Review of aerial operations 1981

;l I I WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION plus helicopter) was surpassed grrring a total of |tJgr,g hours a6reement these ,rexcess hoursfi hour). Budg€t lrovision, mad.e flying hours for 1981 and hence 4rZP figure of 51180.0 hours (fixea r.ring by just over a thousand hours. (trOtlrg) for the year, Und.er the contracttral were pa^id at a lower rate (1169 per in 1980 for 1!81 had. estimated. 61000 that figure uas exceeded by 1r ].gl:., 9 hours. ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE THE aslllt coNrR{cT Nineteen eight one was the raicid.le year of the ]-year aerial con_tract of ccct*k.'ng and. during ,re i,.ess, two contractual meetings wereheld' with the management. or: the 11-12 iray, a meeting was herd in0ttawa when the 1re'u:Lous release equipnent probrenrs with chlorphoxim were discussed-. /\ furtirer meeting was ]reIc1 i, Geneva on Z_]rd. sep_tember. The /rerial contract vrorked satisfactori.ly a,,d 5l successfulweekly treatment cycles were executed. in 1981. +qFL^!. oPEBi:1ro.Nq Iuring the year a total of 61186.2 hellcopter hours and. r.007.7fixed. wing hours were fIown. rror the first time since the start ofthe ?rogra,nine, al-1 the fi:red wing hours were with the aircra,ft intreatraent coafiguratj.on a^r:.d. no puospection or ad_uln:ist:eation flyrng was done with those two fixed. wing aircraft, In actual fact, lessfixed' wing fryrng took prace flran in t:re previous four years due inpart to cutting out prospection and ad.ninistration flying and. arso dueto an economy d'rive, the fixeci vdng now costi-ng, in effect, more to operate than the helicopte." (U, JB) per hour plus fuel). Nevertheless,of the total q*antity of larvicide releasea (221, 945.5 litres) thetwo fi:red wing aircra^ft were reslnnsibre for the rer.ease of z.frro o1rg5z.) rif,res); the six f,reatment helicopters accounting for the renaini.ng 57,T6 (tZe, 094,0 litres). The total guaranteed. hour -2- The flying of those extra hours rvas due in large part to the appear_ ance of resistance and then cross-resista.nce of sirm:.Iiuro larwae totemephos and then chlorpho:cinr. /ilternati'es had. to be sought and. a consid'erable a,mo,nt of prospection flying was necessary to exan:Lnethose ri-vers concertred.. A total of 811.2 heh-copter prospection hours ruere fIown, this being the higLrest prospecti-on figr.rre for the lastfour years. Apart fron s.,,veirlance of the riresistance,r a,reas, a eonsid.erable aapunt of larrricide testing took place in other parts ofthe Prograrnme area. fn !ogo, extrrerinental treatment in the southern extension area for a period of six }reeks furilrer