Glossary of health emergency and disaster risk management terminology

GLOSSARY of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology

GLOSSARY of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology ISBN 978-92-4-000369-9 © World Health Organization 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. 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The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Design by Les Pandas Roux Front cover design by Freepik Printed in Switzerland vTABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODOLOGY 3. GLOSSARY 4. THESAURUS REFERENCES ANNEX 1. OTHER GLOSSARIES ANNEX 2. WHO CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDS vi vii ix 1 3 6 39 41 46 47 H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y vi This Glossary is designed for the policymakers, prac- titioners and other stakeholders who work in the many fields that contribute to reducing the health risks and consequences of all types of emergencies and disas- ters. It was developed to remedy the lack of standard- ized terminology in the field of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health EDRM), which had become apparent during the process of establishing the WHO Health Emergencies Programme and devel- oping the Health EDRM Framework. Given the multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral nature of the field, the lack of clarity risked causing misun- derstanding, confusion and an ongoing proliferation of undefined terms. This Glossary of Health Emer- gency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology was therefore developed to address the need for a standardized terminology to inform and describe the policies and practices associated with Health EDRM and to serve as a companion document for the Health EDRM Framework. A wide range of subject matter experts – from Mem- ber States, United Nations agencies and nongovern- mental organizations, professional associations and academia and WHO departments at HQ and its Re- gional Offices – have contributed to the development of this Glossary, both directly through virtual consul- tations and in a face-to-face technical workshop held in November 2018, and indirectly through the publi- cation of the many sources that this Glossary draws upon. In any field, the terminology and respective definitions will, of course, continue to evolve over time; WHO therefore envisages that in future years this Glossary will be subject to rigorous review and revision to en- sure that it keeps pace with changes in Health EDRM and related fields and continues to be the valuable tool that it is today. It is hoped that the common usage and shared under- standing of terms facilitated by the use of this Glos- sary will enable all actors, sectors and communities to work together more effectively, both within and between countries, so that all people are able to ex- perience the highest possible standard of health and well-being, through stronger community and country resilience, health security, universal health coverage and sustainable development. PREFACE H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y vii WHO thanks the Governments of Australia, Finland, Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom for their financial support for the development of the Frame- work and the Glossary. The development of the Glossary has drawn upon WHO’s work with partners and countries led by WHO country and regional offices and their respective re- gional emergency directors: Ibrahima Socé Fall (Af- rican Region), Ciro Ugarte (Region of the Americas), Roderico Ofrin (South-East Asia Region), Nedret Emiroglu (European Region), Michel Thieren (Eastern Mediterranean Region), and Li Ailan (Western Pacific Region). Finalization of the Framework and the Glossary was achieved under the leadership of Mike Ryan, Jaouad Mahjour, Stella Chungong and Qudsia Huda at WHO headquarters. The contributions of Jonathan Abra- hams, who coordinated the development of the Glos- sary, Jaz Lapitan and the lead consultant, Peter Koob, are also gratefully acknowledged. WHO wishes to recognize the following experts and partner organizations for their contributions to the Health EDRM Framework and to the Glossary. National experts: Walid Abu Jalala, Qatar; Salim Al Wahaibi, Oman; Sergio Alvarez, Peru; Ali Ardalan, Islamic Republic of Iran; Haithem El Bashir, Sudan; Paul Gully, Canada; Didier Houssin, France; Alistair Humphrey, New Zealand; Ute Jugert, Germany; Margaret Kitt, USA; Mollie Mahany, USA; Ahamada Msa Mliva, Comoros; Virginia Murray, United Kingdom; Guilherme Franco Netto, Brazil; Sae Ochi, Japan; Somiya Okoud, Sudan; Peng Lim Steven Ooi, Singapore; Ravindran Palliri, India; Thierry Paux, France; Mihail Pîsla, Republic of Moldova; Ossama Rasslan, Egypt; Nobhojit Roy, India; Mehmet Akif Saatcioglu, Turkey; Sri Henni Setiawati, Indonesia; John Simpson, United Kingdom; Theresa Tam, Canada. Experts from intergovernmental and partner organizations: Vincent Lee Anami, International Medical Corps (IMC), Kenya; Paul Arbon, Torrens Resilience Institute, Australia; Frank Archer, Monash University, Australia; Marvin Birnbaum, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, USA; David Bradt, Johns Hopkins University, USA; Lourdes Chamorro, European Union; Emily Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China; Gloria Chan, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Massimo Ciotti, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Sweden; Andrew Collins, Northumbria University, United Kingdom; Ioana Creitaru, United Nations Development Programme, Switzerland; Bill Douglas, Consultant, Canada; Marcel Dubouloz, Consultant, Switzerland; Mélissa Généreux, Sherbrooke University, Canada; John Harding, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Switzerland; Teodoro Herbosa, University of the Philippines, Philippines; Hossein Kalali, United Nations Development Programme, USA; Mark Keim, DisasterDoc, USA; Wirya Khim, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Switzerland; Kaisa Kontunen, International Organization for Migration, Switzerland; Peter Koob, Consultant, Australia; Daniel Kull, World Bank, Switzerland; Shuhei Nomura, University of Tokyo, Japan; Michel le Pechoux, United Nations Children’s Fund, Switzerland; Czarina Leung, Hong Kong SAR, China; Gabriel Leung, Hong Kong SAR, China; Lidia Mayner, Flinders University, Australia; Michael Mosselmans, World Food Programme, Italy; Elizabeth Newnham, Harvard University, Australia; Loy Rego, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand; Panu Saaristo, International Federation of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y viii Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Switzerland; Valérie Scherrer, CBM, Belgium; Rahul Sengupta, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Germany; Margareta Wahlstrom, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Switzerland; Chadia Wannous, United Nations System Influenza Coordination, Switzerland. Experts from WHO: Usman Abdulmumini, Onyema Ajuebor, Yahaya Ali Ahmed, Nada Alward, Bruce Aylward, Nicholas Banatvala, Maurizio Barbeschi, Samir Ben Yahmed, Rayana Bouhaka, David Brett- Major, Sylvie Briand, Nilesh Buddh, Alex Camacho, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Zhanat Carr, Frederik Copper, Paul Cox, Stephane de La Rocque, Xavier De Radigues, Linda Doull, Osman Elmahal Mohammed, Ute Enderlein, Florence Fuchs, Keiji Fukuda, Michelle Gayer, Andre Griekspoor, Kersten Gutschmidt, Fahmy Hanna, David Harper, Dirk Horemans, Gabit Ismailov, Hamid Syed Jafari, Kalula Kalambay, Kande-Bure Kamara, Nirmal Kandel, Youssouf Kanoute, Ryoma Kayano, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Rebecca Knowles, Helena Krug, Ben Lane, Vernon Lee, Jian Li, Matthew Lim, Tarande Manzila, Adelheid Marschang, Susana Martinez Schmickrath, Elizabeth Mason, Margaret Montgomery, Elizabeth Mumford, Altaf Musani, Maria Neira, Tara Neville, Dorit Nitzan, Ngoy Nsenga, Isabelle Nuttall, Olushayo Olu, Heather Papowitz, Yingxin Pei, Charles Penn, William Perea, Arturo Pesigan, Jean-Luc Poncelet, Pravarsha Prakash, Jukka Pukkila, Adrienne Rashford, Gerald Rockenschaub, Guenael Rodier, Alex Ross, Cathy Roth, Dalia Samhouri, Irshad Shaikh, Iman Shankiti, Rajesh Sreedharan, Ludy Suryantoro, Joanna Tempowski, Lisa Thomas, Angelika Tritscher, Heini Utunen, Willem Van Lerberghe, Liviu Vedrasco, Elena Villalobos Prats, Kai von Harbou, Michel Yao, Nevio Zagaria, Wenqing Zhang. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y ix ABBREVIATIONS CRED Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters EDRM emergency and disaster risk management ENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation EOC emergency operations centre ERF Emergency Response Framework (WHO) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IHR International Health Regulations IMO International Maritime Organization IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRDR Integrated Research on Disaster Risk IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety ISO International Organization for Standardization NGO nongovernmental organization OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OIE World Organisation for Animal Health UN United Nations UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees US CDC United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WHE WHO Health Emergencies Programme H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y

11 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE In recent years there has been increased focus on policy, practice and research in Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health EDRM) – a diverse field which brings together a wide range of functions in health and other sectors aimed at improving health outcomes for the people across the world who are at risk of emergencies and disasters. WHO has undergone significant internal organizational change to strengthen the Organization’s capacity to manage emergencies, and in 2017 established the WHO Health Emergencies Programme, which has integrated diverse functions across WHO for a multitude of emergency risks. This transformation has been reinforced in WHO’s 13th General Programme of Work 2019-2023, which includes the protection of people’s health from emergencies as one of the main priority areas for the Organization. In 2019, WHO published the Health EDRM Framework (WHO 2019m), which was developed to provide guidance to ministries of health and other stakeholders on how the capacities and systems of countries and communities – across health and other sectors – can be strengthened in order to reduce the health risks and consequences associated with emergencies and disasters of all types. The Framework aims to respond to the chal- lenge posed to public health at country and community levels by a diverse range of risks due to vulnerabilities to many natural, biologi- cal, technological and societal hazards and the need to strengthen multisectoral capacities for Health EDRM. The Framework also responds to the key challenge of addressing the fragment- ed and reactive approaches to managing these risks that all too often have contributed to less than optimal outcomes – including significant numbers of deaths, illness, injury, disability and other health effects, disruption to health sys- tems and services, and social, economic and environmental impacts. By drawing on achievements and experiences from the disciplines of risk management, emer- gency management, epidemic preparedness and response, and health systems strengthen- ing, Health EDRM consolidates contemporary approaches and practice into one conceptu- al framework in order to address current and emerging risks to public health and the need for effective utilization and management of re- sources. Health EDRM emphasizes assessing, communicating and reducing risks across the continuum of prevention, preparedness, read- iness, response and recovery, and building the resilience of communities, countries and health systems. It provides a common lan- guage and a comprehensive approach that can be adapted and applied by many actors and stakeholders in health and other sectors who are working to reduce health risks and conse- quences of emergencies and disasters. The Framework describes key risk manage- ment concepts, guiding principles, and the components and functions of effective Health EDRM, and provides guidance on implemen- tation. It aims to assist countries in taking joint and coherent action to implement the IHR (2005), the Sendai Framework, the Par- is Agreement, the Sustainable Development 1.1 H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 2Goals (SDGs) and other related national, re- gional and global strategies and frameworks. Ultimately, the expected outcome of applying Health EDRM is that “countries and commu- nities have stronger capacities and systems across health and other sectors resulting in the reduction of the health risks and consequenc- es associated with all types of emergencies and disasters” and help to realise the Health EDRM vision of “the highest possible standard of health and well-being for all people at risk of emergencies, and stronger community and country resilience, health security, universal health coverage and sustainable development” (WHO 2019m). Perhaps unsurprisingly given the diverse range of fields involved in delivering Health EDRM, in the course of developing the Health EDRM Framework it became clear that there was a troublesome lack of clarity even among experts and practitioners around the use of terminology related to Health EDRM, with different meanings being ascribed to simi- lar terms, and similar meanings to different terms. Similar-sounding terms have different definitions in different disciplines or contexts. Some terms have specific technical meanings that differ from the layperson’s usage. While the terminology may serve the interest of an individual specialist area, the lack of uniformity can cause misunderstanding and confusion, especially in multi-disciplinary and cross- sectoral work. Although several relevant glossaries were already available – such as the dedicated glossary contained in the Report of the open- ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction (endorsed by the UN General Assembly in February 2017), and the glossary in the International Health Regulations 2005 (Annex 1) – none represented the full spectrum of concepts and terminology in Health EDRM. This was the rationale for the development of the Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology. PURPOSE The Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology is intended to address the need for a standardized terminology in Health EDRM by consolidating existing glossaries and definitions into a single, comprehensive reference tool for policy- makers, practitioners and other stakeholders. It aims to promote common understanding and common usage of Health EDRM terms. The Glossary has several applications in Health EDRM, including: l policy, planning, practice and communication within the health sector and with other sec- tors, communities and other stakeholders l data standards and indicators for assess- ment, planning, monitoring, reporting and evaluation in health emergency risk man- agement l technical guidance and assistance to prac- titioners and policy-makers at all levels and l learning, research and knowledge manage- ment. SCOPE The Glossary includes terms and definitions that are likely to be encountered and common- ly required by policy-makers and practitioners in Health EDRM, i.e. the systematic analysis and management of health risks, posed by emergencies and disasters, through a combi- nation of: l hazard and vulnerability reduction to pre- vent and mitigate risks l preparedness l response, and l recovery measures. 1.2 1.3 H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 32 PRINCIPLES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE GLOSSARY The development of the Glossary was based on the principle that it should have an explicit and recognisable scope, should meet the needs of its audience, and should not contain new terms or definitions – although some terms or definitions may require minor amendment to ensure internal consistency or provide further explanation. The Glossary should include terms and defini- tions that are: l likely to be required in communications on Health EDRM l specialist in nature, not commonly-under- stood terms, e.g. ‘organization’ l written in concise and plain language amenable to translation into the other offi- cial WHO languages, and l clear and consistent in distinctions within a coherent set of concepts. Lastly, it should use a rigorous, evidence-based and rational system to achieve these principles. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Draft from existing glossaries The first stage in the development of the Glos- sary was to compile a draft. A list was composed of relevant existing glos- saries, and the purpose and scope of each were determined in order to inform their assess- ment. Criteria were developed to determine which existing glossaries should be consid- ered for inclusion, and the existing glossaries were assessed against these criteria. Once the glossaries had been selected for inclusion, the next step was to determine which terms from each glossary should be included. A thesaurus was developed of the terms that appeared in the selected glossaries (see below). The Health EDRM terms drawn from the selected existing glossaries were compiled to form an initial draft. Multiple definitions were mostly removed; where multiple definitions were required, these were assembled in a logical order. Virtual consultation In order to refine and finalize the Glossary, technical experts from WHE departments at HQ and Regional Office levels, other key HQ departments and subject matter experts from Member States, UN agencies and nongovernmental organizations, professional associations and academia were invited to participate in a virtual consultation and a face- to-face technical workshop. Participants in the virtual consultation were consulted by correspondence, and were asked to provide feedback on: l other factors that should be considered re- garding the inclusion and exclusion criteria for glossaries and terms l other terms that should be added l terms that should be removed. The terms and key issues that had been raised by respondents and during the virtual consul- tation process were integrated into a revised version of the Glossary. 2.1 2.2 METHODOLOGY H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 4Face-to-face technical workshop Lastly, the revised version of the Glossary was discussed at a face-to-face technical workshop of multi-stakeholder experts held in Geneva in November 2018. Workshop participants reviewed the definitions and accompanying explanatory notes and made recommendations for an agreed final list of terms, definitions and explanatory notes, which were incorporated into the final version of the Glossary. CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF EXISTING GLOSSARIES The Glossary is based on terms and definitions drawn from existing glossaries, selected ac- cording to the following criteria. Existing glossaries were included if they: l contain terms likely to be useful in policy, planning, practice and communications on Health EDRM l are internationally-agreed at the highest levels l are intended for a multi-sectoral audience and contain multi-sectoral terms and defi- nitions l have an appropriate scope and coverage, and l have an internal consistency of terms and definitions. Existing glossaries were excluded if they: l are not recent and current l are not internationally agreed. For example, a number of glossaries developed at national level by individual WHO Member States were excluded as they were not inter- nationally agreed. Internationally agreed glos- saries have the additional advantage of being available in the United Nations official languag- es, namely Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Definitions are direct quotes from selected glossaries, except where minor adjustments were deemed necessary to make certain defi- nitions succinct and internally consistent. Fur- ther explanation is provided in the explanatory notes that accompany the definitions for some of the terms. Some terms from the selected glossaries were excluded from this Glossary because they: l did not meet the principles in section 2.1 above l are generic terms that do not require spe- cialist definitions, e.g. ‘organization’, ‘air- port’ l are terms that are applied predominantly in a specialized area rather than in the field of Health EDRM more generally l were cited in an existing glossary for the sole purpose of interpretation of the text, and l do not fit the scope of the Glossary, e.g. ‘in- vasive’. Multiple terms and definitions that occurred as single entries in some glossaries were disaggregated and cross-referenced in the Glossary. For example, in the Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction (UNGA 2016), the entry for ‘affected’ includes ‘directly affected’ and ‘indirectly affected’: these have been listed separately in the Glossary as ‘affected, directly’ and ‘affected, indirectly’. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A GLOSSARY, DICTIONARY AND THESAURUS? Glossaries, dictionaries and thesauruses have different purposes and scopes. A ‘glossary’ is a list of terms with definitions, relating to a specific 2.3 2.4 2.5 H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 5subject, text or purpose and arranged in a logical sequence, such as alphabetically. A ‘dictionary’ is a list of terms for a given language with definitions or the equivalent words in a different language, often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage. A ‘thesaurus’ is a list of terms in groups of related concepts. This publication contains both a glossary and a thesaurus as defined above. GLOSSARY EXPLANATORY NOTES To the extent possible, whilst respecting the original references, terms have been listed as singular not plural. Terms and definitions have been quoted from authoritative references with necessary interpolations indicated by […]. Existing definitions have been used except where minor adjustments have been made to ensure succinctness of the definition and internal consistency with other terms; in these cases, a note has been provided. New terms have not been invented. Where a given term has more than one definition, these are numbered. The following order of references has been used to prioritise definitions: l United Nations, General Assembly. Report of the open-ended intergovernmental ex- pert working group on indicators and ter- minology relating to disaster risk reduction. 2016 (UNGA 2016). l WHO. International Health Regulations 2005, third edition (WHO 2016). l other WHO publications where some terms add value. l Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of working groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2012). l ISO publications where some terms add value, and l other internationally-agreed sources. “See …” either refers the reader to a primary term and definition, or refers the reader to another publication if the term and definition is beyond the scope of this Glossary. “See also …” refers the reader to related terms and definitions as a cross reference. “Synonym(s)” refers the reader to a synonym of or alternative term to the listed term, with an explanation if required. THESAURUS EXPLANATORY NOTES The thesaurus was a tool used to develop the Glossary, by grouping like terms within con- cepts and determining: l the internal consistency and coherence of existing glossaries l whether the terms and definitions relate only to interpretation of the text, and l whether the terms and definitions were of value in the Glossary. It is published here as a reference tool to help readers find the most appropriate term for their purpose. The thesaurus groups terms in a series of related concepts to offer the reader an overall understanding of the terms in the Glossary. The thesaurus lists terms in five large groups of related concepts, under a head term, e.g. “risk”. Within these five large groups, terms are grouped at smaller conceptual levels, under a secondary head term, e.g. “hazard”. 2.6 2.7 H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 6Acceptable risk The extent to which a [disaster] risk is deemed acceptable or tolerable depends on existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions. Note: In engineering terms, acceptable risk is also used to assess and define the structural and non- structural measures that are needed in order to reduce possible harm to people, property, services and systems to a chosen tolerated level, according to codes or “accepted practice”, which are based on known probabilities of hazards and other factors (UNGA 2016). w See ‘risk’, ‘tolerable health risk’. Access to health services The perceptions and experiences of people as to their ease in reaching health services or health facilities in terms of location, time and ease of approach (WHO 2011). Action plan Often called an ‘incident action plan’, this is a statement of intent that is specific to an incident or event. It details the response strategies, objectives, resources to be applied and tactical actions to be taken (WHO 2015a). Activation level A level of readiness or emergency response describing [an emergency operations centre’s] activities in response to predetermined criteria related to the severity of an incident (WHO 2015a). Acute health emergency/ acute public health event Any event [or emergency] that represents an immediate threat to human health and requires prompt action, i.e. implementation of response and/or mitigation measures to protect the health of the public (WHO 2014). Affected 1. People who are affected, either directly or indi- rectly, by a hazardous event (UNGA 2016). 2. Persons, baggage, cargo, containers, convey- ances, goods, postal parcels or human remains that are infected or contaminated, or carry sources of infection or contamination, to constitute a pub- lic health risk (WHO 2016). 3. People requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency, i.e. requiring basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter, sanitation and immediate medical assistance (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters [CRED] 2009). w See ‘directly affected’, ‘indirectly affected’. After-action report Document describing the response to an inci- dent and findings relating to performance of the [health system] response during an incident (WHO 2015b). After-action review After an activation, operation or exercise has been completed, a process involving a structured facilitated discussion to review what should have happened, what actually happened, and why (WHO 2015a). Alert 1. The first notification that a public health event with adverse consequences may occur or may be occurring. Note: The context for this definition is usually associated with biological hazards. The term ‘warning’ or ‘public warning’, as part of a multi- 3 GLOSSARY H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 7level alerting system, is often used for other types of hazards (WHO 2012). 