Preliminary note the influence of water temperature on riverine insecticide treatments

a \k Prelimlnary Note The Influence of Water Temperature on Riverine Insecticide Treatments ,/ Bruce Wahle Hydrobiologist Consultant OCP/Insect Research Unit Bouakb, COte d'Ivoire May 1987 In reviewlng the insecticide literature, it is apparent that temperature at the time of applicatlon and posttroatment,particularly'with pyrethroids, can affect toxiclty ln the fieId. Organophosphate insectlcides generally have positive temperature coefficients (Back et aI. 1979, .Grafius 1986). Temephos is reported to have a positive temperature coofficient(Yasuno et al. .1978, Rodrigues 1982) and it is Iinear (Rodrigues 1982). ' Dlflubdnzuronr' Brr IGR, has a posltive temperature coefficient: (Rodrigues - 1982) . For carbosulfan there has been little publt3hed;.'thls has been laboratory and terrestrlal work aII by the slrmg::igroup .(see ref . Ln Marsden et aI. 1982).In generali.,iqbibbmate'insecticides have a posltlve temperature coefficienti(Schoettger and Mauck 1978, Woodward and Mauck 1980,Grafius 1986.), and.pyrethroids have a negatlve temporature coefflcient'.(Harris' and Kinoshita L977, Grafius 1986). Forpermethrin, there have been numerous articLes that mention its strong negatlve temperature coefficient (Kumaraguru and Beamish i981, Mil1er 1985, Cutkomp and Subramanyam 1986, Schmidt and Robertson 1986), and that it is curvilinear (Sparks et aI. 1982).Positive temperature coefficients for pyrethroids have been reported also (see Cutkomp and Sr-lbramanyam 1986, Schmidt and Robertson 1986). Temperature effects vary with the individualinsecticide and insect species (Sparks et aI. 1982, Everts et aI. 1985, Cutkomp and Subramanyam 1986).In the OCP's non-'target screening progr;rm for new insecticides a number of insectlcide formulations have been tested in gutters. These tests are always done without a replicate, and at various sites and times of the year. Because of thls, the formulations are tested wlth aquatic communities of differln8i ag,es and composltlon, and comparison with tests not done at exactly the same time is difficult. Thus, there is variability within the reported results. Because of the reported variations in toxicity with temperature for some inseqticides, I decided to pursue thepossiblllty that temperature was part of the explaLnatioh for this variation with a pyrethroid (permethrin) and carbamate(carbosulfan) lnsectlclde.' The resultlng lnformation 1s admittedly crude. because of the reasons stated above, the results are based'on^a'-number of different formulations for the sane active lngredient, and different researchers have done the tests. The maJor,taxonomic groups reported in these types of studies are usually: Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Chironomidae,Simuliidae, Diptera, miscellaneous, and total fauna. Forpermethrln, data from ten tests were used for operatlonallypotentlal formulations (Ta1cord, Coopex, Pounce). Carbosulfanformulas are based on six tests of carbosulfan Industrial, PL86-8, PL86-9, and PL86-11. The tests were conducted at operationaldoses (permethrin at 0.015 ne/l/LO RD, carbosulfan at0.050 ne/L/10 mn). Two tests were done by M. Yamdogo for which IIack the site and temperature data, the remainder were done bf 1 ./ M. Yamdogo and myself at Amouakoukro ( Comod River ) ( llakrle 1986 ) and Koperagui (Sassandra River), COtc d'Ivoire In 1986-7. Water bemperatu,res for the tests Iacking data have been estimated at 24 C. Mortality-temperature formufa were caLculated with a Hewlett-Packard HP-67 programmable calculator and a curve fittins program.' . Mortality-temperature relationships were cal-culated for each major Sioup from our field data (Tables 1, 3), then predicted^water 'teinperatures'were calculated f or mortalities of 70, 80, 90, and 700% (Tables 2, 4). To create Figures .1-3, the formulas were used to calcuLate percent mortaLities based upon water temperatures of upto 40 C. In