WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine fire metal wood water earth
WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine ISBN 978-92-4-004232-2 (electronic version) ISBN 978-92-4-004233-9 (print version) © World Health Organization 2022 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. 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Design by Inis Communication iii Contents Foreword v Acknowledgements vi Introduction ix 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 1 1.1 Yin/Yang 阴阳类 1 1.2 The five elements 五行类 3 1.3 Zang–xiang theory 藏象 5 1.4 Essence, qi, blood and body fluids 精气血津液类 19 1.5 Etiological factors 病因类 23 1.6 Pathogenesis 病机类 31 1.7 Health preservation and prevention 养生预防类 39 1.8 Five movements and six qi 五运六气类 40 1.9 Others 其他类 44 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 49 2.1 Concept and principles in diagnosis 诊断基本概念与原则类 49 2.2 Four diagnostic methods 四诊 50 2.3 Pattern differentiation methods 辨证方法类 93 2.4 Patterns 证候 103 2.5 Disorders 疾病 184 2.6 Body constitution 体质 322 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 325 3.1 Treatment principles 治则 325 3.2 Treatment methods 治法 328 3.3 Chinese medicine treatment 药物治疗类 362 3.4 Health cultivation methods 养生保健方法 397 3.5 Acupuncture and moxibustion (including cupping and guasha) 针灸类(含拔罐、刮痧） 397 3.6 Tuina 推拿类 424 3.7 Daoyin/qigong 导引气功 433 3.8 Taiji 太极 434 3.9 Mental/emotional therapy 情志疗法 447 3.10 Others 其他 449 References 451 iv WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine v Foreword Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine (TCIM) is an important resource for health and well-being. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019, 88% of WHO Member States acknowledge the use of traditional and complementary medicine in health care in their respective countries. WHO is currently implementing of its 13th General Programme of Work, which aims to support countries in achieving universal health coverage and the health- related Sustainable Development Goals. Taking note of the growing importance of traditional medicine in the provision of health care at both the nation and global levels, WHO and its Member States have strived to explore ways to integrate safe and effective traditional and complementary medicines appropriately into national health systems. WHO is unique in its leadership on independent normative guidance, and prioritizes normative products based on ongoing assessments of country needs. The organization is developing a series of standard terminologies for different forms of TCIM to support the use of relevant benchmarking documents and other technical documents. Traditional Chinese medicine is one of the most popular forms of TCIM worldwide and it is fitting that this standard terminology on traditional Chinese medicine is the first of this series. Standard terminology is an essential normative output, and one that enables professionals, policy-makers and the general public to use the same concepts, understanding and definitions in communications, health care services and medical records, as well as in related technical and training resources. Driven by domestic and international demands, WHO is pleased to respond by providing this type of technical guidance and essential tools to Member States – to help promote the safe and effective use of traditional Chinese medicine and to support development of further global goods and associated research. I am pleased to introduce the WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine and invite you to join us in measuring and expanding its impact. Zsuzsanna Jakab Deputy Director-General World Health Organization vi Acknowledgements WHO wishes to express our sincere appreciation to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Translation Committee of China Association of Chinese Medicine, the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies and World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies, which kindly provided technical support for this document. Special thanks go to the following experts who have actively and diligently contributed to the drafting and editing of this document: YAN Shiyun (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), SHI Jianrong (Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China), HAN Chouping (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), DOU Danbo (Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), LI Jie (Shanghai Qigong Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), LI Qizhong (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), LI Zhengyu (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), QU Lifang (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), SHEN Xueyong (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), SU Li (Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), WANG Yiqin (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), WEN Xiaoping (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), YANG Baican (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHU Bangxian (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHU Liming (Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), Charlie XUE (School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Australia), ZU Lianghua (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), Nicola ROBINSON (London South Bank University, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), ZHOU En (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHOU Yu (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), GUO Jinglei (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), CHEN Liyun (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), CHEN Shaoli (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), CHENG Ke (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), GU Sizhen (Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), WANG Youwen (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), XIAO Bin (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), XU Feng (Shanghai Qigong Research Institute, China), XU Jin (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), XU Zhaoxia (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), YANG Lina (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), YANG Yeying (Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), and ZHANG Ting (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China). The contributions of colleagues within the Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (TCI) unit (Department of Integrated Health Services, WHO) were: Dr ZHANG Qi, head of the TCI unit, who oversaw the project and undertook revisions. Stéphane Alexandre ESPINOSA, LIU Qin, Aditi BANA, WEI Chunyu and WU Yanyun provided technical support to this document. Acknowledgements vii WHO would additionally like to thank the experts who are listed in alphabetical order as follows for their technical contributions and peer review: Daniel L. ALTSCHULER (Seattle Institute of East Asian Medicine, Bastyr University, USA), AN Xiaoxian (Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China), Elio BASAGNI (International College of Oriental Medicine, United Kingdom), Mark BOVEY (British Acupuncture Council, United Kingdom), Charles BUCK (Chester Clinic for Complementary Medicine, United Kingdom), CHAI Kefu (Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, China), CHANG Chiu-An (Arizona School of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, USA), CHEN Dexing (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), CHEN Hongfeng (Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), CHEN Jiaxu (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China), CHEN Xiao (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), CHEN Yemeng (New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, USA), CHENG Zhaozhi (PCU College of Holistic Medicine, Canada), Samuel A. COLLINS (H.J. Ross Network, USA), Catrina DAVY (Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine, United Kingdom), FU Di (Atlantic Institute of Oriental Medicine, USA), DONG Changwu (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, China), DUAN Junguo (Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), William DUNBAR (Midwest College of Oriental Medicine, USA), Marnae ERGIL (New York Chiropractic College, Finger Lakes School of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, USA), FANG Min (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), Michael Scott FITZGERALD (Academy of Chinese Culture and Health Sciences, USA), GAO Xiyan (Henan University of Chinese Medicine, China), Leslie L. Mackenzie-Graham GETTY (American College of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, USA), Debra GODSON (Endeavour College of Natural Health, Australia), GOH Chye Tee (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore), Roisin GOLDING (Self-employed acupuncturist, United Kingdom), GONG Changzhen (American Academy of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, USA), GU Yihuang (Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China), Kamontip HARNPHADUNGKIT (Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand), HU Hongyi (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), HU Ling (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, China), HUA Haoming (Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China), Ka-Kit HUI (UCLA Center for East-West Medicine, USA), Lonny S. JARRETT (Spirit Path Press, USA), JI Guang (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), JI Lijin(Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), JIA Bo (Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), Paul JOHNSON (The City College of Acupuncture University, United Kingdom), Ketmanee JONGJIAMDEE (Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand), Ted J. KAPTCHUK (Harvard Medical School, USA), LI Candong (Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), LI Keda (Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), LI Min (Naval Medical University, China), LI Shaoping (University of Macau, Macao SAR China), LI Ting (Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR China), LI Yachan (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine, Health Bureau, Macao SAR China), LIN Zhongpeng (World Academic Society of Medical Qigong, China), LIU Hongxiao (Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China), LIU Mingjun (Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, China), LO Vivienne Lien-Ying (UCL China Centre for Health and Humanity, United Kingdom), LU Bingchen (Henan Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), LU Zhaoxue (Oregon College of Oriental Medicine, USA), LUO Songping (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China), MA Shuran (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China), MA Xuesheng (University of the Western Cape, South Africa), Yair MAIMON (Integrative Cancer Research Center, Sheba Hospital, Israel), Edward NEAL (Xinglin Institute for East Asian Medical Research, USA), Arya NIELSEN(New York teaching hospital, Beth Israel Medical viii WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine Center, USA), John E. PIROG (Northwestern Health Sciences University, USA), Michael POTTER (East Medicine Research Centre, University of Westminster, United Kingdom), Elizabeth QI (Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China), Elisa ROSSI (Milan Medical Board for Non-Conventional Medicine, Italy), SANG Zhen (Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), Steven B. SCHRAM (Acupuncture Society of New York, USA), SHEN Yuandong (Institute of TCM International Standardization, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), TAN Koon Yaw (Singapore College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Singapore), TEO Eng Kiat (Singapore College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Singapore), Paul UNSCHULD (Charité-Medical University Berlin, Germany), Manmas VANNABHUM (Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand), Arnaud VERSLUYS (Institute of Classics in East Asian Medicine, Chinese Herbal Medicine Research, USA), Sivarama Prasad VINJAMURY (Southern California University of Health Sciences, USA), Charles WAMBEBE (Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa), WANG Heming (Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), WANG Jiulin (MacEwan University, Canada), WANG Tianfang (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China), WANG Tong (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China), WANG Yue (The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China), WANG Zhihong (Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, China), WEI Zixiao (Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences), John WELDEN (Institute of Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine, USA), Sabine WILMS (School of Classical Chinese Medicine, National University of Natural Medicine, USA), WU Qingguang(Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China), XIAN Shaoxiang (The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China), YE Jin (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), YU Xiaoping (Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), Christopher John ZASLAWSKI (University of Technology, Sydney, Australia), ZHANG Chenming (School of Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine, New Zealand), ZHANG Huaiqiong (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHANG Zhangjin (School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China), ZHANG Zhe (Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHAO Jingsheng (China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China), ZHAO Yijun (China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China), ZHAO Zhongzhen (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR China), ZHENG Linyun (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHONG Gansheng (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China), ZHOU