involved. helicopterprospection hours. The installation of river gs,€:es i-n liouthernSenin r:nd,er a contract with ORST0il reqnj.red. B?.I }:elicopter horrrs. Th,roughout the Jre*r, 4r*j la,ehgs.were oceouted. in the ee\r€,.paaticj.pa.ting: oountries ai}d for tte JrJ q/J.g lrours flown, a totat of797r2y2,litres of Jet 41 fuel was used. r411vrcJry]qg Nineieen eighty one was the Jth operational year of the pro-grarme and- i-t was characterized., from a lar'icid.ing point of vlew,by the trend. toward.s arterna-bi.ire larvi.cides otl:er th.an abate. rn198or other larvicides flra.i: aba,te (fuocida) had been used brit not i.nvery large q*antities (,l.bate, cyanarrrd - 2r,4g.g litres, chJorphoxim5t5D.1 litres)' r',Iith the serious probleil of resista,ce and. then closs-resistancer the prograrnme was obliged to use gtr45l.p litres of chlorphoxin followed then by 7 t%7 ,2 litres of Bacil-Ius Thtrrin_giensis. rn llay, the aerial contractor rnras required. to equip twohericopters w:itrr an ahate/chlorpiroxim tolerarrt rerease system andsinilarly for one fjxed wing in June. Ihis equipment was successful.Treatment went a.head. using these two rarvicid.es 'or rnost of the wet season and. by september the }rograry.me, for flre first time sinceits inception, was usi-ng more chlorphoxim than abate. However, the sud'd.en appearance of cross-resistarico in late October created. a serious problen ancl tj:e rtogranr:ne ruas obliged. to curtail ci:l0rphoxintreatment and consid.er Raeillug {h}rriqgiensis. -r- A shitrment of 101000 litres was obtained and treatment with this larv:icid.e conmenced. in the problem area (Lower Band.a,noa) in rate llovember. 'rhe contractor was reErired., once aga.in, to d.evclop new release equipment. /. short boom liith five nozzl.es was fitted. on one helicopter and. this system was revisecl weekly as experience was girine1. Successful treatment took place on the Low€x Band.area, the ma:in problem being that l-arge Erantities (up to 200 litres) were required. at each release point a,nd. hencc a consiclerable amount of ferry flying was in- volved. (rm-ximun capacity of tanl< eoo titres). By the end. of the year, it beea^me errid.ent that the cross-r€sistance problem was sgreadlng and. the comoe river was included in thc 3.T. ci-rcuit on the !]rd- cycle for 1!81. $i.m]rliqCI l,arrra-1 oomtrol by use of the present f,o:srarlattc6 of B-[, ig clearly a. rnotro ooup]-o:e q16 6oetLy operation tharr with abate. The larvicid.e has first to be clilutcd. trj-th ZGi water arr:d. large re- Lease quantities a.re required.. rLpi>cnd.ix ! shows that with abate the heliooptors rerease, on average, about 2o to 2! litres