure, blood sugars and cholesterol and see how she is doing with quitting smoking.
e.
Lifestyle advice Smoking cessation. All non-smokers should be encouraged not to start smoking (especially teenagers). All smokers should be strongly encouraged to quit smoking by a trained person (not necessarily a health profession) and supported in their efforts to do so. The use of other forms of tobacco (e.g. Snus a form of chewing tobacco) should be discouraged. The majority of smokers wish to quit e.g. 53% of smokers in China wish to quit compared with 85% in the USA.18. Dietary changes. All individuals should be strongly encouraged to reduce total fat and saturated fat intake. Total fat intake should be reduced to about 30% of calories. Saturated fat (e.g. butter and fatty meat) to less than 10% of calories; trans fatty acids intake should be reduced as much as possible or eliminated; and most dietary fat be poly unsaturated (up to 10% of calories) or monounsaturated (e.g. avocado, peanut, canola oil – oils that are liquid at room temperature). All individuals should be strongly encouraged to reduce daily salt intake by at least one third and if possible to < 5 g or < 90 mmol per day (the average in most countries is between 150 and 300 mmol/day). All individuals should be encouraged to eat at least 400 g a day of a range of fruits and vegetables as well as whole grains and pulses Physical activity. All individuals should be strongly encouraged to take at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity (e.g. brisk walking) a day through leisure time, daily tasks and work-related physical activity.
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Alcohol intake. Individuals who take more than 3 units of alcohol per day should be encouraged to reduce to less than two units per day (one unit = 570 mls of 5% alcohol beer; 100 mls of wine (10%) alcohol) Weight control. All individuals who are overweight or obese should be encouraged to lose weight through a combination of reduced-energy diet (dietary advice) and increased physical activity.
f.
Referral services Referral to secondary care may be considered at the following thresholds. This will depend on local protocols and what facilities are available. Once seen in secondary care many patients (below) could have on going care in primary care. 1. BP ≥ 140 ≥ 80 and age <40 to exclude secondary hypertension. 2. Known heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus (DM), kidney disease, angina, claudication, transient ischemic attack, worsening heart failure in case hospital based treatment is needed. 3. Raised blood pressure in diabetes mellitus (≥ 130/80) 4. Protein in the urine 5. Newly diagnosed blood glucose >14 mmol/l despite maximal metformin with or without sulphonylurea 6. DM with fasting blood glucose >14 mmol/l despite maximal metformin with or without sulphonylurea. 7. DM with severe infection and/or foot ulcers 8. DM with recent deterioration of vision or no eye exam in two years
g.
How to improve compliance? A systematic review of the evidence to improve the taking of cholesterol medication found no method of improving adherence (i.e. more likely to take their medication.19 The same applies to improving the adherence to taking blood pressure lowering medication.20 Nurse or pharmacist led care may be a promising way forward, with the majority of RCTs being associated with improved blood pressure control and mean SBP and DBP but these interventions require further evaluation. Appointment reminder systems also require further evaluation due to variability in studies and small trial numbers, but the majority of trials increased the proportion of individuals who attended for follow-up and in two small trials also led to improved blood pressure control. Blister packs are another way of increasing compliance.21
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h.
Financial protection At the national level Pharmac reference pricing. Pharmac is the Pharmaceutical management agency which funds medicines for the New Zealand Government. It has been successful in using a form of negotiation called reference pricing. This involves approaching a pharmaceutical company and offering to fund a new medication at a high level if they will allow an older medicine drug A (but still on patent) to be funded at a very low level. Then they approach other companies and announce that they will fund all medicines in the same class as drug A at the low rate. If the other companies do not accept that low rate their product receives a part charge. The New Zealand public is reluctant to pay part charges for medicines that do not provide any relief of symptoms such as blood pressure lowering and cholesterol lowering medicines. This has enabled New Zealand to keep a tight control on the medicines budget which has risen very little over the past 15 years. Reference pricing is less of an issue now for primary care medicines as most of them are available in a generic formulation which automatically reduces the price for the class of medicine.
Figure 9 shows the annual expenditure of Pharmac from 2000 to 2011 (i.e. the total cost of medicines in New Zealand). Figure 9. Annual expenditure of Pharmac, 2000-2011
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Individual financial protection It is important that cost is not a barrier to health care. Primary Health Care should ideally be free at the point of care so as to encourage access. For example health care is free in Cuba and expensive in the United States yet Cuba spends just a fraction of its gross national product < $10,000/year on health care compared with the United States GNP= $34,000. The life expectancy of Cubans is the same as Americans (76 years).22 Many countries use a social insurance mechanism e.g. Canada where it is compulsory to have health insurance. In other countries it may come from income tax as in the United Kingdom.
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Acknowledgements My thanks to Professors Rod Jackson and Robert Beaglehole and Dr Sue Wells for their help. It has allowed me to stand on the shoulders of giants.
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