Guitong (Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHOU Wenxin (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China), ZHU Heming (Maryland University of Integrative Health, USA), ZHU Jianping (China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China), ZHU Jinshan (Shenzhen Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China), ZOU Xiaojuan (Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China). The World Health Organization (WHO) gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, and Macao Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, without which the development and production of this document would not have been possible. ix Introduction Why this terminology was developed Traditional medicine (TM) has a long history of use in health maintenance and disease prevention and treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine is one of the popularly applied health resources throughout the world. According to the second global survey conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), acupuncture is the most popular form of traditional and complementary medicine globally (recognized by 113 Member States). The use of other aspects of traditional Chinese medicine is acknowledged by 100 Member States. Therefore, the development of the WHO International standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine is both fundamental and critical to promoting safe and effective traditional Chinese medicine health services. Although the needs and demands for norms and standards of traditional, complementary and integrative medicine (TCIM) to support the training, education, research, health care and information exchange in traditional Chinese medicine practice are increasing, the work in this area remains weak at the international level. WHO is developing benchmarking resources for training and practice of traditional Chinese medicine, and there is an urgent need to develop standard terminologies to support the development and use of these benchmarking documents, as well as other traditional Chinese medicine technical materials. Based on the needs of Member States, traditional Chinese medicine terminology aims to reduce gaps by providing concise and clear definitions for the essential terms that form the basis of traditional Chinese medicine. How was the terminology prepared? The years between 2016 and 2021 have witnessed the development and completion of the WHO International standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine. This terminology was prepared with intensive technical support from both Chinese and international experts, as well as related institutions and organizations. The key experts were identified from WHO Collaborating Centres for TCIM and relevant institutions/organizations across WHO regions. This project was initiated in 2016 by the WHO Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine (TCI) Unit of the Integrated Health Service Department (IHS). In line with WHO established principles and processes for norms and standards development, the TCI made the planning proposal and clarified the scope of work. Experts from Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Translation Committee of China Association of Chinese Medicine were identified as local hosts for drafting and revising the Chinese and English version of the standard terminologies in traditional Chinese medicine. In December 2016, 23 experts in China were invited to attend the first preliminary meeting, which was followed by weekly consultation meetings. In June 2017, the first draft of the Chinese version was completed. In July 2017, a nationwide meeting was held to review the draft. By the end of 2017, the draft of the English version was completed. In early 2018, a total of 48 experts were invited to review the English version. In April 2018, the draft of Chinese and English versions were submitted to WHO for review. x WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine In November 2018, the WHO Working Group Meeting on Standard Terminology in Traditional Chinese Medicine was held in Macao SAR China. Experts from Australia, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong SAR China, Macao SAR China, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, the United States and the United Kingdom reviewed the draft. After another two years of international peer reviews and further revisions, more than 30 international experts from across the WHO Region of the Americas, the European Region, the South-East Asia Region and the Western Pacific Region attended the second WHO Working Group Meeting on Standard Terminology in Traditional Chinese Medicine (virtual) meeting in September 2020. This meeting marked the conclusion of the technical consultation process and consensus reached on the latest version of the terminology on traditional Chinese medicine before technical editing and publication. What does this terminology cover? This document covers fundamental theories, diagnoses, therapies, interventions, disorders, patterns, prevention, health preservation and rehabilitation. A total of 3415 terms were included, in which 3387 terms have detailed descriptions and 28 are terms of main categorization. The following key principles were followed in the terminology develop- ment process: • Providing comprehensive definition for all terms included. • Use of English as the primary language. • Building on the related work and following WHO relevant principles. • Keeping the integrity of the theoretical framework of traditional Chinese medicine. • Keeping definitions concise and clear, and focusing on the underlying, core terms in traditional Chinese medicine. • Full use of the resources of professional domestic and international organizations of traditional Chinese medicine, WHO Collaborating Centres for TCIM and the WHO Expert Panel for TCIM. Who is this terminology for? By setting related norms and standards, this document helps to address the issues related to terminology on traditional Chinese medicine. It offers an essential tool and useful reference point for traditional Chinese medicine professionals, policy-makers, health workers and the general public. Qi Zhang, Head Unit of Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine Department of Integrated Health Services World Health Organization 1 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理 论术语 2 1.1 Yin/Yang 1.1 阴阳类 3 Yin–yang A concept defined as the opposing but complementary qualities of interrelated entities/ phenomena in the natural world. 阴阳 yīn yáng 4 Yin Yin is the opposite of yang. The qualities of yin include cold/cool, dimness, descending, stillness, introversion, heaviness, etc. 阴 yīn 5 Yang Yang is the opposite of yin. The qualities of yang include warm/hot, bright, ascending, movement, extroversion, light, clearness, etc. 阳 yáng 6 Yin qi Yin qi is the opposite of yang qi. The qualities of yin qi include condensation, moistening, inhibition, etc. 阴气 yīn qì 7 Yang qi Yang qi is the opposite of yin qi. The qualities of yang qi include warming, activating, excitation, etc. 阳气 yáng qì 8 Yin and yang mutually interact Yin–yang intertwining; yin–yang resonance Yin and yang mutually affect and interact with one another. 阴阳交感 yīn yáng jiāo gǎn 阴阳相错 9 Yin and yang mutually oppose Yin and yang mutually oppose and restrain one another. 阴阳相反 yīn yáng xiāng fǎn 10 Yin and yang mutually support Yin and yang mutually support one another. 阴阳相成 yīn yáng xiāng chéng 2 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 11 Yin and yang reciprocally root Yin–yang interdependence Yin and yang have reciprocal roots and cannot be separated. 阴阳互根 yīn yáng hù gēn 12 Yin and yang wax and wane Dynamic waxing and waning between yin and yang. 阴阳消长 yīn yáng xiāo zhǎng 13 Yin and yang mutually transform Under certain circumstances, yin may transform into yang and yang into yin. 阴阳转化 yīn yáng zhuǎn huà 14 Extreme yin transforming into yang When yin develops to its extremity, it will transform into yang. 重阴必阳 zhòng yīn bì yáng 15 Extreme yang transforming into yin When yang develops to its extremity, it will transform into yin. 重阳必阴 zhòng yáng bì yīn 16 Balance between yin and yang Balanced yin with contained yang A harmonious state between yin and yang, when yin qi is in balance and yang qi is secured within the body. 阴平阳秘 yīn píng yáng mì 17 Spontaneous harmonization between yin and yang The tendency for yin and yang to spontaneously and mutually harmonize. 阴阳自和 yīn yáng zì hé 18 Yin alone cannot be generated Without yang, yin cannot come into being. 孤阴不生 gū yīn bù shēng 19 Yang alone cannot grow Solitary yang failing to grow Without yin, yang cannot grow and develop. 独阳不长 dú yáng bù zhǎng 20 Yin within yin When yin is further divided into yin and yang, the yin aspect of yin is called yin within yin. 阴中之阴 yīn zhōng zhī yīn 21 Yang within yin When yin is further divided into yin and yang, the yang aspect of yin is called yang within yin. 阴中之阳 yīn zhōng zhī yáng 22 Yang within yang When yang is further divided into yin and yang, the yang aspect of yang is called yang within yang. 阳中之阳 yáng zhōng zhī yáng 23 Yin within yang When yang is further divided into yin and yang, the yin aspect of yang is called yin within yang. 阳中之阴 yáng zhōng zhī yīn 24 Yang germinates and yin grows When yang qi brings things to life, yin qi grows and enables endurance. 阳生阴长 yáng shēng yīn zhǎng 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 3 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 25 Yang kills and yin stores In regard to the changing seasons, it is the nature of yang to kill and break things down and the nature of yin to store. 阳杀阴藏 yáng shā yīn cáng 26 Three yin and three yang A collective term for Jueyin, Shaoyin and Taiyin; Shaoyang, Yangming and Taiyang. 三阴三阳 sān yīn sān yáng 27 1.2 The five elements 1.2 五行类 28 Five elements Five phases The interactions and changes among the five categories of phenomena represented by wood, fire, earth, metal and water. 五行 wǔ xíng 29 Wood is characterized by bending and straightening The nature of wood is to bend and straighten as it grows. The wood element is used to express growth, bearing upwards, effusion, free flow, etc. 木曰曲直 mù yuē qū zhí 30 Fire is characterized by flaming upward The nature of fire is to flame upwards. The fire element is used to express warmth, rising, flourishing, etc. 火曰炎上 huǒ yuē yán shàng 31 Earth is characterized by sowing and reaping The soil of the earth is where crops are sown and reaped. The earth element is used to express transformation, carrying, embracing, etc. 土爰稼穑 tǔ yuán jià sè 32 Metal is characterized by yielding and changing The nature of metal is to be adaptable and changeable. The metal element is used to express chilliness, descending, purification, etc. 金曰从革 jīn yuē cóng gé 33 Water is characterized by moistening and descending The nature of water is to be moist and flow downwards. The water element is used to express coldness, moistening, downward movement, storing, etc. 水曰润下 shuǐ yuē rùn xià 34 The five elements mutually generate Mutual generation among the five elements The five elements mutually engender and support one another. The sequential engendering and supporting relationships among the five elements are, specifically, wood generates fire, fire generates earth, earth generates metal, metal generates water and water generates wood. 五行相生 wǔ xíng xiāng shēng 4 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 35 The five elements mutually restrain Mutual controlling among the five elements The five elements mutually control and restrain one another. The sequential restraining relationships among the five elements are, specifically, wood restrains earth, earth restrains water, water restrains fire, fire restrains metal, and metal restrains wood. 五行相克 wǔ xíng xiāng kè 36 The five elements mutually control and transform A balanced, harmonized state maintained by mutual generating and restraining relationships among the five elements. 五行制化 wǔ xíng zhì huà 37 The five elements overcome and retaliate The five elements have the actions of overcoming and retaliating with one another. 五行胜复 wǔ xíng shèng fù 38 The five elements mutually over-restrain one another Overacting among the five elements Excessive restraint of an element over the element it controls. 五行相乘 wǔ xíng xiāng chéng 39 The five elements mutually counter- restrain one another Reverse restraining/ insulting among the five elements A restraining element becomes controlled by the element it controls. 五行相侮 wǔ xíng xiāng wǔ 40 Mother qi In the five elements, the qi of one element gives birth to the succeeding element. 母气 mǔ qì 41 Child qi In the five elements, the qi of one element is born from the previous element. 子气 zǐ qì 42 Mother passing illness to child In the five elements, when an illness in the mother organ is passed to the child organ. 母病及子 mǔ bìng jí zǐ 43 Child’s illness affects the mother Child stealing the mother’s qi In the five elements, when an illness in a child organ affects the mother organ. 子病犯母 zǐ bìng fàn mǔ 子盗母气 44 Five directions Five bearings The five directions are east, west, south, north and center. In the five elements, they are associated with wood, metal, fire, water and earth respectively. 五方 wǔ fāng 45 Late summer A fifth seasonal period occurring between the seasons of summer and autumn. It can also refer to the period of the last eighteen days of each season. 长夏 cháng xià 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 5 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 46 Five seasons The five seasons are spring, summer, late summer, autumn and winter. In the five elements, they are associated with wood, fire, earth, metal and water respectively. 五时 wǔ shí 47 Five qi The prevailing climate qualities of the five seasons are wind, summer heat, dampness, dryness and cold. In the five elements, they are associated with wood, fire, earth, metal and water respectively. 