per hour whereas with the present forrmrlation of 3.T.r appenclix 10 shows that the average is 85.5 litrcs per horir. lii'Lh the problems experienoed. with first chlorphoxim and nor,r wi-bh 8.,1-. logistioal problems, it is perhaps not out of placc -bo recall Lur cxtrener;/ fortr:nate the rlro- grarnne has been iir being ai.:le to use abate consisten'bly over the past six )'ears. ft is ea"sy a;:d. irurocuous to hand,Ie, has very ]1111" oorrosi-ve effect on release inechanisms, has a very row toxicity to other fauna and., bei.ng an euti.lsi.fiabre concentrate, can be easily seen a.fter release. Phase rv (rvory coast) once a,ga^rn, accounted. for a Iarg,e part of the larvicid.e used" - 41.196 - (gtrzoT.4 litres); ,g.B% of the totaL la;rrnicid.e released. by helicopter r,ras in ?hase IV and 44.4r, of the total la,rvicid.e rcleased. hy fixecl r'ring. rrras in that rhase also. Perhaps due to the complexitics of rhase rrr(E), ,L.45 of helicopter larvicid-ing hours were flown there but wiflr the fjxed wing, 14,6/o of its larviciding hours were flown in Fhase Iy. -4- Ior the first time since the start of 'thc Progranme, all aerial operations from the famale base were suspensod. irr tho last week of April a.nd- first week of r{ay riue to em armost zero f1y d.ensity through- out tho nast. Similar1;r, the 3and.ia6ara area was not treated. in 1p81. Arso for the first time, all fixcd rdng fI;dng was sucpend.ed. for one month (Apri1) when all trea'trnent was tlien executed. by lelicopter. [he 7 rL95,! flying' hoi:rs were f]-own witi:out any untoward. in- cid.ent and. credit is due to the contrac-bor for that as r^rer1 as for his co-operation d,uring the year in und.erstand.i:ig and. assisting in resolv:Lng the larvicid,ing problens. In s^;ite of tLre cross_ resistance phenomenon and the associated. set-backs e-ncourrtered, erocesp- tru.l ,SiurUliurn. aontrol vrae rnainta-i-ne|. tkr:rougl^orrt .;he ye€u3, tror : Ci:ief of Aerial 0perations =__==:= :::::::=lechnical 0ff'cer '5- APPII.MIX 1tu FtYfltG tiOr,llis 1gB1% GU/Jil]IM.I IIil il I II il ll II fl rl i{elicopter 5rlg6.2 l-roo7.7 IDI,ICOI',JH?S - ... j'I0rITli -5- ;\PPIITDIX z HOu:RIty :sujtii . _!.0:9. L.lfi.lTCIlfi.IG n lt lt ltfI ll ilI llI ll II il ltI lt n nI ilI D lt Jarurary Sobo:r,rary liarch ripril i,'ay Jrrne July August ifuptaa:be:r 0otober I'Iovember December 499.1 318.2 259,-' 122.4 '%2,L 530.0 551.1 4Q.t 587.A 464,7 431,,4 449.A ,crl.2(ea.