2. Messages or information communicated to partners, communities and the public to help in- form about, prevent the spread of, or control an acute public health event. Note: An alert refers to a public health event that has been (i) verified and (ii) risk assessed and (iii) requires an intervention (an investigation, a re- sponse or a communication) (WHO 2014). 3. Part of public warning that captures attention of first responders and people at risk in a develop- ing emergency situation (ISO 22300:2018). w See ‘early warning system’, ‘public warning’. All-hazards approach An approach to the management of the entire spectrum of emergency risks and events based on the recognition that there are common elements [and common capacities required] in the manage- ment of these risks, including in the responses to virtually all emergencies. Note: The development of common or generic capacities that can be applied to all risks. These generic capacities are complemented by specific measures for the unique characteristics of each risk or event. Standardizing a management sys- tem to address the common elements, greater ca- pacity is generated along with specific measures to address the unique characteristics of each event (WHO 2015a). Antimicrobial resistance The ability of a microorganism (such as bacteria, viruses, and some parasites) to stop an antimicro- bial (such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalar- ials) from working against it. Note: Antimicrobial resistance is the broader term for resistance in different types of microorgan- isms and encompasses resistance to antibacteri- al, antiviral, antiparasitic and antifungal drugs. As a result, standard treatments become ineffective, infections persist and may spread to others. Anti- microbial resistance occurs naturally but is facil- itated by the inappropriate use of medicines, for example using antibiotics for viral infections such as cold or flu, or sharing antibiotics. Low-quality medicines, wrong prescriptions and poor infec- tion prevention and control also encourage the development and spread of drug resistance (WHO 2019n). Anthropogenic hazards [Hazards that] are induced entirely or predomi- nantly by human activities and choices. Synonym: ‘human-induced hazards’. Note: Anthropogenic hazards include techno- logical, societal and socionatural hazards. In the context of the Sendai Framework, this term does not include the occurrence or risk of armed conflicts and other situations of social instabil- ity or tension which are subject to international humanitarian law and national legislation (UNGA 2016). w See ‘socionatural hazards’, ‘technological hazards’. w See Annex 2. WHO Classification of Hazards. Assisting agency An agency or organization providing personnel, services, or other resources to the agency with lead responsibility for incident management (WHO 2015a). Biological hazards [Hazards] of organic origin or conveyed by bio- logical vectors, including pathogenic microorgan- isms, toxins and bioactive substances. Note: Examples are bacteria, viruses or para- sites, as well as venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants and mosquitoes carrying dis- ease-causing agents (UNGA 2016). w See Annex 2. WHO Classification of Hazards. Bioterrorism The intentional use of micro-organisms, toxins, genetic material or substances derived from liv- ing organisms to produce death or disease in hu- mans, animals or plants (WHO 2015b). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 8Build back better The use of the recovery, rehabilitation and recon- struction phases after a disaster to increase the resilience of nations and communities through integrating disaster risk reduction measures into the restoration of physical infrastructure and so- cietal systems, and into the revitalization of live- lihoods, economies and the environment (UNGA 2016). Business continuity management An organization-wide discipline and a complete set of processes that identifies potential impacts which threaten an organization. It provides a ca- pability for an effective response that safeguards the interests of its major stakeholders and repu- tation (ISO 22301:2012). Business continuity plan A document that describes how an organization will maintain and restore critical operational func- tions and services to a predetermined acceptable level in the event of an occurrence that disrupts its operational capabilities (WHO 2015a). Capability Possessing the demonstrable ability to perform a particular task (WHO 2015a). Capacity Combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within an organization, com- munity or society to manage and reduce disaster risks and strengthen resilience. Note: Capacity may include infrastructure, institu- tions, human knowledge and skills, and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management (UNGA 2016). Capacity assessment The process by which the capacity of a group, organization or society is reviewed against desired goals, where existing capacities are identified for maintenance or strengthening, and capacity gaps are identified for further action (UNGA 2016). Capacity building w See ‘capacity development’. Capacity, coping w See ‘coping capacity’. Capacity development The process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capacities over time to achieve social and economic goals, including through improvement of knowledge, skills, systems and institutions. Note: Capacity development is a concept that ex- tends the term of capacity-building to encompass all aspects of creating and sustaining capacity growth over time. It involves learning and various types of training, but also continuous efforts to develop institutions, political awareness, financial resources, technology systems and the wider en- abling environment (UNGA 2016). Case A person identified as having a particular disease, health disorder, or condition under surveillance or investigation. Note: Cases may be further classified as con- firmed, suspect, or probable (WHO 2015b). Case definition 1. A set of diagnostic criteria that must be fulfilled in order to identify a case of a particular disease. Note: Case definitions can be based on clinical, laboratory, epidemiological, or combined clinical and laboratory criteria. When a set of criteria is standardized for purposes of identifying a particular disease, then it is referred to as ‘standard case definition’. A surveillance case definition is one that is standardized and used to obtain an accurate detection of all cases of the targeted disease or condition in a given population, while excluding the detection of other similar conditions (WH0 2019a). 2. A standard case definition is an agreed set of criteria used to describe if a person has a particular disease or was exposed to a particular pathogen. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 9Note: Case definitions are used to label a case, such as suspected, probable, confirmed. Standard definitions ensure that every case is detected and reported in the same way. Once a case meets the standard case definition for notification, it is labelled as a suspect case. Sometimes a broader syndromic case definition is used to improve the likelihood of finding cases of interest, although other similar diseases might also be detected. During case investigation, clinical criteria, laboratory testing and epidemiological information are used to confirm the case (WH0 2018c). Case fatality ratio or rate (CFR) A measure of the severity of a disease and defined as the proportion of cases of a specified disease or condition which are fatal within a specified time (WH0 2019j). Casualty Any human accessing health or medical services, including mental health services and medical forensics/mortuary care (for fatalities), as a result of a hazard impact (WHO 2007). Note: The term ‘casualties’ may refer to the sum of the dead, missing, ill and injured. Chain of command A series of command, control, executive, or man- agement positions in hierarchical order of author- ity (WHO 2015a). w See ‘incident management system’. Chemical hazard Inherent property of a chemical having the poten- tial to cause adverse effects when an organism, system, or population is exposed to that chemical (adapted from IPCS 2004). Chemical event A manifestation of a disease or an occurrence that creates a potential for a disease as result of exposure to or contamination by a chemical agent (WHO 2010a). Chemical incident An uncontrolled release of a chemical from its containment. Note: Chemical incidents may result in harm to public health and the environment. They usual- ly trigger a public health response, including for example, assessment of risk and/or provision of advice to authorities and the public. Chemical in- cidents may refer to anthropogenic events such as the explosion at a factory which stores or uses chemicals, contamination of the food or water supply with a chemical, an oil spill, a leak in a stor- age unit during transportation, an outbreak of dis- ease that is (likely to be) associated with chemical exposure or a deliberate event where chemicals are used to harm people (WHO 2009a). Civil protection Measures taken and systems implemented to preserve the lives and health of citizens, their properties and their environment from undesired events (ISO 22300:2018). Climate change A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (for example by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer (IPCC 2012). Climate change adaptation In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate (IPCC 2012). Climate change mitigation A human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (IPCC 2012). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 10 Climatological hazards w See ‘hydrometeorological hazards’. w See Annex 2. WHO Classification of Hazards. Clusters Groups of humanitarian organizations, both UN and non-UN, in each of the main sectors of humanitarian action (water, health, shelter, logistics, etc.). Note: Clusters are designated by the Inter-Agen- cy Standing Committee (IASC) and have clear re- sponsibilities for coordination (UNHCR 2015). w See ‘health cluster’. Cold debrief A debriefing session held after a period of time has passed following an exercise or incident, in order to discuss, with the benefit of hindsight, any observations and issues that may have been overlooked during a hot wash (WHO 2015a). Synonym: ‘cold wash’. w See ‘hot debrief’. Collaboration (intersectoral) The process of joint planning, construction, im- plementation and monitoring by ministries and authorities belonging to different public sectors, including sharing of resources in order to enable each ministry or body to carry out their respon- sibilities that were mutually agreed upon (WHO Health & Environment Lexicon). Command 1. The act of managing, directing, ordering, or controlling by virtue of explicit statutory, regulatory, or delegated authority (WHO 2015a). 2. The common short name for ‘incident com- mand’, involving making decisions, implementing plans manage an incident, and controlling their effects (WHO 2015a). Command and control system w See ‘incident management system’. Communicable disease 1. An illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plan or animal host, vector or the inanimate environment (WHO 2018a). 2. An illness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic products and transmitted from an infected person, animal or the environment (for example through water, food, fomites) to a susceptible host. Transmission can be direct or indirect (WHO 2019k). w See also ‘epidemic’, ‘outbreak’, ‘pandemic’, and ‘case’, ‘casualty’, ‘incidence’, ‘prevalence’ and ‘suspect’. Communication, public w See ‘public communication’. Community Specific group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who share a common culture, values and norms, are arranged in a social struc- ture according to relationships which the commu- nity has developed over a period of time. Note: Members of a community gain their personal and social identity by sharing common beliefs, values and norms which have been developed by the community in the past and may be modified in the future. They exhibit some awareness of their identity as a group and share common needs and a commitment to meeting them (WHO 1998). Community surveillance Starting point for event notification at the commu- nity level, generally done by a community worker; it can be active (looking for cases) or passive (re- porting cases) (WHO 2010a). Community-based disaster risk management Promotes the involvement of potentially affected communities in disaster risk management at the local level. This includes community assessments H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 11 of hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities, and their involvement in planning, implementation, moni- toring and evaluation of local action for disaster risk reduction [management] (UNGA 2016). Competence Ability to apply knowledge and skills to achieve intended results (ISO 22300:2018). Complex emergency A disaster complicated by civil violence, govern- ment instability, macroeconomic collapse, pop- ulation migration, elusive political solutions, etc., in which any emergency response has to be con- ducted in a difficult political and security environ- ment, potentially involving a multi-sectoral, inter- national response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency (WHO 2015a). Comprehensive approach (to emergency and disas- ter risk management) Comprises a range of measures across preven- tion and mitigation; preparedness; response; and recovery (WHO 2015a). Synonym: ‘emergency management cycle’. Comprehensive emergency management pro- gramme A corporate or government programme that com- mits resources to a range of measures to imple- ment prevention and mitigation; preparedness; response; and recovery (also disaster (risk) man- agement programme). Note: Typically, this programme includes the full range of capacities for managing risks associated with emergencies and disasters (WHO 2015a). Synonyms: comprehensive emergency and di- saster risk management, comprehensive disaster management. Concept of operations A section or statement in an agency emergency plan that identifies policies, role and responsibili- ties, and how the structural or functional elements of the organization will work together to produce a coherent management response (WHO 2015a). Consequence 1. The downstream effects that result from an ac- tion or condition that may be negative or positive. Note: A negative public health consequence causes or contributes to ill health. Consequences may include social, technical and scientific, economic, environmental, ethical, or policy and political effects (WHO 2012). 2. Outcome of an event affecting objectives (ISO 31000:2018). Contact tracing The identification and follow-up of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person or infectious materials (based on WHO 2019b). Contamination The presence of an infectious or toxic agent of matter on a human or animal body surface, in or on a product prepared for consumption or on other inanimate objects, including conveyances, that may constitute a public health risk (WHO 2016). Context As applied to emergency risk management, con- text is described by a number of factors related to the setting, circumstances and environment of risks and events. Note: The cultural, social, political, legal, regulato- ry, financial, technological, economic, natural and competitive environment—whether local, national, regional or international—and those factors relat- ed to the governance, organizational structure, roles, accountabilities, policies, objectives, and strategies that are in place to achieve those ob- jectives. They also include the capabilities of and relationships between the internal and external actors and stakeholders (WHO 2015a). Contingency planning A management process that analyses disaster risks and establishes arrangements in advance H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 12 to enable timely, effective and appropriate re- sponses. Note: Contingency planning usually refers to plan- ning for specific scenarios or events that results in organized and coordinated courses of action with clearly identified institutional roles and resources, information processes and operational arrange- ments for specific actors at times of need. Based on scenarios of possible emergency conditions or hazardous events, it allows key actors to envi- sion, anticipate and solve problems that can arise during disasters. Contingency planning is an im- portant part of overall preparedness. Contingency plans need to be regularly updated and exercised (UNGA 2016). Control The application of authority, combined with the capability to manage resources, in order to achieve defined objectives. Note: Refers to the overall direction of the activities, agencies or individuals concerned and operates horizontally across all agencies/organizations, functions and individuals (WHO 2015a). Cooperating agency An agency supplying assistance other than direct operational or support functions or resources to the incident management effort (WHO 2015a). Coordination 1. Management processes to ensure integration (unity) of effort. Coordination relates primarily to resources, and operates vertically (within an or- ganization) as a function of the authority to com- mand, and horizontally (across organizations) as a function of the authority to control (WHO 2015a). 2. Way in which different organizations (public or private) or parts of the same organization work or act together in order to achieve a common objective (ISO 22300:2018, ISO 22320:2011). Coordination centre w See ‘emergency coordination centre’. Coping capacity The ability of people, organizations and systems using available skills and resources, to manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters. Note: The capacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resources and good management, both in normal times as well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Coping capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risks (UNGA 2016). Crisis 1. An unstable or crucial time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending, especially one where a highly undesirable outcome is dis- tinctly possible (WHO 2015b). 2. Unstable condition involving an impending abrupt or significant change that requires urgent attention and action to protect life, assets, property or the environment (ISO 22300:2018). Critical infrastructure The physical structures, facilities, networks and other assets which provide services that are essential to the social and economic functioning of a community or society (UNGA 2016). Critical systems (in hospitals) Within a hospital, critical systems include the electrical, telecommunications, water supply, fire protection, waste management, fuel storage and medical gases and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Note: The failure or disruption of critical systems can stop or impede the functioning of the hospi- tals (WHO 2015a). DALYs w See ‘disability-adjusted life years’. Damage (event, emergency, disaster) Occurs during and immediately after the [hazard- ous event or] disaster. Note: This is usually measured in physical units (e.g. square meters of housing, kilometres of roads, etc.), and describes the total or partial de- H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 13 struction of physical assets, the disruption of ba- sic services and damages to sources of livelihood in the affected area (UNGA 2016). Damage, disaster w See ‘disaster damage’. Dead Persons confirmed as dead and persons missing and presumed dead (CRED 2009). w See ‘casualty’, ‘mortality’. Debrief A critical examination of a completed operation or exercise in order to evaluate actions (WHO 2015a). w See also ‘cold debrief’, ‘hot debrief’. Decontamination A procedure whereby health measures are taken to eliminate an infectious or toxic agent or mat- ter on a human or animal body surface, in or on a product prepared for consumption or on other in- animate objects, including conveyances that may constitute a public health risk (WHO 2010a). Direct economic loss The monetary value of total or partial destruction of physical assets existing in the affected area. Note: [For the purposes of Sendai Framework reporting], direct economic loss is nearly equivalent to physical damage. Direct economic losses usually happen during the event or within the first few hours after the event and are often assessed soon after the event to estimate recovery cost and claim insurance payments. These are tangible and relatively easy to measure. Examples of physical assets that are the basis for calculating direct economic loss include homes, schools, hospitals, commercial and governmental buildings, transport, energy, telecommunications infrastructures and other infrastructure; business assets and industrial plants; and production such as crops, livestock and production infrastructure. They may also encompass environmental assets and cultural heritage (UNGA 2016). Directly affected Those who have suffered injury, illness or other health effects; who were evacuated, displaced, relocated or have suffered direct damage to their livelihoods, economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets (UNGA 2016). w See ‘affected’. Disability A limitation in a functional domain that arises from the interaction between a person’s intrinsic capacity, and environmental and personal factors (WHO 2011). Note: Disability – or difficulties in functioning – is neither purely biological or purely social. Disability can occur at three levels: impairments, activity lim- itations, and participation restrictions. An impair- ment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations (WHO 2019a). w See ’people with disability’. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) Population metric of life years lost to disease due to both morbidity and mortality (WHO 2016b). Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a com- munity or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts. Note: The effect of the disaster may be immedi- ate and localized, but is often widespread and can last for a long period of time. The effect may test or exceed the capacity of a community or society to cope using its own resources, and therefore may require assistance from external sources, which could include neighbouring jurisdictions, or those at the national or international levels (UNGA 2016). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 14 w See ‘emergency’, ‘slow-onset disaster’, ‘sud- den-onset disaster’. Disaster impact The total effect, including negative effects (e.g. economic losses) and positive effects (e.g. eco- nomic gains), of a hazardous event or a disaster. Note: The term includes economic, human and environmental impacts, and may include death, injuries, disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental and social well-being (UNGA 2016). Synonyms: ‘event impact’, ‘emergency impact’. w See ‘consequence’, ‘impact’. Disaster loss database A set of systematically collected records about [hazardous event or] disaster occurrence, dam- ages, losses and impacts, compliant with the Sen- dai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015- 2030 monitoring minimum requirements (UNGA 2016). Disaster management The organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recov- ering from disasters. Note: Disaster management may not completely avert or eliminate the threats; it focuses on cre- ating and implementing preparedness and other plans to decrease the impact of disasters and “build back better. Failure to create and apply a plan could lead to damage to life, assets and lost revenue (UNGA 2016). w See ‘emergency management’. Disaster response Actions taken directly before, during or immedi- ately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected (UNGA 2016). Synonym: ‘emergency response’. w See ‘response’. Disaster risk The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of haz- ard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity. Note: The definition of disaster risk reflects the concept of hazardous events and disasters as the outcome of continuously present conditions of risk. Disaster risk comprises different types of potential losses which are often difficult to quantify. Never- theless, with knowledge of the prevailing hazards and the patterns of population and socioeconomic development, disaster risks can be assessed and mapped, in broad terms at least. It is important to consider the social and economic contexts in which disaster risks occur and that people do not neces- sarily share the same perceptions of risk and their underlying risk factors (UNGA 2016). This defini- tion can apply to “risk” associated with hazardous events, emergencies and disasters. w See ‘risk’, ‘extensive disaster risk’, ‘intensive disaster risk’, ‘underlying disaster risk drivers’. Disaster risk assessment A qualitative or quantitative approach to determine the nature and extent of disaster risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing condi- tions of exposure and vulnerability [and capacity] that together could harm people, property, ser- vices, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend. Note: Disaster risk assessments include: the identification of hazards; a review of the technical characteristics of hazards such as their location, intensity, frequency and probability; the analysis of exposure and vulnerability, including the physical, social, health, environmental and economic di- mensions; and the evaluation of the effectiveness of prevailing and alternative coping capacities with respect to likely risk scenarios (UNGA 2016). w See ’emergency risk assessment’. Disaster risk drivers, underlying w See ‘underlying disaster risk drivers’. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 15 Disaster risk governance The system of institutions, mechanisms, policy and legal frameworks and other arrangements to guide, coordinate and oversee disaster risk reduction and related areas of policy. Note: Good governance needs to be transparent, inclusive, collective and efficient to reduce existing disaster risks and avoid creating new ones (UNGA 2016). Disaster risk information Comprehensive information on all dimensions of disaster risk, including hazards, exposure, vulner- ability and capacity, related to persons, communi- ties, organizations and countries and their assets. Note: Disaster risk information includes all studies, information and mapping required to understand the disaster risk drivers and underlying risk factors (UNGA 2016). Disaster risk management The application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses (UNGA 2016). w See ‘community-based disaster risk manage- ment’, ‘disaster risk governance’, ‘disaster risk information’, ‘disaster risk management plans’, ‘health emergency and disaster risk manage- ment’. Disaster risk management plans [Plans that] set out the goals and specific objec- tives for reducing disaster risks together with re- lated actions to accomplish these objectives. Note: They should be guided by the Sendai Frame- work for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 [and other relevant global, regional and national frame- works.] They should be considered and coordinat- ed within relevant development plans, resource al- locations and programme activities. National-level plans need to be specific to each level of admin- istrative responsibility and adapted to the different social and geographical circumstances that are present. The time frame and responsibilities for implementation and the sources of funding should be specified in the plan. Linkages to sustainable development and climate change adaptation plans should be made where possible (UNGA 2016). Disaster risk management, community-based w See ‘community-based disaster risk manage- ment’. Disaster risk reduction [Activities] aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development. Note: Disaster risk reduction is the policy objective of disaster risk management, and its goals and objectives are defined in disaster risk reduction strategies and plans (UNGA 2016). w See ‘disaster risk reduction strategies and policies’. Disaster risk reduction strategies and policies Strategies and policies [that] define goals and objectives across different timescales and with concrete targets, indicators and timeframes. Note: In line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, these should be aimed at preventing the creation of disaster risk, the reduction of existing risk and the strengthening of economic, social, health and environmental resilience (UNGA 2016). Disease An illness or medical condition, irrespective of or- igin or source, that presents or could present sig- nificant harm to human (WHO 2010a, WHO 2016). Disease prevention Disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the occurrence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences once established (WHO 1998). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 16 Disinsection The procedure whereby health measures are tak- en to control or kill the insect vectors of human diseases present in baggage, cargo, containers, conveyances, goods and postal parcels (WHO 2010a). Drill A coordinated, supervised exercise activity, nor- mally used to test a single specific operation or function in a repeated fashion. Note: The purpose of a drill is to practise specif- ic skills, operations or functions, as an individual or in a team. The drill practices and perfects one small part of the response plan, and should be as realistic as possible, employing any equipment or apparatus necessary to carry out the function be- ing drilled (WHO 2009, WHO 2017c). Early warning system 1. An integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction, disaster risk assess- ment, communication and preparedness activities systems and processes that enables individuals, communities, governments, businesses and oth- ers to take timely action to reduce disaster risks in advance of hazardous events. Note: Effective “end-to-end” and “people-centred” early warning systems may include four interrelat- ed key elements: (1) disaster risk knowledge based on the systematic collection of data and disaster risk assessments; (2) detection, monitoring, anal- ysis and forecasting of the hazards and possible consequences; (3) dissemination and communi- cation, by an official source, of authoritative, timely, accurate and actionable warnings and associated information on likelihood and impact; and (4) pre- paredness at all levels to respond to the warnings received. These four interrelated components need to be coordinated within and across sectors and multiple levels for the system to work effectively and to include a feedback mechanism for contin- uous improvement. Failure in one component or a lack of coordination across them could lead to the failure of the whole system (UNGA 2016). 2. A specific procedure in disease surveillance to detect any abnormal occurrence or departure from the usual or normally observed frequency of phenomena as early as possible (WHO 2018a). w See ‘multi-hazard early warning systems’. Early warning and response (EWAR) The organized mechanism to detect as early as possible any abnormal occurrence or any diver- gence from the usual or normally observed fre- quency of phenomena. Note: This definition is often used on the context of biological hazards (WHO 2010a). Economic loss Total economic impact that consists of direct economic loss and indirect economic loss (UNGA 2016). w See also ‘economic loss, direct’ and ‘economic loss, indirect’. El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) [An] oceanic event identified with a basin-wide warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean east of the dateline, associated with a fluctuation of a global- scale tropical and subtropical surface pressure pattern and coupled with an atmosphere-ocean phenomenon, with preferred time scales of 2 to about 7 years. Note: An ENSO event has a great impact on the wind, sea surface temperature, and precipitation patterns in the tropical Pacific. ENSO has climatic effects throughout the Pacific region and in many other parts of the world. The warm phase of ENSO is called El Niño and the cold phase is called La Niña (IPCC 2012). Emergency A type of event or imminent threat that produces or has the potential to produce a range of conse- quences, and which requires coordinated action, usually urgent and often non-routine. Note: ‘emergency’, is sometimes used inter- changeably with the term ‘disaster’ as, for exam- ple, in the context of biological and technological H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 17 hazards or health emergencies, which, however, can also relate to hazardous events that do not result in the serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society. Emergencies have effects that may be considered on a continu- um from local emergencies with limited conse- quences to wide area disasters with catastrophic consequences. ‘Incidents’ or ‘events’ are often referred to as ‘emergencies’, with the terms used interchangeably, but not all incidents or events are emergencies (UNGA 2016). w See ‘complex emergency’, ‘disaster’, ‘health emergency’, ‘humanitarian emergency’, ‘pro- tracted emergency’. Emergency (risk) management agency or organization An organization, often a government agency, spe- cifically mandated to provide a single point of ac- countability for the coordination of multi-sectoral and interagency emergency activities, including risk assessment, prevention, mitigation, prepared- ness, response and recovery activities within a particular area (WHO 2015a). Synonym: ‘disaster (risk) management organiza- tion’. Emergency coordination centre A type of EOC that has no direct, tactical or opera- tional function, but which serves as a point of con- trol and coordination for the strategic allocation of resources and management of policy issues. (WHO 2015a) Emergency management cycle w See ‘comprehensive approach’. Emergency management 1. Sometimes [used] interchangeably, with the term disaster management, particularly in the context of biological and technological hazards and for health emergencies. Note: While there is a large degree of overlap, an emergency can also relate to hazardous events that do not result in the serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society (UNGA 2016). 2. Overall approach to preventing emergencies and managing those that occur. Note: In general, emergency management utilizes a risk-management approach to prevention, pre- paredness, response and recovery before, during and after potentially destabilizing and/or disrup- tive events (ISO 22320:2011). w See ‘disaster management’. Emergency medical team (EMT) Groups of health professionals (doctors, nurses, paramedics, etc.) that treat patients affected by an emergency or disaster.” Note: They come from government, charities (NGOs), militaries and international organizations such as the International Red Cross/Red Crescent movement. They work to comply with the classi- fication and minimum standards set by WHO and its partners, and come trained and self-sufficient so as not to burden the national system (WHO 2017a). Emergency operations centre (EOC) The facility from which a jurisdiction or agency coordinates its response to major emergencies/ disasters (WHO 2015b). Emergency response plan A document that describes how an agency or or- ganization will manage its responses to emergen- cies of various types. Note: It provides a description of the objectives, policy and concept of operations for the response to an emergency; and the structure, authorities and responsibilities for a systematic, co-ordinated and effective response. In this context, emergency plans are agency or jurisdiction-specific, and de- tail the resources, capacities and capabilities that the jurisdiction, agency or organization will employ in its response (WHO 2017a). Engagement, community w See ‘community engagement’. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 18 Environmental hazards 1. [Hazards that] may include chemical, natural and biological hazards. They can be created by en- vironmental degradation or physical or chemical pollution in the air, water and soil. Note: Many of the processes and phenomena that fall into this category may be termed drivers of hazard and risk rather than hazards in them- selves, such as soil degradation, deforestation, loss of biodiversity, salinization and sea-level rise (UNGA 2016). 2. A chemical or physical agent capable of caus- ing harm to the ecosystem or natural resources (WHO 2009). w See Annex 2. WHO Classification of Hazards. Environmental health 1. Comprises those aspects of human health, in- cluding quality of life, that are determined by phys- ical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment. Note: Environmental health also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling, and preventing those factors in the environment that can potentially affect adversely the health of present and future generations (WHO 2009). Epidemic 1. The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behaviour, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Note: The community or region and the period in which the cases occur are specified precisely. The number of cases indicating the presence of an epidemic varies according to the agent, size, and type of population exposed, previous experience or lack of exposure to the disease, and time and place of occurrence (WHO 1999). 2. The occurrence of a number of cases of a dis- ease that is unusually large or unexpected for a given place and time (Connolly M & WHO 2005). Epidemic intelligence The systematic collection, analysis and communi- cation of any information to detect, verify, assess and investigate events and health risks with an early warning objective (WHO 2014). Epidemic threshold The critical number or density of susceptible hosts required for an epidemic to occur. The epidemic threshold is used to confirm the emergence of an epidemic so as to step-up appropriate control measures (WHO 2019i). Epidemiology The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health prob- lems (WHO 2009). Evacuation Moving people and assets temporarily to safer places before, during or after the occurrence of a hazardous event in order to protect them. Note: Evacuation plans refer to the arrangements established in advance to enable the moving of people and assets temporarily to safer places be- fore, during or after the occurrence of a hazardous event. Evacuation plans may include plans for re- turn of evacuees and options to shelter in place (UNGA 2016). Event-based surveillance 1. The organized collection, monitoring, assess- ment and interpretation of mainly unstructured ad hoc information regarding health events or risks, which may represent an acute risk to human health. Note: Event-based surveillance is a functional component of early warning, alert and response. This information can be rumours and other ad hoc reports transmitted through formal channels (i.e. established routine reporting systems) and informal channels (i.e. the media, health workers and reports from NGOs), including events related to the occurrence of disease in humans and events related to potential human exposure (WHO 2010a, WHO 2014). w See ‘surveillance’. Event w See ‘hazardous event’, ‘public health event’. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 19 Exercise 1. A form of practice, training, monitoring or eval- uation of capabilities involving the description or simulation of an emergency, to which a described or simulated response is made (WHO 2017c). 2. Process to train for, assess, practise and improve performance in an organization (ISO 22300:2018). Note: Exercises help determine a valid indication of future system performance under certain con- ditions, and to identify potential system improve- ments (WHO 2015b). Exercise project A standard approach for building and imple- menting any exercise consisting of three phases: pre-exercise planning, material development and set-up; exercise conduct; and post-exercise re- porting and handover phase. Note: An exercise programme consists of a pro- gression of increasingly complex exercises de- signed to increase understanding of, practice, and evaluate different emergency management capa- bilities (WHO 2017c, WHO 2015a). Exposure 1. The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible assets located in hazard prone areas. Note: Measures of exposure can include the num- ber of people or types of assets in an area. These can be combined with the specific vulnerability and capacity of the exposed elements to any particular hazard to estimate the quantitative risks associated with that hazard in the area of interest (UNGA 2016). 2. Contact of a chemical, physical or biological agent with the outer boundary of an organism (e.g. through inhalation, ingestion or dermal [skin] con- tact) (WHO 2016b). Exposure assessment or analysis w See ‘risk assessment’. Exposure route The pathway or route by which a person is ex- posed to a hazard (WHO 2016b). Extensive disaster risk The risk of low-severity, high-frequency hazard- ous events and disasters, mainly but not exclu- sively associated with highly localized hazards. Note: Extensive disaster risk is usually high where communities are exposed to, and vulnerable to, recurring localized floods, landslides, storms or drought. Extensive disaster risk is often exacer- bated by poverty, urbanization and environmental degradation (UNGA 2016). w See ‘disaster risk’, ‘intensive disaster risk’. EWAR w See ‘early warning and response’. Field exercise w See ‘full-scale exercise’. Food safety 1. Assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use (FAO & WHO 2016). 2. Handling, storing and preparing food to pre- vent infection and help to make sure that our food keeps enough nutrients for us to have a healthy diet (FAO 2004). Food insecurity A situation that exists when people lack secure ac- cess to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life. Note: It may be caused by the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution, or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and sanitation, and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory (FAO 2000). Food security A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 20 dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO 2000). Fragile states States that lack either the capacity, or the will (or both), to deliver core state functions for the majority of the people, including the poor. Note: The most important functions of the state for poverty reduction are territorial control, safety and security, capacity to manage public resources, delivery of basic services, and the ability to protect and support the ways in which the poorest people sustain themselves (WHO 2011). Full-scale exercise (FSX) An exercise that simulates a real event as closely as possible and is designed to evaluate the oper- ational capability of emergency management sys- tems in a highly stressful environment, simulating actual response conditions, including the mobi- lization and movement of emergency personnel, equipment and resources. Note: The purpose of a full-scale exercise is to test/ evaluate most of the functions of an emergency plan in the most realistic manner possible. Ideal- ly, the full-scale exercise should test and evaluate most functions of the emergency management plan or operational plan. Differing from the func- tional exercise (FX), a full-scale exercise typically involves multiple agencies and participants physi- cally deployed in a field location (WHO 2017c). Synonym: ‘field exercise’. Functional exercise (FX) A fully-simulated, interactive exercise that tests the capability of an organization to respond to a simulated event. The exercise tests multiple func- tions of the organization’s operational plan. Note: The purpose of an FX is to test or validate the response capability of specific functions or departments in an organization to a situation in a time-pressured, realistic situation. A functional exercise focuses on the coordination, integration, and interaction of an organization’s policies, pro- cedures, roles and responsibilities before, during, or after the simulated event (WHO 2017c). Gender-based violence w See ‘sexual and gender-based violence.’ Geological or geophysical hazards [Hazards that] originate from internal earth pro- cesses. Examples are earthquakes, volcanic activity and emissions, and related geophysical processes such as mass movements, landslides, rockslides, surface collapses and debris or mud flows. Note: Hydrometeorological factors are important contributors to some of these processes. Tsuna- mis are difficult to categorize: although they are triggered by undersea earthquakes and other geo- logical events, they essentially become an oceanic process that is manifested as a coastal water-re- lated hazard (UNGA 2016). w See Annex 2. WHO Classification of Hazards. Global health security The activities required, both proactive and re- active, to minimize vulnerability to acute public health events that endanger the collective health of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries (WHO 2007b). Hazard 1. A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Note: This may include the latent property or the inherent capability of an agent or substance which makes it capable of causing adverse effects to people or the environment under conditions of exposure (UNGA 2016, WHO 2009). 2. Source of potential harm (ISO 22300:2018). w See ‘anthropogenic hazard’, ‘biological haz- ard’, ‘chemical hazard’, ‘environmental hazard’, ‘geological or geophysical hazard’, ‘hydromete- orological hazard’, ‘natural hazard’, ‘socionatu- ral hazard’, ‘technological hazard’, ‘zoonoses’. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 21 Hazard assessment or analysis w See ‘risk assessment’. Hazardous event 1. The manifestation of a hazard in a particular place during a particular period of time. Note: Severe hazardous events can lead to a disaster as a result of the combination of hazard occurrence and other risk factors (UNGA 2016). w See ‘public health event’. Hazard monitoring function Activities to obtain evidence-based information on hazards in a defined area used to make de- cisions about the need for public warning (ISO 22300:2018). Health A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO 1948). Health care facility Hospitals of all sizes and types; specialized med- ical services; primary health care clinics; general practitioner’s surgery, etc. (WHO 2007). Health care-associated infection An infection occurring in a patient during the process of care in a hospital or other health care facility, which was not present or incubating at the time of admission. Note: Health care-associated infections can also appear after discharge. They represent the most frequent adverse event associated with patient care (WHO 2016). Synonym: ‘nosocomial infection’. Health cluster A mechanism for coordinated assessments, joint analyses, the development of agreed overall priori- ties, objectives and a health crisis response strategy, and the monitoring and evaluation of the implemen- tation and impact of that strategy (WHO 2009b). Health emergency A type of event or imminent threat that produces or has the potential to produce a range of health consequences, and which requires coordinated action, usually urgent and often non-routine. Note: A health emergency may pose a substantial risk of significant morbidity or mortality in a com- munity (WHO 2015a). w See ‘public health event’, ‘public health emer- gency of international concern’, ‘mass casualty incident’. Health emergency and disaster risk management The systematic analysis and management of health risks, posed by actual or potential hazardous events, including emergencies and disasters, through a combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability reduction to prevent and mitigate risks, prepared- ness, response, and recovery (WHO 2017b). w See ‘disaster risk management’. Health impact assessment 1. The estimation of the effects of any specific action (plans, policies or programmes) in any given environment on the health of a defined population (WHO 2016b). Note: Recommendations are produced for de- cisionmakers and stakeholders, with the aim of maximizing the proposal’s positive health effects and minimizing the negative health effects (WHO 2009). Health outcome A change in the health status of an individual, group or population which is attributable to a planned intervention or series of interventions (WHO 1998). Health policy A general statement of understanding to guide decision making that results from an agreement or consensus among relevant partners on the issues to be addressed and on the approaches or strategies to deal with them (WHO 2011). w See ‘health promotion’, ‘One Health’. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 22 Health promotion The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. Note: Health promotion represents a comprehen- sive social and political process, it not only embrac- es actions directed at strengthening the skills and capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social, environmental and eco- nomic conditions so as to alleviate their impact on public and individual health (WHO 1998). Health sector Organized public and private health services (in- cluding health promotion, disease prevention, diagnostic, treatment and care services), the policies and activities of health departments and ministries, health related nongovernment organi- zations and community groups, and professional associations (WHO 1998). Health system The people, institutions and resources, arranged together in accordance with established policies, to improve the health of the population they serve, while responding to people’s legitimate expecta- tions and protecting them against the cost of ill- health through a variety of activities whose prima- ry intent is to improve health (WHO 2011). Hot debrief A debriefing session held immediately after an exercise or incident to identify the strengths and weaknesses of plans, policies and procedures. Note: In a hot debrief, participants and the exercise management team provide immediate feedback or a debriefing event. Individuals share perspec- tives on strengths, weaknesses, and areas for im- provement which are incorporated in the exercise report (WHO 2015a, WHO 2017c). Synonym: ‘hot wash’. w See ‘debrief’, ‘cold debrief’. Humanitarian civil-military coordination Dialogue and interaction between civilian and mil- itary actors in humanitarian emergencies that is necessary to protect and promote humanitarian principles, avoid competition, minimize incon- sistency, and when appropriate pursue common goals. Basic strategies range from coexistence to cooperation. Note: Coordination is a shared responsibility facil- itated by liaison and common training. This defi- nition could be extended to interaction between civilian and military actors at national and local levels for all types of emergencies (OCHA 2019). Human-induced hazards w See ‘anthropogenic hazards’. Hydrometeorological hazards Hazards of atmospheric, hydrological or oceano- graphic origin. Note: Examples are tropical cyclones (also known as typhoons and hurricanes), floods (including flash floods), drought, heatwaves and cold spells and coastal storm surges. Hydrometeorological conditions may also be a factor in other hazards such as landslides, wildland fires, locust plagues, epidemics and in the transport and dispersal of toxic substances and volcanic eruption material (UNGA 2016). w See Annex 2 WHO Classification of Hazards. Hygiene The conditions and practices that help maintain health and prevent spread of disease including handwashing, menstrual hygiene management and food hygiene (WHO & UN Water 2019). Impact Evaluated consequence of a particular outcome (ISO 22300:2018). w See ‘consequence’, ‘disaster damage’, ‘disas- ter impact’, ‘disaster loss database’. Incidence The number of instances (rate of occurrence) of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill during a given period in a specified population, thus con- veying information about the risk of contracting a H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 23 disease (based on WHO 2013). w See ‘prevalence’. Incident 1. An action, event or phenomenon which may cause loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption, and/or environmental degradation (WHO 2015b). 2. [Event or] situation that can be, or could lead to, a disruption, loss, emergency or crisis (ISO 22300:2018). Incident action plan w See ‘action plan’. Incident, chemical w See ‘chemical incident’. Incident command system w See ‘incident management system’. Incident management system System that defines the roles and responsibil- ities of personnel and the operating procedures to be used in the management of incidents (ISO 22300:2018). Indicator-based surveillance (IBS) 1. The systematic (regular) collection, monitoring, analysis and interpretation of structured data, i.e. of indicators produced by a number of well-iden- tified, mostly health-based, formal sources (WHO 2014). 