五气 wǔ qì 48 Five transformations The five transformative states are birth, growth, transformation, harvest and storage. In the five elements, they are associated with wood, fire, earth, metal and water respectively. 五化 wǔ huà 49 Five colours The five colours are green, red, yellow, white and black. In the five elements, they are associated with wood, fire, earth, metal and water respectively. 五色 wǔ sè 50 Five flavours The five flavours are sour, bitter, sweet, pungent and salty. In the five elements, they are associated with wood, fire, earth, metal and water respectively. 五味 wǔ wèi 51 Five notes Five tones The five musical notes are jué (mi), zhǐ(sol), gōng (do), shāng (re), and yǔ (la). In the five elements, they are associated with wood, fire, earth, metal and water respectively. 五音 wǔ yīn 52 1.3 Zang–xiang theory 1.3 藏象 53 Zang–xiang Visceral manifestations The word “zang” means the internal organs; and the word “xiang” means the outward manifestations of physiological functions and pathological changes of the internal organs. 藏象 zàng xiàng 54 Zang–fu A collective term for the internal organs of human beings, including five zang organs, six fu organs and extraordinary organs. 脏腑 zàng fǔ 55 Five zang organs A collective term for the five internal organs—the heart, liver, spleen/pancreas, lung and kidney. 五脏 wǔ zàng 6 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 56 Six fu organs A collective term for the six internal organs: gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, urinary bladder, and sanjiao (literally translated into “triple energizer”). 六腑 liù fǔ 57 Extraordinary fu organs A collective term for brain, marrow, bone, vessels, gallbladder and uterus. These organs are extraordinary because they store like zang organs. 奇恒之腑 qí héng zhī fǔ 58 Zang–fu organs mutually interconnect The zang–fu organs mutually correspond with one another, with a (yin) interior–(yang) exterior connection between the zang and fu organs. Specifically, the heart is internally–externally connected with the small intestine, the lung with the large intestine, the spleen with the stomach, the liver with the gallbladder, the kidney with the urinary bladder, and the pericardium with sanjiao. 脏腑相合 zàng fǔ xiāng hé 59 Storage of the five zang organs The heart stores the spirit; the lung stores the corporeal soul; the liver stores the ethereal soul; the spleen stores the intent; and the kidney stores the will. 五脏所藏 wǔ zàng suǒ cáng 60 Governance of the five zang organs The heart governs blood vessels; the lung governs the skin; the spleen governs the flesh; the liver governs the sinew/tendon; and the kidney governs the bones. 五脏所主 wǔ zàng suǒ zhǔ 61 Fluids of the five zang organs The fluid of the heart is sweat; the fluid of the lung is nasal mucus; the fluid of the spleen is thin saliva; the fluid of the liver is tears; and the fluid of the kidney is the thick saliva. 五脏化液 wǔ zàng huà yè 62 Lustres of the five zang organs The lustre of the heart shows in the face; the lustre of the lung shows in the skin hair; the lustre of the spleen shows in the lips; the lustre of the liver shows in the nails; and the lustre of the kidney shows in the hair. 五脏外华 wǔ zàng wài huá 63 Opening of the five zang organs The heart opens into the tongue; the lung opens into the nose; the spleen opens into the mouth; the liver opens into the eyes; and the kidney opens into the ears. 五脏开窍 wǔ zàng kāi qiào 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 7 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 64 Emotions of the five zang organs The emotion of the heart is joy; the emotion of the lung is grief; the emotion of the spleen is overthinking; the emotion of the liver is anger; and the emotion of the kidney is fear. 五脏在志 wǔ zàng zài zhì 65 Dislikes of the five zang organs The heart dislikes heat; the lung dislikes cold; the spleen dislikes dampness; the liver dislikes wind; and the kidney dislikes dryness. 五脏所恶 wǔ zàng suǒ wù 66 Heart qi The qi stored by the heart, as opposed to heart blood. It is the driving force of physiological activities of the heart. 心气 xīn qì 67 Heart blood The blood stored by the heart, as opposed to heart qi. It is the material foundation of physiological activities of the heart. 心血 xīn xuè 68 Heart yin The yin essence of the heart, as opposed to heart yang. It refers to the quiescent and moistening aspect of the heart’s function. 心阴 xīn yīn 69 Heart yang The yang qi of the heart, as opposed to heart yin. It refers to the activating, impelling and warming aspect of the heart’s function. 心阳 xīn yáng 70 Heart system Heart connections A functional system composed of the heart, small intestine, blood vessels, face, tongue and heart meridian. 心系 xīn xì 71 Foundation of life It refers to the heart, the foundation of human life. 生之本 shēng zhī běn 72 The monarch organ The office of monarch It refers to the heart. The heart is called the organ of monarch because it stores the spirit (i.e. the foundation of life). 君主之官 jūn zhǔ zhī guān 73 The heart governs the bright spirit The heart governs spirit and/or mind The heart governs mental activities The heart dominates the vital activities and governs mental, conscious and thinking activities. 心主神明 xīn zhǔ shén míng 心主神志；心 藏神 74 The heart governs the blood and vessels The normal functioning of the heart in pumping blood to circulate within the vessels. 心主血脉 xīn zhǔ xuè mài 75 The lustre of the heart shows in the face The lustre of the heart shows in complexion The colour and lustre of the face manifest the functioning of the heart. 心其华在面 xīn qí huá zài miàn 8 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 76 The heart opens into the tongue The tongue is nourished by heart qi and blood. It is the opening orifice of the heart. 心开窍于舌 xīn kāi qiào yú shé 77 The tongue is the expression of the heart The physiological functions and pathological changes of heart can manifest on the tongue. 舌为心之苗 shé wéi xīn zhī miáo 78 The fluid of the heart is sweat Sweat is associated with the heart. 心在液为汗 xīn zài yè wéi hàn 79 The vessels are the tissue of the heart The blood vessels are associated with the heart. 心在体合脉 xīn zài tǐ hé mài 80 The emotion of the heart is joy Joy is associated with the heart. 心在志为喜 xīn zài zhì wéi xǐ 81 The heart dislikes heat The heart is intolerant of heat. It is fire in nature and can be easily damaged by fire heat. 心恶热 xīn wù rè 82 The pairing between the heart and small intestine The heart is externally–internally paired with the small intestine through meridians. 心合小肠 xīn hé xiǎo cháng 83 Pericardium The pericardium connections The membrane that encircles and protects the heart. 心包 xīn bāo 心包络 84 Coordination between the heart and the kidney Coordination between water and fire/harmony; between the heart and the kidney The coordinated balance between ascending heart fire (yang) and descending kidney water (yin). 心肾相交 xīn shèn xiāng jiāo 水火既济 85 Disharmony between the heart and the kidney Lack of coordination between water and fire The disharmony between ascending heart fire (yang) and descending kidney water (yin). 心肾不交 xīn shèn bù jiāo 水火不济 86 Lung qi The qi stored in the lung. It is the driving force of physiological activities of the lung. 肺气 fèi qì 87 Lung yin The yin essence of the lung, as opposed to lung yang. It refers to the quiescent and moistening aspect of the lung’s function. 肺阴 fèi yīn 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 9 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 88 Lung yang The yang qi of the lung, as opposed to lung yin. It refers to the activating, impelling and warming aspect of the lung’s function. 肺阳 fèi yáng 89 Lung system Lung connections A functional system composed of the lung, large intestine, skin, body hair, nose and lung meridian. 肺系 fèi xì 90 Foundation of qi It refers to the lung. The lung is the root of the qi of the entire body. 气之本 qì zhī běn 91 The prime minister organ The office of the prime minister It refers to the lung. The lung governs qi and assists the heart to circulate blood; therefore, the lung is compared to the prime minister of a government. 相傅之官 xiāng fù zhī guān 92 The lung governs qi The lung dominates respiration and the qi of the entire body. 肺主气 fèi zhǔ qì 93 The lung governs breathing The lung dominates breathing in the clean qi and breathing out the stale qi. 肺司呼吸 fèi sī hū xī 94 The lung governs upward and outward diffusion This refers to the upward and outward diffusion of lung qi. 肺主宣发 fèi zhǔ xuān fā 95 The lung governs descent and purification This refers to the downward and inward depuration of lung qi. 肺主肃降 fèi zhǔ sù jiàng 96 The lung governs water circulation The lung regulates water circulation and metabolism through dispersing and descending of lung qi. 肺主行水 fèi zhǔ xíng shuǐ 97 Upper source of water It refers to the lung. The lung is located on the highest position among other zang–fu organs. It regulates water metabolism of the body. 水之上源 shuǐ zhī shàng yuán 98 The lung regulates waterways The lung regulates waterways through the diffusion of lung qi. 肺主通调水道 fèi zhǔ tōng diáo shuǐ dào 99 The lung presides over the hundred vessels The lung presides over vessels of the whole body to assist the heart’s function in circulating blood. 肺朝百脉 fèi cháo bǎi mài 10 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 100 The lung governs management and regulation The lung manages and regulates physiological activities of the entire body. 肺主治节 fèi zhǔ zhì jié 101 The lung governs the skin and body hair The lung is connected with the skin and body hair The lung warms and nourishes the skin and body hair, regulates the opening and closing of the sweat pores and safeguards the surface of the body. 肺主皮毛 fèi zhǔ pí máo 肺合皮毛 102 The outer aspect of the lung is the skin The skin is associated with the lung. 肺在体合皮 fèi zài tǐ hé pí 103 The lustre of the lung shows in the body hair The colour and lustre of the body hair manifest the functioning of the lung. 肺其华在毛 fèi qí huá zài máo 104 The lung opens into the nose The nose is the opening of the lung. 肺开窍于鼻 fèi kāi qiào yú bí 105 The emotion of the lung is grief Grief is associated with the lung. 肺在志为悲 fèi zài zhì wéi bēi 106 The fluid of the lung is nasal discharge Nasal discharge is associated with the lung. 肺在液为涕 fèi zài yè wéi tì 107 The Lung stores the Corporeal Soul (Po) The lung helps to maintain the instinctive perception and immediate reactivity. 肺藏魄 fèi cáng pò 108 The lung dislikes cold The lung is intolerant of cold and connected with the skin and body hair. Lung qi is easily damaged by exogenous pathogenic cold. 肺恶寒 fèi wù hán 109 The pairing between the lung and large intestine The lung is internally–externally paired with the large intestine through meridians. 肺合大肠 fèi hé dà cháng 110 Spleen qi The qi stored in the spleen. It is the driving force of physiological activities of the spleen. 脾气 pí qì 111 Spleen yin The yin essence of the spleen, as opposed to spleen yang. It refers to the quiescent and moistening aspect of the spleen’s function. 脾阴 pí yīn 112 Spleen yang The yang qi of the spleen, is opposite to spleen yin. It refers to the activating, impelling and warming aspect of the spleen’s function. 脾阳 pí yáng 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 11 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 113 Spleen system Spleen connections A functional system composed of the spleen, stomach, muscle, lips, mouth and spleen meridian. 脾系 pí xì 114 Postnatal foundation Refers to the spleen. The spleen transports and transforms nutrients from water and food (i.e. the essential material foundation to maintain vital activities). 后天之本 hòu tiān zhī běn 115 The granary organ The office of the granaries Refers to the spleen. The spleen transports and transforms nutrients from water and food. It is compared to an officer of the granaries. 仓廪之官 cāng lǐn zhī guān 116 The spleen governs transportation and transformation A collective term used to describe the spleen’s functions in transporting and transforming water, food and fluids. The spleen digests water and food, absorbs and distributes nutrients and regulates water metabolism. 脾主运化 pí zhǔ yùn huà 117 The spleen contains blood The spleen holds blood The spleen qi controls the blood to circulate within small vessels. 脾主统血 pí zhǔ tǒng xuè 118 The spleen ascends the nutrients Opposite to the “stomach descends the turbid”, the spleen qi ascends and distributes nutrients to the heart and lungs, and maintains normal positions of the internal organs. 脾主升清 pí zhǔ shēng qīng 119 The spleen governs the limbs The spleen distributes nutrients of water and food to the four limbs to maintain their normal activities. 脾主四肢 pí zhǔ sì zhī 120 The spleen governs muscles The spleen distributes nutrients of water and food to muscles to maintain their normal activities. 脾主肌肉 pí zhǔ jī ròu 121 The spleen governs the four seasons There are four seasons in one year. The spleen is associated with the last 18 days in each season. 脾主四时 pí zhǔ sì shí 122 The lustre of the spleen shows in the lips The colour and lustre of the lips manifest the functioning of the spleen. 脾其华在唇 pí qí huá zài chún 123 The spleen opens into the mouth The spleen receives water and food from the mouth and the mouth is the opening of the spleen. 脾开窍于口 pí kāi qiào yú kǒu 124 The emotion of the spleen is overthinking The spleen is associated with thoughtfulness. 脾在志为思 pí zài zhì wéi sī 12 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 125 The fluid of the spleen is thin saliva Thin saliva is associated with the spleen. 脾在液为涎 pí zài yè wéi xián 126 The spleen stores intent The spleen assists the heart in mental/thinking activities. 脾藏意 pí cáng yì 127 The spleen dislikes dampness The spleen is intolerant of dampness. As an earth organ, the spleen is intolerant and affected by dampness. 脾恶湿 pí wù shī 128 The pairing between the spleen and stomach The spleen is externally–internally paired with the spleen through meridians. 脾合胃 pí hé wèi 129 Liver qi The qi stored in the liver, as opposed to liver blood. It is the driving force of physiological activities of the liver. 