+%) 4421 (a2,6/,) 4744,.t(88.6%) 4994.r(go,n6) 5t3A..4(Bg.2r()) ?.7 14,5 56.1 25.8 91.8 94.5 77.e 59.1 129.9 Q'l 97,t ,9,7 Lty2,t(27 ,y)6) 684.7G2.8?q 530.7( 9.91) 45o,e( e,z%) 550.9( g,6/,) ; l,-Xi'f,iIISTEr1ffi0Ii 0.8 L.g ].,'4 2.5 D.0 5.1 11.7 0.1 0.1 l-54,,8(5.Trt) 249.7 Q,e%) Bl,,2(1.fit) fr.e(t.t%) 7t,o(7,zi'o) 51A.8 371.5 127,1 348,,2 431.9 626,-o 715,4 511.2 721,0 518,5 ?.B,6 488.8 il rlII il il lt ilI il il lt lt rlI ll ilII ll ilI 0 il il lt t%5 1977 L97B l Cno *./ I ) 19Bo 4264.6 5158.t 5115.0 5503.7 57P.3 6l.86.2 mxED iffi.rc Il'10lI1rll January Iebruary liarch April i.{ay Jrrne July Augrrst Septer:rber 0ctober Iiovenber Iecember .IOTAI PnEJrIOUS ry=r,p t976 1977 t97e L979 19Bo '7 - APlqrprx l HOU]RLI mllf\if IOIN IAR\ECIXtr }I.IOSPECTI0r:l ltI II n l,II ll ll II ll il 85.1 58,-4 17.2 8.5 4o.o ]63,5 Mf iSt 18,.0 L29-6 111.1 45,O 1007.4 lf.s," 488.2(77,Ay6) 854.0 (e1.ry;) 1010.1(Bl,7l) LL91.g@7.1Y,) 1015.7(n,91) g5.o (15.Bi,) 57.r( 5.6,1) 57.9{4,qil 25.1(-1.q.;) I -lJ)I.tr-i'II iJ,'itr'. II Oii 4].,o(6,T1) IU.o(u.1,/o) t)6,1(:.l.fr() l-52,'2(11.r%) 22.4( 2.79'r) -tt IItO'rrAL !l 85.' JBz.4 17.2 8.5 40.o t61.6 ].43.5 18r.0 L29,5 LLr,1 45.O II il il il% LOO?.4 6tr.g t025.5 1204,7 L'1L,2 1056.1 *rt = g**BFEHSEEg$ $fls B* -.t.I r-J II le xgSEx{Fg$E$$ lHil- $8,S,, l.:LGtIr llIl-t: o\ll\o ul silo o@tll--l F, O11...llN v.J oI ll\IlllH l\) -t --t \o o\\n ,\)IN \a lu ors s luu ut irH =G 8=BtsSE,ll! . . a.r ...a .o .atls O Ou OLru O O H fu\NS tu Iu H$EEFxexe sssE rs\, \N .F P O\ lr) Co H -t ,.ri co -: lria a'a.a...a.. .. r.r-.j.e-. l[-<\,l @ @{ O\N--: O H ts a}\}. ,'' .HHHHH X.ESSXSO\o @{ o\ ++ o>5 c,'HO,o<+Ho rc5^OOx<F. O,E5g 1,.p 'lt tl l-r u I\)\'r llcc< llo . ll\o *. ilr?' ffi H$fl$E$$$' sH* lE lH H\o fu\o Oo{Q \^r.E -F \orv \r{ \rt vJ cDHO\OHo\\r| o\s -Lua a.a a.a\, luF\o\,l /'_\7\/\--\,FSLT o\\X O\\rn A Ha a a.a.t{B{s€Bs\a a\ C'\ C\ O\ o\\/L-/\.,7\-4-, FJP oo F ru--l uO\OPFTO\.rt O Lr, lu Oo P{\o @H FJS{Sa a.a.a.a.O-{ r$ H\C) -\ /\-\^ -Fuu+\NO\\,.l O\ cI\ @a a ..a.a(q{B$g\a e\o\c'\o\o\\-4./\- l\-/ ttt H rrr\, lF 5 ts,E IE\ION IE ..... lEio\o o IHItJl- IE IHrrrlEll! IHtnIH tNo s llts T\J II\,I . ll I\)\r lt.;< il\, ltil+HtlN) -F. @ .i: -t tnllH \O-{\rd N di iiE xs&d HB ' , ,ll. a . a . ....llH OOoOttJroil €--- ltlllu II T'JltHll\o rl5Io\ll.IN' l, HoO\oo\ HoA\rtrH \ .ot, I -9- aPP$'rpIx.5 Total Insecticide'iheatnent }MLICOP,Mt a975 1t7'7L./ I I tyls t979 1980 1981 THEliTIffil-T I{OURS lOLL.2 442r.7 4744.t 4994,.t 5130.4 5118.4 LARYICI}E REI,EAST,]](elate + Chlor- 79862.5 84147.9 94504,4 )21156.2 gB2L5.5 a28094.A NELEASE} per hour 26.5 19.1 'to o 24.7 19.1 24.o -10- APIM{}IX 6 Abate and Chlorpiioxim treafuent tARlTClDE REI,&ISED(alate + Ch1.) FI)m }I-ING L%5 L%7 tvlB ]-979 1980 1981 488.2 854.0 lo1o.1 tL93.9 t011,7 1007.4 5OOB4. g 77297,1 )2]-174,2 140011.7 86107,B 93852,-5 ].O2'-5 81,.5 l]2o.2 LU.7 85,5 91.2 \o o\ EJBoroH.r<pP.H oP. E,fuFOH a P\o@ H U\o coo' t-<to ohJFJ I'/p /@/o N) a vdo\ \, o\f\)\n ao HtdN).NF3\o. a\o Hsc) .