2. The routine reporting of cases of disease, in- cluding notifiable diseases surveillance systems, sentinel surveillance, laboratory-based surveil- lance, etc. Note: This routine reporting is commonly health- care facility based, with reporting done on a week- ly or monthly basis (WHO 2010a). Indirect economic loss A decline in economic value added as a conse- quence of direct economic loss and/or human and environmental impacts. Indirect economic loss includes microeconomic impacts (e.g. reve- nue declines owing to business interruption), me- soeconomic impacts (e.g. revenue declines ow- ing to impacts on natural assets, interruptions to supply chains or temporary unemployment) and macroeconomic impacts (e.g. price increases, in- creases in government debt, negative impact on stock market prices and decline in GDP). Note: Indirect losses can occur inside or outside of the hazard area and often have a time lag. As a result, they may be intangible or difficult to mea- sure (UNGA 2016). Indirectly affected People who have suffered consequences, other than or in addition to direct effects, over time, due to disruption or changes in economy, critical infrastructure, basic services, commerce or work, or social, health and psychological consequences (UNGA 2016). w See ‘affected’. Infection The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of humans and animals that may constitute a public health risk (WHO 2010a, WHO 2016). Infection control w See ‘infection prevention & control’. Infection prevention & control 1. A practical and proven set of organizational and technical approaches and measures to prevent the spread of avoidable infections and antimicrobial resistance within both community and health care settings (WHO 2019c). 2. The practical discipline concerned with pre- venting health care-associated infection. Note: The purpose of infection prevention and control in health care is as follows: to prevent the occurrence of health care-associated infections in patients, health care workers, visitors and other persons associated with health care settings; to prepare health care facilities for the early detection H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 24 and management of epidemics and to organize a prompt and effective response; to contribute to a coordinated response to control community-ac- quired infectious diseases, endemic or epidemic, that may be “amplified” via health care; to contrib- ute to preventing the emergence of antimicrobi- al resistance and/or dissemination of resistant strains of microorganisms; and to minimize the environmental impact of these infections or their management (WHO 2014c). Injury The physical or physiological bodily harm resulting from interaction of the body with energy (mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical or radiant, or due to extreme pressure) in an amount, or at a rate of transfer, that exceeds physical or physiological tolerance. Note: Injury can also result from lack of vital elements, such as oxygen. Poisoning by and toxic effects of substances are included, as is damage of or due to implanted devices. Maltreatment syndromes are included even if physical or physiological bodily harm has not been reported. Injury usually has rapid onset in response to a well- defined event (e.g. a car crash, striking the ground after falling, drinking a strongly alkaline liquid, an overdose of a medication, a burn sustained during a surgical procedure). These events are often referred to as external causes of injury. The injurious energy can, however, originate from the injured person and/or from his or her immediate environment (e.g. a person running on a hot day sustains heat exhaustion), and injury can be caused by the injured person (i.e. intentional self- harm) (WHO 2018b). Intensive disaster risk The risk of high-severity, mid- to low-frequency disasters, mainly associated with major hazards. Note: Intensive disaster risk is mainly a charac- teristic of large cities or densely populated areas that are not only exposed to intense hazards such as strong earthquakes, active volcanoes, heavy floods, tsunamis or major storms but also have high levels of vulnerability to these hazards (UNGA 2016). Interested party Person or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or activity (ISO 22300:2018). Synonym: ‘stakeholder’. International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005) [Regulations] designed to prevent the internation- al spread of disease adopted by the Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly on 23 May 2005 and which entered into force on 15 June 2007. The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are to pre- vent, protect against, control and provide a pub- lic health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade (WHO 2016). Internally displaced persons (IDPs) Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of, or in order to, avoid the effects of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, viola- tions of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an interna- tionally recognized State border (UNHCR 2011). Interoperability Ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (ISO 22300:2018). Intersectoral collaboration w See ‘collaboration, intersectoral’. Isolation Separation of ill or contaminated persons or af- fected baggage, containers, conveyances, goods or postal parcels from others in such a manner as to prevent the spread of infection or contamina- tion (WHO 2010a, WHO 2016). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 25 Jurisdiction An organization (level of government or designated agency) with the authority and responsibility to provide particular functions and services within a defined area (WHO 2015a). Lead agency Agency or sector responsible for managing specif- ic types of emergencies (WHO 2015a). Leadership The process of engaging others and fostering constructive processes for working together, and sustaining collaborative interaction to guide activ- ities and achieve objectives (WHO 2015a). Lessons learned Identified issues for which remedial actions may be implemented, in order to improve performance (WHO 2015a). Level of event A structured process, internal to an organization, that evaluates the extent, complexity and probable duration of an incident with reference to the response resources that will be required (WHO 2017a). Level of risk Magnitude of a risk or combination of risks, ex- pressed in terms the combination of consequenc- es and their likelihood (ISO 31000:2009). Likelihood Chance of something happening (ISO 31000:2018). w See ‘probability.’ Logistics The aspect of emergency (risk) management that deals with the procurement, distribution, mainte- nance, replacement and repatriation of material and human resources, including the provision of support infrastructure and services to response staff (WHO 2015a). Malnutrition Deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients (WHO 2008). w See ‘nutrition’. Mass casualty incident An event which generates more patients at one time than locally available resources can manage using routine procedures. Note: It requires exceptional emergency arrange- ments and additional or extraordinary assistance (WHO 2007). Mass casualty management system A coherent and interrelated set of established procedures, policies, and plans that contribute to the shared objectives of optimizing the baseline capacity to deal with patient populations expected in a mass casualty incident, and efficiently increasing this capacity during the response to a mass casualty incident (WHO 2007). Mass gathering An organized or unplanned event can be classified as a mass gathering if the number of people attending is sufficient to strain the planning and response resources of the community, State or nation hosting the event. Note: A gathering of persons usually defined as more than a specified number of persons (which may be as few as 1,000 persons although much of the available literature describes gatherings exceeding 25,000 persons) at a specific location for a specific purpose (a social function, large public event or sports competition) for a defined period of time (WHO 2015b). Mental health and psychosocial support Any type of local or outside support that aims to protect or promote psychosocial wellbeing and/or prevent or treat mental disorder. Note: Traditionally, mental health care has been used by health professionals to describe special- ized interventions to treat individuals diagnosed H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 26 with mental health conditions. Psychosocial sup- port and psychosocial interventions are terms used by a broader range of workers in the emer- gency response field to refer to activities that sup- port both the psychological and social health of in- dividuals and communities as a whole rather than focusing specifically on treating mental health conditions (IASC 2007). Missing person 1. A person whose whereabouts are unknown to his/her relatives and/or who, on the basis of re- liable information, has been reported missing in accordance with the national legislation in con- nection with an international or non-international armed conflict, a situation of internal violence or disturbances, natural catastrophes or any other situation that may require the intervention of a competent State authority (ICRC 2009). 2. Persons whose status during or after an emer- gency is not known (CRED 2009). Synonym: `missing`. w See ‘casualty’. Mitigation The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Note: The adverse impacts of hazards, in partic- ular natural hazards, often cannot be prevented fully, but their scale or severity can be substan- tially lessened by various strategies and actions. Mitigation measures include engineering tech- niques and hazard-resistant construction as well as improved environmental and social policies and public awareness. It should be noted that, in climate change policy, “mitigation” is defined dif- ferently, and is the term used for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions that are the source of climate change (UNGA 2016). Monitoring In the context of surveillance and response refers to the routine and continuous tracking of the im- plementation of planned surveillance activities (monitoring the implementation of the plan of action) and of the overall performance of surveil- lance and response systems (WHO 2014). Morbidity The relative incidence of a particular disease. In common clinical usage, any disease state, includ- ing diagnosis and complications, is referred to as morbidity (WHO 2009). Morbidity rate The rate of disease or proportion of diseased peo- ple in a population (WHO 2009). Mortality The number of deaths occurring in a given period in a specified population. Note: Mortality can be expressed as an absolute number of deaths per year or as a rate per 100,000 persons per year (WHO & IARC 2016). Mortality ratio The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area, within a particular period of time. Note: The death rate in a population or locality (WHO 2009). Multi-agency coordination centre A form of large-scale, high-level multiagency and multi-jurisdictional coordination among affected agencies that is removed from routine event man- agement activities. Note: This is the highest level of strategic coordi- nation and involves the executive and policy levels of the participating agencies as well as political representatives from affected and participating jurisdictions (WHO 2015a). Multi-hazard The selection of multiple major hazards that the country faces, and the specific contexts where haz- ardous events may occur simultaneously, cascad- ingly or cumulatively over time, and taking into ac- count the potential interrelated effects (UNGA 2016). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 27 Multi-hazard early warning systems Systems [that] address several hazards and/or impacts of similar or different type in contexts where hazardous events may occur alone, simul- taneously, cascadingly or cumulatively over time, and taking into account the potential interrelated effects. Note: A multi-hazard early warning system with the ability to warn of one or more hazards increas- es the efficiency and consistency of warnings through coordinated and compatible mechanisms and capacities, involving multiple disciplines for updated and accurate hazards identification and monitoring for multiple hazards (UNGA 2016). Mutual aid agreement Pre-arranged understanding between two or more entities to render assistance to each other (ISO 22300:2018). Natech A chemical accident, including spills of oil and oil products, triggered by a natural hazard or natural disaster (such as extreme temperatures, high winds, floods, storms, earthquakes, or wildfires) (OECD 2015). National disaster management agency (or authority) The national government agency that is responsi- ble for coordinating disaster or emergency man- agement policy and practice. Note: There is no common definition for this agency or organization as the name and scope of functions varies across countries and is usually defined by national legislation or policies. Synonyms: ‘national disaster management or- ganization’, ‘national emergency management agency’. National IHR Focal Point The national centre, designated by each State Par- ty, which shall be accessible at all times for com- munications with WHO IHR Contact Points under these Regulations [IHR] (WHO 2016). National platform for disaster risk reduction A generic term for national mechanisms for coor- dination and policy guidance on disaster risk re- duction that are multisectoral and interdisciplinary in nature, with public, private and civil society par- ticipation involving all concerned entities within a country. Note: Effective government coordination forums are composed of relevant stakeholders at nation- al and local levels and have a designated national focal point. For such mechanisms to have a strong foundation in national institutional frameworks, further key elements and responsibilities should be established through laws, regulations, stan- dards and procedures, including: clearly assigned responsibilities and authority; building awareness and knowledge of disaster risk through the shar- ing and dissemination of non-sensitive disaster risk information and data; contributing to and co- ordinating reports on local and national disaster risk; coordinating public awareness campaigns on disaster risk; facilitating and supporting local multisectoral cooperation (e.g. among local gov- ernments); and contributing to the determination of and reporting on national and local disaster risk management plans and all policies relevant for di- saster risk management (UNGA 2016). Natural hazards [Hazards that are] predominantly associated with natural processes and phenomena (UNGA 2016). Notifiable disease A disease that, by statutory/legal requirements, must be reported to a public health or other com- petent authority in the pertinent jurisdiction when the diagnosis is made (WHO 2018a). Notification 1. The processes by which cases or outbreaks are brought to the knowledge of health authorities (WHO 2018a). Note: A notifiable disease is a disease that requires notification, i.e. it must be reported to a public H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 28 health authority when a diagnosis is made. 2. Part of public warning that provides essential information to people at risk regarding the decisions and actions necessary to cope with an emergency situation (ISO 22300:2018). Nuclear emergency An emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to the energy resulting from a nuclear chain reaction or from the decay of the products of a chain reaction (IAEA 2019). w See ‘radiation emergency’ and ‘radiological emergency’. Nutrition The intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs (WHO 2019d, WHO 2019e). w See ‘malnutrition’, ‘undernutrition’. One Health 1. An approach to address a health threat at the human-animal-environment interface based on collaboration, communication, and coordination across all relevant sectors and disciplines, with the ultimate goal of achieving optimal health out- comes for both people and animals; a One Health approach is applicable at the subnational, nation- al, regional, and global level (WHO, FAO and World Organisation for Animal Health [OIE] 2019). 2. An approach to designing and implementing programmes, policies, legislation and research in which multiple sectors communicate and work together to achieve better public health outcomes (WHO 2018a). 3. Human health and animal health are interde- pendent and bound to the health of the ecosys- tems in which they exist (OIE 2019). Operational readiness w See ‘readiness’. Outbreak Often used synonymously with “epidemic”, usual- ly to indicate localised as opposed to generalised epidemics. Note: Typically defined as two or more people with the same health condition, at the same time and in the same place (WHO 2015b). Pandemic 1. Worldwide spread of a new disease (WHO 2010b). 2. A worldwide outbreak of a disease in humans in numbers clearly in excess of normal (WHO 2015b). Pathogens Disease-causing organisms (e.g. bacteria, hel- minths, protozoa or viruses) (WHO 2016b). People at risk Individuals who may be affected by an incident [or a hazardous event] (ISO 22300:2018). People-centred care Care that is focused and organized around the health needs and expectations of people and communities rather than on diseases. Note: People-centred care extends the concept of patient-centred to individuals, families, commu- nities and society. Whereas patient-centred care is commonly understood as focusing on the indi- vidual seeking care (the patient), people-centred care encompasses these clinical encounters and also includes attention to the health of people in their communities and their crucial role in shaping health policy and health services (WHO 2011). Personal protective equipment (PPE) 1. Protective clothing (gowns, gloves, boots etc.) and equipment (masks, shields, respirators, earplugs etc.) necessary to shield or isolate a person from biological, chemical, physical, sonic and thermal exposure (WHO 2015a). 2. Specialized clothing and equipment designed to create a barrier against health and safety haz- ards. Note: Examples include safety goggles, blast shields, hard hats, hearing protectors, gloves, respirators, aprons, and work boots (WHO 2009, WHO 2010a). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 29 People with disability Those who have long-term physical, mental, intel- lectual or sensory impairments which, in interac- tion with various barriers, may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others (UN 2006). w See ‘disability’. Plans Generic reference to documents designed to iden- tify, at various levels, responsibility for a range of activities and intended objectives, strategies and tactics (WHO 2015a). w See ‘contingency planning’, ‘action plan’. Planning, contingency w See ‘contingency planning’. Point of entry A passage for [international] entry or exit of trav- ellers, baggage, cargo, containers, conveyances, goods and postal parcels as well as agencies and areas providing services to them on entry or exit (WHO 2016). PPE w See ‘personal protective equipment’. Preparedness (emergency) The knowledge and capacities developed by gov- ernments, response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively antici- pate, respond to and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters. Note: Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster risk management and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently man- age all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of di- saster risks and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as contin- gency planning, the stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities. The related term “readi- ness” describes the ability to quickly and appropri- ately respond when required (UNGA 2016). Preparedness plan (emergency) [A plan that] establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely, effective and appropriate responses to specific potential hazardous events or emerging disaster situations that might threaten society or the environment (UNGA 2016). Prevalence The number of cases in a defined population at a specific point in time (WHO 2009). w See ‘incidence’. Prevention Activities and measures to avoid existing and new disaster risks. Note: Prevention (i.e. disaster prevention) express- es the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts of hazardous events. While certain disaster risks cannot be eliminated, prevention aims at reducing vulnerability and ex- posure in such contexts where, as a result, the risk of disaster is removed. Examples include dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks, land- use regulations that do not permit any settlement in high-risk zones, seismic engineering designs that ensure the survival and function of a critical building in any likely earthquake and immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases. Prevention measures can also be taken during or after a haz- ardous event or disaster to prevent secondary hazards or their consequences, such as measures to prevent the contamination of water (UNGA 2016). In public health, primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it occurs by pre- venting exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur. Secondary prevention aims to reduce the H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 30 impact of a disease or injury that has already oc- curred by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent re-in- jury or recurrence, and implementing programmes to return people to their original health and func- tion to prevent long-term problems. Tertiary pre- vention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, per- manent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy. Primary health care Essential health care based on practical, scientifi- cally sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individ- uals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination (WHO 2011). Probability Measure of the chance of occurrence expressed as a number between 0 and 1 where 0 is impossi- bility and 1 is absolute certainty (ISO 22300:2018). w See ‘likelihood’. Protracted emergency An environment in which a significant proportion of the population is acutely vulnerable to death, disease and disruption of livelihoods over a pro- longed period of time. Note: Governance in these settings is often weak, with limited State capacity to respond to, and mitigate, the threats to the population, or provide adequate levels of protection (WHO 2017a). Public awareness The extent of common knowledge about disaster risks, the factors that lead to disasters and the ac- tions that can be taken individually and collectively to reduce exposure and vulnerability to hazard. Note: Community engagement is critical in order to raise public awareness, work for social mobili- zation, health promotion and risk communication (WHO 2015a). Public communication The discipline and process of providing public au- diences with information that creates awareness and knowledge so that people can adjust their per- sonal understanding of risks, and their reactions, decisions and responses to threats and crisis sit- uations (WHO 2015a). w See ‘public awareness’, ‘risk communication’. Public health The science and art of promoting health, prevent- ing disease, and prolonging life through the orga- nized efforts of society (WHO 1998). Public health emergency w See ‘health emergency’. Public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) An extraordinary event which is determined, as provided in the International Health Regulations, (i) to constitute a public health risk to other States through the international spread of disease and (ii) to potentially require a coordinated response (WHO 2016). Public health emergency operations centre An emergency operations centre specializing in the command, control and coordination require- ments of responding to emergencies involving health consequences and threats to public health (WHO 2015a). Public health event 1. Any event that may have negative conse- quences for human health. Note: The term includes events that have not yet lead to disease and/or injury in humans but have the potential to cause disease and injury through H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 31 exposure of humans to hazards or as a result of direct or indirect consequences of other hazard- ous events (WHO 2017a). 2. A manifestation of disease or an occurrence that creates a potential for disease (WHO 2016). w See ‘hazardous event’. Public health hazard w See ‘hazard’. Public health measure A procedure applied to prevent the spread of dis- ease or contamination. Note: Often refers to non-medical or non-pharma- ceutical actions to reduce the spread of disease. Examples include closing schools, limiting public gatherings, issuing travel restrictions and screen- ing travellers (WHO 2010a). Public health risk A likelihood of an event that may affect adversely the health of human populations. Note: [In the context of the International Health Regulations], there is an emphasis on an event which may spread internationally or may present a serious and direct danger (WHO 2010a, WHO 2016). Public health surveillance The ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data relating to public health (WHO 2009). Public warning Notification and alert messages disseminated as an incident response measure to enable respond- ers and people at risk to take safety measures (ISO 22300:2018). Public warning system Set of protocols, processes and technologies based on the public warning policy to deliver notification and alert messages in a developing emergency situation to people at risk and to first responders (ISO 22300:2018). Quarantine The restriction of activities and/or separation from others of suspect persons who are not ill; or of suspect baggage, containers, conveyances or goods in such a manner as to prevent the possible spread of infection or contamination (WHO 2010a, WHO 2016). Radiation emergency The term ‘radiation emergency’ is used in some cases when an explicit distinction between nuclear and radiological emergencies is not required (e.g. national radiation emergency plan) (IAEA 2019). w See ‘nuclear emergency’ and ‘radiological emergency’. Radiological emergency An emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to radiation exposure [not involv- ing a nuclear chain reaction] (IAEA 2019). w See ‘nuclear emergency’ and ‘radiation emer- gency’. Rapid response team 1. A group of trained individuals that is ready to responds quickly to an event (WHO 2018a). Note: Multidisciplinary teams of experts that can be deployed on short notice by a health authority to locations of public health events to augment surveillance, risk assessment and response activities already being implemented, to control disease outbreaks and strengthen international public health security. 