肝气 gān qì 130 Liver blood The blood stored in the liver, as opposed to liver qi. It is the material foundation of physiological activities of the liver. 肝血 gān xuè 131 Liver yin The yin essence of the liver, as opposed to liver yang. It refers to the quiescent and moistening aspect of the liver’s functions. 肝阴 gān yīn 132 Liver yang The yang qi of the liver, as opposed to liver yin. It refers to the activating, impelling and warming aspect of the liver’s functions. 肝阳 gān yáng 133 Liver system Liver connections A functional system composed of the liver, gallbladder, tendons, nails and liver meridian. 肝系 gān xì 134 The liver is the foundation for fatigue endurance Refers to the liver. The liver stores blood, and the blood nourishes tendons/sinew and helps to endure fatigue. 罢极之本 pǐ jí zhī běn 135 The general organ The office of army generals Refers to the liver. The liver is resolute and helps with developing and planning strategies. It is compared to an army general. 将军之官 jiāng jūn zhī guān 136 The liver governs the free flow of qi The liver maintains free flow of qi over the entire body. 肝主疏泄 gān zhǔ shū xiè 137 The liver governs strategic planning The liver controls planning The liver helps with developing and planning strategies. 肝主谋虑 gān zhǔ móu lǜ 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 13 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 138 The liver stores blood The liver stores blood, regulates blood volume and prevents bleeding. 肝藏血 gān cáng xuè 139 The liver governs ascending and dispersing The physiological feature of the liver in the free ascending of yang qi. 肝主升发 gān zhǔ shēng fā 140 The liver is the resolute organ As the resolute organ, the liver likes free will; liver yang (qi) is susceptible to becoming hyperactive. 肝为刚脏 gān wéi gāng zàng 141 The liver likes free will and hates to be suppressed The liver is an organ of wind and wood. Liver qi needs to be soft and unobstructed. Free flow of qi guarantees its normal physiological functions. 肝喜条达而恶 抑郁 gān xǐ tiáo dá ér wù yì yù 142 The emotion of the liver is anger Anger is associated with the liver. 肝在志为怒 gān zài zhì wéi nù 143 The tissue of the liver is sinew Sinews are associated with the liver. 肝在体合筋 gān zài tǐ hé jīn 144 Nails are the extension of sinews Nails, as the extension of sinews, are nourished by liver blood. 爪为筋之余 zhǎo wéi jīn zhī yú 145 The lustre of the liver shows in the nails The colour and lustre of the nails manifest the functioning of the liver. 肝其华在爪 gān qí huá zài zhǎo 146 The liver opens into the eyes The eyes are nourished by liver qi and blood and therefore the opening orifice of the liver. 肝开窍于目 gān kāi qiào yú mù 147 The fluid of the liver are tears Tears are associated with the liver. 肝在液为泪 gān zài yè wéi lèi 148 The liver stores the Ethereal Soul (Hun) The liver has the ability to help the heart in making strategic plans and balancing caution and courage. 肝藏魂 gān cáng hún 149 The liver dislikes wind The liver is intolerant of wind. It is associated with wood and susceptible to being affected by wind. 肝恶风 gān wù fēng 150 The pairing between the liver and gallbladder The liver is paired externally–internally with the gallbladder through meridians. 肝合胆 gān hé dǎn 151 Yin organ with yang functions The liver is a yin organ because it stores (yin) blood; however, it maintains the free flow of qi (yang). 体阴而用阳 tǐ yīn ér yòng yáng 14 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 152 Liver and kidney share the same source Yi (liver) and Gui (kidney) share the same source The liver stores blood and the kidney stores essence, blood and essence can mutually transform into each other. The liver belongs to Yi (the second heavenly stems) wood, while the kidney belongs to Gui (the twelfth heavenly stems) water. 肝肾同源 gān shèn tóng yuán 乙癸同源 153 Kidney essence The essence stored in the kidney. It is inherited from one’s parents and nourished by water and food. It is known as the foundation of physiological activities of the kidney. 肾精 shèn jīng 154 Kidney qi Transformed by kidney essence, it is the driving force of physiological activities of the kidney. 肾气 shèn qì 155 Kidney yin Primordial yin; genuine yin The yin essence of the kidney. Opposite to kidney yang, it refers to the quiescent and moistening aspect of the kidney’s functions. 肾阴 shèn yīn 元阴；真阴 156 Kidney yang Primordial yang; genuine yang Opposite to kidney yin, it refers to the activating, impelling and warming aspects of the kidney’s functions. 肾阳 shèn yáng 元阳；真阳 157 Kidney system Kidney connections A functional system composed of the kidney, urinary bladder, bones, hair, ears, urethra, anus, and kidney meridian. 肾系 shèn xì 158 Congenital foundation Innate root Refers to the kidney. The kidney essence inherited from parents is fundamental to the growth and reproduction. 先天之本 xiān tiān zhī běn 159 The foundation of sealing and storing Refers to the kidney. The kidney stores and secures essential qi, absorbs clean qi, and holds urine in the urinary bladder. 封藏之本 fēng cáng zhī běn 160 The organ of strenuous work The office of strenuous work Refers to the kidney. The kidney stores essence, generates marrow, and dominates bones. It is associated with the ability to do and strive, and therefore, compared to an organ of strenous work. 作强之官 zuò qiáng zhī guān 161 The kidney stores essence The kidney stores and secures the essence of human body. 肾藏精 shèn cáng jīng 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 15 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 162 The kidney governs reproduction The function of kidney essence and qi in boosting the maturity of reproductive organs and maintaining reproductive ability. 肾主生殖 shèn zhǔ shēng zhí 163 Tian Gui Heavenly water A material substance transformed and generated by abundant kidney essence. Tian Gui boosts the maturity of reproductive organs and maintains the reproductive function. 天癸 tiān guǐ 164 The kidney governs qi reception The kidney receives and holds the clear qi inhaled by the lung to maintain the depth of breathing. 肾主纳气 shèn zhǔ nà qì 165 The kidney governs water and fluids The kidney governs and regulates water metabolism. 肾主水液 shèn zhǔ shuǐ yè 166 The kidney governs hibernation The kidney governs storing and sealing The kidney seals, stores and keeps essence within the body. 肾主蛰 shèn zhǔ zhé 167 The kidney governs the bones The kidney essence generates marrow to nourish bones. 肾主骨 shèn zhǔ gǔ 168 Teeth are the extension of the bone The teeth and the bones share the same source – kidney essence. 齿为骨之余 chǐ wéi gǔ zhī yú 169 The kidney generates marrow The kidney essence transforms into and generates bone marrow. 肾生髓 shèn shēng suǐ 170 The lustre of the kidney shows in the hair The colour and lustre of hair manifest the functioning of the kidney. 肾其华在发 shèn qí huá zài fà 171 The kidney opens into the ears The ears are nourished by kidney essence and qi and are the opening orifice of the kidney. 肾开窍于耳 shèn kāi qiào yú ěr 172 The kidney opens into the urethra and anus The kidney secures essence and dominates the urethra and anus. The urethra and anus are the opening orifices of the kidney. 肾开窍于二阴 shèn kāi qiào yú èr yīn 173 The emotion of the kidney is fear Fear is associated with the kidney. 肾在志为恐 shèn zài zhì wéi kǒng 174 The fluid of the kidney is thick saliva Thick saliva is associated with the kidney. 肾在液为唾 shèn zài yè wéi tuò 175 The kidney stores will The kidney assists the heart in governing willpower and memory. 肾藏志 shèn cáng zhì 16 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 176 The kidney dislikes dryness The kidney is intolerant of dryness. The kidney stores essence and dominates body fluids. Dryness may damage yin fluids and impair kidney essence. 肾恶燥 shèn wù zào 177 The pairing between the kidney and urinary bladder The kidney is internally–externally paired with the urinary bladder through meridians. 肾合膀胱 shèn hé páng guāng 178 The origin of vital qi The vital qi between two kidneys. It is the origin of the qi of life. 生气之原 shēng qì zhī yuán 肾间动气 179 The gate of life The root of life and origin of qi transformation. It is closely associated with the functions of the kidney. 命门 mìng mén 180 The fire of the gate of life Opposite to the water of life gate, it refers to the warming, impelling and qi transformation function of kidney yang. 命门之火 mìng mén zhī huǒ 181 The water of the gate of life Opposite to the fire of life gate, it refers to the cooling, moistening, quiescent and nourishing function of kidney yin. 命门之水 mìng mén zhī shuǐ 182 The house of central essence Refers to the gallbladder. The gallbladder stores bile. 中精之府 zhōng jīng zhī fǔ 183 Gallbladder qi The essential qi of gallbladder. It secretes and discharges bile and dominates decision-making. 胆气 dǎn qì 184 The impartial and righteous organ The office of impartiality and rectitude Refers to the gallbladder. The gallbladder is involved with judgment and decision-making. It is therefore compared to the role of justice. 中正之官 zhōng zhèng zhī guān 185 The gallbladder governs decision-making The gallbladder helps with judgment and decision-making ability. 胆主决断 dǎn zhǔ jué duàn 186 The great granary Refers to the stomach. The stomach decomposes water and food. Stomach qi nourishes all five zang and six fu organs. 太仓 tài cāng 187 Stomach duct Stomach cavity A collective term for the stomach organ. Its upper duct includes cardia; the lower duct includes pylorus; and between is the middle duct. 胃脘 wèi wǎn 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 17 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 188 Stomach qi Qi of the stomach or of the spleen and stomach, coupled with their physiological functions. 胃气 wèi qì 189 Stomach yang The yang qi of the stomach, as opposed to stomach yin. It refers to the activating, impelling and warming aspect of the stomach’s function. 胃阳 wèi yáng 190 Stomach yin The yin essence of the stomach, as opposed to stomach yang. It refers to the quiescent and moistening aspect of the stomach’s function. 胃阴 wèi yīn 191 The stomach governs receiving and holding The stomach governs receiving The stomach receives and holds the water and food. 胃主受纳 wèi zhǔ shòu nà 192 The stomach governs decomposition The stomach governs digestion The stomach primarily digests water and food and forms chyme. 胃主腐熟 wèi zhǔ fǔ shú 193 The stomach governs smooth downbearing Stomach qi needs to be unobstructed and flows downward, so as to pass the primarily digested chyme down to the small intestine. 胃主通降 wèi zhǔ tōng jiàng 194 The stomach descends the turbid Stomach qi descends the initially digested chyme to the small intestine and eliminates the waste from the body. 胃主降浊 wèi zhǔ jiàng zhuó 195 The stomach likes softening and moisturizing In five-element theory the stomach is a fu organ and associated with the earth. It is dry in nature and its normal functioning relies on the moistening of yin fluids. 胃喜柔润 wèi xǐ róu rùn 196 The receiving and holding organ The office of receiving and holding Refers to the small intestine. The small intestine receives the chyme from the stomach and separates the clear (useful substances) from the turbid (wastes). It is therefore compared to a receptacle or container. 受盛之官 shòu shèng zhī guān 197 The small intestine governs receiving and holding The small intestine receives and holds the decomposed water and food. 小肠主受盛 xiǎo cháng zhǔ shòu shèng 198 The small intestine governs transforming The small intestine further digests the water and food, absorbs nutrients and passes the waste down to the large intestine. 小肠主化物 xiǎo cháng zhǔ huà wù 18 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 199 The small intestine governs thick body fluids The small intestine further absorbs the nutrients while separating the clear from the turbid. 小肠主液 xiǎo cháng zhǔ yè 200 The small intestine separates the clear from the turbid The small intestine absorbs nutrients and body fluids and passes the food residue and water down to the large intestine. 小肠泌别清浊 xiǎo cháng mì bié qīng zhuó 201 The conveyance organ The office of conveyance Refers to the large intestine, since it eliminates the waste out of the body. 传导之官 chuán dǎo zhī guān 202 The large intestine governs conveyance The large intestine conducts wastes and discharges faeces. 大肠主传导 dà cháng zhǔ chuán dǎo 203 The large intestine governs the thin body fluids The large intestine absorbs the thin, clear fluids while eliminating waste. 大肠主津 dà cháng zhǔ jīn 204 The reservoir organ The office of reservoir Refers to the urinary bladder – the organ in charge of the water in the three jiao. 州都之官 zhōu dū zhī guān 205 Qi transformation of the urinary bladder The bladder relies on kidney qi transformation to store and excrete urine. 膀胱气化 páng guāng qì huà 206 The dredging and draining organ The office of dredging and draining Refers to sanjiao – the water passage within the human body. Its function is compared to someone who is responsible for dredging a ditch. 决渎之官 jué dú zhī guān 207 Sanjiao The three jiao; triple energizer A fu organ. A collective term for upper jiao, middle jiao and lower jiao. It serves as a pathway for qi and water circulation and dominates qi transformation. 三焦 sān jiāo 208 Upper jiao The upper jiao is located above the diaphragm and includes the heart and lung. 上焦 shàng jiāo 209 Middle jiao The middle jiao is located between the diaphragm and navel and includes the spleen, stomach, liver and gallbladder. 中焦 zhōng jiāo 210 Lower jiao The lower jiao is located below the navel and includes the kidney, urinary bladder, large intestine, and small intestine. 下焦 xià jiāo 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 19 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 211 Upper jiao resembles mist The heart and lung distribute qi and blood. Their function is compared with the permeation of mist and dew. 上焦如雾 shàng jiāo rú wù 212 Middle jiao resembles foam The spleen and stomach decompose water and food. Their function is compared to fermentation. 中焦如沤 zhōng jiāo rú òu 213 Lower jiao resembles a sluice The kidney and urinary bladder regulate water discharge. Their function is compared to an unobstructed ditch. 