-.t Ft'OH t\) as sOF\N CY ro $)N) ct .o __.1 -\ r-t\) lo\NF a\,OO$rvo H \n as o\ B \N\, @ as I I HN \N I>uclog) aclSo \onOr\r c)r@N)o bt. or HH H .-l a \g o\ \N\o \N\o a t\) I I \N\o F.' -_r d\NP\O cl- . o.to H\N\o \nr\o \+.1 \,ai.:-zP HHH EI @ a \Bo\ H@\oO o\ a N) I I H co\o>OclO\P ' c+'too ^H@\nr\o .-i -.J >R. co H HHH EH a s o\ \oH N)O\x as (}\ t! <i\IB --l . a \N Cr\ C) --l [t'\IH\o a\, H O\>@o' O\ ttJ .d.O\O ^oc \r.l \J.l . \r| SX \}Jd<.vu H H so\ UJs CDs a IN I \.|r F-Actoop + cl'o(D \N /\\,r\,.|\c re o\ au) al hJ F:tr-l c) HO Ho O\oo\ N) T\)H\os o\ a \I .-t td\oro€ __: r a ro coHc)5E'O\HH \o H \NroFSrt'\op -J cl-o(Ds H ^.FP\NOHo --l iR. ' E c)t'' ++ 5diJPl\) cl-ooq1 .N' r:!n\o ()H. qN) \O gD .iJ\N g) =ts. I HH t Eg1jlc-opter larricidJ..rl& hoi:rs .by Phase. rrr(E) i ru(u)II iIII(E)iIE(}I)i ffi Hor:rs itr1i^t i i\?ei, t66L,7 lero.5 lvle,zl +a,,( zz-t^i\i (n-+l) i (zt-<0,i,\i (o^qt, 213.4 ! 5e5s.rl z5z6i,4l glz5,q 23.7a,/o\ | 0.o/r\l (25.7',!\i (g.qd\ t448.5 i 170.Ci1661.6(zt ^to/"\ i ( a-qt\i (11^2,,i6.E//o\i 3L.2i( bate i Abate llUfI]-. ! I _: - I r F 49697.B28741', 7t50,t 128094.O % (24.*/o) 't Q.7,6) | 1zz,+l( (5,q,/,) 3a.g;() (2.516) i $oa/,) l-98.2 (t9',2';5) -L1 - 1if+ir-rrx 9 rrr (n) 46.6 | 254,7(4.5y") i Qq,6t) Larui- cid-e IIours tcI2L5.6 (22.1?'u) 2750.5 (:-9,zi(,) LO12g,7 (:.:,.?,1) 47152,1$q,nO 66y,7 fi,r,0 rrr (,r) l'io*? | *ou* 415..0(qo,zrJ) I t$i.II (rooZ) tgB.5 |96.5 "21t,5 fta qo/\ I la 1a/\ I lnz ru(tg,T/,) ! (g.all)| {9.694) | (zl,rn(,) Yl;2. i 14s.7 | 9,2 I roo7.71e.z%)l3+,s,t) I (0.yi3)i (rocrZ) tarui- cicLe Lbate lliuate ! .tbate lalate ! r'ibate 266^ A ltnna/ a I \^A/^ , I I --, ^62B8.o lrogg5.o to26a.4 i ,To5,9 Abate5U1L.4 chl 35799.4 ch1 42L2L.t 2M58,5 | 521s,o to995.o i toz6o.4 (26.1y,) (6.r;'") (tt.7il,) | (::o,96) (q+.2?(,) | (o"+%)i (roryr) -L4- /I'PPIIIDIX 10 3.I. heatnent b;r he1:-cop.te.r [P,XAI['ml'IT NOIMS I 7987.2 | A5.' Fop + EoR ct I iy o r0 IJ o o cl- ts. F< Bp f-p iJP. 5tr. m cl' H tu cl-F.o I H\JI I Eo € F aaaa bd F:Eil c')13 6)HOa H HHH HHH H HH H \n\NH a @ I tsPH aH F *J a @ H CO -la m \,P a H \,.lul a o0 Cr B a \, --: \N a\, I \o __l a \JN v.l\o a H \oO a\o to\, a\rr Htoto a\n hd od a \J.ltv -la \).l H\o t\o H\Nf\) a F\o a oo ,\) Na o\o s a \o CO ao $ H t hd H ts.H F @ Ito I HH o) a '-l cl\ TD ao H\o a I\) Ho a\o \).1 ._f aA s\x\N a\o H+. a P O to o\ \N a -{ F @ a o\ Ho a co H a o\ tu' o\l\) o\ a() s a N) H co __l a ru o\\.rl ato H\N()\ a\o u.l co a v.l P\IH I to Cr tr'H { \r.l\N as H ul a ra -:s I @ o0\N a -l 19s o\ a N) s T\) aH Ho\ \N aA C{ FHq \.rI \.N \J.l a N) o\H a\x __l at\) \N C|.