some cases, dII the data available was used to create the relationships, in othe,r cases some of the data was dropped. If there are several regrelssions for a group(i.e., Chironomidae) the resulting regressions are similar. If the conservative view is taken for each regreission line (that the regression line for the temperature nearest operational temperature is correct), carbosulfan begins to be very toxic theoretically to non-target fauna at about 32 C (Table 2) andpermethrin at 22 C (Table 4). Based on the data we have, aII the relationships are linear (y - a + bx), except the total fauna. relationship for permethrin which is a power function (y = axl).These rel-ationships could change if we had more data at water temperatures below 28 C. Extrapolating information beyond the tested temperatures can give misl-eading results (Busvine 1971). The relationships indicate that temperature is at Ieast part of the reason field toxicity for non-target organisms varies. This knowledge can be useful in protecting the environment from a rnore severe impact than necessary. Most of the treated rivers with these two insecticides have water temperatures ln the area of 26-30 C. If conditions occur where OCP would need to treat a river with permethrin or carbosulfan at relatively.high or low water temperatures, the mortality-temperature relationship mayplay a part in the insecticide selection, or for deciding on a point at which one should change insecticides. The information could also be used to adjust a treatment dose upwards or downwards to protect the non-target organisms while still having a larvicidal effect on S. damnosum. If the dosage is adjusted down, a cost savings to OCP might be realized in insecticide, aviation fuel and flieht time. The relationship between mortality and temperature is strong enough that I feel OCP should attempt to understand it better. I would not suggest that OCP actively study this effect with non-target organisms. But I feel it should be further investigated with the target organism for the two operational compound,s permethrin and carbosulfan. Some of this work has already been done at the OCP Insecticide Research Unit. 2 Literattrre Cited Back, C., J.-G. Lanouette and A. Aubin ctit t-he uFe of temephos for the controlSimuliidae) in northern Quebec. Mosq. 1979. Preliminary test of blackflies (Diptera: News 39 ( 4 ) :7 62-7 67 . 1982. on three Busvine, James R. 'L97L. A critical review of the techniques for +.esting insecticides . Znd ed. The Dorset Press, Dorchester. 345 pp. Cutkomp, L. K. and B. Subramanyam. 1986. Toxicity ofpyrethroids to Aedes aegypti Iarvae in relation to temperatureJ. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 2(3):347 -349. Everts, J. W., B. A. Kortenhoff, H. Hoogland, H. J. VIug, R. Jocqud, and J. H. Koeman. 1985. Bffects on non-target +-errestrial arthropods of synthetic pyrethroids used for the control of the Tsetse FIy (Glossina spp.) in settlement areas of t,he southern Ivory Coast, Africa. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol . 14:641-650. Grafius, E. 1986. Effects of temperature on pyrethroids toxicity to Colorado Potato BeetIe (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). .]. Econ. Entomol. 79(3):588-591. Kumaraguru, A. K. and E. W. H. Beamish. 1981. Lethal toxicity of permethrin (NRDC-143) to rainbow trout, $al-mo gairdneri, in relation to body weight and water temperature. Wat. Res. 15:503-505. Marsden, Paul J., Eichi Kuwano and T. Roy Fukuto. 1982. Metabolism of carbosulfan 12, s-dihydro-2,?-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl(di-n-butylaminothio)methylcarbamatel in the rat and house f1y.Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 18: !8-48. Mi11er, T. A. 1985. Can mode of action studies guide chemical synthesis? pp. 19-36 in H. C. von Keyserlingk, A. Jager andCh. von Szczepanski (eds.). Approaches to new leads forinsecticides. Springer-Verlag, BerIin. 