2. A group of trained individuals that is ready to respond quickly to an event. The composition and terms of reference are determined by the country concerned (WHO 2010a). Readiness The ability to quickly and appropriately respond when required (UNGA 2016). Synonym: ‘operational readiness’. w See ‘preparedness’. H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 32 Reconstruction The medium and long-term rebuilding and sus- tainable restoration of resilient critical infrastruc- tures, services, housing, facilities, and livelihoods required for the full functioning of a community or a society affected by a disaster, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and building and ‘build back better’, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk (UNGA 2016). Recovery The restoring or improving of livelihoods and health, as well as economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a disaster-affected community or society, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and ‘build back better’, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk (UNGA 2016). Refugee A person who cannot return to his/her country of origin owing to a well-founded fear of persecution or serious and indiscriminate threats to life, phys- ical integrity or freedom (UNHCR 2011). Rehabilitation 1. The restoration of basic services and facilities for the functioning of a community or a society affected by a disaster (UNGA 2016). 2. The restoration of normal functioning of peo- ple and communities (WHO 2009). Residual risk The disaster risk that remains even when effective disaster risk reduction measures are in place, and for which emergency response and recovery ca- pacities must be maintained. Note: The presence of residual risk implies a con- tinuing need to develop and support effective ca- pacities for emergency services, preparedness, response and recovery, together with socioeco- nomic policies such as safety nets and risk trans- fer mechanisms, as part of a holistic approach (UNGA 2016). Resilience The ability of a system, community or society ex- posed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, includ- ing through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management (UNGA 2016). Response 1. The provision of emergency services and pub- lic assistance during or immediately after a disas- ter in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsis- tence needs of the people affected. Note: Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is some- times called disaster relief. Effective, efficient and timely response relies on disaster risk-informed preparedness measures, including the develop- ment of the response capacities of individuals, communities, organizations, countries and the in- ternational community. The institutional elements of response often include the provision of emer- gency services and public assistance by public and private sectors and community sectors, as well as community and volunteer participation. “Emergen- cy services” are a critical set of specialized agencies that have specific responsibilities in serving and protecting people and property in emergency and disaster situations. They include civil protection au- thorities and police and fire services, among many others. The division between the response stage and the subsequent recovery stage is not clear- cut. Some response actions, such as the supply of temporary housing and water supplies, may extend well into the recovery stage (UNGA 2016). 2. Any public health action triggered by the detec- tion of a public health risk (e.g. monitoring of the event, information of the public, triggering field in- vestigation and/or implementation of any control or mitigation measures). Note: The nature of the response will have to be adapted according to the nature of the public health risk (WHO 2014). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 33 Response plan Documented collection of procedures and infor- mation that is developed, compiled and main- tained in readiness for use in an incident (ISO 22300:2018). w See ‘contingency plan’, ‘preparedness plan (emergency)’. Retrofitting Reinforcement or upgrading of existing struc- tures to become more resistant and resilient to the damaging effects of hazards. Note: Retrofitting requires consideration of the design and function of the structure, the stresses that the structure may be subject to from partic- ular hazards or hazard scenarios and the practi- cality and costs of different retrofitting options. Examples of retrofitting include adding bracing to stiffen walls, reinforcing pillars, adding steel ties between walls and roofs, installing shutters on windows and improving the protection of import- ant facilities and equipment (UNGA 2016). Risk 1. The potential loss of life, injury, or destroyed or damaged assets which could occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined probabilistically as a function of hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity (UNGA 2016). 2. The effect of uncertainty on objectives (ISO 31000:2018, ISO 22300:2018). Risk analysis The process to comprehend the nature of risk and to determine the level of risk (ISO 22300:2018). w See ‘risk assessment’, ‘risk criteria’, ‘risk evalu- ation’, ‘risk identification’, ‘risk register’. Risk assessment 1. The process of determining risks to be priori- tized for risk management, by the combination of risk identification, risk analysis, and evaluation of the level of risk against predetermined standards, targets, risks or other criteria. Note: Risk assessments include a review of the technical characteristics of hazards, analysis of exposures and vulnerability and evaluation of the effectiveness or prevailing coping capacities in respect of likely risk scenarios (WHO 2015b). 2. The identification of environmental health haz- ards, their adverse effects, target populations and conditions of exposure. A combination of hazard identification, dose–response assessment, expo- sure assessment and risk characterization (WHO 2009). 3. A three-part process of: identifying, recogniz- ing and describing risks; analysing identified risks to understand the nature, sources and causes to estimate the level of risk; and evaluating each level of risk to determine whether or not it is tolerable or acceptable (ISO 31000:2009). w See ‘disaster risk assessment’. Risk communication 1. The interactive exchange of information and opinions concerning hazards, risks and risk-relat- ed factors (WHO 2015b). 2. Range of communication capacities required through the prevention, preparedness, response and recovery phases of a serious public health event to encourage informed decision making, positive behaviour change and the maintenance of trust (WHO 2018a). 3. The process of sharing information and per- ceptions about risk. Note: Risk communication should be a two-way interaction in which experts and non-experts exchange and negotiate perceptions relating to both scientific and community values and preferences (WHO 2009). Risk criteria Terms of reference against which the significance of a risk is evaluated (ISO 22300:2018). Risk evaluation Process of comparing the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable (ISO 22300:2018). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 34 Risk factor Any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an in- dividual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. Note: Risk factors can include any element of be- haviour or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or genetic characteristic that is associated with par- ticular outcome (WHO 2019f). Risk identification Process of finding, recognizing and describing risks (ISO 22300:2018). Risk management, disaster w See ‘disaster risk management’. Risk management Coordinated activities to direct and control an or- ganization with regard to risk (ISO 31000:2018). Risk ratio The ratio of the incidence of a disease among exposed people to the incidence of the disease among unexposed people (WHO 2009). Risk register Record of information about identified risks (ISO 22300:2018). Risk transfer The process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another, whereby a household, community, enterprise or State authority will obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other party. Note: Insurance is a well-known form of risk transfer, where coverage of a risk is obtained from an insurer in exchange for ongoing premiums paid to the insurer. Risk transfer can occur informally within family and community networks where there are reciprocal expectations of mutual aid by means of gifts or credit, as well as formally, wherein governments, insurers, multilateral banks and other large risk-bearing entities establish mechanisms to help cope with losses in major events. Such mechanisms include insurance and reinsurance contracts, catastrophe bonds, contingent credit facilities and reserve funds, where the costs are covered by premiums, investor contributions, interest rates and past savings, respectively (UNGA 2016). Risk treatment Process to modify risk (ISO 22300:2018). Risk, acceptable w See ‘acceptable risk’. Risk, level of w See ‘level of risk’. Risk, residual w See ‘residual risk’. Safe hospital A facility whose services remain accessible and functioning at maximum capacity, and with the same infrastructure before, during and immedi- ately after the impact of emergencies and disas- ters (WHO 2015a). Sanitation The provision of facilities and services for the safe management of human excreta from the toilet to containment and storage and treatment onsite or conveyance, treatment and eventual safe end use or disposal (WHO 2019g). Scenario 1. An account or synopsis of a possible course of events that could occur, which forms the basis for planning assumptions (for example, a river floods, covering a nearby town and wiping out the local population’s crop). Note: Scenario-building is process of developing hypothetical scenarios in the context of a contin- gency planning exercise (IASC 2011). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 35 2. Pre-planned storyline that drives an exercise, as well as the stimuli used to achieve exercise project performance objectives. Note: The scenario is designed to stimulate ex- ercise participants to respond to events (WHO 2017c, ISO 22300:2018). Self-reliance The social and economic ability of an individual, a household or a community to meet their own essential needs (including food, water, shelter, personal safety, health and education) in a sustainable manner and with dignity (UNHCR 2011). Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) Any act of violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to persons on the basis of their sex or gender, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life (UNHCR 2011). w See ‘violence’. Shelter in place Remain or take immediate refuge in a protected location relevant to the risk (ISO 22300:2018). SITREP w See ‘situation report’. Situation report (SITREP) A routinely produced report that provides current information about an emergency response and immediate and future response actions, an anal- ysis of the impact of the emergency, and related management issues (WHO 2015a). Situational awareness Being aware of and attentive to what is happening in a given environment at a particular time, with particular emphasis on the effect of changes in the environment; in effect, knowing how an inci- dent or event is evolving (WHO 2015a). Slow-onset disaster [A disaster] that emerges gradually over time. Note: Slow-onset disasters could be associated with, for example, drought, desertification, sea -level rise, epidemic disease (UNGA 2016). Socionatural hazards w [Hazards that] are associated with a combi- nation of natural and anthropogenic factors, including environmental degradation and cli- mate change (UNGA 2016). Stakeholder w See ‘interested party’. Standard precautions The basic level of infection control precautions which are to be used, as a minimum, in the care of all patients. Note: Standard precautions are meant to reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne and oth- er pathogens from both recognized and unrec- ognized sources. They include: hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, waste disposal and environmental cleaning (WHO 2007c). Stockpile A reserve of supplies and equipment to meet emergency needs. Note: For example, a medical stockpile includes essential medicines, vaccines, protective equipment and other supplies and equipment for use in response to a health emergency (WHO 2017b). Structural measures Any physical construction to reduce or avoid pos- sible impacts of hazards, or the application of engineering techniques or technology to achieve hazard resistance and resilience in structures or systems. Note: Common structural measures for disaster risk reduction include dams, flood levies, ocean wave barriers, earthquake-resistant construc- H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 36 tion and evacuation shelters. Note that in civil and structural engineering, the term “structural” is used in a more restricted sense to mean just the load-bearing structure, and other parts such as wall cladding and interior fittings are termed ‘non-structural’ (UNGA 2016). w See ‘non-structural measures’. Sudden-onset disaster [A disaster that is] triggered by a hazardous event that emerges quickly or unexpectedly. Note: Sudden-onset disasters could be associat- ed with, e.g. earthquake, volcanic eruption, flash flood, chemical explosion, critical infrastructure failure, transport accident (UNGA 2016). Supporting agency An agency that provides essential services, per- sonnel, or material to support or assist a lead agency (i.e. the supported agency). Note: Supporting agencies may support either by assisting (i.e. contributing their own operational resources) or cooperating (providing indirect as- sistance) (WHO 2015a). Surge Sudden demand for health services in a mass casualty incident where additional capacities (in terms of the amount of personnel, equipment or supplies) and/or capabilities (in terms of special- ized expertise) are required (WHO 2007). Surge capacity Ability of institutions [such as clinics, hospitals, or public health laboratories] to respond to increased demand for their services during a public health emergency (WHO 2015b). Surveillance The systematic ongoing collection, collation and analysis of data for public health purposes and the timely dissemination of public health information for assessment and public health response as necessary (WHO 2010a, WHO 2016). Suspect Those persons, baggage, cargo, containers, con- veyances, goods or postal parcels considered by a State Party as having been exposed to a public health risk and that could be a possible source of spread of disease (WHO 2016). Sustainable development Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future gener- ations to meet their own needs (WHO 1998). Syndromic surveillance A method of surveillance that uses health–relat- ed data based on clinical observations rather than laboratory confirmation of diagnoses (WHO 2008). Note: Syndromic surveillance is used in order to detect outbreaks earlier than would otherwise be possible with laboratory diagnosis-based meth- ods. Case definitions used for syndromic surveil- lance are based on clinical signs and symptoms, rather than on specific laboratory criteria for con- firmation of the causative agent. Tabletop exercise (TTX) [A facilitated discussion] that uses a progressive simulated scenario, together with series of script- ed injects, to make participants consider the im- pact of a potential emergency on existing plans, procedures and capacities. Note: A tabletop exercise simulates an emergency situation in an informal, stress-free environment. A tabletop exercise is a discussion around an exer- cise scenario or narrative that is guided by a facil- itator of an emergency situation, designed to elicit constructive discussion between participants; to identify and resolve problems; and to refine exist- ing operational plans (WHO 2017a, WHO 2017c). Technological hazards Hazards [that] originate from technological or in- dustrial conditions, dangerous procedures, infra- structure failures or specific human activities. Note: Examples include industrial pollution, nucle- ar radiation, toxic wastes, dam failures, transport H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 37 accidents, factory explosions, fires and chemical spills. Technological hazards also may arise di- rectly as a result of the impacts of a natural hazard event (UNGA 2016). w See Annex 2. WHO Classification of hazards Threat w See ‘hazard’, ‘risk’. Tolerable health risk Defined level of health risk from a specific expo- sure or disease that is tolerated by society, it is used to set health-based targets (WHO 2016b). Tolerable risk w See ‘acceptable risk’. Toxicity The capacity of a substance to cause injury to a living organism. A highly toxic substance will cause damage in small quantities, while a substance of low toxicity will need large quantities to produce an effect. Toxicity is also dependent on the portal of entry, the time frame of exposure and the latent period (WHO 2009). Underlying disaster risk drivers Processes or conditions, often development-re- lated, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity. Note: Underlying disaster risk drivers — also re- ferred to as underlying disaster risk factors — in- clude poverty and inequality, climate change and variability, unplanned and rapid urbanization and the lack of disaster risk considerations in land management and environmental and natural re- source management, as well as compounding factors such as demographic change, non-disas- ter risk-informed policies, the lack of regulations and incentives for private disaster risk reduction investment, complex supply chains, the limited availability of technology, unsustainable uses of natural resources, declining ecosystems, pan- demics and epidemics (UNGA 2016). Undernutrition Stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) (WHO 2008). w See ‘nutrition’. Vaccination w See ‘immunization’. Vector 1. An insect or other animal that normally trans- ports an infectious agent that constitutes a public health risk (WHO 2010a). 2. An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual to a susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings (OIE 2018). Vector-borne diseases of humans Diseases (e.g. malaria, leishmaniasis) that can be transmitted from human to human via insect vec- tors (e.g. mosquitoes, flies) (WHO 2016b). Note: Vector control, i.e. methods to limit or erad- icate vectors, is an important component in the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases, specifically for transmission control (WHO 2019l). Violence An act that intentionally threatens, attempts, or actually inflicts harm on another person or group of others (UNHCR 2011). w See ‘sexual and gender-based violence.’ Vulnerability The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility of an individual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards (UNGA 2016). Vulnerable group Individuals who share one or several character- istics that are the basis of discrimination or ad- verse social, economic, cultural, political or health H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 38 circumstances and that cause them to lack the means to achieve their rights or otherwise enjoy equal opportunities (ISO 22300:2018). Warning system w See ‘early warning system’ and ‘multi-hazard early warning systems’. WASH Acronym for water, sanitation and hygiene. w See ‘sanitation’ and ‘hygiene’. World Health Organization graded emergency An acute public health event or emergency that re- quires an operational response by WHO. There are three WHO grades for emergencies, signifying the level of operational response by the Organization: Grade 1 (limited response); Grade 2 (moderate response); Grade 3 (major/maximal response). If a graded emergency persists for more than six months it may transition to a protracted emergen- cy (WHO 2017a). w See ‘level of event’. Zoonoses 1. Diseases that are transferable from animals to humans (WHO 2015b). 2. Any disease or infection that is naturally trans- missible from vertebrate animals to humans. Note: Zoonotic diseases can be spread by food, water, fomites or vectors (WHO 2019h). Synonym: ‘zoonotic disease’. Zoonotic event A manifestation of a disease in animals that cre- ates a potential for a disease in humans as result of human exposure to the animal source (WHO 2010a). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 39 This thesaurus lists terms in five large groups of related concepts, under a head term, e.g. “Risk”. Within these large groups, terms are grouped at smaller conceptual levels, under a secondary head term, e.g. “hazard”. Italicized text indicates terms drawn from the Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction, which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA 2016). RISK hazard: anthropogenic hazards, biological hazards, bioterrorism, chemical hazard, environmental hazards, geological or geophysical hazards, hydrometeorological hazards, multi- hazard, Natech, natural hazards, public health hazard, socionatural hazards, technological hazards, zoonoses; climate change, El Niño- southern oscillation; mass gathering; sexual and gender-based violence, violence; vector-borne disease of humans. disaster risk: extensive disaster risk, intensive disaster risk, risk factor; acceptable risk, residual risk; public health risk, tolerable health risk; consequence, likelihood, probability; context; threat, level of risk. vulnerability : exposure, fragile states, people at risk, underlying disaster risk drivers, vulnerable groups. CAPACITY resilience: capability; coping capacity, self-reliance, surge capacity; competence; capacity assessment, capacity development; critical infrastructure; point of entry; sustain- able development; stockpile; national plat- form for disaster risk reduction. health: health system, access to health services, people-centred care, primary health care; critical systems (in hospitals), health care facility, safe hospital; environmental health, cluster, health cluster, public health; hygiene, sanitation; public health measure; food safety; food security, food insecurity, mental health and psychosocial support. nutrition: malnutrition, undernutrition. health policy : global health security, health promotion, One Health. community: interested party. HAZARDOUS EVENT disaster : slow-onset disaster, sudden-onset disaster; emergency, complex emergency, lev- el of event, protracted emergency; crisis; inci- dent; radiation emergency, nuclear emergen- cy, radiological emergency; chemical incident, chemical event; zoonotic event. health emergency : acute public health event, acute public health emergency, public health event, public health emergency of international concern; mass casualty incident. communicable disease: epidemic, outbreak, pandemic; contamination, infection, health- care associated infection, pathogens; antimi- crobial resistance. impact: disaster damage, disaster impact; di- saster loss database; health outcome, disabil- ity, disability-adjusted life years; dead; injury, morbidity, mortality; morbidity rate, risk ratio. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4 THESAURUS H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 40 affected: directly affected, indirectly affected; internally-displaced person, missing person, refugee case, casualty. economic loss: direct economic loss, indirect economic loss. RISK MANAGEMENT disaster risk management: disaster risk gov- ernance; disaster risk management plans, disaster risk information; community-based disaster risk management; health emergency and disaster risk management. risk assessment: health impact assessment; risk analysis, risk criteria, risk evaluation, risk identification, risk register. epidemiology : case definition, case fatali- ty ratio/rate; epidemic intelligence, epidemic threshold. surveillance: community surveillance, event- based surveillance, syndromic surveillance, monitoring, public health surveillance; expo- sure route; disinsection. disaster risk reduction: disaster risk reduc- tion strategies and policies; risk transfer, risk treatment; non-structural measures, structural measures. public communication: public awareness, risk communication. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT disaster management: comprehensive ap- proach, comprehensive emergency manage- ment programme, all-hazards approach. emergency (risk) management agency or or- ganization: civil protection; jurisdiction; lead agency, assisting agency, cooperating agen- cy, supporting agency; mutual aid agreement; emergency medical team, rapid response team; health sector. prevention: mitigation; disease prevention, in- fection prevention and control; climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation. preparedness: readiness. planning: contingency planning: action plan, business continuity plan, emergency response plan, preparedness plan; concept of operations. exercise: exercise project; field exercise, full- scale exercise, functional exercise, tabletop exercise; scenario. incident management system: mass casual- ty management system; chain of command; command, control, coordination; business continuity management. emergency operations centre: emergency co- ordination centre, multi-agency coordination centre; public health emergency operations centre; interoperability; logistics; situation re- port, situational awareness; activation level. public warning: early warning system, hazard monitoring function, multi-hazard early warn- ing systems, public warning system; alert, no- tifiable disease, notification. response: disaster response; evacuation, shel- ter in place; surge; contact tracing, decontam- ination, isolation, personal protective equip- ment, quarantine. recovery : reconstruction, rehabilitation; build back better, retrofitting. debrief: cold debrief, hot debrief; after-action report, after-action review; lessons learned. 4.4 4.5 H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 41 Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) (2009). 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WHO & International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2016). WHO Cancer Mortality Database: Glossary of terms (http://www-dep.iarc.fr/WHOdb/ glossary.htm, accessed 29 April 2019). WHO (2017a). Emergency response framework (ERF) (http://www.who.int/hac/about/erf/en/, accessed 29 April 2019). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 44 WHO (2017b). Advancing the right to health: the vital role of law. (https://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/ health-law/chapter11.pdf, accessed 29 April 2019). WHO (2017c). Simulation exercise manual (http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/WHO-WHE- CPI-2017.10/en/, accessed 29 April 2019). WHO (2018a). Joint external evaluation tool: International Health Regulations (2005), second edition (https://extranet.who.int/sph/sites/default/ files/document-library/document/9789241550222- eng.pdf, accessed 29 April 2019). WHO (2018b). 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Geneva: World Health Organization (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/ handle/10665/326444/9789241516297-eng.pdf, accessed 25 November 2019). World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2019). Terrestrial animal health code – Glossary (https:// www.oie.int/index.php?id=169&L=0&htmfile=glossai re.htm, accessed 25 November 2019). World Organisation for Animal Health (2019). One health (http://www.oie.int/en/for-the-media/ onehealth/, accessed 29 April 2019). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 46ANNEX 1. OTHER GLOSSARIES The following glossaries may be referred to for further terms and definitions in specific subject areas. SUBJECT AREA GLOSSARY Animal health World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2018). Terrestrial animal health code – Glossary (http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahc/current/ glossaire.pdf, accessed 29 April 2019). Business continuity ISO 22301: 2012. Societal security—Business continuity management systems. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva (https://www.iso.org/ standard/50038.html, accessed 29 April 2019). Chemical incidents WHO (2009a). The public health management of chemical incidents (http://www.who. int/environmental_health_emergencies/publications/Manual_Chemical_Incidents/en/, accessed 29 April 2019). Chemical risk assessment Programme on Chemical Safety and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (IPCS) (2004). IPCS risk assessment terminology. Geneva: WHO. (http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42908, accessed 29 April 2019). Climate change Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of working groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (https:// www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srex/SREX_Full_Report.pdf, accessed 29 April 2019). Emergency operations WHO. Emergency response framework (ERF) (2017). (http://www.who.int/hac/about/ erf/en/, accessed 29 April 2019). Hazards IRDR. Peril classification and hazard glossary (2014). (http://www.irdrinternational.org/ wp-content/uploads/2014/04/IRDR_DATA-Project-Report-No.-1.pdf, accessed 29 April 2019). Health and the environment WHO. Health and environment lexicon. (http://apps.who.int/thelexicon/entry.php, accessed 29 April 2019). Health systems WHO (2011). Health systems strengthening: glossary (http://www.who.int/ healthsystems/Glossary_January2011.pdf, accessed 29 April 2019) Incident response ISO 22320:2011. Societal security—Emergency management—Requirements for incident response. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva (https://www. iso.org/standard/53347.html, accessed 29 April 2019). Mortality data Checchi, F. and Roberts, L. (2005). Interpreting and using mortality data in humanitarian emergencies: A primer for non-epidemiologists. Humanitarian Practice Network Paper No.52. London: Overseas Development Institute. Nuclear safety and radiation protection IAEA (2019). IAEA safety glossary: 2018 edition. Vienna. (https://www.iaea.org/ publications/11098/iaea-safety-glossary-2018-edition, accessed 28 October 2019). Risk management ISO 31000:2018. Risk management–Principles and guidelines, International Organization for Standardization. Geneva (https://www.iso.org/standard/65694.html, accessed 29 April 2019). Simulation exercises WHO (2017). Simulation exercise manual (http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/WHO- WHE-CPI-2017.10/en/, accessed 29 April 2019). Water, sanitation and hygiene WHO & UN Water (2019). National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene: global status report 2019. UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2019 report. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326444/9789241516297-eng. pdf?ua=1). H EA LT H E D R M G LO S S A R Y 47 AN N EX 2 . W H O C LA SS IF IC AT IO N O F H AZ AR DS GE N ER IC GR O U PS 1 1. N AT U RA L 2. H U M AN -I N DU CE D2 ,3 3. EN VI RO N M EN TA L GR O U PS 1. 1 GE O PH YS IC AL 4 1. 2 H YD RO -M ET EO RO LO GI CA L 1. 3 BI O LO GI CA L5 1.4 EX TR AT ER RE ST RI AL 4 2. 1 TE CH N O LO GI CA L 2. 2 SO CI ET AL 3. 1 EN VI RO N M EN TA L DE GR AD AT IO N 17 SU BG RO U PS Ea rt hq ua ke : - gr ou nd - sh ak in g Ts un am i M as s m ov em en t (g eo ph ys ic al tr ig ge r) : - la nd sl id e - ro ck fa ll - su bs id en ce Li qu ef ac tio n Vo lc an ic a ct iv ity : - as h fa ll - la ha r - py ro cl as tic flo w - la va fl ow 1. 2. 1 H YD RO LO GI CA L4 1. 2. 2 M ET EO RO LO GI CA L4 1. 2. 3 CL IM AT OL OG IC AL 4 Ai rb or ne di se as es W at er bo rn e di se as es Ve ct or -b or ne di se as es Fo od bo rn e ou tb re ak s7 In se ct in fe st at io n: 4 - gr as sh op pe r - lo cu st An im al d is ea se s Pl an t d is ea se s Ae ro al le rg en s An tim ic ro bi al re si st an t m ic ro or ga ni sm s An im al -h um an co nt ac t - ve no m ou s an im al s [s na ke s, sp id er s] Im pa ct : - ai rb ur st - m et eo rit e Sp ac e w ea th er : - en er ge tic p ar tic le s - ge om ag ne tic s to rm s - sh oc kw av e In du st ria l h az ar ds :1 - ch em ic al s pi ll - ga s le ak - ra di at io n [ra di ol og ic al , nu cl ea r] St ru ct ur al c ol la ps e: - bu ild in g co lla ps e8 ,9 - da m /b rid ge fa ilu re s O cc up at io na l ha za rd s - m in in g Tr an sp or ta tio n: 8, 11 - ai r, ro ad , r ai l, w at er , sp ac e Ex pl os io ns Fi re 8 Ai r p ol lu tio n: i - ha ze j In fr as tr uc tu re di sr up tio n: - po w er o ut ag e1 1 - w at er s up pl y - so lid w as te , w as te w at er - te le co m m un ic at io n Cy be rs ec ur ity H az ar do us m at er ia ls in a ir, s oi l, w at er :12 ,1 3 - b io lo gi ca l, c he m ic al , ra di ol og ic al Fo od c on ta m in at io nh Ac ts o f v io le nc e Ar m ed co nf lic ts :14 - in te rn at io na l - no n- in te rn at io na l Ci vi l u nr es t St am pe de Te rr or is m : - Ch em ic al , bi ol og ic al , ra di ol og ic al , nu cl ea r, an d ex pl os iv es 15 ,1 6 Fi na nc ia l cr is es : - hy pe r- in fla tio n - cu rr en cy cr is is Er os io n D ef or es ta tio n Sa lin iz at io n Se a le ve l r is e D es er tifi ca tio n W et la nd lo ss / de gr ad at io n G la ci er re tre at / m el tin g Sa nd en cr oa ch m en t M ai n ty pe s -s ub ty pe s [s ub -s ub ty pe s] Fl oo d: - riv er in e flo od - fla sh fl oo d - co as ta l f lo od - ic e ja m fl oo d M as s m ov em en t (h yd ro - m et eo ro lo gi ca l tr ig ge r) : - la nd sl id e - av al an ch e (s no w ) - m ud flo w - de br is fl ow W av e ac tio n: - ro gu e w av e - se ic he St or m : - ex tr at ro pi ca l st or m - tro pi ca l c yc lo ne [c yc lo ni c w in d, cy cl on ic ra in , cy cl on e (s to rm ) su rg e] - co nv ec tiv e st or m [t or na do , w in d, ra in , w in te r s to rm , bl iz za rd , de re ch o, lig ht ni ng , th un de rs to rm , ha il, s an d/ du st st or m ] Ex tre m e te m pe ra tu re : - he at w av e - co ld w av e - se ve re w in te r co nd iti on [e .g . sn ow /ic e, fr os t/ fre ez e, d zu d] 6 Fo g D ro ug ht W ild fi re : - la nd fi re [e .g . br us h, b us h, pa st ur e] - fo re st fi re G la ci al la ke ou tb ur st (f lo od ) H EA LT H E D R M F R A M EW O R K 48 1. 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山东省德州市疾病预防控制中心 灾害健康风险管理 术语汇编 原著：世界卫生组织 主译：李发强 译者：李发强 陈倩姝 邹朝双 郭明孝 罗炜 本出版物英文版于 2020 年由世界卫生组织（World Health Organization）出版， 出版物名称为： Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology © World Health Organization 2020 世界卫生组织授权山东省德州市疾病预防控制中心翻译出版本出版物的中文版。 此翻译版本不是由世界卫生组织创建的。世界卫生组织不对此翻译版本的内容或 准确性负责。此中文翻译版本的质量和对原文的忠实性由山东省德州市疾病预防 控制中心负责。当出现中文版与英文版不一致的情况时，应将英文版视作可靠和 有约束力的版本。英文版信息如下： Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology © World Health Organization 2020 Suggested citation. WHO Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 中文版《灾害健康风险管理术语汇编》 ©德州市疾病预防控制中心，2021 中文版译者： 李发强（主译） 陈倩姝 邹朝双 郭明孝 罗炜（山东省德州市疾病预防控制中心） 本中文译本遵守 CC BY-NC-SA 协议 免责声明：本文为 WHO《Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology》的中文翻译版本。全篇公益翻译，旨在为中国的卫生 工作者提供技术参考，不得用作商业目的。中文版版权属于《灾害健康风险管理 术语汇编》，任何媒体、网站或个人转载或使用须注明出处和译者信息。 中文版前言 对全世界来说，2020 年的记忆中，最深刻的画面莫过于一场突如其来的 COVID-19 疫情。就在我开始着手翻译这本小册子的时候，全球累计确诊已经超过 359 万例，累计病死超过 24.7 万例（世界卫生组织，2020 年 5 月 6 日）。一年之 后，当我们准备定稿之时，全球累计确诊已经超过 1.4 亿，累计病死超过 310 万 （世界卫生组织，2021 年 4 月 26 日）。这并不是一个个枯燥冰冷的数字，而是一 个个曾经鲜活的生命的逝去、一个个曾经幸福的家庭的残破。 作为公共卫生工作者，译者从 2020 年 1 月下旬就投入了疫情防控工作。我见 证了中国政府本着对人民群众生命健康高度负责的原则，冒着极大的政治风险和 经济社会压力而采取的史无前例的非药物公共卫生措施，见证了中国广大公共卫 生工作者、临床医护人员和警察、社区干部、志愿者等等一线工作者的舍生忘死、 顽强奋战，也见证了全球卫生工作者近乎悲壮的坚守。我为自己能在这其中发挥 了绵薄之力感到自豪。 疫情也让我们有机会认真思考了一些平日并未特别关注的问题。从某种意义 上来说，公共卫生就是国家安全、民族安全、物种安全。没有公共卫生托底，一 切都是空谈。人类已经走进全球化、信息化的时代：高度发达的人流物流、高度 发展的社会分工、人与人之间更加密切的沟通协调合作，是整个社会赖以维系的 纽带。本次疫情告诉我们：看似强大的人类社会、看似辉煌的人类文明，在传染 病面前仍然不堪一击。传染病直接打击人们的健康、造成人与人的隔离和不信任， 直接摧毁社会赖以维系的纽带，从这个角度而言，传染病对人类文明造成的破坏 力，比战争更加恐怖。试想，有哪一场战争能让几十亿人禁足在家？有哪一场战 争让整个人类社会的经济活动近乎停滞？ 近几十年来，随着医学的发展，特别是抗生素和疫苗的进步，人们——包括 很多专业人士在内曾经乐观的认为，传染病已经不是威胁人类的最大敌人，慢性 非传染性疾病已经成为人类健康的头号杀手，整个卫生系统都在转向。的确，目 前传染病已经不是导致人类死亡的最主要因素，特别是在很多发达国家。然而， 评价一种风险，不能单纯看它杀死多少人，而要站在更高的维度，看它对整个社 会的冲击有多大。举一个简单的例子。每年死于交通事故的人数，是死于恐怖袭 击人数的几十倍（联合国统计，每年死于交通事故的人数超过 100 万，而死于恐 怖袭击的不足 2 万），然而人们仍然是更加惧怕恐怖分子而不是汽车，任何一个 政府也不会重视预防道路交通事故胜过反恐。因为恐怖主义会让人陷入恐惧、不 信任、充满不安全感，影响社会的正常运行：传染病恰恰也是如此。就以本次疫 情为例，没有任何一种慢性病会对社会造成如此沉重的打击。每年全球死于恶性 肿瘤的人数超过 800 万，每个月就超过 70 万。而新型冠状病毒在四个多月时间内 导致的死亡人数尚不及恶性肿瘤一个月致死人数的一半。从某种意义上来说，传 染病的威胁就等同于恐怖主义威胁。政治领袖要立足国家安全的高度，高度重视 公共卫生，像抓国防、抓反恐一样抓公共卫生。 就在此时，我看到了世界卫生组织的 Glossary of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management Terminology 这部小册子。加强公共卫生建设，关键 在人，核心是建立专业化的卫生应急队伍，而这支队伍的成员必须像军人一样， 有危机意识、时刻保持警觉不放过任何蛛丝马迹、关键时刻能够快速进入状态投 入实战。因此，必须加强应急相关知识的培训。而这本小册子，恰恰可以为我们 开展相关培训、增强广大卫生工作者特别是基层卫生工作者的应急意识，补齐可 能存在的短板、提高应急响应能力发挥重要作用。这也正是我迫不及待将其译为 中文、介绍给国内同行的出发点。 非常感谢世界卫生组织的信任。向坚守在 COVID-19 疫情重灾区日内瓦的世界 卫生组织专家和工作人员表示敬意。非常感谢我的战友们。自从人类诞生以来， 总有那么一群勇敢的成员，在危急时刻挺身而出，保护我们这个物种熬过一次又 一次灾难。能够和他们并肩作战，是我的荣幸。 本书的翻译工作由德州市疾病预防控制中心的李发强副主任医师提出并完成 初稿，陈倩姝主管技师、邹朝双主管医师、郭明孝医师和罗炜医师分别承担了部 分章节的加工润色。为便于中国内地读者查阅，我们特别编制了索引，这是原书 中没有的，特此说明。由于时间仓促，个人水平有限，本翻译版本中肯定还存在 各种问题，欢迎诸位同仁不吝赐教。 目录 前言 1 说明 2 缩略语 5 1 引言 6 2 方法 9 3 术语汇编 13 4 同义词库 59 参考文献 63 附录 1 其他术语表 69 附录 2 世卫组织危害分类 71 中文索引 安全的医院 53 报告/通报 43 暴力 57 暴露/接触 31 暴露评估或分析 31 暴露途径 31 爆发 44 背景 21 庇护所 53 标准预防措施 54 病例 16 病例定义 16 病媒传播的人类疾病 57 病媒生物 56 病死率 17 病原体 44 部门间合作 39 才能 20 残疾人/失能者 45 初级卫生保健 46 传染病 19 脆弱国家 32 脆弱性 57 大规模伤亡管理系统 40 大规模伤亡事故 40 大流行 44 大型聚集 40 地质/地球物理危害 33 陡增 55 陡增能力 55 毒性 56 多机构协调中心 41 多重危害 42 多重危害预警系统 42 厄尔尼诺-南方涛动 28 发病 36 法定报告疾病 43 放射应急/突发放射事件 48 风险 50 风险，可接受的 52 风险,剩余 52 风险,水平/级别 52 风险比 52 风险标准 51 风险处理 52 风险分析 51 风险沟通 51 风险管理 52 风险管理，灾害 52 风险级别 40 风险评估 51 风险评价 51 风险清单 52 风险识别 52 风险因素 51 风险转移 52 辐射应急/突发辐射事件 48 辅助机构 15 复原 49 复杂突发事件 20 改造/加固 50 概率 46 感染 37 感染控制 37 感染预防和控制 38 隔离 39 个人防护用品的缩写 45 个人卫生 36 个体防护装备/个人防护用品 44 工作能力 16 公共卫生 47 公共卫生措施 48 公共卫生风险 48 公共卫生风险 48 公共卫生监测 48 公共卫生事件 47 公共预警 48 公共预警系统 48 公众传播 47 公众意识 47 功能性演练 33 关键基础设施 22 关键系统（医院内部） 22 管控 21 管辖权 39 规划/计划/方 案（应变） 45 规划/计划/方案 45 国际关注的突发公共卫生事件/国际公 共卫生紧急事件 47 国际卫生条例（2005） 38 国家级国际卫生条例联络点 42 国家减少灾害风险平台 43 国家灾害管理机构/主管 部门 42 国内流离失所者 39 行动方针 20 行动后报告/结 案报告 14 行动后检讨 14 行动计划 13 核应急/突发核事件 43 后果 20 后勤 40 互通性 39 互助协议 42 化学事故 17 化学事件 17 化学危害 17 环境健康 29 环境危害 29 缓发性灾害 54 缓解 41 缓解气候变化 18 患病数 46 恢复 49 汇报 22 基于社区的灾害风险管理 19 基于事件的监测 30 基于指标的监测 37 即时汇报 35 急性突发卫生事件/ 急性公共卫生事 件 13 疾病 26 疾病预防 26 集群 18 集中型灾害风险 38 技术危害 55 间接经济损失 37 间接受影响者 37 监测 55 监控 41 检疫 48 减少灾害风险 26 减少灾害风险的策略和政策 26 健康 34 健康促进 35 健康结果 35 健康影响评估 35 交流/沟通/传播 19 接触者追踪 20 结构措施 54 经济损失 27 经验教训 39 精神健康与社会心理支持 40 警报系统 57 警告 14 抗有害微 生物药物耐药性 14 抗灾力 50 可持续发展 55 可接受的风险 13 可能性 40 可容忍的风险 56 可容忍的健康风险 56 可疑物 55 口岸 45 快速反应小组 49 罹患 41 罹患率 41 利益攸关方 38 利益攸关者 54 粮食保障 32 粮食不稳 32 临战状态 44 领导 39 流行病/疫情 30 流行病情报 30 流行病学 30 流行阈值/临界值 30 灭虫 27 难民 49 能力，应对 16 能力/力量/承载力 16 能力发展 16 能力建设 16 能力评估 16 排泄物卫生 53 平民保护 17 破坏（事件、突发事件、灾害） 22 破坏，灾害 22 启动级别 13 气候变化 18 气候危害 18 牵头机构 39 潜在灾害风险驱动因素 56 清除污染 22 情景 53 情况认识 53 情况通报 53 情况通报 53 全健康/大健康/同一健康/一体化健康 43 全面方法（应急和灾害管理） 20 全面应急管理计划 20 全球健康安全 33 全危害方法 14 人道主义军民协调 36 人兽共患病 57 人兽共患病事件 58 人为危害 15 人为危害 36 弱势群体 57 伤残调整寿命年 22 伤残调整寿命年 23 伤害 38 伤亡 17 社会自然危害 54 社区 19 社区参与度 29 社区监测 19 生物恐怖主义 15 生物危害 15 剩余风险 49 失能 23 失踪人员 41 实地演练 32 食品安全 32 世界卫生组织突发事件分级 57 事故，化学 37 事故管理系统 37 事故行动计划 37 事故指挥系统 37 事后汇报 18 事件 31 事件/事故 36 事件级别 39 适应气候变化 18 受影响者 13 疏散 30 水、排泄物卫生和个人卫生的缩写 57 水文气象危害 36 死亡比例 41 死亡数字 41 死者 22 突发公共卫 生事件/公共卫生紧急事 件 47 突发公共卫生事件行动中心 47 突发卫生事件 34 突发灾害 54 危害 33 危害监测功能 34 危害评估或分析 33 危机 22 危险/危害事件 34 危险人群/风险人群 44 威胁 56 卫生部门 35 卫生服务可及性 13 卫生集群 34 卫生系统 35 卫生政策 35 污染 20 物资储备 54 响应 50 响应预案 50 协调 21 协调机构 21 协调中心 21 协作（部门间） 18 性暴力和源于性别的暴力 53 训练/演练/演习 31 训练/演练计划 31 延申型灾害风险 31 演练 27 业务 连续性管理 15 业务连续性 计划 15 医疗设施 34 医源性感染 34 以人为本的护理 44 营养 43 营养不良 40 营养不良 56 影响 36 应变规划 21 应对能力 21 应急（风险）管理机构/组织 28 应急/突发事件/紧急情况/紧急状态 28 应急管理/应急处置 28 应急管理周期 28 应急行动中心 29 应急协调中心 28 应急医疗队 29 应急预案 29 应急预案 45 预防 46 预防接种 56 预警和响应 27 预警和响应 32 预警系统 27 源于性别的暴力 33 灾害 23 灾害风险 24 灾害风险管理 25 灾害风险管理，社区本位的 26 灾害风险管理计划 26 灾害风险管治 25 灾害风险评估 25 灾害风险驱动因素，潜在的 25 灾害风险信息 25 灾害管理 24 灾害健康风险管理 34 灾害损失数据库 24 灾害响应 24 灾害影响 24 长期的紧急状况 46 症状监测 55 支持机构 54 直接经济损失 23 直接受影响者 23 指挥 18 指挥控制系统 19 指挥链 17 重建 49 重建得更好 15 准备（应急） 45 准备就绪 49 桌面推演 55 自给自足 53 自然危害 43 自然灾害诱发的技术灾害 42 综合演练 32 英文索引 Acceptable risk 13 Access to health services 13 Action plan 13 Activation level 13 Acute health emergency/ acute public health event 13 Affected 13 After-action report 14 After-action review 14 Alert 14 All-hazards approach 14 Anthropogenic hazards 15 Antimicrobial resistance 14 Assisting agency 15 Biological hazards 15 Bioterrorism 15 Build back better 15 Business continuity management 15 Business continuity plan 15 Capability 16 Capacity 16 Capacity assessment 16 Capacity building 16 Capacity development 16 Capacity，coping 16 Case 16 Case definition 16 Case fatality ratio or rate （CFR） 17 Casualty 17 Chain of command 17 Chemical event 17 Chemical hazard 17 Chemical incident 17 Civil protection 17 Climate change 18 Climate change adaptation 18 Climate change mitigation 18 Climatological hazards 18 Clusters 18 Cold debrief 18 Collaboration （intersectoral） 18 Command 18 Command and control system 19 Communicable disease 19 Communication，public 19 Community 19 Community surveillance 19 Community-based disaster risk management 19 Competence 20 Complex emergency 20 Comprehensive approach （ to emergency and disaster risk management） 20 Comprehensive emergency management programme 20 Concept of operations 20 Consequence 20 Contact tracing 20 Contamination 20 Context 21 Contingency planning 21 Control 21 Cooperating agency 21 Coordination 21 Coordination centre 21 Coping capacity 21 Crisis 22 Critical infrastructure 22 Critical systems （in hospitals） 22 DALYs 22 Damage （event，emergency， disaster） 22 Damage，disaster 22 Dead 22 Debrief 22 Decontamination 22 Direct economic loss 23 Directly affected 23 Disability 23 Disability-adjusted life years （DALYs） 23 Disaster 23 Disaster impact 24 Disaster loss database 24 Disaster management 24 Disaster response 24 Disaster risk 24 Disaster risk assessment 25 Disaster risk drivers， underlying 25 Disaster risk governance 25 Disaster risk information 25 Disaster risk management 25 Disaster risk management ， community-based 26 Disaster risk management plans 26 Disaster risk reduction 26 Disaster risk reduction strategies and policies 26 Disease 26 Disease prevention 26 Disinsection 27 Drill 27 Early warning and response （EWAR） 27 Early warning system 27 Economic loss 27 El Niño-southern oscillation （ENSO） 28 Emergency 28 Emergency （risk） management agency or organization 28 Emergency coordination centre 28 Emergency management 28 Emergency management cycle 28 Emergency medical team （EMT） 29 Emergency operations centre （EOC） 29 Emergency response plan 29 Engagement，community 29 Environmental hazards 29 Environmental health 29 Epidemic 30 Epidemic intelligence 30 Epidemic threshold 30 Epidemiology 30 Evacuation 30 Event 31 Event-based surveillance 30 EWAR 32 Exercise 31 Exercise project 31 Exposure 31 Exposure assessment or analysis 31 Exposure route 31 Extensive disaster risk 31 Field exercise 32 Food insecurity 32 Food safety 32 Food security 32 Fragile states 32 Full-scale exercise （FSX） 32 Functional exercise （FX） 33 Gender-based violence 33 Geological or geophysical hazards 33 Global health security 33 Hazard 33 Hazard assessment or analysis 33 Hazard monitoring function 34 Hazardous event 34 Health 34 Health care facility 34 Health care-associated infection 34 Health cluster 34 Health emergency 34 Health emergency and disaster risk management 34 Health impact assessment 35 Health outcome 35 Health policy 35 Health promotion 35 Health sector 35 Health system 35 Hot debrief 35 Human-induced hazards 36 Humanitarian civil-military coordination 36 Hydrometeorological hazards 36 Hygiene 36 Impact 36 Incidence 36 Incident 36 Incident action plan 37 Incident command system 37 Incident management system 37 Incident，chemical 37 Indicator-based surveillance （IBS） 37 Indirect economic loss 37 Indirectly affected 37 Infection 37 Infection control 37 Infection prevention & control 38 Injury 38 Intensive disaster risk 38 Interested party 38 Internally displaced persons （IDPs） 39 International Health Regulations（IHR） 38 Interoperability 39 Intersectoral collaboration 39 Isolation 39 Jurisdiction 39 Lead agency 39 Leadership 39 Lessons learned 39 Level of event 39 Level of risk 40 Likelihood 40 Logistics 40 Malnutrition 40 Mass casualty incident 40 Mass casualty management system 40 Mass gathering 40 Mental health and psychosocial support 40 Missing person 41 Mitigation 41 Monitoring 41 Morbidity 41 Morbidity rate 41 Mortality 41 Mortality ratio 41 Multi-agency coordination centre 41 Multi-hazard 42 Multi-hazard early warning systems 42 Mutual aid agreement 42 Natech 42 National disaster management agency （or authority） 42 National IHR Focal Point 42 National platform for disaster risk reduction 43 Natural hazards 43 Notifiable disease 43 Notification 43 Nuclear emergency 43 Nutrition 43 One Health 43 Operational readiness 44 Outbreak 44 Pandemic 44 Pathogens 44 People at risk 44 People with disability 45 People-centred care 44 Personal protective equipment （PPE） 44 Planning，contingency 45 Plans 45 Point of entry 45 PPE 45 Preparedness （emergency） 45 Preparedness plan （emergency） 45 Prevalence 46 Prevention 46 Primary health care 46 Probability 46 Protracted emergency 46 Public awareness 47 Public communication 47 Public health 47 Public health emergency 47 Public health emergency of international concern （PHEIC） 47 Public health emergency operations centre 47 Public health event 47 Public health hazard 48 Public health measure 48 Public health risk 48 Public health surveillance 48 Public warning 48 Public warning system 48 Quarantine 48 Radiation emergency 48 Radiological emergency 48 Rapid response team 49 Readiness 49 Reconstruction 49 Recovery 49 Refugee 49 Rehabilitation 49 Residual risk 49 Resilience 50 Response 50 Response plan 50 Retrofitting 50 Risk 50 Risk analysis 51 Risk assessment 51 Risk communication 51 Risk criteria 51 Risk evaluation 51 Risk factor 51 Risk identification 52 Risk management 52 Risk management，disaster 52 Risk ratio 52 Risk register 52 Risk transfer 52 Risk treatment 52 Risk，acceptable 52 Risk，level of 52 Risk，residual 52 Safe hospital 53 Sanitation 53 Scenario 53 Self-reliance 53 Sexual and gender-based violence （SGBV） 53 Shelter in place 53 SITREP 53 Situation report （SITREP） 53 Situational awareness 53 Slow-onset disaster 54 Socionatural hazards 54 Stakeholder 54 Standard precautions 54 Stockpile 54 Structural measures 54 Sudden-onset disaster 54 Supporting agency 54 Surge 55 Surge capacity 55 Surveillance 55 Suspect 55 Sustainable development 55 Syndromic surveillance 55 Tabletop exercise （TTX） 55 Technological hazards 55 Threat 56 Tolerable health risk 56 Tolerable risk 56 Toxicity 56 Underlying disaster risk drivers 56 Undernutrition 56 Vaccination 56 Vector 56 Vector-borne diseases of humans 57 Violence 57 Vulnerability 57 Vulnerable group 57 Warning system 57 WASH 57 World Health Organization graded emergency 57 Zoonoses 57 Zoonotic event 58 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 1 页 共 74 页 前言 本术语汇编是为那些决策者、从业人员 和其它利益攸关者而设计——他们在众多界 别工作，减轻各种由各种突发事件和灾害造 成的健康风险和后果。本汇编的开发旨在弥 补在灾害健康风险管理（Health EDMR）领域 缺乏标准术语的问题，这个问题在制订世卫 组织卫生应急计划和 Health EDRM 框架的过 程中变得十分突出。 鉴于这一领域的跨学科、跨部门性质， 缺乏明确性有可能造成误解、混淆和不规范 术语的不断扩散。因此，编制灾害健康风险 管理术语汇编就是为了满足对标准化术语的 需求，以描述和提供信息予灾害健康风险管 理相关的政策和措施，并作为灾害健康风险 管理框架的配套文件。 来自会员国、联合国机构和非政府组织、 专业协会和学术界、以及世卫组织总部各部 门及区域办事处的不同领域的专家为本术语 汇编的编制作出了贡献：直接的方式，包括 通过虚拟咨询和 2018 年 11 月举行面对面技 术研讨会，间接的方式是通过出版本汇编所 引用的诸多参考资料。 当然，在任何领域，术语和相关的定义 都将随着时间的推移而不断演变；因此，世 卫组织设想，在今后几年中，将对该术语表 进行严格的审核和修订，以确保其与 Health EDMR 和相关领域的变化保持同步，并继续成 为像今天一样的有价值的工具。 希望本术语汇编的使用能促进对这些术 语的广泛使用和一致理解，使所有行动者、 部门和社区能够在国家内部和国家之间更有 效地合作，通过加强社区和国家的抗灾力、 健康安全、全民健康覆盖和可持续发展，使 所有人都能够享受到尽可能高标准的健康和 福祉。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 2 页 共 74 页 说明 世卫组织感谢澳大利亚、芬兰、韩国和 英国政府为制定框架和术语汇编提供财政支 持。 术语汇编的开发借鉴了世卫组织与其合 作伙伴和国家的合作，而这些工作是由世卫 组织国家和区域办事处及相关应急主管领 导：Ibrahima Socé Fall （非洲区），Ciro Ugarte （美洲区），Roderico Ofrin （东南 亚区），Nedret Emiroglu （欧洲区），Michel Thieren （东地中海区），and Li Ailan （西 太平洋区）。 框架和术语汇编的定稿工作是在世卫组 织总部的 Mike Ryan，Jaouad Mahjour，Stella Chungong 和 Qudsia Huda 领导下完成的。也 衷 心 感 谢 下 列 人 士 的 贡 献 ： Jonathan Abrahams——他协调了术语汇编的开发，Jaz Lapitan 和首席顾问 Peter Koob。 世卫组织希望表扬以下专家和合作伙伴 组织对灾害健康风险管理框架和术语汇编的 贡献。 各国专家：Walid Abu Jalala，卡塔尔； Salim Al Wahaibi，阿曼；Sergio Alvarez， 秘鲁；Ali Ardalan，伊朗伊斯兰共和国； Haithem El Bashir，苏丹；Paul Gully，加 拿大；Didier Houssin，法国；Alistair Humphrey，新西兰；Ute Jugert，德国； Margaret Kitt，美国；Mollie Mahany，美 国；Ahamada Msa Mliva，科摩罗；Virginia Murray，英国；Guilherme Franco Netto， 巴西；越智小枝，日本；Somiya Okoud，苏 丹；Peng Lim Steven Ooi，新加坡；Ravindran Palliri，印度；Thierry Paux，法国；Mihail Pîsla，摩尔多瓦共和国；Ossama Rasslan， 埃及；Nobhojit Roy，印度；Mehmet Akif Saatcioglu，土耳其；Sri Henni Setiawati， 印度尼西亚；John Simpson，英国；Theresa Tam，加拿大。 政府间组织和合作机构专家：Vincent Lee Anami，国际医疗团 （IMC），肯尼亚； Paul Arbon，澳大利亚托伦斯抗灾能力研究 所；Frank Archer，澳大利亚莫纳什大学； Marvin Birnbaum，世界灾难和急诊医学协 会，美国；David Bradt，美国约翰斯·霍普 金斯大学；Lourdes Chamorro，欧洲联盟； 陈英凝，香港中文大学，中国香港特别行政 区；陈广慧，香港中文大学，中国香港特别 行政区；Massimo Ciotti，欧洲疾病预防控 制中心，瑞典；Andrew Collins，诺森比亚 大学，英国；Ioana Creitaru，联合国开发 计划署，瑞士；Bill Douglas，加拿大顾问； 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 3 页 共 74 页 Marcel Dubouloz ， 瑞 士 顾 问 ； Mélissa Généreux，加拿大舍布鲁克大学；John Harding，联合国减少灾害风险办公室，瑞士； Teodoro Herbosa，菲律宾大学，菲律宾； Hossein Kalali，联合国开发计划署，美国； Mark Keim，美国 DisasterDoc；Wirya Khim， 联合国粮食及农业组织 （FAO），瑞士；Kaisa Kontunen，国际移民组织，瑞士；Peter Koob， 澳大利亚顾问；Daniel Kull，世界银行，瑞 士；野村周平，日本东京大学；Michel le Pechoux，联合国儿童基金会，瑞士；梁子杏， 中国香港特别行政区；梁卓伟，中国香港特 别行政区；Lidia Mayner，澳大利亚弗林德 斯大学；Michael Mosselmans，世界粮食计 划署，意大利；Elizabeth Newnham，哈佛大 学，澳大利亚；Loy Rego，亚洲防灾中心， 泰国；Panu Saaristo，红十字会与红新月会 国际联合会，瑞士；Valérie Scherrer，克 里斯朵夫国际防盲协会（CBM），比利时；Rahul Sengupta，联合国减少灾害风险办公室，德 国；Margareta Wahlstrom，联合国减少灾害 风险办公室，瑞士；Chadia Wannous，联合 国系统流感协调处，瑞士。 世卫组织专家：Usman Abdulmumini， Onyema Ajuebor，Yahaya Ali Ahmed，Nada Alward ， Bruce Aylward ， Nicholas Banatvala，Maurizio Barbeschi，Samir Ben Yahmed ， Rayana Bouhaka ， David Brett Major，Sylvie Briand，Nilesh Buddh，Alex Camacho ， Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum ， Zhanat Carr，Frederik Copper，Paul Cox， Stephane de La Rocque ， Xavier De Radigues， Linda Doull， Osman Elmahal Mohammed，Ute Enderlein，Florence Fuchs， Keiji Fukuda ， Michelle Gayer ， Andre Griekspoor，Kersten Gutschmidt，Fahmy Hanna，David Harper，Dirk Horemans，Gabit Ismailov ， Hamid Syed Jafari ， Kalula Kalambay ， Kande-Bure Kamara ， Nirmal Kandel，Youssouf Kanoute，Ryoma Kayano， Hyo-Jeong Kim，Rebecca Knowles，Helena Krug，Ben Lane，Vernon Lee，Jian Li， Matthew Lim，Tarande Manzila，Adelheid Marschang，Susana Martinez Schmickrath， Elizabeth Mason，Margaret Montgomery， Elizabeth Mumford，Altaf Musani，Maria Neira，Tara Neville，Dorit Nitzan，Ngoy Nsenga，Isabelle Nuttall，Olushayo Olu， Heather Papowitz，Yingxin Pei，Charles Penn，William Perea，Arturo Pesigan， Jean-Luc Poncelet，Pravarsha Prakash， Jukka Pukkila，Adrienne Rashford，Gerald Rockenschaub，Guenael Rodier，Alex Ross， Cathy Roth ， Dalia Samhouri ， Irshad 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 4 页 共 74 页 Shaikh，Iman Shankiti，Rajesh Sreedharan， Ludy Suryantoro，Joanna Tempowski，Lisa Thomas，Angelika Tritscher，Heini Utunen， Willem Van Lerberghe，Liviu Vedrasco， Elena Villalobos Prats，Kai von Harbou， Michel Yao，Nevio Zagaria，Wenqing Zhang。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 5 页 共 74 页 缩略语 CRED 灾害流行病学研究中心 OECD 经济合作与发展组织 EDRM 应急和灾害风险管理 OIE 世界动物卫生组织 ENSO 厄尔尼诺—南方涛动 UN 联合国 EOC 应急行动中心 UNGA 联合国大会 ERF 世卫组织应急响应框架 UNHCR 联合国难民署 FAO 联合国粮食及农业组织 US CDC 美国疾病控制与预防中心 IAEA 国际原子能机构 WHE 世卫组织突发卫生事件规划 IASC 机构间常设委员会 ICRC 红十字国际委员会 IHR 国际卫生条例 IMO 国际海事组织 IPCC 政府间气候变化专门委员会 IRDR 灾害风险综合研究计划 IPCS 国际化学品安全规划署 ISO 国际标准化组织 NGO 非政府组织 OCHA 联合国人道主义事务协调厅 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 6 页 共 74 页 1 引言 1.1 背景和缘由 近年来，人们越来越重视灾害健康风险 管理（Health EDRM）领域的政策、实践和研 究——这是一个多元化的领域，汇集了卫生 和其它部门的广泛职能，旨在改善世界各地 面临突发事件和灾害风险的人民的健康状 况。 世卫组织进行了重大内部组织改革，以 加强本组织管理突发事件的能力，并于 2017 年组建了世卫组织突发卫生事件规划，整合 了世卫组织的各种不同职能，应对多种突发 事件的风险。世卫组织的 2019～2023 年第 13 个工作总规划进一步促进了这种转变，其 中包括把保护人民的健康免受突发事件的损 害列为本组织的主要优先领域之一。 2019 年，世卫组织发布了《灾害健康风 险管理框架》（世卫组织 2019m），该框架旨 在为卫生部门和其它利益攸关方提供指南， 指导他们如何加强国家和社区在卫生和其它 部门的能力和体系，以便减轻与各种突发事 件和灾害相关的健康风险和后果。 该框架旨在应对国家和社区层面由种种 不同风险造成的各种公共卫生挑战，这些风 险源于对许多自然、生物、技术和社会危害 的脆弱性，以及回应加强多部门灾害健康风 险管理能力的需要。该框架还回应了一项关 键挑战，即改进过往管理这些风险时所采用 的零散和被动的模式，这些方法往往会导致 不太理想的结果，包括大量的死亡、疾病、 受伤、残疾和其它健康影响、扰乱卫生系统 和服务，以及社会、经济和环境影响。 通过利用风险管理、应急管理、流行病 准备和应对，以及加强卫生系统等学科的成 果和经验，Health EDRM 将当前的方法和实 践整合为一个概念框架，以应对公共卫生面 对的现行和新兴风险，以及有效利用和管理 资源的需要。Health EDRM 强调在整个预防、 准备、就绪、响应和复原的过程中评估、交 流和降低风险，并建立社区、国家和卫生系 统的抗灾力。它提供了一种共同语言和一种 全面的方法，可以被卫生和其它部门的诸多 行动者和利益攸关方所调整和应用，而他们 正在努力降低健康风险以及突发事件和灾害 的后果。 该框架描述了关键的风险管理概念、指 导原则以及有效的 Hearlth EDRM 的组成部分 和功能，并提供了实施指南。它旨在协助各 国采取联合和一致行动，以执行《国际卫生 条例（2005）》、《仙台框架》、《巴黎协定》、 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 7 页 共 74 页 可持续发展目标（SDGs）以及其它相关的国 家、地区和全球战略和框架。应用 Health EDRM 的最终预期结果是：“国家和社区在卫 生和其它部门拥有更强大的能力和体系，从 而减轻了与各种突发事件和灾害相关的健康 风险和后果”， 并帮助实现“所有面临突发 事件风险的人民的健康和福祉可能达到的最 高标准，以及更强大的社区和国家抗灾力、 健康安全、全民健康保障和可持续发展”这 项 Health EDRM 的愿景（WHO 2019m）。 在开发 Hearlth EDRM 框架过程中逐渐发 现，即便是专家和从业者，在使用与 Health EDRM 相关的术语方面也存在令人困扰的有欠 清晰。相似的术语被赋予不同含义，而不同 的术语又被赋予相似的意义。鉴于开展 Health EDRM 所涉及的领域很广泛，这情况 也许不足为奇。 看起来相似的术语在不同学科或语境下 有不同定义。有些术语在专业人士中具有与 日常所使用不同的特殊技术含义。虽然此类 术语可能符合个别专业领域的需要，但是缺 乏统一致可能会造成误解和混淆，特别是在 跨学科、跨部门工作中。 尽管已有一些相关的词汇表——例如在 减少灾害风险指标和术语问题不限成员名额 政府间专家工作组的报告中附加的专用术语 表（联合国大会于 2017 年 2 月批准），以及 《国际卫生条例（2005 年）》（附录 1）中的 术语表——然而没有一个能涵盖 Health EDRM 中所有概念和术语的。这是制订本汇编 的缘由。 1.2 目的 本术语汇编计划通过将现有的术语表和 定义进行整合，为决策者、从业者和其它利 益攸关方提供可用的统一、全面的参考工具， 满足 Health EDRM 对标准术语的需要。