Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2013 Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division
Executive Summary
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number of initiatives that commenced in recent years are geared towards achievement of the fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG5: improving maternal health), particularly following the launch of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health in 2010 by the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General (1). Subsequently, the high-level Commission on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health was established to “determine the most effective international institutional arrangements for global reporting, oversight and accountability on women’s and children’s health.” One of the ten recommendations of the commission was specific to improving measurement of maternal (and child) deaths. This recommendation requires that “by 2015, all countries have taken significant steps to establish a system for registration of births, deaths and causes of death, and have well-functioning health information systems that combine data from facilities, administrative sources and surveys.” The first report of the independent Expert Review Group (iERG), established by the commission for overseeing the progress in achievement of the commission’s 10 recommendations, indicated insufficient progress in the implementation of the recommendations including the one on ‘vital events’ reporting (2). Measuring the MDG5 target of reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) (target 5A) remains a challenge.
Less than 40% of countries have a complete civil registration system with good attribution of cause of death, which is necessary for the accurate measurement of maternal mortality. Estimates for 2013 are the seventh in a series of analyses by United Nations agencies. The Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group (MMEIG), comprising the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division (UNPD), together with teams at the National University of Singapore and the University of California at Berkeley, have been working together to generate internationally comparable MMR estimates. A technical advisory group (TAG) provides additional independent technical guidance. The methods, as well as the data sources for the estimation of MMR, have improved over time. Based on the achievement from the last round of analyses, newly available data collected by MMEIG and obtained during country consultations were incorporated, and trend estimates from 1990 to 2013 were generated. As with the previous round of estimates, the statistical codes and input data required to produce the current estimates are publicly available, underscoring the MMEIG’s commitment to open access and transparency.
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100 000 live births, 2013)
<20 20–99 100–299 300–499 500–999 Population <100 000 not included in the assessment Data not available 0 875 1,750 3,500 Kilometers
Not applicable Data Source: World Health Organization Map Production: Health Statistics and Information Systems (HSI) World Health Organization
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
© WHO 2014. All rights reserved.
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Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division
Table 1. Estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR, maternal deaths per 100 000 live births), number of maternal deaths, and lifetime risk by United Nations Millennium Development Goal region, 2013 Region MMRa Range of MMR uncertainty Lower estimate Upper estimate Number of maternal deathsa Lifetime risk of maternal death, 1 in: AIDSattributed MMR Number of AIDSrelated indirect maternal deaths attributed to HIVa Percentage of AIDS-related indirect maternal deaths
World Developed regions Developing regions Northern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern Asia Eastern Asia excluding China Southern Asia Southern Asia excluding India South-eastern Asia Western Asia Caucasus and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Oceania
210 16 230 69 510 33 54 190 170 140 74 39 85 77 190 190
160 12 180 47 380 21 35 130 110 98 50 31 66 59 130 100
290 23 320 110 730 54 97 280 270 210 120 53 120 110 310 380
289 000 2300 286 000 2700 179 000 6400 480 69 000 19 000 16 000 3600 690 9300 7900 1400 510
190 3700 160 500 38 1800 1200 200 210 310 450 940 520 570 220 140
5 0 6 0 19 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 5 2
7500 65 7400 9 6800 44 1 340 20 110 3 7 130 92 39 5
2.6 2.8 2.6 0.3 3.8 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.9 1.4 1.2 2.8 0.9
a The MMR, number of maternal deaths, and lifetime risk have been rounded according to the following scheme: <100, no rounding; 100–999, rounded to nearest 10; 1000–9999, rounded to nearest 100; and >10 000, rounded to nearest 1000.
Globally, there were an estimated 289 000 maternal deaths in 2013, a decline of 45% from 1990. The subSaharan Africa region alone accounted for 62% (179 000) of global deaths followed by Southern Asia at 24%. At the country level, the two countries that accounted for one third of all global maternal deaths are India at 17% (50 000) and Nigeria at 14% (40 000). The global MMR in 2013 was 210 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births, down from 380 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births in 1990. The MMR in developing regions (230) was 14 times higher than in developed regions (16). Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest MMR (510). Of the remaining MDG developing regions, five had low MMR: Eastern Asia (33); Caucasus and Central Asia (39); Northern Africa (69); Western Asia (74); and Latin America and the Caribbean (85). Three had moderate MMR: South-eastern Asia (140); Southern Asia (190); and Oceania (190).