下焦如渎 xià jiāo rú dú 214 The house of the original spirit The house of original Shen Refers to the brain – the source of mental activities. 元神之府 yuán shén zhī fǔ 215 The house of bright essence Refers to the head – a place where the spirit, qi, essence and marrow converge. 精明之府 jīng míng zhī fǔ 216 Marrow An extraordinary organ. A collective term for brain marrow, spinal cord and bone marrow. Marrow is transformed from kidney essence. 髓 suǐ 217 Bone An extraordinary organ that stores bone marrow, supports the body, protects the internal organs, and helps with body movements. 骨 gǔ 218 Vessel An extraordinary organ, referring to the pathway for qi and blood circulation. 脉 mài 219 Hair is the extension of blood The growth of hair depends on the nourishment of blood. 发为血之余 fà wéi xuè zhī yú 220 Uterus An extraordinary organ. A collective term for female internal genital organs. 女子胞 nǚ zǐ bāo 221 The servant and messenger organ The office of the servant and messenger It refers to the pericardium that acts to protect the heart against exogenous pathogenic factors. 臣使之官 chén shǐ zhī guān 222 1.4 Essence, qi, blood and body fluids 1.4 精气血津 液类 223 Essence All tangible nutrients of the human body. It can also specifically refer to the kidney essence. 精 jīng 224 Qi The intangible, high-mobility nutritive substance that maintains vital activities. 气 qì 20 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 225 Blood The red liquid that circulates within the blood vessels to moisten and nourish the body. It is an essential substance to maintain life activities. 血 xuè 226 Body fluids A collective term for thinner part of fluids (jin) and thicker part of liquid (ye). Body fluids are essential to maintain life activities. 津液 jīn yè 227 Innate essence Pre-heaven essence; prenatal essence; congenital essence The original substance of life inherited from one’s parents and contributed to the generation of offspring. 先天之精 xiān tiān zhī jīng 228 Acquired essence Post-heaven essence; post-natal essence The nutritive substances obtained through qi transformation of the zang–fu organs after birth. 后天之精 hòu tiān zhī jīng 229 Essence qi A collective term for essence and qi. It serves as the fundamental substance of the human body and maintains vital activities. 精气 jīng qì 230 Qi transformation A general term referring to various changes generated by qi movement. All things in the universe are transformed by qi. 气化 qì huà 231 Qi movement Qi movement can be classified into four basic forms, namely ascending, descending, exiting and entering. 气机 qì jī 232 Genuine qi True qi/Essential qi A collective term for qi of the entire body, including innate qi and acquired qi. 真气 zhēn qì 233 Innate qi Pre-heaven qi; prenatal qi; congenital qi The qi inherited from one’s parents and stored in the kidney. 先天之气 xiān tiān zhī qì 234 Acquired qi Post-heaven qi; post-natal qi The qi transformed from the essential qi of water and food as well as the clean qi (fresh air inhaled in the lung) of the nature. 后天之气 hòu tiān zhī qì 235 Yuan-primordial qi Yuan-original qi; Yuan-source qi Rooted in the kidney, Yuan-primordial qi consists of innate essence qi and Ying-nutrients qi transformed from water and food. It includes primordial yin qi and primordial yang qi. 元气 yuán qì 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 21 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 236 Zong-pectoral qi Ancestral qi/ gathering qi The qi that accumulates in the chest. It consists of clean qi (fresh air inhaled in the lung) in the nature and qi transformed from water and food. 宗气 zōng qì 237 Ying-nutrient qi Opposite to Wei-defensive qi. Ying-nutrients qi is transformed from water and food and travels within the blood vessels. 营气 yíng qì 238 Ying-nutrient blood The qi within blood and yin within qi. When used in combination with blood, it often represents yin blood. Alternatively, it generally refers to blood. 营血 yíng xuè 239 Ying-nutrient circulates within the vessels Ying-nutrient is yin and flexible in nature and travels within the vessels. 营行脉中 yíng xíng mài zhōng 240 Wei-defensive qi Opposite to the Ying-nutrient qi. It travels outside the vessels and is transformed from the nutrients of water and food. 卫气 wèi qì 241 Wei-defence circulates outside the vessels Wei-defence is yang and resolute in nature. It travels outside the vessels. 卫行脉外 wèi xíng mài wài 242 Qi of the zang–fu organs The qi stored in the zang–fu organs and maintains normal physiological functions of the zang–fu organs. 脏腑之气 zàng fǔ zhī qì 243 Qi of the middle jiao Central qi It is also known as qi of the spleen and stomach. 中气 zhōng qì 244 Qi of meridians The qi circulates within the meridians and falls under the category of healthy qi. 经气 jīng qì 经络之气 245 Ascending, descending, entering and exiting The basic forms of qi movement. 升降出入 shēng jiàng chū rù 246 Qi governs warming Qi has the function of warming the body. 气主煦之 qì zhǔ xù zhī 247 Blood governs nourishing and moistening Blood has the function of nourishing and moistening the body. 血主濡之 xuè zhǔ rú zhī 248 Thin fluids Jin; thin body fluids The thin, clear and high-mobility body fluids that distribute over the skin, muscles or orifices and permeates into blood vessels. This part of fluids moistens the body. 津 jīn 22 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 249 Thick fluids Ye; thick body fluids The thick, low-mobility body fluids that perfuse into the bones, joints, zang–fu organs, brain and marrows. This part of fluids nourishes the body and lubricates the bones/joints. 液 yè 250 Qi is the commander of the blood This refers to the functions of qi in transforming, circulating and governing blood. 气为血之帅 qì wéi xuè zhī shuài 251 Qi engenders blood Qi generates blood Qi can transform into blood. Blood is transformed from nutrients from water and food and Ying- nutrient qi within the blood vessels. 气能生血 qì néng shēng xuè 252 Qi circulates blood Qi moves blood The heart qi, lung qi and liver qi maintain the normal circulation of blood. 气能行血 qì néng xíng xuè 253 Qi controls blood Qi holds blood; Qi contains blood This refers to the normal functioning of spleen qi and liver qi in keeping the blood circulating within the blood vessels. 气能摄血 qì néng shè xuè 254 Blood is the mother of qi Blood transforms into and carries qi. 血为气之母 xuè wéi qì zhī mǔ 255 Blood carries qi The function of tangible blood in carrying intangible qi. 血能载气 xuè néng zài qì 256 Qi engenders body fluids Qi generates body fluids Qi of the zang–fu organs transforms into and engenders body fluids. 气能生津 qì néng shēng jīn 257 Qi circulates body fluids Qi moves body fluids Qi of the zang–fu organs promotes the normal distribution of body fluids. 气能行津 qì néng xíng jīn 258 Qi controls body fluids Qi holds body fluids; qi contains body fluids Qi keeps the body fluid within the waterways and maintains its normal circulation. 气能摄津 qì néng shè jīn 259 Body fluids carries qi The function of tangible body fluids in carrying intangible qi. 津能载气 jīn néng zài qì 260 Body fluids and blood share the same source Body fluids and blood are both transformed from nutrients found in water and food; the two mutually generate each other. 津血同源 jīn xuè tóng yuán 261 Essence and blood share the same source Essence qi and blood are both transformed from nutrients of water and food; the two mutually generate each other. 精血同源 jīng xuè tóng yuán 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 23 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 262 Blood and sweat share the same source Since blood is composed of body fluids and Ying- nutrient qi and sweat is transformed from body fluids, the blood and sweat share the same source. 血汗同源 xuè hàn tóng yuán 263 Moderate fire The normal fire that benefits growth. 少火 shào huǒ 264 Moderate fire generates qi The normal fire generates the Yuan-primordial qi and maintains vital activities. 少火生气 shào huǒ shēng qì 265 1.5 Etiological factors 1.5 病因类 266 Causative factors All causes of diseases. 病因 bìng yīn 267 To differentiate pattern to reveal an etiology A method to seek the etiological factors according to clinical manifestations. 辨证求因 biàn zhèng qiú yīn 268 Theory of three etiological categories A theory that classifies etiological factors into internal, external and neither internal nor external. 三因学说 sān yīn xué shuō 269 Internal pathogenic factors These mainly refer to seven emotional disturbances. 内所因 nèi suǒ yīn 270 External etiological factors These mainly refer to six exogenous pathogenic factors. 外所因 wài suǒ yīn 271 Neither internal nor external etiological factors Other etiological factors Pathogenic factors that are not categorized as external or internal, such as improper diet, over- exertion, traumatic injuries, animal/insect bites, drowning etc. 不内外因 bù nèi wài yīn 272 Exogenous etiological factors Pathogenic factors that attack the body through the skin, mouth and nose, including six pathogenic factors and epidemic qi. 外感病因 wài gǎn bìng yīn 273 Endogenous etiological factors Internal dysfunctions due to extreme emotions, over-exertion, and improper diet. 内伤病因 nèi shāng bìng yīn 274 Pathogenic qi Evil qi Opposite to healthy qi, it is a collective term for all pathogenic factors. 邪气 xié qì 275 Yang pathogens Opposite to yin pathogens, refers to pathogenic factors of yang nature, such as wind, summer-heat or fire-heat. 阳邪 yáng xié 276 Yin pathogens Opposite to yang pathogens, refers to pathogenic factors of yin nature, such as cold or dampness. 阴邪 yīn xié 24 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 277 Deficiency pathogens Opposite to excess pathogens, it is a collective term for exogenous pathogenic factors that invade the body when the body is weak. Alternatively, it refers to pathogenic qi that transmits from the mother organ to the son organ. 虚邪 xū xié 278 Excess pathogens Opposite to deficiency pathogens, it is a collective term for pathogenic factors. Alternatively, it refers to pathogenic qi that transmits from the son organ to the mother organ. 实邪 shí xié 279 Seasonal pathogenic factors A collective term for epidemic, etiological factors associated with the four seasons. 时邪 shí xié 280 Exogenous pathogenic factors External pathogenic factors that damage the human body. 客邪 kè xié 281 Six pathogenic factors Six excesses A collective term for six exogenous pathogenic factors: wind, cold, summer-heat, dampness, dryness and fire. 六淫 liù yín 282 Pestilence qi A collective term for exogenous pathogenic factors with high contagiousness. 疠气 lì qì 283 Epidemic pathogenic factor A pathogenic factor with high contagiousness. 瘟邪 wēn xié 284 Seven emotions Seven normal emotions include joy, anger, anxiety, overthinking, grief, fear and fright. 七情 qī qíng 285 Seven emotions causing internal damage A collective term for damage caused by extreme emotions including joy, anger, anxiety, overthinking, grief, fear and fright. 七情内伤 qī qíng nèi shāng 286 Five emotions transforming into fire Fire pattern transformed from disturbance of joy, anger, grief, overthinking and fear. 五志化火 wǔ zhì huà huǒ 287 Improper diet Diet harmful to health, including unhealthy dietary habits, ingestion of contaminated food, dietary preference, etc. 饮食失宜 yǐn shí shī yí 288 Work–rest imbalance A collective term for over-exertion and physical inactivity. 劳逸失度 láo yì shī dù 289 Medical malpractice Medical errors A pathogenic factor that induces or aggravates medical conditions by errors of health care professionals. 医过 yī guò 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 25 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 290 Animal/insect bites Harm to the body by animals or insects. 虫兽伤 chóng shòu shāng 291 Pathogenic wind Wind A pathogenic factor characterized by opening the skin pores, high mobility and upward/outward movement. 风邪 fēng xié 292 Wind opens and disperses Wind loosens the interspace between skin/muscle fibers and opens the skin pores, resulting in sweating and aversion to wind. 风性开泄 fēng xìng kāi xiè 293 Wind floats and ascends Wind is characterized by upward flowing. It easily affects the head, face, surface of the body and yang meridians. 风性轻扬 fēng xìng qīng yáng 294 Wind causes movement Wind is characterized by constant moving. It causes the limbs to tremble. 风性主动 fēng xìng zhǔ dòng 295 Wind moves and changes swiftly Wind is characterised by swift changes. Diseases caused by wind are marked by a sudden onset of symptoms in moving locations. 风善行数变 fēng shàn xíng shuò biàn 296 Wind is the leading cause of diseases Wind is the spearhead of a hundred diseases Wind may cause a wide variety of conditions. It is the spearhead of exogenous pathogenic factors and liable to associate itself with cold, dampness, dryness and heat. 风为百病之长 fēng wéi bǎi bìng zhī zhǎng 风为百病之首 297 Pathogenic cold Cold A pathogenic factor characterized by coldness, stagnation, congealing and contraction. 寒邪 hán xié 298 Cold tends to impair yang Cold is yin in nature and can easily impair yang qi. 寒易伤阳 hán yì shāng yáng 299 Cold congeals and stagnates Pathogenic cold causes qi/blood to stagnate, blocks meridians, and causes pain. 寒性凝滞 hán xìng níng zhì 300 Cold causes contraction/ contracture Pathogenic cold constricts qi, blocks the skin pores, and causes contractions. 寒性收引 hán xìng shōu yǐn 301 Pathogenic summer heat Summer heat A pathogenic factor commonly seen between the summer solstice and beginning of autumn. It is characterized by flames ascending and dispersing. 暑邪 shǔ xié 302 Summer heat causes flaming heat Pathogenic summer heat is characterized by extreme hotness. Often causes hyperactive yang heat. 暑性炎热 shǔ xìng yán rè 26 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 303 Summer heat ascends and disperses Summer heat ascends and disperses. Often directly affects the qi phase, opens the sweating pores and damages body fluids. 暑性升散 shǔ xìng shēng sàn 304 Summer heat often combines with dampness Summer is hot, humid and rainy. The summer heat provokes dampness and is often liable to mix itself with dampness. 