它旨 在促进对 Health EDRM 术语的共同理解和共 同使用。术语汇编在 Health EDRM 中的应用 包括： ◆卫生部门内部以及与其它部门、社区 和其它利益攸关者的政策、规划、实践和沟 通 ◆在卫生应急风险管理中用作评估、规 划、监测、报告和评价的数据标准和指标 ◆向各级从业者和决策者提供技术指导 和帮助，以及 ◆学习、研究和知识管理。 1.3 范围 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 8 页 共 74 页 该术语汇编包括在 Health EDRM 中的决 策者和从业者可能会遇到并普遍需要的术语 和定义，即通过以下方式对突发事件和灾害 的健康风险进行系统的分析和管理： ◆减少危害和脆弱性以预防和降低风险 ◆准备 ◆响应，以及 ◆复原措施 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 9 页 共 74 页 2 方法 2.1 编制原则 术语汇编的编制基于这样一个原则，即 汇编范围应明确且可识别，应满足受众的需 要，不应包含新的术语或定义——尽管有些 术语或定义可能需要稍加修改以确保内部一 致性或提供进一步的解释。 汇编应包括以下术语和定义： ◆Health EDRM 交流可能需要的 ◆本质上是专业词汇，而非通常理解的 名词，例如 organization（组织） ◆用简洁浅显的语言编写，可译成世卫 组织的其它官方语言，以及 ◆在一组连贯概念中保持清晰一致的区 别 最后，要运用严谨、循证、理性的体系 来实现这些原则。 2.2 开发阶段 在现有术语表的基础上编撰草稿 开发术语汇编的第一步是编撰草稿。 将现有的相关术语表列出清单，确定每 一个术语表的目的和范围，以便为评估它们 提供参考资料。然后制定标准以决定哪些现 有术语表应被考虑采纳，并根据这些标准对 现有的术语表进行评估。 一旦确定那些术语表入选，下一步就是 确定采纳每个术语表中的哪些术语。根据所 选术语表中出现的术语再编制一个同义词词 库（见下文）。然后将从选定的现有的术语表 中提取的 Health EDRM 术语汇编为一个初稿。 多余重复的定义大都被删除；需要保留多个 定义时，则按照逻辑次序进行整合。 虚拟咨询 为了完善和定稿，邀请了总部和区域办 事处各级突发卫生事件计划部门的技术专 家，其它重要的总部部门，以及会员国、联 合国机构、非政府组织、专业学会和学术界 的各领域专家参加了虚拟咨询和面对面的技 术研讨会。 虚拟咨询采取信函的方式，要求参与者 提供以下方面的反馈意见： ◆术语表和术语的采纳和淘汰标准订立 时应考虑的其它因素 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 10 页 共 74 页 ◆其它应补充的术语条目 ◆应当删除的术语条目 受访者在虚拟咨询过程中提出的术语条 目和关键问题，已经整合到术语汇编的修订 版中。 面对面技术研讨 最后，各个利益攸关方专家于 2018 年 11 月在日内瓦举行面对面技术研讨，讨论了 术语汇编的修订版。与会者审核了定义和附 带的注释，并就一致同意的最终术语清单、 定义和注释提出了建议，这些内容已经整合 到术语汇编的最终版本中。 2.3 选择现有术语表的标准 本术语汇编建基于从现有术语表提取的 术语和定义，而这些术语表是根据以下的标 准去筛选。 现有的术语表如符合以下条件便被采 纳: ◆包含可能对 Health EDRM 政策、计划、 实践和交流有价值的术语 ◆在国际各个最高层次的平台上获得共 识 ◆针对多部门的受众，且包含多部门的 术语和定义 ◆具有适当的广度和深度，且 ◆所采纳的术语和定义之间具有内部一 致性 现有术语表如果符合下列情形，则不被 采纳： ◆不是近期和现行版本 ◆未经获得国际共识 例如，世卫组织个别成员国在国家层面 制订的一些术语表不被采纳，因为没有获得 国际共识。获得国际共识的术语表还有一个 附加的优势，就是有联合国各官方语言的版 本，即阿拉伯语、汉语、英语、法语、俄语 和西班牙语。 2.4 术语和定义的选择标准 除非认为有必要进行微调以令某些定义 简明扼要和没有自相矛盾，定义皆直接引用 自所选定的术语表。部分术语的定义所附带 的注释提供了进一步的解释说明。某些选定 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 11 页 共 74 页 的术语表中的术语被排除在本汇编之外，原 因是： ◆不符合前述 2.1 的原则 ◆属于专门学科定义的通用名词，如 organization（组织），air-port（机场） ◆主要用于某一特定专业领域，而非更 广泛地用于 Health EDRM 领域 ◆在某一现有术语表中仅被引用以诠释 文本，以及 ◆不符合本汇编的范围，如 invasive（侵 入性的） 本汇编把某些术语表中出现的作为单个 条目的术语和定义分拆和交叉参照。减少灾 害风险指标和术语问题不限成员名额政府间 专家工作组的报告中（UNGA 2016），条目 affected 包 含 directly affected 和 indirectly affected，本汇编中则分列为 affected ， directly 和 affected ， indirectly。 2.5 术语汇编、词典、同义词库有什么 区别？ 三者有不同的用途和范围。术语汇编包 含与特定主题、文本或用途有关的术语清单 和定义，并按逻辑顺序（如字母顺序）排列。 词典是某一种语言的词汇清单，包含定义或 另一种语言中对等的字词，通常还提供发音、 词源和用法的信息。同义词库是把术语按相 关概念分组的一个清单。本出版物包括上述 定义中的术语汇编和同义词库。 2.6 术语汇编注释 尊重原参考文献的同时，术语采用单数 形式而不是复数形式列出。从权威参考文献 中引用的术语和定义，以括号[…]标示必要 的插入补充。尽量采用现有的定义，但为确 保定义的简洁性和与其它术语的内部一致性 而进行的微调除外——这些情况已加上注 释。没有创造新的术语。如果某术语有多个 定义，则这些定义分别编号。 定义的优次则取决于以下的引用次序： ◆联合国大会。减少灾害风险指标和术 语问题不限成员名额政府间专家工作组的报 告。2016（UNGA 2016） ◆世卫组织。《国际卫生条例（2005 年）》， 第三版（WHO 2016） ◆包含某些具有参考价值的术语的其它 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 12 页 共 74 页 世卫组织出版物 ◆政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）。 管理极端事件和灾害风险推进气候变化适 应。政府间气候变化专门委员会第一、第二 工作组特别报告（IPCC 2012） ◆包含某些具有参考价值的术语的国际 标准化组织出版物，以及 ◆其它获得国际共识的参考资料 “参见……”指示读者参考主要术语和 定义，或者指示读者参考另一个出版物（如 果该术语和定义超出了本汇编的范围）。 “也可参见……”指示读者参考相关术 语和定义作为交叉参照。 “同义词”指示读者参考所列出术语的 同义词或替代术语，并在需要时加入解释。 2.7 同义词库的注释 同义词库是用于开发本汇编的工具，这 是通过将相似的术语按概念分组，以及通过 确定： ◆现有各术语表之间的内部一致性和连 贯性 ◆术语和定义是否仅与文本诠释有关， 以及 ◆术语和定义在汇编中是否有价值 本同义词库是以参考工具的方式发布， 便于读者找到最适合其用途的术语。 同义词库将术语按一系列概念分组，以 便读者对汇编中的术语有总体的理解。同义 词库把术语分列为五大组相关的概念，各自 有一个标题术语，例如“risk（风险）”。 在这五个大组下，术语再按较低的概念层级 分组，各组有一个次标题术语，例如“hazard （危害）”。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 13 页 共 74 页 3 术语汇编 Acceptable risk 可接受的风险 基于现有的社会、经济、政治、文化、 技术和环境条件，某项【灾害】风险被视为 可接受或可忍受的程度。 注：在工程术语中，可接受的风险也用 于评估和定义所需的结构性和非结构性措 施，以便把对人员、财产、服务和系统的可 能伤害减低至一个依法规或“获接纳的惯例” 而选定的可容忍水平，而这些法规或惯例是 建基于已知的危害和其他因素的出现概率 （UNGA 2016）。 参见 risk，tolerable health risk Access to health services 卫生服务 可及性 人们对他们所处位置、时间和方式上的 便利性方面，对获取医疗服务或医疗设施便 利性的看法和经验（WHO 2011）。 Action plan 行动计划 通常也称为 incident action plan 事件 行动计划，是针对事件或事故的行动计划， 详细说明了应对策略、目标、要动用的资源 和拟采取的战术行动（WHO 2015a）。 Activation level 启动级别 描述【应急行动中心】为响应与按预设 标准断定的事故严重性而采取的行动所属的 就绪 或应急响应级别（WHO 2015a）。 Acute health emergency/ acute public health event 急性突发卫生事件/ 急性公 共卫生事件 对人类健康构成即时威胁，并需要立即 采取行动行动（即实施应对和/或缓解措施以 保护公众健康）的任何事件或【或突发事件】 （WHO 2014）。 Affected 受影响者 1 受危害事件直接或间接影响的人 （UNGA 2016）。 2 被感染或受污染或携带传染源或污染 源的人员、行李、货物、集装箱、运输工具、 物品、邮政包裹或人体遗骸，构成公共卫生 风险（WHO 2016）。 3 在紧急时期需要即时援助的人们，即 需要基本生存所需如食物、水、住所、卫生 设施和即时援助的人们（CRED 2009）。 参见 directly affected，indirectly affected。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 14 页 共 74 页 After-action report 行动后报告/结 案报告 描述对事故的响应，以及与事故期间【卫 生系统】响应行动的表现相关的发现的文件 （WHO 2015b）。 After-action review 行动后检讨 启动、行的或演练完成后进行的一个过 程，涉及一个有条理、有协调的讨论，以检 讨什么应该要发生、实际发生了什么，以及 为什么会这样（WHO 2015a）。 Alert 警告 1 可能发生或可能正在发生具有不良后 果的公共卫生事件的首次通报。 注：此定义的背景往往与生物危害相关。 'Warning'（警报）或'public warning' （公 共警报）作为多级警告体系的组成部分，通 常用于其它类型的危害（WHO 2012）。 2 向合作伙伴、社区和公众通报信息， 以便于他们知悉、预防扩散或控制突发公共 卫生事件。 注：警告是指已经核实和风险评估且需 要干预（调查、响应或交流）的公共卫生事 件（WHO 2014）。 3 公共警报的一部分，在进展中的紧急 情况下，引起急救人员和风险人群的注意 （ISO 22300：2018）。 参见 early warning systems，public warning。 All-hazards approach 全危害方法 一种整体管理紧急风险和事件的方法， 基于如下认识：管理这些风险（包括对几乎 所有紧急情况的响应）中存在的共同要素（如 所需的共同能力）。 注：开发可适用于所有风险的共同或一 般能力。这些一般能力还辅之以针对每一风 险或事件的具体措施。使管理系统标准化， 以管理共同的要素，产生更大的能力，并采 取具体措施处理每一事件的独特性质（WHO 2015a）。 Antimicrobial resistance 抗有害微 生物药物耐药性 微生物（如细菌、病毒和某些寄生虫） 阻止抗微生物制剂（如抗菌药、抗病毒药和 抗疟疾药）对其发挥作用的能力。 注：抗有害微生物药物耐药性是针对包 括抗菌药、抗病毒药、抗寄生虫药和抗真菌 药等不同类型抗微生物药物耐药性的广义术 语，其结果是标准治疗无效，感染持续存在 并可能传播给他人。抗有害微生物耐药性是 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 15 页 共 74 页 自然发生的，但是不当用药会促进其发生。 例如，使用抗菌素治疗病毒感染（如感冒或 流感）或混合使用抗有害微生物。劣质药品、 错误处方以及对传染病的预防和控制措施不 力也会促进耐药性的发展和传播（WHO 2019n）。 Anthropogenic hazards 人为危害 （危害）完全或主要由人类的活动和选 择引起。同义词 human-induced hazards。 注：人为危害包括技术的、社会的和社 会自然的危害。在仙台框架范畴内，该术语 不含武装冲突以及其它受国际人道主义法和 国家立法约束的社会不稳定或紧张局势的发 生或风险（UNGA 2016）。 参 见 socionatural hazards ， technological hazards。 参见附录 2 世卫组织危害分类。 Assisting agency 辅助机构 向负责事件处置的机构提供人员、服务 或其它资源的机构或组织（WHO 2015a）。 Biological hazards 生物危害 有机体造成的危害，或生物媒介传播的 风险，包括病原微生物、毒素和生物活性物 质。 注：包括细菌、病毒或寄生虫，以及带 有致病因子的有毒野生动物和昆虫、有毒植 物和蚊子（UNGA 2016）。 参见附录 2 世卫组织危害分类。 Bioterrorism 生物恐怖主义 在人类、动物或植物中故意使用微生物、 毒素、遗传物质或源自活体生物的物质，造 成死亡或疾病（WHO 2015b）。 Build back better 重建得更好 利用灾后复原、恢复和重建阶段，通过 将减灾措施纳入实体的基础设施和社会体系 的复原，以及生活、经济和环境的振兴，提 高国家和社区的抗灾力（UNGA 2016）。 Business continuity management 业务 连续性管理 组织范围内的规程和一整套流程，用于 识别威胁组织的潜在影响。可提供有效响应 的能力，可以维护主要利益攸关者的利益和 声誉（ISO 22301：2012）。 Business continuity plan 业务连续性 计划 一种文件，描述组织在发生破坏其运作 能力的事件时，如何将关键运作职能和服务 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 16 页 共 74 页 维持和恢复到预定的可接受水平（WHO 2015a）。 Capability 工作能力 具有执行特定任务的能力（WHO 2015a）。 Capacity 能力/力量/承载力 综合一个组织、社区或社会内的所有优 势、属性和资源，以管理和减少灾害风险并 加强抗灾能力。 注：能力/力量/承载力可能包括基础设 施、机构、人员知识和技能，以及社会关系、 领导和管理等集体属性（UNGA 2016）。 Capacity assessment 能力评估 根据预期目标对一个团体、组织或社会 的能力进行审核的过程，在该过程中，确认 现有的能力并进一步维持或加强，找出能力 差距作为下一步行动方向（UNGA 2016）。 Capacity building 能力建设 参见 capacity development。 Capacity，coping 能力，应对 参见 coping capacity。 Capacity development 能力发展 一种过程，通过这个过程，团体、组织 和社会随着时间的推移，系统性地推动和发 展其实现社会和经济目标的能力，包括通过 增进知识、改善技能，改进系统和机构。 注：能力发展是一个概念，将能力建设 的范围扩展到持续建立和维持能力增长的所 有方面。它涉及学习开设各种类型的培训， 还包括不断努力发展机构、政治意识、财政 资源、技术系统和更广泛的有利环境（UNGA 2016）。 Case 病例 在监测或筛查中被标识为患有特定疾 病、健康问题或状况的人。 注意：病例可进一步分类为确诊病例、 疑似病例或可能病例（WHO 2015b）。 Case definition 病例定义 1.为识别特定疾病的病例，而要求必须 满足的一组诊断标准。 注：病例定义可以基于临床、实验室、 流行病学，或临床和实验室综合标准。当一 组标准被标准化以识别特定疾病时，它被称 为“标准病例定义”。监测病例定义是一种标 准化的定义，用于准确检测特定人群中的所 有目标疾病或状况，同时排除其它类似情况 的检测（WH0 2019a）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 17 页 共 74 页 2.标准病例定义是一组商定好的标准， 用于描述个体是否患有某种疾病或暴露于某 种病原体。 注：病例定义用于标记病例（如疑似病 例、可能病例、确诊病例）。标准病例定义要 确保以相同方法检测和报告每个病例。一旦 病例符合通报的标准病例定义，便被标记为 疑似病例。有时，可以使用综合征病例定义 来提高搜索到目标病例的可能性，当然也可 能会检测到其他病例。在病例调查过程中， 将采取临床标准、实验室检测和流行病学信 息来确认病例（WHO 2018c）。 Case fatality ratio or rate （CFR） 病死率 衡量疾病严重程度的指标，定义为特定 时间内、特定疾病或健康状况中死亡的比例 （WH0 2019j）。 Casualty 伤亡 指所有因为灾害影响而寻求卫生和医疗 服务的人，包括精神卫生服务和法医学/殡葬 服务（WHO 2007）。 注：伤亡也可以指死亡、失踪、生病和 受伤的总人数。 Chain of command 指挥链 一系列按权限等级排列的指挥、控制、 执行或管理职位（WHO 2015a）。 参见 incident management system。 Chemical hazard 化学危害 一种化学物的固有特性，当一个生命体、 生态系统或种群暴露于该化学物时，可能造 成不利影响（改编自 IPCS 2004）。 Chemical event 化学事件 由于暴露于化学物，或受化学物污染， 而导致潜在伤病的疾病或事件的表现（WHO 2010a）。 Chemical incident 化学事故 化学品从其容器中不受控地释放。 注：化学事故可能会危害公众健康和环 境。它们通常会引发公共卫生应对，包括例 如风险评估和/或向当局和公众提供建议。化 学事故多是人为事件，例如在存储或使用化 学药品的工厂发生爆炸、化学药品污染食品 或供水、漏油、运输过程中存储单元泄漏、 （可能）与化学品接触有关的疾病爆发或故 意事件（其中化学品被用来伤害人）（WHO 2009a）。 Civil protection 平民保护 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 18 页 共 74 页 为保护公民的生命和健康及其财产和环 境免受不良事件影响而采取的措施和实施的 系统（ISO 22300：2018）。 Climate change 气候变化 气候状态的变化，可通过其性质的平均 值和/或变化范围的改变来确定（例如通过统 计检验），并持续很长一段时间，通常是几十 年或更长（IPCC 2012）。 Climate change adaptation 适应气候 变化 在人类系统中，指的是对实际或预期气 候及其影响进行调整的过程，目的是减轻危 害或利用有利机会。在自然系统中，是指对 实际气候及其影响进行调整的过程；人为干 预可能有助于对预期气候进行调整（IPCC 2012）。 Climate change mitigation 缓解气候 变化 人为干预减少温室气体的来源或增加温 室气体的吸收（IPCC 2012）。 Climatological hazards 气候危害 参见 hydrometeorological hazards。 参见附录 2 世卫组织危害分类。 Clusters 集群 联合国和非联合国系统每一个主要人道 主义行动部门（水、卫生、住房、后勤等） 中所有相关人道主义机构共同组成、专属该 部门的集团。 注：集群由机构间常设委员会（IASC） 指定，并有明确的协调责任（UNHCR 2015）。 参见 health cluster。 Cold debrief 事后汇报 在演习或事故后一段时间后举行的情况 汇报会，以便事后讨论在应急过程中可能忽 略的任何意见和问题（WHO 2015a）。 同义词 cold wash。 参见 hot debrief。 Collaboration （intersectoral） 协 作（部门间） 属于不同公共部门的政府机构和部门的 联合规划、建设、实施和监控过程，包括资 源共享，以使每个部门或机构都能履行彼此 商定的职责（世卫组织健康与环境词典）。 Command 指挥 1。借助明确的法定、监督或委托机构的 明文规定进行管理、指挥、命令或控制的行 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 19 页 共 74 页 为（WHO 2015a）。 2。“事件指挥”的通用简称，涉及决策、 实施计划、处置事件以及控制事件的后果 （WHO 2015a）。 Command and control system 指挥控制 系统 参见 incident management system。 Communicable disease 传染病 1.由特定传染源或其有毒产物引起的疾 病，通过中间环节或动物宿主、媒介或无生 命环境直接或间接地将该传染源或其产物从 受感染者、动物或储存宿主传染给易感者 （WHO 2018a）。 2.由特定的传染源或其有毒产物引起的 疾病，由受感染的人、动物或环境（例如通 过水、食物、污染物）传染给易感者。传播 可以是直接的，也可以是间接的（WHO 2019k）。 参见 epidemic，outbreak，pandemic， case，casualty，incidence，prevalence 和 suspect。 Communication，public 交流/沟通/传 播 参见 public communication Community 社区 特定的群体，通常生活在一个特定的地 理区域，他们共享一种共同的文化、价值观 和规范，按照社区在一段时间内发展起来的 关系安排在一个社会结构中。 注：社区成员通过分享共同的信仰、价 值观和规范来获得他们的个人和社会身份， 这些信仰、价值观和规范过去是由社区发展 起来的，将来可能会加以修改。他们对自己 作为一个群体的身份有一定的认识，并有共 同的需要和满足这些需要的承诺（WHO 1998）。 Community surveillance 社区监测 社区一级事件通报的起点，通常由社区 工作者完成；它可以是主动的（搜索病例） 或被动的（病例报告）（WHO 2010a）。 Community-based disaster risk management 基于社区的灾害风险管理 促进潜在受影响社区参与地方一级的灾 害风险管理。这包括社区对灾害、脆弱性和 能力的评估，以及它们参与规划、实施、监 测和评估地方减少（处置）灾害风险行动 （UNGA 2016）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 20 页 共 74 页 Competence 才能 运用知识和技能达到预期效果的能力 （ISO 22300-2018）。 Complex emergency 复杂突发事件 一场因国内暴力、政府动荡、宏观经济 崩溃、人口流离失所、难以解决的政治僵局 等而复杂化的灾难，在困难的政治和安全环 境中必须作出各种应急响应，可能涉及超出 任何单一机构职责或能力的多部门的国际响 应（WHO 2015a）。 Comprehensive approach （ to emergency and disaster risk management） 全面方法（应急和灾害管理） 包括预防和缓解、准备、响应和复原等 一系列措施（WHO 2015a）。 同义词：emergency management cycle。 Comprehensive emergency management programme 全面应急管理计划 一种团体或政府的计划，将资源投入到 一系列措施上，以实施预防和缓解、准备、 响应和恢复（即灾害/风险管理计划）。 注：该计划通常包括管理与突发事件和 灾害相关的风险的全部职能（WHO 2015a）。 同义词：comprehensive emergency and disaster risk management，comprehensive disaster management Concept of operations 行动方针 机构应急计划中的一个章节或说明，以 确认政策、角色和责任，以及组织的结构或 功能元素将如何协同运作以产生一致的管理 响应（WHO 2015a）。 Consequence 后果 由行动或状况（可能为积极性的也可能 为消极的）导致的后续影响。 注：消极的公共卫生后果会导致健康状 况不佳。后果可能包括社会、技术和科学、 经济、环境、道德或政治影响（WHO 2012）。 影响目标的事件的结果（ISO 31000： 2018）。 Contact tracing 接触者追踪 对可能暴露于受感染者或受感染识别和 追踪（源于 WHO 2019b）。 Contamination 污染 人体或动物体表面，拟使用的物品之中 或之上，或其它无生命物体（包括运输工具） 上存在传染性或有毒物质，可能构成公共卫 生风险（WHO 2016）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 21 页 共 74 页 Context 背景 在应急风险管理中，背景是通过诸多与 风险和事件相关的设定、情境和环境相关的 因素来表述的。 注：文化、社会、政治、法律、法规、 金融、技术、经济、自然和竞争环境（无论 是本地、国家、区域还是国际），以及与管治、 组织结构、角色，为实现这些目标而制订的 责任、政策、目标和策略。还包括内部和外 部参与者以及利益攸关者之间的能力和关系 （WHO 2015a）。 Contingency planning 应变规划 一种管理过程，分析灾害风险并事先作 出安排，以便能够及时、有效和适当地作出 响应。 注：应变规划通常是指针对特定情况或 事件的计划，这些计划或事件会导致有组织 和协调的行动方案，并在需要时针对特定参 与者明确机构角色和资源、信息流程和运作 方式。基于可能的紧急情况或危害事件的场 景，它使主要行动者可以预见、预测和解决 灾难期间可能出现的问题。应变规划是整体 准备工作的重要组成部分。应变规划需要定 期更新和执行（UNGA 2016）。 Control 管控 运用权限、结合资源管理的工作能力， 达到既定的目标。 注：指相关活动、机构或个人的总体目 标，横向覆盖所有机构/组织、职能和个人 （WHO 2015a）。 Cooperating agency 协调机构 向事件处置工作提供除直接行动或支持 职能/资源之外的援助的机构（WHO 2015a）。 Coordination 协调 确保工作整合/统一的管理流程。协调主 要与资源有关，且：根据指挥权限在纵向（组 织内部）、根据控制权限在横向（组织间）运 作（WHO 2015a）。 不同组织（公立或私营）或统一组织的 各个部分为实现共同目标而共同努力或采取 行动的方式（ISO 22300：2018，ISO 22320： 2011）。 Coordination centre 协调中心 参见 emergency coordination centre。 Coping capacity 应对能力 人员、组织和系统利用可用的技能和资 源来处置不利局面、风险或灾害的能力。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 22 页 共 74 页 注：应对能力的构建需要在平时以及灾 害或不利局面下持续培养意识、提供资源和 良好的管理。应对能力有助于减少灾害风险 （UNGA 2016）。 Crisis 危机 一种不稳定或关键的时点或状态，在此 时点或状态下，一个决定性的变化即将来临， 特别是在很明显可能出现一个非常难以接受 的后果的情况下（WHO 2015b）。 不稳定的状态，涉及即将发生的意外或 重大变化，需要紧急关注并采取行动保护生 命、资产、财产或环境（ISO 22300：2018）。 Critical infrastructure 关键基础设 施 为社区或社会的社会经济功能提供至关 重要的服务的有形建筑、设施、网络和其它 资产（UNGA 2016）。 Critical systems （in hospitals） 关 键系统（医院内部） 医院内部的关键系统包括电气、通信、 供水、消防、废物处置、燃料和医用气体储 存，以及供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统。 注：关键系统的故障或破坏，会中止或 妨碍医院功能的发挥（WHO 2015a）。 DALYs 伤残调整寿命年 参见 disability-adjusted life years。 Damage （event，emergency，disaster） 破坏（事件、突发事件、灾害） 发生在（危害事件或）灾难期间和之后。 注：通常以在受灾地区的实物单位（例 如，房屋的平方米，道路的公里数等）来衡 量，并描述了实物资产的全部或部分破坏， 基本服务的中断以及对生活来源的破坏 （UNGA 2016）。 Damage，disaster 破坏，灾害 参见 disaster damage。 Dead 死者 被确认为死亡，以及失踪且被推定为死 亡的人（CRED 2009）。 参见 casualty，mortality。 Debrief 汇报 对已完成的操作或演练进行批判性的检 讨，以对行动进行评估（WHO 2015a）。 参见 cold debrief，hot debrief。 Decontamination 清除污染 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 23 页 共 74 页 一种操作，采取卫生措施，清除人体或 动物体表面、拟使用的物品之中或之上、或 其它无生命物体（包括运输工具）上存在的 可能构成公共卫生风险传染性或有毒物质 （WHO 2010a）。 Direct economic loss 直接经济损失 受影响区域中被全部或部分破坏的有形 资产的货币价值。 注：【按仙台框架汇报的需要】，直接经 济损失大致等同于物质损失。直接经济损失 通常发生在事件发生期间或事件发生后的头 几个小时内，并且通常这些损失事件发生后 不久进行评估，以估算复原成本并要求保险 理赔。这些损失是有形的，相对容易衡量。 作为直接经济损失计算基础的实物资产包括 房屋、学校、医院、商业和公共建筑物，运 输、能源、电信基础设施和其它基础设施； 企业资产和工业厂房；以及农作物、牲畜和 生产基础设施等生产资料。也可能包括环境 资产和文化遗产（UNGA 2016）。 Directly affected 直接受影响者 遭受伤病或其他健康损害的人；被迫疏 散、流离失所或迁徙，或其生计、经济、物 质、社会、文化和环境资产受到直接损害的 人（UNGA 2016）。 参见 affected。 Disability 失能 由人的内在能力与环境和个人因素之间 的相互作用所导致的某种功能上的限制（WHO 2011）。 注：失能或功能障碍既不是单纯生理性 的，亦非单纯社会性的。失能可发生在三个 层面：损伤、活动受限和参与受限。损伤致 身体功能或结构遇到问题；活动受限指个人 在执行任务或行动时遇到困难；参与受限则 指个人在生活场景中遇到问题（WHO 2019a）。 参见 people with disability。 Disability-adjusted life years （DALYs） 伤残调整寿命年 发病到死亡所损失的人群的全部健康寿 命年（WHO 2016b）。 Disaster 灾害 由于与暴露、脆弱性和能力条件相互作 用，危险事件会对一个社区或社会在各种规 模上的运作受到严重破坏，导致以下一种或 多种后果：人员、物质、经济和环境损失和 影响。 注：灾害的影响虽然可以是即时和局部 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 24 页 共 74 页 的，但往往是广泛的，可以持续很长一段时 间。此种影响可能会考验或超出一个社区或 社会本身的应对，因此可能需要外部援助， 这些援助可能包括临近的行政区，或国家乃 至国际社会（UNGA 2016）。 参见 emergency，slow-onset disaster， sudden-onset disaster。 Disaster impact 灾害影响 危害事件或灾害的全部影响，包括负面 影响（如经济损失）和正面影响（如经济收 益）。 注：该术语涵盖经济、人类和环境影响， 且涵盖死亡、伤害、疾病和其它对人类身心 和社会福祉的负面影响（UNGA 2016）。 同 义 词 event impact ， emergency impact。 参见 consequence，impact。 Disaster loss database 灾害损失数据 库 一组系统收集的有关（危害事件或）灾 害发生、破坏、损失和影响的记录，至少符 合《仙台框架》监测的最低监测要求（UNGA 2016）。 Disaster management 灾害管理 灾害准备、响应和复原措施的组织、计 划和实施。 注：灾害管理 可能无法完全避免或消除 威胁；着重于创建和实施防灾备灾措施及其 它计划，以减少灾害的影响并做到重建的更 好。未制订或实施计划可能会导致生命、财 产和收入的损失（UNGA 2016）。 参见 emergency management。 Disaster response 灾害响应 为了挽救生命、减少健康影响、确保公 共安全并满足受灾人员的基本生活需要，在 灾害的事前、事中或事后立即采取的行动 （UNGA 2016）。 同义词 emergency response。 参见 response。 Disaster risk 灾害风险 某个系统、社会或社区在特定时间段内 可能的人员伤亡和财产损失，是根据风险、 暴露程度、脆弱性和能力的概率函数来确定 的。 注：灾害风险的定义反映了危害事件和 灾害的概念，是风险状况不断变化的结果。 灾害风险包括不同类型的潜在损失，这些损 失往往难以量化。尽管如此，了解了当前的 危害以及人口和社会经济发展的模式，至少 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 25 页 共 74 页 可以总体评估和绘制灾害风险图。重要的是 要考虑灾害风险发生的社会和经济背景，人 们不必对风险及其潜在风险因素有相同的看 法（UNGA 2016）。这一定义可适用于与危害 事件、突发事件和灾害有关的“风险”。 参见 risk，extensive disaster risk， intensive disaster risk ， underlying disaster risk drivers。 Disaster risk assessment 灾害风险评 估 一种定性或定量方法，通过分析潜在的 危害和评估现有的暴露条件和脆弱性（和能 力），确定灾害风险的性质和程度：这些因素 共同作用之下可能会危及人身、财产、服务、 生活及所依赖境。 注：灾害风险评估包括：危害识别；审 视危害的技术特征，例如危害的位置、强度、 发生频度和可能性；分析暴露和脆弱性，包 括物理、社会、健康、环境和经济方面；以 及针对可能的风险场景评估现行的和备用的 应对能力的有效性（UNGA 2016）。 参见 emergency risk assessment。 Disaster risk drivers，underlying 灾 害风险驱动因素，潜在的 参 见 underlying disaster risk drivers。 Disaster risk governance 灾害风险管 治 对减少风险和相关政策领域进行指导、 协调和监督的体制、机制、政策和法律框架 及其它安排。 注：好的管治要求透明、包容、合作和 高效，以减少现有的灾害风险，避免产生新 的灾害风险（UNGA 2016）。 Disaster risk information 灾害风险 信息 与个人、社区、组织和国家及其资产有 关的灾害风险各个方面的全面信息，包括危 害、暴露、脆弱性和能力。 注：灾害风险信息涵盖了解灾害风险驱 动因素和潜在风险因素所需的所有研究、信 息和图表（UNGA 2016）。 Disaster risk management 灾害风险管 理 运用减少灾害风险的政策和策略来预防 新的灾害风险、减少现有灾害风险和管理现 存的风险，有助于增强抵御能力和减少灾害 损失（UNGA 2016）。 参见 community-based disaster risk 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 26 页 共 74 页 management，disaster risk governance， disaster risk information，disaster risk management plans，health emergency and disaster risk management。 Disaster risk management plans 灾害 风险管理计划 （计划）列出了减灾风险的目标和具体 指标，以及为实现这些目标而采取的相关行 动。 注：应以《仙台框架》（及其它相关的全 球、区域和国家框架）为指导。应在相关的 发展规划、资源分配和计划中给予考虑和协 调。国家层面的计划需要针对每个级别的行 政职责，且适应当前存在的不同社会和地理 环境。计划中应指定实施的时间范围、职责 和资金来源。应尽可能与可持续发展和适应 气候变化的计划联系起来（UNGA 2016）。 Disaster risk management ， community-based 灾害风险管理，社区本位 的 参见 community-based disaster risk management。 Disaster risk reduction 减少灾害风 险 （活动）旨在预防新的灾害和减少现有 灾害风险，并管理现存风险，所有这些活动 均有助于增强抗灾力，进而有助于实现可持 续发展。 注：减少灾害风险是灾害风险管理的政 策目标，其宗旨和目标已在减少灾害风险的 策略和计划中确定（UNGA 2016）。 参 见 disaster risk reduction strategies and policies。 Disaster risk reduction strategies and policies 减少灾害风险的策略和政策 定义了不同时间范围内的目标和目的的 策略和政策，并有具体的目标、指标和时限。 注：根据《仙台框架》，这些措施旨在防 止灾害风险的产生、减少剩余风险，以及增 强经济、社会、卫生和环境的适应能力（UNGA 2016）. Disease 疾病 对人类造成或可能造成严重伤害的不适 或医疗状况，无论其来源如何（WHO 2010a， WHO 2016）。 Disease prevention 疾病预防 疾病预防不仅包括预防疾病的发生（如 降低危险因素），还包括在疾病确诊后阻止其 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 27 页 共 74 页 进展并减轻后果的措施（WHO 1998）。 Disinsection 灭虫 采取卫生措施以控制或杀灭行李、货物、 集装箱、运输工具、物品、邮政包裹中存在 的携带的人类病原体的媒介昆虫的程序（WHO 2010a）。 Drill 演练 协调的、有监督的演练活动，通常用于 重复测试某个特定的操作或功能。 注：演练的目的是作为个人或团队来练 习特定的技能、操作或功能。演练练习并完 善响应计划的一部分，且应尽可能切合实际， 并采用执行功能所必需的设备（WHO 2009， WHO 2017c）。 Early warning system 预警系统 1、灾害监测、预报和预测、灾害风险评 估、沟通和备灾行动系统和流程的集成体系， 使个人、社区、政府、企业和其它机构能够 及时采取措施，在发生危害事件之前降低灾 害风险。 注：有效的“点对点”和“以人为本” 的警报系统大致包含四个相互关联的关键要 素：（1）基于系统的数据收集和灾害风险评 估的灾害风险认识；（2）对危害及其可能后 果的检测、监测、分析和预测；（3）通过官 方渠道传播和发布关于灾害发生可能性及其 影响的权威、及时、准确和可操作的警报以 及相关信息；（4）各个级别对收到的警报做 出响应的准备。这四个相互关联的要件需要 在部门内部、跨部门以及多个级别进行协调， 以使系统有效地工作，并包括不断改进的反 馈机制。一个要件的故障或它们之间缺乏协 调可能会导致整个系统的故障（UNGA 2016）。 2、疾病监测的特定程序，以尽早发现任 何异常的发生，或观察到偏离通常/正常发生 频度的现象（WHO 2018a）。 参 见 multi-hazard early warning systems。 Early warning and response （EWAR） 预警和响应 一种有组织的机制，能够尽早发现任何 异常现象，或观察到偏离通常/正常出现频度 的现象。 注：这一定义经常用于生物危害的背景 下（WHO 2018a）。 Economic loss 经济损失 包括直接经济损失和间接经济损失的总 体经济影响（UNGA 2016）。 也可参见 economic loss，direct 和 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 28 页 共 74 页 economic loss，indirect。 El Niño-southern oscillation（ENSO） 厄尔尼诺-南方涛动 一种海洋事件，即国际日期变更线以东 的热带太平洋海域变暖有关，与全球规模的 热带和亚热带海面压力模式的波动有关，并 伴有大气-海洋现象，会持续 2～7 年。 注：ENSO 事件对热带太平洋的风、海面 温度和降水模式有很大的影响，ENSO 对整个 太平洋地区和世界许多其他地区都有气候影 响，ENSO 的暖期称为厄尔尼诺，冷期称为拉 尼娜（IPCC 2012）。 Emergency 应急/突发事件/紧急情况/ 紧急状态 一种产生或可能产生一系列后果的事件 或迫在眉睫的威胁，需要采取协调一致的行 动，通常是紧急的、非常规的。 注：突发事件一词有时与灾害/灾难一词 互换使用，例如在生物和技术危害或突发卫 生事件下，然而也可能与不会导致社区或社 会功能严重中断的危害事件相关。事故或事 件也常被称为突发事件，其范围包括从局部 的、后果有限的突发事件，到大范围的、灾 难性突发事件。这些词经常被替代使用，但 不适所有事故和事件都称为突发事件（UNGA 2016）。 参见 complex emergency，disaster， health emergency ， humanitarian emergency，protracted emergency。 Emergency （risk） management agency or organization 应急（风险）管理机构/ 组织 一个组织（通常是政府机构）专门司职 协调多部门、跨部门的应急行动，包括风险 评估、预防、环节、准备、响应和复原活动 （WHO 2015a）。 同义词 disaster （risk） management organization。 Emergency coordination centre 应急 协调中心 一种并不具备直接的行动或运作功能， 而是作为策略性资源分配和政策议题管理的 控制点和协调点的平台（WHO 2015a）。 Emergency management cycle 应急管理 周期 参见 comprehensive approach。 Emergency management 应急管理/应急 处置 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 29 页 共 74 页 1、有时与灾害管理一词互换使用，特别 是在生物和技术危害以及突发事件下。 注：虽然二者的语义存在很大程度的重 叠，但突发事件也可能与不会导致社区或社 会功能严重中断的危害事件有关（UNGA 2016）。 2、预防和管理突发事件的总体模式。 注：一般来说，应急管理采用风险管理 模式，在潜在的不稳定和/或破坏性事件的事 前、事中和事后进行预防、准备、响应和复 原（ISO 22320：2011）。 参见 disaster management。 Emergency medical team （EMT） 应急 医疗队 医治受紧急情况或灾害影响的患者的一 组健康专业人员（医生、护士、医疗辅助人 员等）。 注：他们来自政府、慈善机构（非政府 组织）、军队和国际组织（如红十字会与红新 月会国际联合会），致力于遵守世卫组织及其 合作伙伴制订的分类和最低标准，接受过培 训并能自给自足，以免给受影响国家的系统 带来负担（WHO 2017a）。 Emergency operations centre （EOC） 应急行动中心 一个行政区域或机构中，协调其对重大 突发事件/灾害做出响应的设施/机构（WHO 2015b）。 Emergency response plan 应急预案 描述机构或组织将如何相应各种突发事 件的文件。 注：（WHO 2017a）。 Engagement，community 社区参与度 参见 community engagement。 Environmental hazards 环境危害 1、可能包括化学、天然的和生物危害。 可能是由环境退化或空气、水和土壤中的物 理或化学污染导致的。 注：许多此类的过程和现象可以被称为 危害和风险的驱动因素，而不是其本身的危 害，如土壤退化、森林砍伐、生物多样性丧 失、盐碱化和海平面升高（UNGA 2016）。 2、能够对生态系统或自然环境/资源造 成损害的化学或物理因素（WHO 2009）。 参见附录 2 世卫组织危害分类。 Environmental health 环境健康 包含由环境中的物理、化学、生物、社 会和心理社会因素决定的（包括生活质量的） 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 30 页 共 74 页 人类健康方面。 注：环境健康还指评估、纠正、控制和 预防环境中可能会对当代、后代健康产生不 利影响的因素的一门理论和实践（WHO 2009）。 Epidemic 流行病/疫情 1．在社区或地区发生的疾病、特定的健 康行为或其它明显超出正常预期的健康相关 事件。 注：病例发生的社区或地区、以及发生 的时间要明确表示。而代表流行病严重程度 的病例数量，会随受感染者规模和人群的类 型、既往暴露史或缺乏暴露经历、发生的时 间和地点的变化而不同（WHO 1999）。 2．在特定时间和地点，出现了许多异常 增多或出人意料的病例（Connolly M & WHO 2005）。 Epidemic intelligence 流行病情报 以预警为目的，系统地搜集、分析和交 流各种信息，开展检测、验证、评估和调查 事件和健康风险（WHO 2014）。 Epidemic threshold 流行阈值/临界值 发生流行所需的易感者的数量或密度临 界值。用于确认疾病的流行，以便采取适当 的控制措施（WHO 2019i）。 Epidemiology 流行病学 人群中健康相关状况或事件的分布及其 影响因素的研究，以及在控制健康问题中的 应用（WHO 2009）。 Evacuation 疏散 在危害事件发生的事前、事中或事后， 将人员和财产转移到更安全的地区进行保 护。 注：疏散计划，是指为在危害事件发生 的事前、事中或事后，将人员和财产暂时转 移到更安全地区而提前作出的安排。疏散计 划可能包含撤离人员的返回计划或在原地避 难的选项（UNGA 2016）。 Event-based surveillance 基于事件 的监测 有组织的搜集、监测、评估和解释有关 健康事件或风险（可能对人类健康构成急性 风险）的非结构化临时信息。 注：基于事件的监测是预警、警告和响 应的功能组成部分。此信息可以通过正式渠 道（即已建立的例行通报系统），也可以通过 非正式渠道（如媒体、健康工作者、非政府 组织）发布的未经证实的信息和其它特别信 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 31 页 共 74 页 息，包括与人群疾病发生有关的事件和与潜 在的人群暴露有关的事件（WHO 2010a，WHO 2014）。 参见 surveillance。 Event 事件 参见 hazardous event，public health event。 Exercise 训练/演练/演习 1、一种实践、培训、监测或评估的形式， 涉及到描述或模拟突发事件，以及对突发事 件进行描述或模拟响应（WHO 2017c）。 2、培训、评估、实践和改善组织绩效的 过程（ISO 22300：2018）。 注：训练/演练有助于确定某些条件下未 来系统性能可靠性的指示，并明确系统需要 改进的地方（WHO 2015b）。 Exercise project 训练/演练计划 建立和实施训练/演练的标准方法，包括 三个阶段：前期规划、材料的准备和组织； 训练/演练阶段；结束后的报告和移交阶段。 注：演练计划包含一系列越来越复杂的 训练，旨在增强对不同应急管理能力的认识、 练习和评估（WHO 2017c，WHO 2015a）。 Exposure 暴露/接触 1、处于易受危害地区的人员、基础设施、 住房、生产能力和其它有形资产的状况。 注：关于暴露的评估包含某个区域内人 员数量或资产类型。这些可以同对特定危害 的脆弱性和能力的特征性相结合，以估算区 域内该风险相关的定量风险（UNGA 2016）。 2、化学、物理或生物因素与生物体表的 接触，如通过呼吸道吸入、消化道摄入或皮 肤接触（WHO 2016b）。 Exposure assessment or analysis 暴 露评估或分析 参见 risk assessment。 Exposure route 暴露途径 个体接触危害因素的路径或途径（WHO 2016b）。 Extensive disaster risk 延申型灾害 风险 低严重程度、高频度的危害事件和灾害 的风险，主要（但不局限于）是地区性的危 害。 注：在社区经常遭受局部的洪灾、山体 滑坡、暴风雨或干旱影响的地区，延申型灾 害风险通常很高。贫困、城市化和环境恶化 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 32 页 共 74 页 往往加剧了此类风险（UNGA 2016）。 参 见 disaster risk ， intensive disaster risk。 EWAR 预警和响应 参见 early warning and response。 Field exercise 实地演练 参见 full-scale exercise。 Food safety 食品安全 1、按照预期用途制备和/或食用食品时， 确保食品不会对食用者造成伤害（FAO & WHO 2016）。 2、处理、储存和加工食物，以预防感染、 确保食物保持充足的营养，并保证我们的健 康饮食（FAO 2004）。 Food insecurity 粮食不稳 人们无法安全地获得足够数量的安全且 有营养的食物以供应正常的生长发育和积极 健康的生活的状态。 注：可能的原因包括缺乏食物、购买力 不足、分配不当或家庭使用不当。粮食不稳、 健康和卫生条件不佳，以及不当的护理和喂 养方式是造成营养状况不良的主要原因。粮 食不稳可能是长期的、季节性的或暂时的 （FAO 2000）。 Food security 粮食保障 所有人、任何时候都能从身体、社会和 经济上获得充足、安全和有营养的食物，以 满足其饮食需要和食物偏好，从而过上积极 和健康生活的状态（FAO 2000）。 Fragile states 脆弱国家 缺乏能力或意愿（或两者兼有）为包括 穷人在内的广大人民提供国家核心职能的国 家。 注：国家在减贫方面最重要的职能包括 领土管制、安全保障、管理公共资源的能力、 提供基本服务的能力，以及保护和支持最贫 穷群体维持生计的能力（WHO 2011）。 Full-scale exercise （FSX） 综合演 练 一种尽可能模拟真实事件的演练，旨在 评估应急管理系统在高压环境下的运作能 力，模拟实际的响应条件，包括应急人员、 设备和物资的动员和调动。 注：综合演练的目的是尽可能以最真实 的方式测试/评估应急计划的大部分功能。理 想情况下，综合演练应当测试和评估应急管 理计划或实施计划的大多数功能。与 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 33 页 共 74 页 Functional exercise 功能演练不同，综合 演练通常涉及实际部署在现场的多个机构和 参与者（WHO 2017c）。 同义词 field exercise。 Functional exercise （FX） 功能性演 练 完全仿真的交互式演练，用于测试组织 对模拟事件做出响应的工作能力。用演练测 试组织的实施计划的多个功能。 注：功能性演练的目的是测试或验证组 织中的特定职能或部门在时间紧迫的现实情 况下的响应能力。着重于测试组织对政策、 流程、角色和模拟事件的事前、事中或事后 职责的协调、整合和交互作用（WHO 2017c）。 Gender-based violence 源于性别的暴 力 参 见 sexual and gender-based violence。 Geological or geophysical hazards 地质/地球物理危害 源自地球内部过程的危害。例如地震、 火山活动和喷发，以及相关的地球物理过程， 如板块运动、滑坡、地表塌陷和泥石流。 注：水文气象因素是其中一些过程的重 要因素。海啸难以归类，尽管海啸是由于海 底地震和其它地质事件引发的，但实际上已 经构成海洋运动，表现为沿海地区与海水有 关的危害（UNGA 2016）。 参见 附录 2 世卫组织危害分类。 Global health security 全球健康安全 需要采取的积极和被动的行动，以最大 程度地降低对跨区域和跨国的危害群体健康 的突发公共卫生事件的脆弱性（WHO 2007b）。 Hazard 危害 1、可能造成伤亡或其它健康影响、财产 损失、社会和经济破坏，或环境恶化的过程、 现象或人类活动。 注：可能包括物品/物质的在暴露条件下 能够对人或环境造成不利影响的潜在性质或 固有能力（UNGA 2016，WHO 2009）。 2、潜在危险源（ISO 22300：2018）。 参 见 anthropogenic hazard ， biological hazard ， chemical hazard ， environmental hazard ， geological or geophysical hazard，hydrometeorological hazard ， natural hazard ， socionatural hazard，technological hazard，zoonoses。 Hazard assessment or analysis 危害 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 34 页 共 74 页 评估或分析 参见 risk assessment。 Hazardous event 危险/危害事件 危害在某一特定时间段和特定地点内的 表现。 注：危害事件和其它风险因素共同作用 之下，可造成严重的危害事件可能导致灾难 性的后果（UNGA 2016）。 参见 public health event。 Hazard monitoring function 危害监测 功能 在特定区域内获取基于证据的危害信息 的活动，用于公共警报决策的需要（ISO 22300：2018）。 Health 健康 不仅仅是没有疾病或衰弱，还包括身体、 精神和社会适应的完好状态（WHO 1948）。 Health care facility 医疗设施 各种规模和类型的医院，专业的医疗服 务机构，初级卫生保健诊所，全科医生的诊 疗室等。（WHO 2007）。 Health care-associated infection 医 源性感染 患者在医院或其它医疗机构的护理过程 中发生的感染，该感染在入院时并不存在或 不在潜伏期内。 注：医源性感染也可能在出院后出现。 是最常见的与护理病人相关的不良事件（WHO 2016）。 同义词 nosocomial infection。 Health cluster 卫生集群 一种用于协调评估、综合分析、制订已 商定的总体优先事项、目标和卫生应急响应 策略，以及监测和评价该策略的执行情况和 影响因素的机制（WHO 2009b）。 Health emergency 突发卫生事件 一种产生或有可能产生一系列健康后果 的事件或迫在眉睫的威胁，需要采取协调一 致的行动，通常是紧急的、非常规的。 注：突发卫生事件可能会在社区中造成 严重的患病或死亡风险（WHO 2015a）。 参 见 public health event ， public health emergency of international concern，mass casualty incident。 Health emergency and disaster risk management 灾害健康风险管理 通过综合危害、暴露和降低脆弱性，来 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 35 页 共 74 页 对由现实的或潜在的危害事件（包括突发事 件和灾害）造成的健康风险进行系统性分析 和管理，以预防和减轻风险、备灾、响应和 复原（WHO 2017b）。 参见 disaster risk management。 Health impact assessment 健康影响评 估 评估特定环境中的任何特定活动（规划、 政策或计划）对特定人群健康的影响（WHO 2016b）。 注：为决策者和利益相关者提供建议， 以最大程度地提高方案的积极健康影响，并 将负面健康影响降至最低（WHO 2009）。 Health outcome 健康结果 由计划的单一干预措施或一系列干预措 施所导致的个人、群体或人群健康状况的变 化（WHO 1998）。 Health policy 卫生政策 指导决策的一般性声明或备忘录，产生 于相关合作伙伴就拟解决的问题以及处理这 些问题的方法或策略达成协议或共识（WHO 2011）。 参见 health promotion，One Health。 Health promotion 健康促进 使人们能够更好的管理和改善健康地过 程。 注：健康促进是一个全面的社会和政治 过程，不仅包括旨在增强个人技能和能力的 行动，也包括改变社会、环境和经济状况， 从而降低公众和个人健康的行动（WHO 1998）。 Health sector 卫生部门 有组织的公立和私立卫生服务机构（包 括健康促进、疾病预防、诊疗和护理服务）、 卫生职能部门的政策与行动、与卫生有关的 非政府组织和社会团体以及专业协会（WHO 1998）。 Health system 卫生系统 人员、机构和资源按照既定政策组合在 一起，以改善其所服务的人群的健康，同时 回应人民的合理关切，并通过各种行动保护 他们免受疾病影响，其目的是改善健康（WHO 2011）。 Hot debrief 即时汇报 在演练或事件发生后立即举行的汇报， 以明确计划、政策和程序的优缺点。 注：在及时汇报中，参与者和行动团队 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 36 页 共 74 页 会提出即时的反馈或事件汇报。每个人分享 关于优缺点和需要改进的方面的观点，并纳 入演练/行动报告中（WHO 2015a，WHO 2017c）。 同义词 hot wash。 参见 debrief，cold debrief。 Humanitarian civil-military coordination 人道主义军民协调 人在突发人道主义事件下，为保护和促 进人道主义原则，避免竞争、尽量减少冲突/ 不协调，并在适当时追求共同目标，民间和 军方行动者之间的对话和互动是必要的。策 略的涵盖范围包括从共处到合作。 注：协调是通过联络和共同培训所促进 的共同职责，该定义可以扩展到国家和地方 各级针对各种突发事件的民间与军方人员之 间的互动（OCHA 2019）。 Human-induced hazards 人为危害 参见 anthropogenic hazards。 Hydrometeorological hazards 水文气 象危害 大气、水文或海洋学方面的危害。 注：例如热带气旋（台风、飓风）、洪水 （包括山洪暴发）、干旱、热浪和严寒，以及 沿海的风暴潮，水文气象条件也可能是其它 危害的组成部分，如滑坡、野火、蝗灾、流 行病以及有毒物质和火山喷发物质（UNGA 2016）。 参见 附录 2 世卫组织危害分类。 Hygiene 个人卫生 有助于保持健康并防止疾病传播的条件 和做法，包括洗手、经期卫生管理和食品卫 生（WHO & UN Water 2019）。 Impact 影响 特定结果经评估后的后果（ISO 22300： 2018）。 参见 consequence，disaster damage， disaster impact，disaster loss database。 Incidence 发病 特定人群在特定时期内发病或罹患疾病 的人数（发生率），从而表示该人群罹患某种 疾病的风险（源于 WHO 2013）。 参见 prevalence。 Incident 事件/事故 可能导致人员伤亡、财产损失、社会和 经济破坏和/或环境恶化的事件或现象（WHO 2015b）。 可能会导致破坏、损失、突发事件或危 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 37 页 共 74 页 机的事件或情况（ISO 22300：2018）。 Incident action plan 事故行动计划 参见 action plan。 Incident，chemical 事故，化学 参见 chemical incident。 Incident command system 事故指挥系 统 参见 incident management system。 