\ a o\ H\o @ f\rr \NF Io H N) aO !> l-& a -lto \r.l ao \oH a 00 HO\o a -i \'lo a vl f\) H a @ \JIH a H -_l -..1 a\n o IJ cl a \n \-Llo a\n -F \N aH HH -1aO +F a \N H @ v.r aF 5 N) a\o tsO @ aH o o rt a \go a o\ \, +, as H\N o\ a o\ PH a @ H -1.\l a\o + a H Po _.1 a @ o a so @ as U o a H \'l{ a -E T\)o aF Hs\o a5 \NH a5 HP\o a --l U o o a (}\H c0 o\ a t\) E o\ _-l . .-1 H -N@o a c) \n f\) a\o H --l \N aO \x@l\) a\, H\, -N) ao € F3 ts-t FlO l: ti LAA aatdH "\i oHo -ie H t--lFIH HHH EI HH H @\JI a u{ I \N -lIo N LNI ru I \, aH C{ B a \rl co aF I +5s aN tsF a .-l t I I\) a\n od a v.l -la t\) I \{ a N) I I I I H a I I t I I I I hc B ts'H o a\, I I I I I U a\, tuu FO ao I I \o a t9 I\o to Co aP C{ R o H o\\,., a o\ \o a i\) \n5 a o) \,'1 ao N) N) a i$ fu o\ a o\ r4 tH Hs v'r a\, I v'., o\ aH H oo a o\ +' a o\ Ho a -{ f\) += a\, ir- l- 0q a H co \N a ul I \, \N aO H\: a o\ \,\, a C) l\) N) a .-l \N\n aO V) o Fd cl- a Hlu\o t o\ I 5U a @ \, a sAt __l H\n a\o N) a f\) o o cl'' a HH\N \x I \, N) a __l f\) +- a T\) lo o\ a5 Hs t l\) H \I a oo o s\n ao I HPt\o N) t\) a t I Ho a f\) FI (D o a POO a\] \oato \Ns @ I -l F N) \N a to r\) \JTH a \I \o o\ a o\ H\o a\n f, € r ffi IH ll,{ ls g tsJ ts. H ts. v) cF Fjp cl' P. o I POt I -]-7 - {PPII:]]IX .]:' Iandin$g by Jhase (jriIgd .,'Iir\jju]d. I;e-+ico Jter) Jarruary Febmary j.larch April l,'by June July August Septembcr October I'Torrember necember 105 95 90 D1 10, 125 v5 110 t49 110 B5 105 49 2B L7 9 t7 45 56 47 6o 47 50 47 108 60 15 It ,5 tol 190 r-57 ].96 150 w9 97 19 ? ,6 14 40 40 5' 18 41 4o 1B 21 77 69 8B 115 91 10, 7Qt/ 79 110 t27 97 ]-ll ; ,o 77 76 5T 10 ,2 1 ,78 284 247 282 299 448 5W 467 6t5 494 q2 447 255 4y27 Olffi | TOT/rlrr I nr(r)lrrr(i.i) 472 l)261 1416 -18- -1-* of ."eorl APPM.IDI]{ 14 Landfnes by Ph€e (I'ixcd',/in€_and llelicop.ter) in.lrj-.tr.qs Jarruary Febnrary Iiarch April ilay Jrute JuJ.y August Seytember 0ctober ]{ovember Deoemtrel To'IAI r L9577 15108 L2997 r-5695 t5567 anTJ ?LOO' 2051"6 29L4. l.8754 L5y4 lgoo5 .Tl:e,6 .II 75L5 159Q 170 w7B 7770 59lo gBTa 8155 Log55 84Bo 8470 57o-, 7-511E ' rrr(E) t5990 8120 2040 1580 M70 l-1665 34345 26er2c- yT5 25570 20455 1ro90 t944t0 rm(i,l) 75].o 5850 5tB5 ,560 6tTo ,$250 8795 6o6o 5BO0 A+t5 1955 41e) T2540 'IV ]-3998 14857 t6175 to964 ]-1872 ty46 L5L69 1112' l.yz56 22465 16osg 2L)A4 tgr99 ' olrEi rzlo 4500 9590 57rO 7160 u50 ,Log 490 ,1079 ' TO,Lltr 64590 47515 17968 ,*17 410G9 66u6 94rP 80124 Lo5720 Brt54 6e6a2 64835 7W* la,tq l; IH lf: lu t\l IH tp IH lG F-5 HE g F E6 E H $g T HH H H f; E-,ri 6 pi N 5 i-, a tr 5'cr P ,T o. ct-Qq q:u f E. 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