暑多夹湿 shǔ duō jiā shī 305 Pathogenic dampness Dampness A pathogenic factor that obstructs the flow of qi. It is characterized by heaviness, turbidity, stickiness and downward flowing. 湿邪 shī xié 306 Dampness obstructs qi movement Dampness is a tangible pathogenic factor and is easy to obstruct qi movement. 湿阻气机 shī zǔ qì jī 307 When damp prevails, yang declines Dampness damages yang qi Dampness is yin in nature and can easily damage yang qi. It is tangible and can obstruct the flow of yang qi. 湿胜阳微 shī shèng yáng wēi 308 Dampness is heavy and turbid Pathogenic dampness is characterized by its heaviness and turbidity. The diseases caused by it may lead to heaviness of the body and turbidity of secretions and excrements. 湿性重浊 shī xìng zhòng zhuó 309 Dampness is sticky and stagnant Dampness is characterized by stickiness and stagnation. It causes sticky, viscous secretions and discharges. Dampness-induced conditions often last a long time. 湿性黏滞 shī xìng nián zhì 310 Dampness tends to descend Dampness move downward and affects the yin and lower parts of the body. 湿性趋下 shī xìng qū xià 311 Pathogenic dryness Dryness A pathogenic factor that consumes body fluids and tends to damage the lung. 燥邪 zào xié 312 Dryness tends to desiccate Dryness desiccates by consuming body fluids and causing body fluid deficiency and lack of moisture. 燥性干涩 zào xìng gān sè 313 Dryness easily damages the lung Dryness invades the body through the nose, mouth and skin pores. It easily damages the lung fluids and impairs the dispersing of lung qi. 燥易伤肺 zào yì shāng fèi 314 Pathogenic fire Fire (Heat) A pathogenic factor that flames upward, consumes qi and body fluids, engenders wind, stirs blood, and harasses the heart spirit. 火邪 huǒ xié 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 27 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 315 Pathogenic heat A pathogenic factor that causes excessive pathological changes of hot and yang nature. 热邪 rè xié 316 Pathogenic warmth A collective term for pathogenic warm heat, including spring warmth, wind warmth, summer heat warmth, damp warmth, autumn dryness, winter warmth, pestilence warmth, warm toxin, warm malaria, etc. 温邪 wēn xié 317 Toxic pathogens Toxic pathogens include toxins transformed from six exogenous pathogenic factors, toxic fire from sores/ulcers, toxic heat, snake venom, rabies or toxic lacquer. 毒邪 dú xié 318 Fire flames upward The nature of pathogenic fire flames upward. It causes heat symptoms and often affects the upper part of the body. 火性炎上 huǒ xìng yán shàng 319 Fire tends to generate wind Fire tends to stir liver wind. Extreme heat can cause stirring of wind. 火易生风 huǒ yì shēng fēng 320 Fire tends to cause bleeding Since fire may burn the vessels and collaterals and cause the blood to move recklessly, it often results in bleeding or macular eruption. 火易动血 huǒ yì dòng xuè 321 Fire consumes qi and body fluids Since fire consumes healthy qi and scorches yin fluids, it often causes deficiency of both qi and thin fluids. 火耗气伤津 huǒ hào qì shāng jīn 322 Fire tends to disturb the heart spirit Fire tends to disturb the heart Shen Since fire tends to disturb the heart spirit, it often causes mental restlessness. 火易扰心神 huǒ yì rǎo xīn shén 323 Fire tends to cause sores/ulcers Since fire heat tends to enter the blood and remain in a fixed location, it often causes sores/ ulcers. 火易生疮疡 huǒ yì shēng chuāng yáng 324 Hyperactive fire Hyperactive, pathogenic fire that consumes healthy qi. 壮火 zhuàng huǒ 325 Excessive anger damages the liver Excessive anger damages liver qi, impairs the function of liver in maintaining the free flow of qi, causes the qi to rise, and results in disordered qi and blood. 怒伤肝 nù shāng gān 28 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 326 Excessive joy damages the heart Excessive joy damages heart spirit, consumes heart qi and results in mental derangement. 喜伤心 xǐ shāng xīn 327 Excessive overthinking damages the spleen Excessive overthinking damages spleen qi, causes qi to stagnate, and impairs the function of the spleen in transportation and transformation. 思伤脾 sī shāng pí 328 Excessive grief damages the lung Excessive grief damages and consumes lung qi and impairs the dispersal of lung qi. 悲伤肺 bēi shāng fèi 329 Excessive fear damages the kidney Excessive fear damages kidney qi, causes kidney qi to descend, and impairs the function of the kidney in storing essence. 恐伤肾 kǒng shāng shèn 330 Dietary irregularities Improper diet, including excessive hunger and binge eating. 饮食不节 yǐn shí bù jié 331 Consumption of unclean food Intake of contaminated or poisonous food. 饮食不洁 yǐn shí bù jié 332 Dietary predilections Excessive indulgence in specific food, including cold or hot food, certain flavours or alcohol. 饮食偏嗜 yǐn shí piān shì 333 Flavour preference Flavour predilections The five flavours are spicy, sweet, sour, bitter and salty. Habitual preference for a particular flavour or taste may bring about adverse reactions or damage the five zang organs. 五味偏嗜 wǔ wèi piān shì 334 Overwork Burnout Overwork can be physical, mental or sexual. 过劳 guò láo 335 Physical overwork Excessive physical activities damage the zang–fu organs and cause qi deficiency of the zang organs. 劳力过度 láo lì guò dù 336 Mental overwork Excessive mental activities tend to damage heart blood and spleen qi. 劳神过度 láo shén guò dù 337 Sexual overindulgence Excessive sexual activities consume and damage kidney essence. 房劳过度 fáng láo guò dù 338 Physical inactivity Physical inactivity leads to imbalances in the flow of qi and blood, weak tendons and bones, stagnant qi of the spleen and stomach. In severe cases, it may even cause other secondary diseases. 过逸 guò yì 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 29 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 339 Five exhaustions The five exhaustions are listed as follows: Long- time observation damages blood; long-time lying damages qi; long-time sitting damages muscles; long-time standing damages bones; and long-time walking damages sinews. Alternatively, the five overstrains refer to deficiencies of the five zang organs (i.e. liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney). 五劳 wǔ láo 340 Six stagnations A collective term for stagnation of qi, blood, phlegm, fire, food and dampness. Often results from qi stagnation of the liver and spleen. 六郁 liù yù 341 Seven damages Seven harms Refers to the seven pathogenic factors that lead to deficiency and consumption, including improper diet, anxiety, drink, sex, hunger, over-exertion, and damage to meridians, collaterals, Ying-nutrients, Wei-defense and qi. 七伤 qī shāng 342 Phlegm Associated with fluid retention. It refers to the viscous, turbid pathological products that accumulate in the body due to disordered water metabolism. It can be an etiological factor for a variety of diseases. 痰 tán 343 Tangible phlegm Tangible phlegm is visible, touchable and audible when it is secreted from the airways. 有形之痰 yǒu xíng zhī tán 344 Intangible phlegm Intangible phlegm is invisible and impalpable; however, it can cause pathogenic features of phlegm. 无形之痰 wú xíng zhī tán 345 The source of phlegm generation The spleen governs transportation and transformation of water and food. The failure of the spleen to transport and transform water fluids may cause internal retention of water dampness and generate phlegm. 生痰之源 shēng tán zhī yuán 346 The receptacle to hold phlegm The container of phlegm The lung dominates water and regulates the water passage. The failure of the lung to disperse qi may cause internal retention of phlegm fluids. 贮痰之器 zhù tán zhī qì 30 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 347 Fluid retention Retained fluids Fluid retention is relative to phlegm. It refers to the thin, clear pathological products that accumulate in the body due to disordered water metabolism. It can also be an etiological factor for a variety of diseases. 饮 yǐn 348 Prolonged fluid retention Fluid retention that lasts a long period of time. It is one type of fluid retention. 留饮 liú yǐn 349 Deep-lying fluid retention A type of fluid retention that is deeply located and hard to remove. 伏饮 fú yǐn 350 Static blood Stagnant blood A pathological product formed during slow blood flow or as blood coagulates. It is also a secondary pathogenic factor. 瘀血 yū xuè 351 Stone Calculus The gravel-like substance that accumulates in the human body, especially in the ducts and cavities of zang–fu organs. It is also a secondary pathogenic factor. 结石 jié shí 352 Maternal–to–fetal transmission An inherited etiological factor that transmits the body constitution and disease of the mother to her fetus. 胎传 tāi chuán 353 fetal toxin A pre-birth toxin. It is a pathogenic factor that causes infantile skin rashes. 胎毒 tāi dú 354 Congenital weakness A collective term for a congenitally weak constitution and a deficiency of qi and blood. It is a major contributing factor to a deficiency of healthy qi. 胎弱 tāi ruò 355 Constitutional insufficiency Congenital constitutional weakness is an internal etiological factor of healthy qi deficiency. 禀赋不足 bǐng fù bù zú 356 Five endogenous pathogenic factors The five pathological states of wind, fire, cold, dryness and dampness due to dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs. 内生五邪 nèi shēng wǔ xié 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 31 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 357 Internal wind Endogenous wind Opposite to external wind, it is a pathological state of yang qi hyperactivity and wind stirring due to disordered qi and blood of the zang–fu organs. This includes extreme heat generating wind, liver yang transforming into wind, blood deficiency generating wind and yin deficiency stirring wind. 内风 nèi fēng 358 Internal cold Endogenous cold Opposite to external cold, it is a pathological state of deficiency cold due to yang qi deficiency of the zang–fu organs. 内寒 nèi hán 359 Internal dampness Endogenous dampness Opposite to external dampness, it is a pathological state of retained water, dampness, phlegm and turbidity due to dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs and disordered water metabolism. 内湿 nèi shī 360 Internal dryness Endogenous dryness Opposite to external dryness, it is a pathological state of body fluids failing to moisten the body. 内燥 nèi zào 361 Internal fire Endogenous fire Opposite to external fire, it is a pathological state of fire heat due to disordered qi, blood, yin and yang of the zang–fu organs. 内火 nèi huǒ 362 Yin fire The pathogenic fire produced from improper diet, fatigue, joy, anger, grief, overthinking, qi deficiency or yang deficiency. 阴火 yīn huǒ 363 1.6 Pathogenesis 1.6 病机类 364 Pathogenesis The mechanism of the occurrence, progress, and change of the disease. 病机 bìng jī 365 Healthy qi Anti-pathogenic qi Opposite to pathogenic factors, it is a collective term for physiological functions of the body, including the body’s ability to adapt to the external environment, defend against pathogens and recover from diseases. 正气 zhèng qì 366 New contraction Opposite to the latent pathogenic qi in the theory of warm disease, it often causes a sudden onset of disease. 新感 xīn gǎn 367 Latent pathogenic qi Opposite to exposure to acute pathogenic qi in the theory of febrile diseases, it causes the occurrence of diseases after a period of time. 伏邪 fú xié 32 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 368 Sudden onset Acute onset A rapid appearance of symptoms after being in contact with a pathogen. 卒发 cù fā 369 Gradual onset Chronic/insidious onset A gradual appearance of symptoms after being in contact with a pathogen. 徐发 xú fā 370 Recurrence Relapse of diseases due to etiological or inducing factors. 复发 fù fā 371 Recurrence due to improper diet Relapse of diseases due to intake of improper diet or intake of contaminated food. 食复 shí fù 372 Recurrence due to overwork Relapse of disease due to the damage to healthy qi by overwork 劳复 láo fù 373 Damage to paired meridians A pathological state of pathogenic factors affecting two meridians that are interior–exteriorly connected. 两感 liǎng gǎn 374 Transmission and transformation Transmission and transformation of diseases among five zang organs. 传化 chuán huà 375 Combined pathogens Two or more external pathogenic factors invade the body. Alternatively, it means exogenous pathogenic factors triggering previously existing diseases. 合邪 hé xié 376 Pathogenic factors attacking orifices Pathological states caused by pathogenic factors invading the mouth, nose, ears and eyes. 邪害空窍 xié hài kōng qiào 377 Struggle between anti- pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors The struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors determines the pathogenic nature of diseases. Alternatively, it is specifically used to explain the pathogenesis of alternating fever and chills in Shaoyang disease due to cold damage. 正邪相争 zhèng xié xiāng zhēng 378 Waxing and waning of anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors The pathological states due to the struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors. 邪正盛衰 xié zhèng shèng shuāi 379 Excess Opposite to deficiency, it is a hyperactive pathological state due to a fierce struggle between excessive pathogenic factors and normal healthy qi. 实 shí 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 33 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 380 Deficiency Opposite to excess, it is a hypoactive pathological state due to the struggle between weak healthy qi and mild/moderate pathogenic factors. 虚 xū 381 Combined deficiency and excess Mixed deficiency and excess A pathological state due to deficiency of healthy qi and excess of pathogenic factors. This includes deficiency complicated with excess and excess complicated with deficiency. 虚实错杂 xū shí cuò zá 虚实夹杂 382 Deficiency complicated with excess A pathological state that mainly manifests as a deficiency of healthy qi, accompanied by excessive pathogenic factors. 虚中夹实 xū zhōng jiā shí 383 Excess complicated with deficiency A pathological state that mainly manifests as excess of pathogenic factors, accompanied by a deficiency of healthy qi. 