Of the 40 countries with the highest MMR in 2013, Sierra Leone is estimated to have the highest MMR at 1100. A further 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have very high MMR: Chad (980); Central African Republic (880); Somalia (850); Burundi (740); Democratic Republic of the Congo (730); South Sudan (730); Côte d’Ivoire (720); Guinea (650); Liberia (640); Niger (630); Cameroon (590); Guinea-Bissau (560); Nigeria (560); Mali (550); and Malawi (510). Only two countries outside sub-Saharan African region had high MMR: Afghanistan (400) and Haiti (380). In contrast, Cabo Verde and Mauritius were the only two sub-Saharan African countries that had low MMR at 53 and 73 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births respectively. Regarding adult lifetime risk of maternal mortality, Chad and Somalia had the highest at 1 in 15 and 1 in 18, respectively. The estimated lifetime risk for maternal mortality in developing regions is 1 in 3700 in comparison to developed regions where the lifetime risk is 1 in 160.
Trends in maternal mortality 1990–2013
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Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 6800 (91%) of the estimated 7500 maternal deaths attributed to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) worldwide. However, the proportion of maternal deaths attributed to AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa was relatively small (3.8%) yielding an AIDS-attributed MMR for sub-Saharan Africa of 19 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births. Although the MDG regional aggregated proportions of maternal deaths attributed to AIDS were relatively small, they were substantial for countries with high HIV prevalence. Thirteen countries had a proportion of maternal deaths attributed to AIDS of 10% or more. While most countries/regions aspire to achieve MDG5 target 5A by 2015, some countries will unlikely attain this goal if current trends persist. An assessment of progress was made for countries with an MMR ≥100 in 1990. Countries were categorized as ‘on track’ if their MMR had declined on average by 5.5% or more, which corresponds to a 75% reduction in MMR between 1990 and 2015.
The 11 countries categorized as ‘on track’ are: Maldives (93%), Bhutan (87%), Cambodia (86%), Equatorial Guinea (81%), Lao People’s Democratic Republic (80%), Romania (80%), Timor-Leste (78%), Cabo Verde (77%), Eritrea (77%), Nepal (76%), Rwanda (76%). Countries with MMR <100 in 1990 are not categorized. A further 63 countries are characterized as ‘making progress’, while 13 countries have made ‘insufficient progress’. There are two countries that have made ‘no progress’. References 1. 2. Ban K. The Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health. New York: United Nations; 2010. The first report of the independent Expert Review Group (iERG) on Information and Accountability for Women’s and Children’s Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
Table 2. Trends in estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR, maternal deaths per 100 000 live births), 1990–2013, by country Country 1990 1995 MMRa 2000 2005 2013 % change Average annual in MMR % change in between 1990 MMR between and 2013b 1990 and 2013b Range of uncertainty on annual % change in MMR Lower estimate Upper estimate
Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan
1200 31 160 1400 71 47 7 10 60 43 21 550 120 37 10 75 600 900
1200 29 140 1400 60 51 8 7 83 44 22 440 38 29 10 35 520 610
1100 28 120 1100 63 43 9 5 57 44 27 340 42 32 9 110 490 390
730 24 100 750 70 37 6 5 36 40 16 260 33 21 7 79 420 240
400 21 89 460 69 29 6 4 26 37 22 170 52 1 6 45 340 120
-67 -33 -44 -68 -2 -39 -14 -64 -57 -14 3 -70 -56 -96 -35 -40 -43 -87
-4.7 -1.7 -2.5 -4.9 -0.1 -2.1 -0.7 -4.3 -3.6 -0.7 0.1 -5 -3.5 -13.2 -1.8 -2.2 -2.4 -8.4
-5.5 -2.3 -2.9 -8.8 -0.5 -2.5 -2.8 -8.5 -4.1 -1.5 -0.4 -5.6 -6.7 -15 -2 -4.8 -3 -9.5
-3.9 -1.1 -2 -0.7 0.4 -1.7 1.5 0.1 -3.1 0.4 0.7 -4.5 -0.1 -11.3 -1.7 0.6 -1.8 -7.3
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Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division
Country 1990 1995
MMRa 2000 2005 2013
% change Average annual in MMR % change in between 1990 MMR between and 2013b 1990 and 2013b
Range of uncertainty on annual % change in MMR Lower estimate Upper estimate
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji
510 19 360 120 26 24 770 1300 230 1200 720 6 1200 1700 55 97 100 630 670 38 740 8 63 18 15 85 1000 9 400 240 160 120 110 1600 1700 48 1400 89
420 16 370 100 25 22 680 1300 140 860 760 7 1200 1600 40 76 81 560 650 45 710 13 60 18 9 83 1100 16 390 180 130 96 96 1300 1000 46 1200 79
330 11 390 85 24 29 580 1000 84 540 740 7 1200 1500 29 63 130 480 610 44 670 11 63 16 7 120 1100 9 360 120 120 75 80 790 670 26 990 72
270 10 340 73 25 14 500 910 63 320 690 11 1100 1200 26 50 97 430 530 46 750 14 67 13 7 110 930 8 310 130 98 62 72 480 530 24 740 69
200 8 170 69 27 5 400 740 53 170 590 11 880 980 22 32 83 350 410 38 720 13 80 10 5 87 730 5 230 100 87 45 69 290 380 11 420 59
-61 -57 -52 -43 1 -78 -49 -41 -77 -86 -18 81 -27 -41 -60 -67 -17 -45 -39 -1 -3 63 27 -48 -67 3 -29 -50 -43 -57 -44 -62 -39 -81 -77 -78 -69 -34
-4 -3.6 -3.1 -2.4 0 -6.3 -2.9 -2.3 -6.2 -8.1 -0.9 2.6 -1.3 -2.3 -3.9 -4.7 -0.8 -2.6 -2.1 -0.1 -0.1 2.1 1 -2.8 -4.7 0.1 -1.5 -2.9 -2.4 -3.6 -2.5 -4.1 -2.1 -7 -6.2 -6.4 -5 -1.8
-4.5 -4.3 -4.1 -2.9 -0.6 -8.2 -3.4 -3 -10 -9 -1.2 0.5 -1.6 -2.4 -5.7 -5.4 -2.5 -6.5 -2.7 -1.9 -0.5 -1.4 -1 -6.6 -6.9 -4 -2.4 -7 -6.4 -4 -2.9 -4.8 -2.6 -8 -6.8 -10.1 -5.4 -2.1
-3.5 -3 -1.8 -2 0.7 -4.4 -2.3 -1.5 -2.1 -7.2 -0.5 4.7 -1 -2 -2 -4 0.9 1.5 -1.5 1.8 0.3 5.8 3.1 1.2 -2.4 4.3 -0.6 1.2 1.7 -3.2 -2.1 -3.4 -1.6 -5.9 -5.6 -2.4 -4.6 -1.5
Trends in maternal mortality 1990–2013
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Country 1990 1995
MMRa 2000 2005 2013
% change Average annual in MMR % change in between 1990 MMR between and 2013b 1990 and 2013b
Range of uncertainty on annual % change in MMR Lower estimate Upper estimate
Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People’s Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania
6 12 380 710 50 13 760 6 34 270 1100 930 210 670 290 23 7 560 430 83 110 6 12 10 98 14 86 91 490 250 12 85 1100 57 64 720 1200 31 34
5 10 340 660 67 8 650 2 33 220 1000 790 230 580 200 23 7 460 360 60 84 4 10 6 89 10 73 91 530 240 10 120 830 58 47 630 1600 25 21
7 9 330 580 60 7 570 5 29 160 950 840 240 510 150 10 6 370 310 44 71 6 9 4 88 10 65 71 570 200 8 100 600 42 37 680 1100 21 20