159 pp. Rodrigues, Cajetan S. 1982. Effects of insecticides includinginsect growth regulators on black fIy (Diptera: Simuliidae)larvae and associated nontargqt stream invertebrates.Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Guelph. 240 pp. Schoettger, R. A. and W. L. Mauck. 1978. Toxicity of experimental forest insecticides to fish and aquaticinvertebrates. Proc. 1st & 2rrd USA-USSR symposia on the effects of pollutants upon aquatic ecosystems. EPA 600r/3-78/076 2:11-27. Schmidt, Charles D. and Jacqueline L. Robertson. 1986. Effects of treatment techniques on response of horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) to permethrin at different temperatures. J. Econ. EntomoI. 79(3) : 684-687. Sparks, T. C., M. H. Shour and E. G. Wellemeyer.Temperature-toxicity rel-ationships of pyrethroidslepidopterans. J. Econ. Entomol. 75:943-646. c .J Wahle, Bruce'M. 1986. Comparison of some insecticide formulations in the Onchocerciasis Control Program. Effects on non-target aquatic invertebrates in the Comod River, C6te d' Ivoire, West Africa. Unpub] . Consultant' s Rep. , OCP, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Woodward, D. F. and W. L. Mauck. 1980. Toxicity of five forest i nsecticides to cutthroat trout and two species of aquatic invertebrates. BuIl. Environ, Contam. Toxicol. 25:846-853. Yasuno, M., S. Hatakeyama and J. Hasegawa. 1978. Toxicity of temephos to Anisogammargs sp. under different temperature and .*po=rr" pe.ioal-i;p.-i. Sanit . Zool. 29:365-366. I I Ll ' -;: i MortaLity-water temperature rel-atiorrshrps f or carbosuLf an :r,rrrl.rtrons (0.050 ng/L/10 mn), based on Industrial, PL86-8, PLB6-9 r [)L36- 11 . A1] relationships are I lnear. b Formula Number a rl n Remarks '',r)re rop Le ra .: hoptera l'ln()midae ;,r,.iirdae -L23.26 - 40.79 -181.63 -231 .72 -326 .4L -168.18 30 .42 -166. 58 -189.65 5.68 2.79 7 ,55 0. 63 0.30 0.79 0.81 0. 93 0.78 0.97 1.00 0. 57 1.00 0.11 0.76 1.00 16 26 72 8.06 8.77 7.79 0 .25 1 2 3 4 EJ b 7 BI 6 ? 5 6 ,1 5 q 2 q 2 b 5 Z no reLationship aII data Industrial only Wahle's data only al- 1 data Industrial only Wahle's dat.a only Wahle's data only Wahl-e's data only Indr.rstriaL only Wahl-e' s data onlyIndustrial only all data WahIe's data Industrial only ; l".ra 10 13 .B 16 15 10 11 ,-lianeous -448.47 -442.70 22.85 - 64.96 - 87. 80 58 53 1.69 4.51 5.13 -ri 2. Predicated water temperature rtalities would occur for carbosulfan ,-.f er to Table 1 for the formulas). (c) at 72 13 74 at which selected 0.050 ns/L/10 mn at which 1 00% t,ir)f\ Formula Predicted Water TemperatureNumber these Mortalities Occur:70% 80% 90% ;, (:llle f Optef a .'rropte ra .,;nirfae , l lrlae No Relationship 34.0 39. 7 33. 3 1 2 3 4 5 b 7 II 31 ?1 31 35. B 43 .3 34 .7 ia .7 30 .7 30.6 27 .7 30.6 30.8 31.9 33.7 33.8 32. L 32 .7 37. 6 46. I 36. C 39 50 37 32 32 33 3B 33. 1 33 .0 33. 1 35.0 45 .7 36. 6 36.6 3 5 7 2 0 I '7 4 d J ,_. l'A 29 .7 29 .9 29.i 22. I 29 .4 29 .6 31.3 33.0 27 29 30 .)a JJ 31. B 31.9 32 .5 34.3 39 .7 34 .4 34 .7 e I I aneous 10 11 t2 13 14 I I I a:1 i .']e 3 ' Mortallty-water temperature relationships for permethrin:'muLations (0 . 015 ms/r/Lo mn ) , based on Tarcordl coopex, and pounce 'erationshlps are linoar except total fauna, which is a power , 't.ir-.,rr. r.iOfl a b ar Eormula Number Remarksn ,, jrneroPtera : .choptera rcnomidae . -r:Ilaneous ,- al ,a)ie rid No Relatlonshlp 184.85 -5.98 295. 56 -9. 94 -24.30 7 . L7 -208. 83 7 .42 45568330 -4:2L31463.44 -2.07 0.31 0. 67 0.08 0. 89 o .52 0. 10 10 10 7 7 10 7 15 16 77 18 19 20 alI data aII data WahLe's Wahle' s all data Wahle' s data data data 4. Predicated water temperature at whichoccur (refer to.Tab1e 3 for the formulas) selected mortalities i-r th Formula Number Predlcted Water Temperature these Mortalities Occur:70% 80% 90% (C) at which 700% . r:;rreroptera ..'nop--era . : ,,rromi dae ji,e ra ',,;eil-aneous '.rl No Relatlonship 15 t9 .2 16 22 .7 L7 80.8 18 37.6 19 24.O20 19.1 L7 .5 27 .7 89. 3 38. 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