实中夹虚 shí zhōng jiā xū 384 True or false deficiency and excess The false symptoms contrary to the true nature of the disease. This includes true deficiency with false excess and true excess with false deficiency. 虚实真假 xū shí zhēn jiǎ 385 True deficiency with false excess The false excess symptoms due to extreme deficiency of healthy qi. 真虚假实 zhēn xū jiǎ shí 386 True excess with false deficiency The false deficiency symptoms due to extreme excess of pathogenic factors. 真实假虚 zhēn shí jiǎ xū 387 Deficiency–excess transformation The mutual transformation between deficiency of healthy qi and excess of pathogenic factors. This includes excess transforming into deficiency and deficiency into excess. 虚实转化 xū shí zhuǎn huà 388 Excess transforming into deficiency A transformation from an excess pattern (hyperactivity of pathogenic factors) to a deficiency pattern (deficiency of healthy qi). 由实转虚 yóu shí zhuǎn xū 389 Deficiency transforming into excess A transformation from a deficiency pattern (deficiency of healthy qi) to an excess pattern (hyperactivity of pathogenic factors). 因虚致实 yīn xū zhì shí 34 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 390 Disharmony between yin and yang A general term for pathological states due to waxing and waning of yin and yang. This includes excess of yin or yang, deficiency of yin or yang, mutual impairment between yin and yang, rejection between yin and yang, transformation between yin and yang, and depletion/loss of yin or yang. 阴阳失调 yīn yáng shī tiáo 391 Excess yin or yang Preponderance of yin or yang Pathological states due to excess of yin or yang. 阴阳偏盛 yīn yáng piān shèng 392 Yin waxing with yang waning Coexisting yin waxing and yang waning. Over time, excess yin cold may damage yang qi and result in yang depletion. 阴盛阳衰 yīn shèng yáng shuāi 393 Yang deficiency with yin excess Mutual restraint between yin and yang maintains relative yin–yang equilibrium. The failure of yang to restrain yin may cause relative yin excess. 阳虚阴盛 yáng xū yīn shèng 394 Yang waxing with yin waning Coexisting yang waxing and yin waning. Often develops when waxing yang severely damages yin; however, yin damage is more severe. 阳盛阴衰 yáng shèng yīn shuāi 395 When yang prevails, yin fluids will be consumed. A pathological state of overwhelming yang heat consuming yin fluids. 阳胜则阴病 yáng shèng zé yīn bìng 396 Yang excess leading to heat A pathological state of overwhelming yang leading to excess heat. 阳胜则热 yáng shèng zé rè 397 When yin prevails, yang qi will be impaired. A pathological state of excess yin cold consuming yang qi. 阴胜则阳病 yīn shèng zé yáng bìng 398 Yin excess leading to cold A pathological state of overwhelming yin leading to excess cold. 阴胜则寒 yīn shèng zé hán 399 Waning of yin or yang Pathological states due to deficiency of yin or yang. 阴阳偏衰 yīn yáng piān shuāi 400 Yang deficiency leading to cold A pathological state of yang qi deficiency leading to deficiency cold. 阳虚则寒 yáng xū zé hán 401 Yin deficiency leading to heat A pathological state in which yin fluid fails to control yang and causes a relative hyperactivity of yang and deficiency heat. 阴虚则热 yīn xū zé rè 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 35 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 402 Yin deficiency leading to yang hyperactivity A pathological state in which yin fluid fails to control yang and causes a relative hyperactivity of yang. 阴虚阳亢 yīn xū yáng kàng 403 Yin deficiency leading to fire hyperactivity A pathological state in which yin fluid fails to control yang and causes a relative hyperactivity of yang and deficiency fire. 阴虚火旺 yīn xū huǒ wàng 404 Mutual impairment between yin and yang A pathological state of deficiency of both yin and yang. Often results from severe deficiency of yin affecting yang or vice versa. This includes yin deficiency affecting yang and yang deficiency affecting yin. 阴阳互损 yīn yáng hù sǔn 405 Deficiency of yang affecting yin A pathological state in which yang qi deficiency impedes the generation of yin, resulting in deficiency of both yin and yang with a preponderance of yang deficiency. 阳损及阴 yáng sǔn jí yīn 406 Impairment of yin affecting yang A pathological state in which consumption of yin affects yang qi, resulting in deficiency of both yin and yang with a preponderance of yin deficiency. 阴损及阳 yīn sǔn jí yáng 407 Dual deficiency of yin and yang A pathological state of coexisting yin deficiency and yang deficiency. 阴阳两虚 yīn yáng liǎng xū 408 Yin–yang rejection Repellence between yin and yang A serious pathological state in which extremely excessive yin in the interior forces the deficient yang to spread outward or extremely excessive yang in the interior keeps deficient yin on the outside, forming pseudo-heat or pseudo-cold. This includes excessive yin rejecting yang and excessive yang rejecting yin. 阴阳格拒 yīn yáng gé jù 409 Excessive yin rejecting yang Excessive yin repelling yang A pathological state of true cold with false heat when interior yin cold due to extreme yang deficiency forces the deficient yang to float on the exterior of the body. 阴盛格阳 yīn shèng gé yáng 410 Excessive yang rejecting yin Excessive yang repelling yin A pathological state of true heat with false cold when interior yang heat blocks the movement of qi and forces the yin to float on the exterior of the body. 阳盛格阴 yáng shèng gé yīn 36 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 411 Floating upward of deficiency yang A pathological state of upward floating of yang qi due to excessive yin rejecting yang or loss/ consumption of essence blood. 虚阳上浮 xū yáng shàng fú 412 Collapse of yin or yang A critical state of sudden, heavy loss of yin fluid or yang qi. This includes yin collapse and yang collapse. 阴阳亡失 yīn yáng wáng shī 413 Yin collapse Yin depletion A critical state of massive loss and sudden failure of yin fluid. 亡阴 wáng yīn 414 Yang collapse Yang depletion A critical state of massive loss and sudden failure of yang qi. 亡阳 wáng yáng 415 Yin exhaustion and yang collapse A pathological state of exhaustion of yin fluid and loss of yang qi. 阴竭阳脱 yīn jié yáng tuō 416 Yin–yang separation A critical state of separation between yin and yang due to extreme deficiency of yin and yang. 阴阳离决 yīn yáng lí jué 417 Disordered qi activity Disordered activity of qi in ascending, descending, entering and exiting. It may cause qi stagnation, adverse qi flow, qi sinking, qi blockage and qi exhaustion. 气机失调 qì jī shī tiáo 418 Impaired qi activity Impaired qi movement A general term for dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs. It is often used to explain dysfunctions of qi of the zang–fu organs in ascending the clear and descending the turbid. It may cause hiccups, chest stuffiness, abdominal distension/pain and irregular bowel/bladder movements. 气机不利 qì jī bú lì 419 Qi deficiency A pathological state of decreased zang–fu functions or body weakness due to deficiency of qi. 气虚 qì xū 420 Qi collapse Qi exhaustion A pathological state in which extreme deficiency of qi causes qi to float on the exterior of the body. 气脱 qì tuō 421 Qi blockage A pathological state in which qi is obstructed inside. 气闭 qì bì 422 Qi counterflow A pathological state of reversed upflow of qi. Either excessive upward flow of qi or inhibited downward flow of qi. 气逆 qì nì 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 37 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 423 Qi sinking Qi falls A pathological state in which qi fails to lift or hold but flows downward. 气陷 qì xiàn 424 Qi impediment A pathological state in which the movement of qi is inhibited. 气滞 qì zhì 425 Qi stagnation Stagnant movement of qi. It is often associated with emotions and disorder of qi and blood. Often refers to liver qi stagnation. 气郁 qì yù 426 Qi stagnation transforming into fire A pathological state of prolonged qi stagnation transforming into fire heat. 气郁化火 qì yù huà huǒ 427 Blood deficiency A pathological state in which deficient blood fails to nourish the zang–fu organs and meridians/ channels. 血虚 xuè xū 428 Blood stasis A pathological state of slow, coagulated or stagnant circulation of blood. 血瘀 xuè yū 429 Blood cold A pathological state in which cold enters the blood phase and causes the blood to stagnate or coagulate. 血寒 xuè hán 430 Blood heat A pathological state in which heat enters the blood phase and causes the blood to move recklessly. 血热 xuè rè 431 Blood failing to flow within the vessels A pathological state in which blood moves recklessly out of the vessels. 血不归经 xuè bù guī jīng 血不循经 432 Blood failing to nourish the sinews A pathological state in which liver blood fails to nourish the sinews and causes muscle/tendon spasm. 血不养筋 xuè bù yǎng jīn 433 Qi-blood disharmony Any failure in the mutually coordinating relationship between qi and blood. 气血失调 qì xuè shī tiáo 434 Dual deficiency of qi and blood A pathological state of malnourishment of the body or weakened bodily function due to simultaneous presence of qi deficiency and blood deficiency. 气血两虚 qì xuè liǎng xū 435 Qi disorder affecting the blood A pathological state in which the dysfunction of qi affects the blood and causes blood deficiency, stagnant blood or bleeding. 气病及血 qì bìng jí xuè 38 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 436 Reckless flow of blood due to heat A pathological state of bleeding due to heat in the blood stirring or consuming blood and forcing it out of the vessels. 血热妄行 xuè rè wàng háng 437 Qi collapse following loss of thick fluids A critical state in which a massive loss of bodily fluids causes sudden collapse/loss of yang qi. 气随液脱 qì suí yè tuō 438 Qi failing to transform thin fluids A pathological state in which yang qi fails to vaporize water and perform qi transformation. 气不化津 qì bú huà jīn 439 Water retention obstructing the flow of qi A pathological state in which retained water within the body impedes the qi ascending, descending and transformation of the zang–fu organs. 水停气阻 shuǐ tíng qì zǔ 440 Blood stasis due to qi stagnation A pathological state in which stagnant qi affects the circulation of blood and causes simultaneous presence of qi stagnation and blood stasis. 气滞血瘀 qì zhì xuè yū 441 Blood stasis due to qi deficiency A pathological state in which qi fails to promote the circulation of blood and causes blood stasis, resulting in simultaneous presence of qi deficiency and blood stasis. 气虚血瘀 qì xū xuè yū 442 Qi failing to contain blood Qi failing to control/hold blood A pathological state in which qi fails to contain blood and allows the blood to flow out of the vessels. 气不摄血 qì bú shè xuè 443 Qi collapse following heavy blood loss A critical state in which massive blood loss causes sudden collapse of qi. 气随血脱 qì suí xuè tuō 444 Blood counterflow with qi Blood flows with rebellious qi A pathological state in which upward adverse flow of qi leads to blood rushing upward and results in haematemesis, haemoptysis or stroke. 血随气逆 xuè suí qì nì 445 Damage to thin body fluid A pathological state in which the thin, clear fluids are consumed. 伤津 shāng jīn 446 Exhaustion of thick body fluid A pathological state of emaciation and functional failures of the zang–fu organs. Alternatively, it can be a life-threatening sign due to major consumption of heavy, thick fluids. 脱液 tuō yè 447 Fluid exhaustion leading to blood dryness A pathological state in which fluids fail to supplement blood and causes blood dryness and internal dry heat. 津枯血燥 jīn kū xuè zào 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 39 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 448 Dual deficiency of qi and yin A pathological state of simultaneous presence of qi deficiency and yin deficiency. 气阴两虚 qì yīn liǎng xū 449 The water gate failing to operate A pathological state in which dysfunctions of the kidney in qi transformation causes inhibited urination (dysuria) and oedema. 关门不利 guān mén bú lì 450 Hyperactive fire consuming qi A pathological state of yin–yang disharmony and hyperactive yang transforming into fire. Alternatively, it occurs when prolonged intake of pungent, warm-property aphrodisiacs generates internal fire toxins and consumes essence qi. 壮火食气 zhuàng huǒ shí qì 451 Disharmony between the Ying-nutrients and Wei-defence A pathological state of lack of coordination between the Ying-nutritive qi and Wei-defensive qi. 营卫不和 yíng wèi bù hé 452 Weak Wei-defence and strong Ying-nutrients A pathological state of spontaneous sweating without fever due to deficiency of the Wei- defensive qi (in an exterior pattern). 卫弱营强 wèi ruò yíng qiáng 453 Strong Wei-defence and weak Ying-nutrients A pathological state of sweating that occurs only during fever in an exterior pattern. 卫强营弱 wèi qiáng yíng ruò 454 Reckless stirring of ministerial fire Frenetic stirring of the ministerial fire A pathological state of upward flame of fire due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney. Common symptoms may include dizziness, headache, blurred vision, tinnitus, deafness, irritability, dream-disturbed sleep, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, hypersexuality, nocturnal emissions, premature ejaculations, etc. 相火妄动 xiàng huǒ wàng dòng 455 1.7 Health preservation and prevention Health promotion and prevention 1.7 养生预防类 456 Health preservation The activities to maintain physical and mental health and prevent illnesses. 养生 yǎng shēng 457 Natural life span The congenital life expectancy 天年 tiān nián 458 Preventing a disease before it arises A concept to prevent a disease before it arises and prevents transmission of a disease after its onset. 治未病 zhì wèi bìng 40 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 459 Preventing a disease before it arises A method to strengthen the healthy qi and eliminate potential harmful factors to prevent the occurrence of a disease. 未病先防 wèi bìng xiān fáng 460 Preventing transmission of a disease after its onset A method to use early diagnosis and early intervention to prevent disease progression and transmission. 既病防变 jì bìng fáng biàn 461 Protecting yang in spring and summer Yang qi rises and grows in the spring and the summer. It is necessary to protect and nourish the internal yang qi to keep it sufficient along with the seasons. 