9 8 300 510 48 7 470 3 25 140 800 760 240 470 130 13 6 280 250 31 77 2 7 5 85 7 58 50 550 170 6 92 410 21 26 670 880 17 11
4 9 240 430 41 7 380 5 23 140 650 560 250 380 120 14 4 190 190 23 67 9 2 4 80 6 50 26 400 130 14 75 220 13 16 490 640 15 11
-36 -31 -37 -39 -18 -47 -49 -5 -33 -49 -40 -40 16 -43 -60 -39 -45 -65 -56 -72 -37 33 -84 -60 -18 -57 -42 -71 -17 -47 13 -11 -80 -77 -76 -32 -48 -52 -68
-1.9 -1.6 -2 -2.1 -0.9 -2.7 -2.9 -0.2 -1.7 -2.8 -2.2 -2.2 0.6 -2.4 -3.9 -2.1 -2.5 -4.5 -3.5 -5.3 -2 1.2 -7.6 -3.9 -0.8 -3.6 -2.3 -5.3 -0.8 -2.7 0.6 -0.5 -6.8 -6.1 -6 -1.7 -2.8 -3.1 -4.8
-4.3 -3.5 -2.5 -6 -1.1 -3.7 -3.2 -4.1 -2.2 -4.6 -2.6 -6 0.4 -2.9 -4.5 -4.1 -2.7 -4.9 -4 -6 -2.6 -1.6 -10.2 -5.8 -1.2 -4.5 -2.7 -7.2 -1.1 -6.6 -4.4 -0.8 -7.4 -8.7 -6.5 -2.4 -3.2 -3.6 -7.7
0.6 0.3 -1.2 2 -0.6 -1.8 -2.5 3.9 -1.2 -1 -1.8 1.8 0.8 -1.9 -3.2 -0.2 -2.4 -4 -3.1 -4.7 -1.4 4.1 -5 -2 -0.5 -2.8 -1.9 -3.3 -0.4 1.3 5.7 -0.2 -6.3 -3.5 -5.4 -0.6 -2.4 -2.7 -1.8
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Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division
Country 1990 1995
MMRa 2000 2005 2013
% change Average annual in MMR % change in between 1990 MMR between and 2013b 1990 and 2013b
Range of uncertainty on annual % change in MMR Lower estimate Upper estimate
Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (Federated States of) Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Occupied Palestinian Territoryd Oman Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova
6 740 1100 56 430 1100 12 630 70 88 170 100 8 310 1300 580 320 790 11 18 170 1000 1200 9 96 48 400 98 470 130 250 110 17 15 29 11 18 61
11 640 870 45 210 1000 11 550 68 77 140 120 9 240 1100 470 280 580 11 13 160 920 1100 4 71 32 330 91 370 130 220 130 14 10 28 11 18 59
11 550 750 40 110 860 11 480 28 67 130 120 10 200 870 360 270 430 15 12 140 850 950 8 59 22 280 79 340 120 160 120 8 11 24 9 19 39
17 530 570 36 57 710 9 400 35 50 120 89 8 160 680 260 250 310 10 12 120 760 740 9 59 16 230 83 280 130 120 130 5 11 21 8 18 25
11 440 510 29 31 550 9 320 73 49 96 68 7 120 480 200 130 190 6 8 100 630 560 4 47 11 170 85 220 110 89 120 3 8 20 6 27 21
83 -41 -53 -48 -93 -51 -31 -49 4 -45 -44 -34 -12 -61 -64 -65 -58 -76 -51 -57 -38 -37 -52 -61 -51 -77 -57 -14 -54 -19 -64 15 -81 -44 -31 -51 53 -66
2.7 -2.3 -3.2 -2.8 -10.8 -3.1 -1.6 -2.9 0.2 -2.5 -2.5 -1.8 -0.6 -4.1 -4.3 -4.5 -3.7 -6 -3 -3.6 -2.1 -2 -3.1 -4 -3 -6.2 -3.6 -0.6 -3.3 -0.9 -4.4 0.6 -6.9 -2.5 -1.6 -3 1.9 -4.6
-2.3 -2.7 -3.4 -3.3 -11.5 -3.4 -2 -3.3 -2.4 -4.4 -6.6 -2.2 -0.7 -4.7 -4.9 -5 -4.3 -6.6 -5.1 -5.8 -2.6 -2.3 -3.4 -7.6 -6.9 -6.9 -4.1 -2.5 -7.2 -1.3 -4.9 -1.1 -8.5 -5.2 -1.9 -7 0.8 -6.9
8 -1.8 -2.9 -2.3 -10.2 -2.7 -1.2 -2.4 2.7 -0.7 1.6 -1.3 -0.4 -3.4 -3.4 -4 -2.7 -5.4 -0.9 -1.5 -1.6 -1.6 -2.8 -0.2 1 -5.6 -3 1.3 0.8 -0.6 -3.8 2.4 -5.3 0.6 -1.3 1.1 3 -2.2
Trends in maternal mortality 1990–2013
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Country 1990 1995
MMRa 2000 2005 2013
% change Average annual in MMR % change in between 1990 MMR between and 2013b 1990 and 2013b
Range of uncertainty on annual % change in MMR Lower estimate Upper estimate
Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine
170 74 1400 60 48 150 410 41 530 18 2300 8 15 11 320 1300 150 1800 7 49 720 84 550 6 8 130 68 42 15 1200 660 71 89 91 48 66 780 49