Incident management system 事故管理 系统 定义人员角色和职责，以及事故管理中 采用的操作程序的系统（ISO 22300：2018）。 Indicator-based surveillance （IBS） 基于指标的监测 1.该系统（定期）收集、监测、分析和 解释结构化的数据，即由诸多公认的主要基 于健康的正式来源得出的指标（WHO 2014）。 2.例行的病例报告，包括应当通报的疾 病监测系统、哨点监测、基于实验室的监测 等。 注：例行的报告通常取决于医疗机构， 每周或每月一次报告（WHO 2010a）。 Indirect economic loss 间接经济损失 由于直接经济损失和/或人类和健康影 响而导致的经济附加值的下降。间接经济损 失包括微观经济损失（如因营业中断导致的 收入下降）、微观经济影响（如收入下降对自 然资产和供应链的影响或暂时失业），以及宏 观经济影响（如物价上涨、政府债务增加、 股票市场负面影响和 GDP 下降）。 注：间接损失可发生在受危害事件影响 的区域内部或外部，并且往往有时间差，因 此可能是无形的或难以测算的（UNGA 2016）。 Indirectly affected 间接受影响者 由于经济、关键基础设施、基本服务、 商业或工作的中断或变化，或由于社会、健 康和心理后果而长期遭受除直接影响以外后 果的人（UNGA 2016）。 参见 affected。 Infection 感染 传染源进入人或动物体内生长或繁殖， 可能构成公共卫生风险（WHO 2010a，WHO 2016）。 Infection control 感染控制 参见 infection prevention & control。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 38 页 共 74 页 Infection prevention & control 感染 预防和控制 一套切实可行、行之有效的组织和技术 方法及措施，以防止社区和卫生保健机构内 可避免的感染和抗菌素耐药性的传播（WHO 2019c）。 预防与卫生保健有关的感染的实践学 科。 注：卫生保健中感染预防和控制的目标 是：防止患者、医护人员、访客和其他与卫 生保健有关的人员发生医源性感染；让医疗 机构为早期发现和处置疫情做好准备，并迅 速组织有效的应对措施；有助于响应的协调 一致，以控制可能通过卫生保健行动扩散的 社区获得性传染病（地方性的或流行性的）； 有助于预防产生或散播耐药性菌株；尽量减 少这些感染及其管理措施对环境的影响（WHO 2014c）。 Injury 伤害 人体与能量（机械、热、电、化学或辐 射、高压）相互作用，其能量或传导速率超 过了身体或生理承受能力，而造成身体物理 性或生理性伤害。 注：伤害也可能是由于缺少氧气等重要 元素引起的。包括中毒/毒效应，以及外来物 植入身体或由植入物造成的损伤。也包括虐 待综合征（即使未报告身体或生理性伤害）。 伤害通常是对明确事件的快速反应，如车祸、 摔倒跌落、服用强碱性液体、过量服药、手 术中的伤口等，这些事件通常被称为伤害的 外部原因。然而，造成伤害的能量也可能来 自受伤害者本人或其周围环境，例如，炎热 天气中奔跑的人会持续消耗体力，并且伤害 可能是受伤害者自己造成的，如故意自残 （WHO 2018b）。 Intensive disaster risk 集中型灾害 风险 与重大危害有关的高严重程度、中至低 发生频度灾害的风险。 注：严重灾害风险主要是大城市或人口 稠密地区的特征，这些地区不仅面临强震、 活跃火山、大洪水、海啸或大风暴等严重灾 害，而且对这些灾害的脆弱性也很高（UNGA 2016）。 Interested party 利益攸关方 受到某一项决定或活动影响，或自认为 受到影响的人或组织（ISO 22300：2018）。 同义词 stakeholder。 International Health Regulations 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 39 页 共 74 页 （IHR） 国际卫生条例（2005） 旨在防止疾病的跨国传播，由第五十八 届世界卫生大会于 2005 年 5 月 23 日通过， 并于 2007 年 6 月 15 日生效。条例的目的和 范围是以与公共卫生风险相称和有限的方 式，预防、控制和提供针对国际疾病传播的 公共卫生响应，并避免对国际交通和贸易造 成不必要的干扰（WHO 2016）。 Internally displaced persons（IDPs） 国内流离失所者 被迫逃离家园或通常居住地的人，特别 是由于武装冲突、暴力侵害，或为避免武装 冲突而造成的人道主义灾难或自然灾害，且 尚未跨越国际认可的国家边界（UNHCR 2011）。 Interoperability 互通性 各种不同系统和组织协同工作的能力 （ISO 22300：2018）。 Intersectoral collaboration 部门间 合作 参见 collaboration，intersectoral。 Isolation 隔离 将患病或受感染的人员，或受感染的行 李、集装箱、交通工具、物品或邮政包裹与 其他人隔离开，以防止感染或污染的扩散蔓 延（WHO 2010a，WHO 2016）。 Jurisdiction 管辖权 有权力和责任在特定区域内提供特定职 能和服务的组（政府层级或指定机构）WHO 2015a）。 Lead agency 牵头机构 负责管理特定类型突发事件的机构或部 门（WHO 2015a）。 Leadership 领导 与他人互动，促进建设性过程，以进行 合作、维持协作互动，以指导行动和实现目 标的过程（WHO 2015a）。 Lessons learned 经验教训 可以采取补救措施以提高绩效的问题 （WHO 2015a）。 Level of event 事件级别 根据所需的响应资源评估事件的范围、 复杂性和可能持续的时间的一项组织内部的 结构化过程（WHO 2017a）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 40 页 共 74 页 Level of risk 风险级别 风险或风险组合的程度，表现为后果及 其可能性的组合（ISO 31000：2009）。 Likelihood 可能性 事件发生的几率（ISO 31000：2018）。 参见 probability。’ Logistics 后勤 应急（风险）管理的一个方面，涉及物 资和人力资源的采购、分配、维护、更换和 遣返，包括向应急人员提供基础设施和服务 支援（WHO 2015a）。 Malnutrition 营养不良 能量和或营养摄入不足、过多或不平衡 （WHO 2008）。 参见 nutrition。 Mass casualty incident 大规模伤亡事 故 一次事件产生的受害者数量超过当地通 过常规操作程序进行处置的可用资源的事 件。 注：需要特殊的安排和额外或特殊的支 援（WHO 2007）。 Mass casualty management system 大 规模伤亡管理系统 一套连贯的、相互关联的既定程序、政 策和计划，有助于实现以下共同目标：优化 基础能力，以应对大规模伤亡事件中预期的 患者群体，并在应对大规模伤亡事件期间有 效提高这一能力（WHO 2007）。 Mass gathering 大型聚集 如果参加人数足以导致主办活动的社 区、地区或国家的规划或响应资源紧张，则 可将活动（有组织或无计划的）归类为大型 聚集。 注：通常被定义为超过特定数量的人（可 能只有 1000 人，尽管现有文献大多描述超过 25000 人）在特定时间、特定地点为特定目 的（社会活动、大型公共活动或体育比赛） 聚集（WHO 2015b）。 Mental health and psychosocial support 精神健康与社会心理支持 任何旨在保护或促进心理社会健康和/ 或预防或治疗精神疾病的本地或外部支持。 注：传统上，精神卫生保健被健康专业 人员用来描述治疗被诊断患有精神健康状况 的个人的专门干预措施。心理社会支持和心 理社会干预是指在范围更广的应急响应领域 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 41 页 共 74 页 中工作人员所使用的术语，指的是支持个人 和整个社区的心理和社会健康，而不是专门 关注于治疗精神健康状况（IASC 2007）。 Missing person 失踪人员 下落不为其亲属所知晓的人，和/或（根 据可靠资料）在国际或国内武装冲突中、国 内暴力或骚乱、自然灾害或其它任何需要国 家主管当局干预的情况下、依据国家法律规 定报告的失踪人员（ICRC 2009）。 突发事件期间或之后下落不明的人 （CRED 2009）。 同义词：missing。 参见 casualty。 Mitigation 缓解 减轻或限制危害和相关灾害的不利影 响。 注：通常，危害特别是自然灾害的不利 影响是无法完全防止的，但是可以通过各种 策略和行动来大大减轻其规模或严重程度。 减缓措施包括工程技术和抗灾建设，以及改 进环境和社会的政策。需要指出的是，在气 候变化政策中，减缓的定义有所不同，指的 是减少导致气候变化的温室气体的排放 （UNGA 2016）。 Monitoring 监控 在监测和响应的语境下，监控指的是对 计划好的监测活动的实施（监测行动计划的 实施）以及监测和响应系统总体性能的例行 持续的追踪（WHO 2014）。 Morbidity 罹患 特定疾病的相对发病数/发病率。临床上 通常可以包括各种疾病状态，包括诊断病例 和相关并发症，都可以计入罹患（WHO 2009）。 Morbidity rate 罹患率 人群中发生或罹患特定疾病的比例（WHO 2009）。 Mortality 死亡数字 特定人群在特定时期内的死亡人数。 注：死亡数字可以用每年死亡的绝对数 来表示，也可以表示为每 10 万人中每年死亡 人数的比率（WHO & IARC 2016）。 Mortality ratio 死亡比例 特定时期内特定地区死亡人数占该地区 人口的比重。 注：人口或地区的死亡率（WHO 2009）。 Multi-agency coordination centre 多 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 42 页 共 74 页 机构协调中心 在受影响的机构之间进行大规模、高级 别、多部门和跨地区的协调，而不涉及日常 事件管理活动。 注：最高级别的战略协调，涉及参与机 构的行政和政策级别，以及来自受影响地区 的行政代表（WHO 2015a）。 Multi-hazard 多重危害 特定国家面临的多种重大危害，以及危 害事件可能同时、连续或累积发生，且需要 考虑到其潜在的相关影响的具体情况（UNGA 2016）。 Multi-hazard early warning systems 多重危害预警系统 在危害事件可能同时、连续或累积发生， 且需要考虑到其潜在的相关影响的具体情况 下，应对几种相似或不同类型的危害和/或影 响的系统。 注：具有对一个或多个危害进行预警能 力的多重危害预警系统，能协调和兼容的机 制和能力，提高了预警的效率和一致性，涉 及多个学科，可对多个危害进行持续更新和 准确的识别和监测（UNGA 2016）。 Mutual aid agreement 互助协议 两个或以上实体间预先安排的互助谅解 备忘录（ISO 22300：2018）。 Natech 自然灾害诱发的技术灾害 由自然危害或灾害（如极端高温、强风、 洪水、暴风雨、地震或野火）诱发的化学事 故，包括石油和石油产品的泄漏（OECD 2015）。 National disaster management agency （or authority） 国家灾害管理机构/主管 部门 负责协调灾害或突发事件管理政策和实 施的国家政府机构。 注：此类机构和组织没有通用的定义， 因为职能名称和职责范围会随不同国家和地 区而不同，通常由国家立法或政策来定义。 同义词：national disaster management organization ， national emergency management agency。 National IHR Focal Point 国家级国际 卫生条例联络点 由各缔约国指定的、随时都可联络的国 家中心，以便依据本条例与 WHO 国际卫生条 例联络部门联系（WHO 2016）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 43 页 共 74 页 National platform for disaster risk reduction 国家减少灾害风险平台 减少灾害风险国家协调和政策指导机制 的通用术语，具有多部门和跨学科性质以及 有公立、私立和民间社会参与，涉及一个国 家的所有相关实体。 注：有效的政府协调机制由国家和地方 两级的利益攸关者组成，并有指定的国家联 络点。为使此类机制在国家机构框架中有牢 固的基础，应进一步通过法律、法规、标准 和规范健全关键要素、职责和程序，包括： 明确分配职责和权限；通过共享和交流非敏 感的灾害风险信息和数据，提高对灾害风险 的认识；协助并协调有关地方和国家灾害风 险的报告；协调公众对灾害风险的认识和行 动；促进和支持地方多部门合作（例如地方 政府之间）； 协助确定和报告国家和地方灾 害风险管理计划以及与灾害风险管理相关的 所有政策（UNGA 2016）。 Natural hazards 自然危害 主要与自然过程和现象有关的危害 （UNGA 2016）。 Notifiable disease 法定报告疾病 根据法律/法规要求，诊断后必须向公共 卫生部门或辖区其它主管部门报告的疾病 （WHO 2018a）。 Notification 报告/通报 1.使卫生当局了解病例或疫情的过程 （WHO 2018a）。 注：法定报告传染病是一种应当通报的 疾病，即作出诊断后必须向公共卫生当局报 告的疾病。 2.公共警报的一部分，向处于危险中的 人们提供应急的决策和行动所需的相关基本 信息（ISO 22300：2018）。 Nuclear emergency 核应急/突发核事 件 由核链式反应或链式反应产物衰变的能 量而构成或被认为会构成危害的突发事件 （IAEA 2019）。 参 见 radiation emergency 和 radiological emergency。 Nutrition 营养 与身体饮食需要有关的食物的摄入（WHO 2019d，WHO 2019e）。 参见 malnutrition，undernutrition。 One Health 全健康/大健康/同一健康/ 一体化健康 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 44 页 共 74 页 1. 基于跨所有相关部门和学科的协作、 沟通和协调，以实现人和动物最佳健康结果 为最终目标，在人-动物-环境层面解决健康 威胁的模式；该模式适用于地方、国家、区 域和全球各个级别（WHO，FAO and World Organisation for Animal Health [OIE] 2019）。 2. 一种设计和执行方案、政策、立法和 研究的模式，在这种模式中，多个部门相互 沟通和合作，以实现更好的公共卫生成果 （WHO 2018a）。 3. 人类健康和动物健康是相互依存的， 并与他们所处的生态系统的健康息息相关 （OIE 2019）。 Operational readiness 临战状态 参见 readiness。 Outbreak 爆发 常作为 epidemic 的同义词，一般指局部 的、非普遍性的疾病流行。 注：一般定义为同一时间、同一地点出 现两个或多个出现相同健康状况的人（WHO 2015b）。 Pandemic 大流行 一种新发疾病出现全球传播（WHO 2010b）。 全球范围内人群疾病爆发的数量明显超 过通常的水平（WHO 2015b）。 Pathogens 病原体 引起疾病的生物（如细菌、蠕虫/线虫、 原生动物或病毒）（WHO 2016b）。 People at risk 危险人群/风险人群 可能受到事故或危害事件影响的人（ISO 22300：2018）。 People-centred care 以人为本的护理 以人群和社区对健康的需求和期望为中 心、而非以疾病为中心的护理。 注：以人为本的护理将以患者为中心的 概念扩展到个体、家庭、社区和社会层面。 以患者为中心的护理通常被理解为仅关注个 人（病人）的护理，但以人为本的护理在这 些临床事件之外，还包括关注所处社区人群 的健康，及他们在制订卫生政策、卫生服务 中所发挥的关键作用（WHO 2011）。 Personal protective equipment （PPE） 个体防护装备/个人防护用品 1.屏蔽或隔离人员，免受生物、化学、 物理、噪声和高温影响的防护服装（防护服、 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 45 页 共 74 页 手套、靴子等）和设备（口罩、防护罩、呼 吸器、耳塞等）。（WHO 2015a）。 2.专门设计的服装和装备，以防止健康 和安全危害。 注：如护目镜、防爆护罩、安全帽、护 耳器、手套、呼吸器、围裙和工作靴（WHO 2009，WHO 2010a）。 People with disability 残疾人/失能 者 那些有长期身体、精神、智力或感知障 碍的人，这些障碍可能会妨碍他们像正常人 般充分有效地参与社会生活（UN 2006）。 参见 disability。 Plans 规划/计划/方案 泛指明确各级活动和预期目标、战略和 策略的责任的文件（WHO 2015a）。 参见 contingency planning， action plan。 Planning，contingency 规划/计划/方 案（应变） 参见 contingency planning。 Point of entry 口岸 旅客、行李、货物、集装箱、交通工具、 物品和邮政包裹的出入境通道，以及提供旅 行服务的机构和地区的（国际）出入境通道 （WHO 2016）。 PPE 个人防护用品的缩写 参见 personal protective equipment。 Preparedness （emergency） 准备（应 急） 政府、响应和复原组织、社区和个人， 为有效预计、响应和修复可能、即将发生或 当前正在发生的灾害的影响，而建立的知识 和能力。 注：准备行动是以灾害风险管理为背景 开展的，旨在建立有效管理各种突发事件、 并实现从响应到持续复原的有序过渡所需的 能力。准备的基础是对灾害风险的健全分析 和与预警系统的良好联动，以及包括应急计 划、装备和物资的储备、制订协调、疏散和 公开信息、相关的培训和实地演练等活动的 安排，这些活动必须得到正式的组织、法律 和财务能力支持，并且在需要时具备快速且 恰当的响应能力（UNGA 2016）。 Preparedness plan （emergency） 应 急预案 预先安排建立好的[一项方案]，以促使 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 46 页 共 74 页 对可能威胁社会或环境的特定潜在危害事件 或新出现的突发事件做出及时、有效且恰当 的响应（UNGA 2016）。 Prevalence 患病数 特定时间点特定人群中的病例数（WHO 2009）。 参见 incidence。 Prevention 预防 避免现有和新发的灾害风险的活动和措 施。 注：预防（防灾）表示完全避免危害事 件的潜在不利影响的观念和意图。虽然某些 灾害风险无法消除，但预防的目标是通过降 低脆弱性和暴露程度，以消除灾害风险。例 如能消除洪水风险的水坝和堤防，不允许在 高风险地区定居的土地使用法规，确保所有 重要建筑物在地震中生存下来的抗震工程设 计，以及针对疫苗可预防疾病的免疫接种。 也可以在危害事件或灾害发生期间或发生后 采取预防措施，以防止次生灾害或其后果， 如防止水污染的措施（UNGA 2016）。在公共 卫生领域，一级预防的目的是在疾病或伤害 发生之前预防其发生，通过避免暴露于导致 疾病或伤害的危害，改变可能导致疾病或伤 害的不健康或不安全的行为，并在暴露时增 强对疾病或伤害的抵抗力。二级预防的目的 是降低已经发生的疾病或伤害的影响，其方 法是尽早发现和治疗疾病或伤害，以阻止或 减缓其进展，鼓励个人采取措施预防再次患 病或受伤，并通过实施规划/方案使人们恢复 原有的健康水平和功能以预防长期问题。三 级预防的目的是通过帮助人们处理长期的且 往往是复杂的健康问题和伤害（如慢性病、 永久性的损伤），减轻疾病或伤害的连续性影 响，以尽可能提高他们的功能、生活质量和 预期寿命。 Primary health care 初级卫生保健 通过切实可行、科学合理和社会认可的 方法和技术为基础的基本医疗保健，通过社 区中个人和家庭的充分参与，以社区和国家 能够承担的成本，本着自力更生和自主的精 神，让社区中的人们在每个发展阶段都可以 获得这种医疗护理（WHO 2011）。 Probability 概率 以 0～1 之间的数字表达某事件发生的 几率，其中 0 指的是不可能，1 指的是绝对 确定会发生（ISO 22300：2018）。 参见 likelihood。 Protracted emergency 长期的紧急状 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 47 页 共 74 页 况 在一个相当长的时期内，相当一部分人 极易遭受死亡、疾病和生计破坏的环境。 注：此种情况下，管治往往是薄弱的， 国家应对和缓解对人们的威胁或提供适当保 护水平的能力有限（WHO 2017a）。 Public awareness 公众意识 对灾害风险、导致灾害的因素以及行动 （包括可独立或协同以减少对危害的暴露和 对危害脆弱性的行动）的共同认识的程度。 注：社区参与对于提高公众意识、社会 动员、健康促进和风险沟通至关重要（WHO 2015a）。 Public communication 公众传播 向公众提供可以提高认识和知识的信息 的学科和过程，使人们可以调整对风险的个 人理解，以及对危机和突发事件的反应、决 策和响应（WHO 2015a）。 参 见 public awareness ， risk communication。 Public health 公共卫生 通过组织社会各方的力量，以促进健康、 预防疾病和延长寿命的科学和技术（WHO 1998）。 Public health emergency 突发公共卫 生事件/公共卫生紧急事件 参见 health emergency。 Public health emergency of international concern （PHEIC） 国际关 注的突发公共卫生事件/国际公共卫生紧急 事件 根据《国际卫生条例》的规定，指的是 （1）的（2）可能需要采取协调响应措施的 特殊事件（WHO 2016）。 Public health emergency operations centre 突发公共卫生事件行动中心 专门负责指挥、处置和协调应对涉及健 康后果和公共卫生威胁的突发事件要求的应 急行动中心（WHO 2015a）。 Public health event 公共卫生事件 1. 任何可能对人类健康产生负面影响 的事件。 注：该术语包括尚未对人类造成疾病和/ 或伤害，但由于人类暴露于危害之下或由于 其它危险事件的直接或间接后果而有可能造 成疾病和伤害的事件（WHO 2017a）。 2.疾病的表现，或可能引起疾病的事件 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 48 页 共 74 页 （WHO 2016）。 参见 hazardous event。 Public health hazard 公共卫生风险 参见 hazard。 Public health measure 公共卫生措施 防止疾病或污染扩散的措施。 注：通常指减少疾病传播的非医疗/非药 物措施，如关闭学校、限制公众集会、发布 旅行限制及对旅行者进行筛查（WHO 2010a）。 Public health risk 公共卫生风险 可能对人类健康产生不利影响的事件发 生的可能性。 注：【按《国际卫生条例》】，它聚焦于可 能在国际上传播或可能造成严重和直接危险 的事件（WHO 2010a，WHO 2016）。 Public health surveillance 公共卫生 监测 持续系统地收集、分析和解读与公共卫 生有关的数据（WHO 2009）。 Public warning 公共预警 作为事件响应措施，发布通知和警告， 使响应者和处于危险中的人能够采取安全措 施（ISO 22300：2018）。 Public warning system 公共预警系统 一套以公共预警政策为基础的协议、流 程和技术，在演变中的突发事件下向处于危 险中的人员和响应者发送通知和警告消息 （ISO 22300：2018）。 Quarantine 检疫 限制未发病的疑似患者的活动和/或将 其与他人隔离，或限制疑似被污染的行李、 集装箱、交通工具或货物的进出，以降低感 染或污染蔓延的可能性（WHO 2010a，WHO 2016）。 Radiation emergency 放射应急/突发 放射事件 `放射应急'一词用于在不需要明确区分 核应急和辐射应急（如国家放射应急计划） 的情况下使用（IAEA 2019）。 参 见 nuclear emergency 和 radiological emergency。 Radiological emergency 辐射应急/突 发辐射事件 存在或认为可能存在不涉及核链式反应 的辐射暴露危害的突发事件（IAEA 2019）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 49 页 共 74 页 参见 nuclear emergency 和 radiation emergency。 Rapid response team 快速反应小组 1.一组训练有素、准备对一起事件迅速 做出反应的人（WHO 2018a）。 注：卫生当局可在短时间内将多学科专 家小组部署到公共卫生事件地点，以加强已 在实施的监测、风险评估和应对活动，控制 疾病爆发和加强国际公共卫生安全。 2、一组受过训练的准备对事件作出迅速 反应的人。其组成和职责权限范围由有关国 家决定（WHO 2010a）。 Readiness 准备就绪 能够在需要时快速适当地作出反应 （UNGA 2016）。 同义词 operational readiness。 参见 preparedness。 Reconstruction 重建 按照可持续发展和重建得更好的原则， 对受灾害影响的、社区或社会全面运作所需 的具有抗力的关键基础设施、服务、住房、 设备和生计进行中长期重建和可持续的复 原，以避免或降低未来的灾害风险（UNGA 2016）。 Recovery 恢复 恢复或改善受灾社区或社会的生计和健 康，以及经济、物质、社会、文化和环境资 产、系统和活动，符合可持续发展和重建得 更好的原则，以避免或降低未来的灾害风险 （UNGA 2016）。 Refugee 难民 因有充分理由担心受到迫害或其生命、 人身安全或自由受到严重和无差别的威胁而 不能返回原籍国的人（UNHCR 2011）。 Rehabilitation 复原 1.恢复受灾社区或社会的基本服务和设 施（UNGA 2016）。 2.恢复人员和社区的正常运作（WHO 2009）。 Residual risk 剩余风险 及时采取了有效的减少灾害风险措施 后，灾害风险依然存在，并且必须对其保持 应急响应能力和恢复能力。 注：剩余风险的存在，意味着继续需要 发展和支持应急监测、准备、响应和复原的 有效能力，以及安全网络和风险转移机制等 社会经济政策，作为整体模式的一部分（UNGA 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 50 页 共 74 页 2016）。 Resilience 抗灾力 暴露于危害的系统、社区或社会及时有 效地抵御、吸收、适应、转化和危害和从危 害的影响中复原的能力，包括通过风险管理 来保护和恢复其基本结构和功能（UNGA 2016）。 Response 响应 1.在灾害期间或发生后立即提供紧急服 务和公共支援，以拯救生命、减少对健康的 影响、确保公共安全以及满足受灾群众的基 本生活必需。 注：灾害响应主要聚焦当前和近期的需 要，有时也称为救灾。有效、高效和及时的 响应依赖于了解灾害风险的准备措施，包括 个人、社区、组织、国家和地区响应能力的 开发。响应措施在体制上通常包括公立和私 营部门以及社区部门提供的紧急服务和公共 支援，以及社区和志愿者的参与。紧急服务 是一组具有特定职责的重要的专门机构，在 紧急和灾害情况下为人民和财产提供的保 护，其中包括民防部们、警察和消防部门等。 响应阶段和随后的复原阶段之间的划分并不 明确。某些响应行动如提供临时住房和供水， 可能就会延伸到复原阶段（UNGA 2016）。 2.因监测到公共卫生风险而启动的各种 公共卫生措施（如监测、信息发布、启动现 场调查和/或实施各种控制或减缓措施）。 注：相应措施必须根据公共卫生风险的 性质进行调整（WHO 2014）。 Response plan 响应预案 为准备在事故中使用而制订、编制和维 护的记录在案的的程序和信息的集合（ISO 22300：2018）。 参 见 contingency planning ， preparedness plan （emergency）。 Retrofitting 改造/加固 加固或升级现有结构，使其更具有抵抗 力，以抵抗各种危害的破坏性影响。 注：改造需要考虑结构和设计和功能、 该结构可能因特殊危害或危害场景而承受的 压力，以及不同改造方案的实用性和成本。 改造的实例包括在承重墙上增加支撑、加固 立柱、在墙壁和屋顶之间增加钢筋拉杆、在 窗户上安装百叶窗，以加强对重要设施和设 备的保护（UNGA 2016）。 Risk 风险 1.系统、社区或社会在特定时间段内可 能发生的伤亡、财产损失或毁坏的可能性， 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 51 页 共 74 页 根据危害、暴露程度、脆弱性和能力来确定 （UNGA 2016）。 2.不确定性对目标的影响（ISO 31000： 2018，ISO 22300：2018）。 Risk analysis 风险分析 了解风险的性质和确定风险水平的过程 （ISO 22300：2018）。 参见 risk assessment，risk criteria， risk evaluation，risk identification， risk register。 Risk assessment 风险评估 1.结合风险识别、风险分析，以及根据 预先确定的标准、目标、风险或其它标准对 风险水平进行评估，以确定需要进行优先管 理的风险的过程。 注：风险评估包括检视风险的技术特性、 分析暴露和脆弱性，以及对可能的风险场景 中的通用响应能力的评估（WHO 2015b）。 2.识别环境危害及其不利影响、目标人 群和暴露条件。是危害识别、剂量反应评估、 暴露评估和风险描述的（WHO 2009）。 3. 是一项有三个组成部分的过程，包括 识别和描述风险；分析已经识别的风险，以 了解风险的性质、来源和原因，以评估风险 水平；对风险的每个级别进行评估以确定是 否可以承受或接受（ISO 31000：2009）。 参见 disaster risk assessment。 Risk communication 风险沟通 1.与危害、风险和风险相关因素的信息 和意见的互动交流（WHO 2015b）。 2.通过重大公共卫生事件的预防、准备、 响应和阶段中所需的一系列沟通能力，以鼓 励知情的决策、积极的行为改变，以及维护 信任。（WHO 2018a）。 3.共享有关风险的信息和看法的过程。 注：风险沟通应该是双向互动的，专业 人士和非专业人士在其中就科学观点与社区 的价值观和偏好进行交流和协商（WHO 2009）。 Risk criteria 风险标准 用于评估某项风险的重要性的权责范围 框架（ISO 22300：2018）。 Risk evaluation 风险评价 将风险分析结果与风险标准进行比较以 确定风险和/或其大小是否可接受或可以承 受的过程（ISO 22300：2018）。 Risk factor 风险因素 可能增加个体患病或受伤害的可能性的 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 52 页 共 74 页 各种属性、特性或暴露。 注：风险因素可以包括与特定结果相关 的任何行为或生活方式、环境暴露或遗传特 征（WHO 2019f）。 Risk identification 风险识别 发现、识别和描述风险的过程（ISO 22300：2018）。 Risk management，disaster 风险管理， 灾害 参见 disaster risk management。 Risk management 风险管理 协调活动以指导和控制组织的风险（ISO 31000：2018）。 Risk ratio 风险比 暴露人群中发病率与非暴露人群发病率 的比值（WHO 2009）。 Risk register 风险清单 有关已识别的风险的信息记录（ISO 22300：2018）。 Risk transfer 风险转移 经特定风险的财务后果以正式或非正式 的方式，从一方转移到另一方的过程，即家 庭、社区、企业或国家当局在灾害发生后从 另一方获得资源，其代价是向另一方提供的 持续或补偿性社会或财务利益。 注：保险是一种众所周知的风险转移的 形式，即从保险人那里获得风险承诺，代价 是被保险人向保险人持续支付保费。风险转 移可以在家庭和社区关系网中非正式地进 行，在这种情况下，人们期望通过赠予或借 贷进行互助。也可以是正式的形式，在政府、 保险公司、银行和其它承担风险的大型实体 间建立机制，协助应对重大事件中的损失。 这些机制包括保险和再保险、重大灾害债券 或应急信贷措施和准备金，费用分别由保费、 投资者出资、利息及以往的储蓄支付（UNGA 2016）。 Risk treatment 风险处理 改造风险的过程（ISO 22300：2018）。 Risk，acceptable 风险，可接受的 参见 acceptable risk。 Risk，level of 风险,水平/级别 参见 level of risk。 Risk，residual 风险,剩余 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 53 页 共 74 页 参见 residual risk。 Safe hospital 安全的医院 突发事件和灾害影响的事前、事中和事 后都能保持无障碍且以原有的最大能力运行 的基础设施（WHO 2015a）。 Sanitation 排泄物卫生 提供设施和服务，以安全管理从厕所到 密封和储存及现场处理或运输、处理和最终 无害化利用或弃置人类排泄物（WHO 2019g）。 Scenario 情景 1.对可能发生的事件过程的描述和提 要，构成了假想计划的基础（如河水泛滥、 淹没了附近的城镇并冲毁了当地居民的农作 物）。 注：情景构建是应变规划制订过程中制 订假想计划的过程（IASC 2011）。 2.预先设定的故事情节，可以推动演练， 以及用于实现演练的绩效目标。 注：情景旨在激发演练参与者对事件作 出响应（WHO 2017c，ISO 22300：2018）。 Self-reliance 自给自足 个人、家庭或社区以可持续的方式且有 尊严地满足其基本需求的社会和经济能力 （包括食物、水、庇护所、人身安全、健康 和教育）（UNHCR 2011）。 Sexual and gender-based violence （SGBV） 性暴力和源于性别的暴力 在公共或私人生活中造成或可能造成源 于性或性别的人身、性或心理伤害或痛苦的 任何暴力行为，包括威胁实施此类行为、胁 迫或任意剥夺自由（UNHCR 2011）。 参见 violence。 Shelter in place 庇护所 停留在或立即前往与风险相关的受保护 位置进行避难（ISO 22300：2018）。 SITREP 情况通报 参见 situation report。 Situation report （SITREP） 情况通 报 定期生成的报告，提供有关应急响应的 当前信息、马上或即将采取的响应措施，分 析突发事件的影响，以及相关管理问题（WHO 2015a）。 Situational awareness 情况认识 意识到并关注特定时间特定环境中正在 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 54 页 共 74 页 发生的事情，特别强调环境变化的影响；实 际上就是要了解一个事件是如何演变的（WHO 2015a）。 Slow-onset disaster 缓发性灾害 随时间推移而逐渐显现的灾害。 注：缓发性灾害可能与干旱、荒漠化、 海平面上升、疾病流行有关（UNGA 2016）。 Socionatural hazards 社会自然危害 自然和人为因素相结合的危害，包括环 境退化和气候变化（UNGA 2016）。 Stakeholder 利益攸关者 参见 interested party。 Standard precautions 标准预防措施 感染控制措施的基础水平，也是护理所 有患者的最低水平。 注：标准预防措施旨在降低血源性病原 体和其它病原体从公认和未获公认的来源传 播的风险，包括：手部卫生、个人防护装备、 呼吸道卫生和咳嗽礼仪、废物处理和环境清 洁（WHO 2007c）。 Stockpile 物资储备 储备物资和设备以满足应急的需要。 注：例如，医疗物资储备包括基本药物、 疫苗、防护用品以及其它用于应对突发卫生 事件的用品和设备（WHO 2017b）。 Structural measures 结构措施 为减少或避免危害可能带来的影响，或 应用工程技术在结构或系统中实现抵抗危害 和从危害中恢复而进行的任何物理施工。 注：减少灾害风险的常见结构措施包括 水坝、防洪堤、防波堤、抗震建筑和疏散避 难所。注意，在土木和结构工程中，结构一 词严格意义上仅指承重结构，而其它部分（如 墙板和内部配件）则称为非结部件（UNGA 2016）。 参见 non-structural measures。 Sudden-onset disaster 突发灾害 由快速或意外的危害事件所触发的灾 害。 注：突发灾害可能与诸如地震、火山喷 发、山洪、化学爆炸、关键基础设施故障、 交通事故等有关（UNGA 2016）。 Supporting agency 支持机构 提供基础服务、人员或物资以支持或协 助领导机构（即被支持的机构）的机构。 注：支持机构提供支持的方式可以是协 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 55 页 共 74 页 助（即调动自己的业务资源），或是合作（提 供间接的协助）（WHO 2015a）。 Surge 陡增 大规模伤亡事件中，会突然需要额外能 力（人员、设备或物品的数量）和/或才能（专 业技能）的卫生需求（WHO 2007）。 Surge capacity 陡增能力 机构（如诊所、医院或公共卫生实验室） 在突发公共卫生事件情况下应对其服务需求 增加的能力（WHO 2015b）。 Surveillance 监测 系统地持续收集、整理和分析用于公共 卫生用途的数据，并在必要时及时传播公共 卫生信息以进行评估和公共卫生响应（WHO 2010a，WHO 2016）。 Suspect 可疑物 缔约国认为已经暴露于公共卫生风险、 并可能是疾病传播来源的人员、行李、货物、 集装箱、交通工具、物品或邮政包裹（WHO 2016）。 Sustainable development 可持续发展 在不损害子孙后代满足自身需求的能力 的前提下，满足当前需求的发展（WHO 1998）。 Syndromic surveillance 症状监测 一种监测方法，使用基于临床观察结果 的健康相关数据，而不是实验室对诊断的确 认（WHO 2008）。 注：采用症状监测的目的是早于基于实 验室诊断的方法发现疾病爆发。用于症状监 测的病例定义是基于临床体征和症状，而不 是根据确定致病因素的特定实验室标准。 Tabletop exercise （TTX） 桌面推演 利用逐步模拟的情景和一系列脚本注入 的讨论，使参与者考虑潜在突发事件，讨论 对现有计划、程序和能力的影响。 注：桌面推演在非正式、无压力的环境 下模拟突发事件。围绕演练情景或叙述的讨 论，旨在让参与者在主持人的指导下，对紧 急情况进行建设性的讨论，识别并解决问题， 完善现有的行动方案（WHO 2017a，WHO 2017c）。 Technological hazards 技术危害 源于科学技术或工业活动、危险作业、 基础设施故障或特定人类活动的危害。 注：如工业污染、核辐射、有毒肥料、 溃坝、交通事故、工厂爆炸、火灾或化学泄 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 56 页 共 74 页 漏。技术危害可能受自然灾害影响发生，也 可能是直接发生的（UNGA 2016）。 参见 附录 2 世卫组织危害分类 。 Threat 威胁 参见 hazard，risk。 Tolerable health risk 可容忍的健康 风险 定义为社会可以容忍的特定风险或特定 疾病导致的健康风险的水平，用于设定基于 健康的目标（WHO 2016b）。 Tolerable risk 可容忍的风险 参见 acceptable risk。 Toxicity 毒性 某种物质对活的有机体造成伤害的能 力。少量剧毒物质就可能造成伤害，而低毒 物质可能需要较大的量才能产生效果。毒性 还取决于摄入的途径、暴露的时间和潜伏期 （WHO 2009）。 Underlying disaster risk drivers 潜 在灾害风险驱动因素 通过增加暴露程度和脆弱性或降低应对 而影响灾害风险水平的过程或条件，通常与 发展程度有关。 注：潜在的灾害风险驱动因素（也称为 潜在的灾害风险因素）包括贫穷和不平等、 气候变化、无计划和快速的城市化、土地、 环境和自然资源管理中缺乏灾害风险意识等 因素以及综合因素，例如人口变化、缺乏灾 害风险政策、缺乏私人减少灾害风险投资的 法规和激励措施、供应链复杂、技术有限、 自然资源的不可持续利用、生态系统退化、 疾病流行（UNGA 2016）。 Undernutrition 营养不良 发育迟缓（低于同年龄组的身高）、消瘦 （低于同身高组的体重）、体重过低（低于同 年龄组的体重）和微量营养素缺乏或不足（缺 乏重要的维生素和矿物质）（WHO 2008）。 参见 nutrition。 Vaccination 预防接种 参见 immunization。 Vector 病媒生物 1.通常指携带可以构成公共卫生风险的 传染源的昆虫或其它动物（WHO 2010a）。 2.昆虫或其它任何生物载体，可以将传 染源从感染者转移到易感者或其食物/周围 环境（OIE 2018）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 57 页 共 74 页 Vector-borne diseases of humans 病 媒传播的人类疾病 可以通过病媒生物在人与人之间传播的 疾病（如疟疾、利什曼病）（WHO 2016b）。 注：病媒控制，即控制或消除病媒的方 法，是预防和控制病媒传播疾病的重要组成 部分，特别是用于控制传播（WHO 2019l）。 Violence 暴力 故意威胁、攻击或实质上对他人或其他 群体造成伤害的行为（UNHCR 2011）。 参 见 sexual and gender-based violence。 Vulnerability 脆弱性 由物理、社会、经济和环境因素或过程 所确定的条件，这些条件或过程增加了个人、 社区、资产或系统对灾害影响的敏感性（UNGA 2016）。 Vulnerable group 弱势群体 具有一个或几个共同特征的群体，这些 特征是遭受歧视或不利的社会、经济、文化、 政治或健康状况的基础，使他们缺乏实现权 利或享有平等机会的手段（ISO 22300： 2018）。 Warning system 警报系统 参 见 early warning system 和 multi-hazard early warning systems。 WASH 水、排泄物卫生和个人卫生的缩写。 参见 sanitation 和 hygiene。 World Health Organization graded emergency 世界卫生组织突发事件分级 需要世卫组织做出响应行动的急性公共 卫生事件或急性突发公共卫生事件。世卫组 织将突发事件分为三级，对应相应的响应行 动水平。1、有限的响应。2、中等级别的响 应。3、重要/最高级别的响应。如果相应分 级的紧急情况持续时间超过 6 个月，则过渡 至长期的紧急状况（WHO 2017a）。 参见 level of event。 Zoonoses 人兽共患病 1.从动物传播到人的疾病（WHO 2015b）。 2.脊椎动物可以自然传播给人的各种疾 病或感染。 注：人兽共患病可通过食物、水、寄生 虫或病媒生物传播（WHO 2019h）。 同义词 zoonotic disease。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 58 页 共 74 页 Zoonotic event 人兽共患病事件 动物疾病的一种表现，人类可能由于暴 露于动物感染源而患病（WHO 2010a）。 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 59 页 共 74 页 4 同义词库 本同义词库列出了把术语分列为五大组相关的概念，各自有一个标题术语，例如“risk （风险）”。在这五个大组下，术语再按较低的概念层级分组，各组有一个次标题术语，例 如“hazard（危害）”。斜体字表示术语摘自获联合国大会采纳（UNGA 2016）的减少灾害风 险指标和术语问题不限成员名额政府间专家工作组的报告。 4.1 RISK 风险 hazard:anthropogenic hazards, biological hazards, bioterrorism, chemical hazard, environmental hazards, geological or geophysical hazards, hydrometeorological hazards, multi-hazard, Natech, natural hazards, public health hazard, socionatural hazards, technological hazards, zoonoses; climate change, El Niño-southern oscillation; mass gathering; sexual and gender-based violence, violence; vector-borne disease of humans. disaster risk: extensive disaster risk, intensive disaster risk, risk factor; acceptable risk, residual risk; public health risk, tolerable health risk; consequence, likelihood, probability; context; threat, level of risk. vulnerability : exposure, fragile states, people at risk, underlying disaster risk drivers, vulnerable groups. 4.2 CAPACITY 能力 resilience: capability; coping capacity, self-reliance, surge capacity; competence; capacity assessment, capacity development; critical infrastructure; point of entry; sustainable development; stockpile; national platform for disaster risk reduction. health: health system, access to health services, people-centred care, primary 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 60 页 共 74 页 health care; critical systems (in hospitals), health care facility, safe hospital; environmental health, cluster, health cluster, public health; hygiene, sanitation; public health measure; food safety; food security, food insecurity, mental health and psychosocial support. nutrition: malnutrition, undernutrition. health policy : global health security, health promotion, One Health. community: interested party. 4.3 HAZARDOUS EVENT 危害事件 disaster : slow-onset disaster, sudden-onset disaster; emergency, complex emergency, level of event, protracted emergency; crisis; incident; radiation emergency, nuclear emergency, radiological emergency; chemical incident, chemical event; zoonotic event. health emergency : acute public health event, acute public health emergency, public health event, public health emergency of international concern; mass casualty incident. communicable disease: epidemic, outbreak, pandemic; contamination, infection, health-care associated infection, pathogens; antimicrobial resistance. impact: disaster damage, disaster impact; disaster loss database; health outcome, disability, disability-adjusted life years; dead; injury, morbidity, mortality; morbidity rate, risk ratio. affected: directly affected, indirectly affected; internally-displaced person, missing person, refugee case, casualty. economic loss: direct economic loss, indirect economic loss. 4.4 RISK MANAGEMENT 风险管理 disaster risk management: disaster risk governance; disaster risk management 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 61 页 共 74 页 plans, disaster risk information; community-based disaster risk management; health emergency and disaster risk management. risk assessment: health impact assessment; risk analysis, risk criteria, risk evaluation, risk identification, risk register. epidemiology : case definition, case fatality ratio/rate; epidemic intelligence, epidemic threshold. surveillance: community surveillance, event-based surveillance, syndromic surveillance, monitoring, public health surveillance; exposure route; disinsection. disaster risk reduction: disaster risk reduction strategies and policies; risk transfer, risk treatment; non-structural measures, structural measures. public communication: public awareness, risk communication. 4.5 EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 应急管理 disaster management: comprehensive approach, comprehensive emergency management programme, all-hazards approach. emergency (risk) management agency or organization: civil protection; jurisdiction; lead agency, assisting agency, cooperating agency, supporting agency; mutual aid agreement; emergency medical team, rapid response team; health sector. prevention: mitigation; disease prevention, infection prevention and control; climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation. preparedness: readiness. planning: contingency planning: action plan, business continuity plan, emergency response plan, preparedness plan; concept of operations. exercise: exercise project; field exercise, full-scale exercise, functional exercise, tabletop exercise; scenario. incident management system: mass casualty management system; chain of command; command, control, coordination; business continuity management. 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 62 页 共 74 页 emergency operations centre: emergency coordination centre, multi-agency coordination centre; public health emergency operations centre; interoperability; logistics; situation report, situational awareness; activation level. public warning: early warning system, hazard monitoring function, multi-hazard early warning systems, public warning system; alert, notifiable disease, notification. response: disaster response; evacuation, shelter in place; surge; contact tracing, decontamination, isolation, personal protective equipment, quarantine. recovery : reconstruction, rehabilitation; build back better, retrofitting. debrief: cold debrief, hot debrief; after-action report, after-action review; lessons learned. 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 63 页 共 74 页 参考文献 Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) (2009). 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Geneva (https://www.iso.org/standard/65694.html, accessed 29 April 2019). Simulation exercises 模 拟演练 WHO (2017). Simulation exercise manual (http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/WHO-WHE-CPI-2017.10/en/, accessed 29 April 2019). Water, sanitation and hygiene 水、卫生与个人 卫生 WHO & UN Water (2019). National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene: global status report 2019. UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2019 report. Geneva: World Health Organization (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326444/9789241516297-eng. pdf?ua=1). 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 71 页 共 74 页 附录 2 世卫组织危害分类 1 自然危害 2 人为危害 3 环 境 危 害 1.1地球物理 1.2 水文气象 1.3 生 物 1.4 太 空 2.1 技术 2.2 社 会 3.1 环境恶 化 地震： - 地面震动 海啸 块体运动（由地 球物理因素触 发）： - 山体滑坡 - 岩崩 - 沉降 液化 火山活动： - 火山落灰 - 火山泥流 - 火山碎屑流 - 熔岩流 1.2.1 水文 1.2.2 气 象 1.2.3 气 候 空气传 播的疾 病 水源性 疾病 病媒传 播疾病 食源性 疾病 虫害： - 蚱蜢 - 蝗灾 动物疾 病 植物病 害 空气过 敏原 抗有害 微生物 药物耐 药性微 生物 人与动 物的接 触[蛇、 蜘蛛] 撞击： - 太空 爆炸 - 陨石 太空天 气： - 高能 粒子 - 地磁 暴 - 冲击 波 工业危害： -化学品泄 漏 -煤气泄漏 - 辐射[放 射性、核] 结构坍塌： -建筑倒塌 - 大坝/桥 梁坍塌 职业危害 - 采矿 交通运输： - 航空、公 路、铁路、 水路、太空 爆炸 火灾 空气污染： - 雾霾 基础设施 障碍： - 断电 - 水供应 -固体废 物、废水- 通信 暴力行 为 武装冲 突： - 国际 - 非国际 国内动 乱 踩踏 恐怖主 义： -化学、生 物、放射、 核和爆炸 物 经济危 机： - 恶性通 货膨胀 - 货币危 机 水土流失 毁林 盐碱化 海平面上升 沙漠化 湿地减少/ 退化 冰川消退/ 融化 沙漠侵蚀 水灾： - 河流 洪水 - 山洪 - 海岸 洪水 - 冰凌 洪水 块体运 动（由水 文气象 因素触 发）： - 山体 滑坡 - 雪崩 - 泥石 流 - 碎屑 流 波浪作 用： - 巨浪 -湖面波 动 暴风雨 - 温带暴 风雨 - 热带气 旋 [气 旋、气旋 雨、气旋 （风暴） 潮] - 对流风 暴 [例 如，龙卷 风、风、 雨、冬季 暴风、暴 风雪、 derecho （大范围 对流诱发 的风暴）、 雷电、雷 暴、冰雹、 沙尘暴] 极端气 温： - 热浪 - 冷潮 - 严冬 [例如，雪 /冰、霜/ 冻、暴风 雪] 干旱 野火： - 平原火 灾 [例 如，山林 火灾、灌 丛火灾、 牧场火 灾] - 森林火 灾 冰湖溃决 （洪水） 灾害健康风险管理术语汇编 第 72 页 共 74 页 网络安全 空气、土 壤、水中的 有害物质： - 生物、化 学、放射 食品污染 雾 附录 2 参考文献 United Nations, General Assembly (2016). 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