72 72 1400 52 72 110 360 31 510 20 2400 8 10 11 250 1300 140 1500 4 71 640 39 480 5 8 94 120 37 13 1000 660 89 91 81 39 79 740 45
53 57 1000 44 75 89 300 24 480 7 2200 19 12 12 210 1200 150 1200 5 55 540 120 520 5 7 75 89 40 15 680 580 91 59 65 33 81 650 35
30 37 610 39 55 73 260 19 420 8 1600 10 6 15 170 1100 160 1000 6 41 460 110 480 4 8 58 59 34 14 500 510 100 58 55 27 76 510 25
33 24 320 34 45 58 210 16 320 16 1100 6 7 7 130 850 140 730 4 29 360 130 310 4 6 49 44 26 7 270 450 120 84 46 20 61 360 23
-80 -68 -76 -43 -7 -60 -48 -61 -40 -12 -54 -30 -54 -34 -59 -34 -9 -59 -36 -40 -50 54 -44 -34 -29 -64 -36 -37 -57 -78 -31 72 -6 -50 -57 -7 -53 -54
-6.8 -4.8 -6.1 -2.4 -0.3 -3.9 -2.8 -4 -2.2 -0.5 -3.3 -1.5 -3.4 -1.8 -3.8 -1.8 -0.4 -3.8 -1.9 -2.2 -3 1.9 -2.5 -1.8 -1.5 -4.3 -1.9 -2 -3.6 -6.4 -1.6 2.4 -0.3 -3 -3.6 -0.3 -3.2 -3.3
-7.8 -6.5 -6.8 -3.1 -0.8 -7.9 -3.3 -4.6 -2.5 -3.3 -4 -4.8 -5.5 -4.6 -7.7 -5.8 -2.2 -4.2 -3.7 -2.5 -3.3 -0.1 -3.4 -4.6 -5.4 -4.8 -2.3 -2.6 -8.4 -6.8 -2 -1.8 -2.3 -3.4 -4 -4.3 -3.6 -4
-5.7 -3 -5.4 -1.8 0.1 0.2 -2.3 -3.4 -1.9 2.4 -2.7 1.8 -1 1 0.2 2.3 2.4 -3.5 0 -1.9 -2.7 3.9 -0.4 1.3 2.7 -3.8 -1.5 -1.3 1.2 -6.1 -1.1 6.7 1.9 -2.5 -3.2 3.9 -2.9 -2.5
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Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank and the United Nations Population Division
Country 1990 1995
MMRa 2000 2005 2013
% change Average annual in MMR % change in between 1990 MMR between and 2013b 1990 and 2013b
Range of uncertainty on annual % change in MMR Lower estimate Upper estimate
United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
16 10 910 12 42 66 170 93 140 460 580 520
13 11 890 11 34 54 140 98 110 420 630 550
11 11 770 13 35 48 120 91 82 370 610 680
8 12 610 17 32 44 100 94 60 330 430 740
8 8 410 28 14 36 86 110 49 270 280 470
-53 -24 -55 136 -67 -45 -49 16 -64 -41 -51 -10
-3.3 -1.2 -3.5 3.8 -4.8 -2.6 -2.9 0.6 -4.4 -2.3 -3.1 -0.4
-7.2 -3.1 -3.7 1.8 -6.3 -3 -6.8 -1.2 -4.9 -2.8 -3.4 -0.8
1 0.8 -3.1 5.8 -3.1 -2.2 1.4 2.6 -3.8 -1.7 -2.4 0
Estimates have been computed to ensure comparability across countries; thus they are not necessarily the same as official statistics of the countries, which may use alternative rigorous methods. a MMR estimates have been rounded according to the following scheme: <100, no rounding; 100–999, rounded to nearest 10; and >1000, rounded to nearest 100. b Negative values indicate a decreasing MMR from 1990 to 2013, while positive values indicate an increasing MMR. Percentages have been calculated using unrounded estimates. The average annual % change is estimated by:
(
MMR 2013 MMR 1990
)
1 2013–1990
– 1 x 100
c For countries with MMR ≥100 in 1990, they are categorized as ‘on track’ if MMR has had 5.5% or more average annual decline; ‘making progress’ if MMR has had 2% to 5.5% average annual decline; ‘insufficient progress’ if MMR has had less than 2% average annual decline; and ‘no progress’ if MMR has had an average annual increase. Countries with MMR <100 in 1990 are not categorized. d Refers to a territory.
Trends in maternal mortality 1990–2013
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Trends in maternal mortality 1990–2013
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