春夏养阳 chūn xià yǎng yáng 462 Nourishing yin in autumn and winter Everything is stored in the autumn and the winter. It is necessary to protect and store the internal yin essence to keep it internally accumulated along with the seasons. 秋冬养阴 qiū dōng yǎng yīn 463 Healthy body and mind The physical appearance and the mental activities are inseparable. The robust physical appearance and sound vitality is the sign of body–mind wellness. 形与神俱 xíng yǔ shén jù 464 Regulating spirit according to four seasonal qi The adjustment of mental activities along with the climate of four seasons. 四气调神 sì qì tiáo shén 465 1.8 Five movements and six qi 1.8 五运六气类 466 Five movements and six qi A collective name of wood movement, fire movement, earth movement, metal movement, water movement, and the collective name of wind, summer heat (heat), dampness, dryness, fire, cold in the natural world. 五运六气 wǔ yùn liù qì 467 Five movements The collective name of wood movement, fire movement, earth movement, metal movement, and water movement. It reflects the changes of qi of five elements between heaven and earth. Ten heavenly stems of jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, and gui are used to record the movements. 五运 wǔ yùn 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 41 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 468 Six qi The six normal climatic phenomena of wind, summer heat (heat), dampness, dryness, fire, and cold in the natural world. The twelve earthly branches of zi, chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, and hai are used to record the six qi. 六气 liù qì 469 Heavenly stems The collective name of jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, and gui. 天干 tiān gān 十天干；十干 470 Earthly branches The collective name of zi, chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, and hai. 地支 dì zhī 十二地支； 十二支 471 Sixty-year cycle The heavenly stems pair with the earthly branches, following their orders, from jia–zi to gui–hai, forming a complete cycle of sixty years. The heavenly stems initiate with jia and the earthly branches initiate with zi. The combination is used to number years, months, days and times. 甲子 jiǎ zǐ 六十甲子 472 Movement of the year The movement governs the year, being jia and ji in category of earth movement, yi and geng in category of metal movement, bing and xin in category of water movement, ding and ren in category of wood movement, and wu and gui in category of fire movement. For example, jia and ji is in category of earth movement, the movement of the year of the jia-zi year is earth. 岁运 suì yùn 473 Host movement Each of the five movements dominates in spring, summer, later summer, autumn and winter. Starting from the severe cold and following the order of generating cycle of five elements, the first movement is wood, the second is fire, the third is earth, the fourth is metal, and the fifth is water. 主运 zhǔ yùn 474 Guest movement The special climatic changes of the five seasons. It varies in every season in every year. Starting from the movement of the year as the initial movement, calculate in five steps according to the excess and insufficiency order of five elements. Ten years is a complete cycle and covers ten heavenly stems. Ten years is a complete cycle that covers ten heavenly stems. Then the cycle starts all over agin. 客运 kè yùn 42 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 475 Six origins The combination of wind, cold, dampness, dryness, sovereign fire, ministerial fire with host qi in six steps. The initial qi is in association with Jueyin, wind and wood, the second qi with Shaoyin and sovereign fire, the third qi with Shaoyang and ministerial fire, and the forth qi with Taiyin, dampness and earth, the fifth qi with yang ming, dryness and metal, the sixth (final) qi with Taiyang, cold and water. 六元 liù yuán 476 Host qi The collective name of wind, cold, dampness, dryness, sovereign fire and ministerial fire, being opposed to the guest qi. It reflects the normal seasonal climatic changes of the year. The calculation is to relate twenty four solar terms to six qi in six steps. The four solar terms consist of one step, being six steps for one year. The calculation starts from the severe cold. 主气 zhǔ qì 477 Guest qi 1) Reflects the abnormal climatic changes of the year, being opposed to the host qi. It includes the celestial qi, the terrestrial qi, and the four right and left intervening qi. The first yin is in association with Jueyin, wind, and wood, the second yin with Shaoyin and sovereign fire, and the third yin with Taiyin, dampness, and earth. The first yang is in association with Shaoyang and ministerial fire, the second yang with yang ming, dryness, and metal, the third yang with Taiyang, cold, and water. The calculation is to combine the above yin–yang order with twelve earthly branches. 2) External pathogenic factors. 客气 kè qì 478 Celestial controlling The guest qi governing the climatic changes of the first half of the year. 司天 sī tiān 479 Terrestrial controlling The guest qi governing the climatic changes of the second half of the year. It is opposite to celestial qi. 在泉 zài quán 480 Intervening qi The qi left and right to the celestial qi and the qi left and right to the terrestrial qi. 间气 jiān qì 左右间气 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 43 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 481 Upgrade of intervening qi The intervening qi left to the celestial qi becomes the celestial qi and the intervening qi left to the terrestrial qi becomes the terrestrial qi. 迁正 qiān zhèng 482 Downgrade The celestial qi becomes the intervening qi right to the celestial qi and the terrestrial qi becomes the intervening qi right to the terrestrial qi. 退位 tuì wèi 483 Balanced movements The excess of qi is restrained and the insufficiency of qi is compensated in the five movements. 平气 píng qì 484 Compatibility of movements and qi The five movements and six qi share the same category of the five elements. 运气同化 yùn qì tóng huà 485 Heavenly complements The movement qi of the year and the celestial qi share the same category of the five elements in one year. 天符 tiān fú 486 Annual congruence The movement qi of the year and the earthly branch of the year share the same category of the five elements in one year. 岁会 suì huì 487 Identical heavenly complements The heavenly stem and the earthly branch of the year are both yang and the movement of the year and the terrestrial qi share the same category of the five elements in one year. 同天符 tóng tiān fú 488 Identical annual congruence The heavenly stem and the earthly branch of the year are both yin and the movement of the year and the terrestrial qi share the same category of the five elements in one year. 同岁会 tóng suì huì 489 Taiyi heavenly complements The movement of the year, the celestial qi, and earthly branch of the year share the same category of the five elements in one year. 太乙天符 tài yǐ tiān fú 490 Tip qi, root qi and middle qi The study of relationship between six qi of heaven and six qi of the human body. It is used to determine the principle of the treatment based on interactions between human and nature. 标本中气 biāo běn zhōng qì 491 Root qi Six qi of heaven, being wind, heat, dampness, dryness, cold and fire. 本气 běn qì 492 Tip qi Qi of six meridians of Shaoyang, Taiyang, Yangming, Shaoyin, Taiyin and Jueyin. 标气 biāo qì 44 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 493 Prevailing and retaliation The relationship between the prevailing qi and the retaliating qi in five movements and six qi. They coexist by increasing and decreasing in the same direction. 胜复 shèng fù 494 Prevailing qi The qi that is stronger and restrain another qi in the five movements and six qi. 胜气 shèng qì 495 Retaliating qi The qi that is weaker and is restrained from another qi in the five movements and six qi. 复气 fù qì 496 Sovereign fire The fire in the heart. It is opposite to the ministerial fire. 君火 jūn huǒ 497 Ministerial fire The fire dwelling in the liver, gallbladder, kidney and triple energizer, being opposite to the sovereign fire. 相火 xiàng huǒ 498 1.9 Others 1.9 其他类 499 Traditional medicine The sum total of the knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. 传统医学 chuán tǒng yī xué 500 Traditional Chinese medicine A comprehensive system originated in ancient China that involves the study of life, health and diseases. 中医学；中医 501 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine Basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine Rational understandings of fundamental knowledge in traditional Chinese medicine. These include essential concepts, regular patterns, theories and principles. These understandings guide the application of traditional Chinese medicine in health preservation and disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment as well as rehabilitation. 中医基础理论 zhōng yī jī chǔ lǐ lùn 502 Holistic concept Holistic view The integral entity of the human body. The integration of human beings with nature and society. 整体观念 zhěng tǐ guān niàn 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 45 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 503 Man–nature correspondence Man and nature correspond to each other. 天人相应 tiān rén xiāng yìng 504 Man–nature unity Unity of humans and nature The oneness of human beings, heaven, earth and nature. 天人合一 tiān rén hé yī 505 Spirit 1) Dominance of life activities. 2) Outer manifestation reflecting the life activities. 3) State of mind, mood and mental activities. 神 shén 506 Bright spirit Mind or spirit. Alternatively, it also refers to all natural phenomena and patterns, including the sun, moon and stars. 神明 shén míng 507 Qi gate Another name of the sweat pore for inflow and outflow of qi. 气门 qì mén 508 Mysterious mansion Another name of the sweat pore for dispersion and flowing of qi and fluid. 玄府 xuán fǔ 元府 509 Interstices Refers to the striae of the skin, muscle and organs, also to the space between the skin, muscle and organs, the minute passages for the fluid percolation and the flowing of qi and blood. 腠理 còu lǐ 510 Five wheels A collective name of blood wheel, wind wheel, flesh wheel, qi wheel and water wheel for the eye, which is closely related to the physiological conditions or/and pathological changes. 五轮 wǔ lún 511 Blood wheel Refers to blood vessels at the canthus of eyes, pertaining to the heart. The heart governs blood. Its disorders are related to the heart. 血轮 xuè lún 512 Wind wheel Refers to the black part of the eye, pertaining to the liver. The liver is the organ of wind and wood. Its disorders are related to the liver. 风轮 fēng lún 513 Flesh wheel Refers to the eyelids, pertaining to the spleen. The spleen governs flesh. Its disorders are related to the spleen. 肉轮 ròu lún 514 Qi wheel Refers to the white part of the eye, pertaining to the lung. The lung governs qi. Its disorders are related to the lung. 气轮 qì lún 46 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 515 Water wheel Refers to the pupil, pertaining to the kidney. The kidney governs water. Its disorders are related to the kidney. 水轮 shuǐ lún 516 Seven gates Seven major places in the digestive tract, being flying gate, door gate, breathing gate, rushing gate, pylorus, screen gate and corporeal gate. 七冲门 qī chōng mén 517 Flying gate Another name for lips. 飞门 fēi mén 518 Door gate Another name for teeth. 户门 hù mén 519 Breathing gate Another name for epiglottis. 吸门 xī mén 520 Rushing gate Upper opening of the stomach. 贲门 bēn mén 521 Pylorus Lower opening of the stomach. 幽门 yōu mén 522 Screen gate Junction between large and small intestines. 阑门 lán mén 523 Corporeal soul gate Another name for anus. 魄门 pò mén 524 Anterior yin The external genitals. 前阴 qián yīn 525 Posterior yin Anus. 后阴 hòu yīn 526 Four whites of the lips Muscles around the lips The area around the lips reflecting the strength and the weakness of the essential qi in the spleen. 唇四白 chún sì bái 527 Essence chamber The place where the male stores the essence, including testicles, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate. It is associated with reproduction. 精室 jīng shì 528 Four extremities 1) Four limbs. 2) Distal ends of toes and fingers. 四末 sì mò 529 Chest center Danzhong (CV 17) 1) The gathering venue of pectoral qi, at the centre of the two nipples. 2) Another name of pericardium. 3) Name of an acupuncture point located in the midpoint between two nipples. 膻中 dàn zhōng 530 Xu li The major collateral of the stomach, one of the sixteen collaterals, located at the apex of heart below the left nipple, which is the gathering venue of pectoral qi. 虚里 xū lǐ 1 Fundamentals of traditional Chinese medicine 一、中医基础理论术语 47 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 531 Muscle interspace The empty space or depression at the connection of muscles. The large one known as the “valley” and the small one as the “creek”. 溪谷 xī gǔ 532 Blood chamber A term used to refer to: 1) uterus; 2) Chong meridian; or 3) liver. 血室 xuè shì 533 Gathering of muscle around genital region Ancestral muscles 1) Muscle regions of three yang and three yin meridians gathering at the genital regions. 2) Male external genitalia. 宗筋 zōng jīn 534 Gaohuang The space inferior to the heart and superior to the diaphragm. When used as a disease location, it often means that the condition is incurable. 膏肓 gāo huāng 535 Sense organs and orifices There are five sense organs, namely, the tongue, nose, mouth, eyes and ears. The throat is also considered as a sense organ. There are a total of nine orifices (seven yang orifices and two yin orifices), namely, the eyes (2), ears (2), nostrils (2), mouth, anterior yin (external genitalia including the external orifice of the urethra) and posterior yin (anus). 官窍 guān qiào 536 Eight ocular regions The eyes are categorized into eight regions according to zang–fu theory to match with the eight trigrams. This helps to further categorize and differentiate patterns of eye disease. 八廓 bā kuò 537 White part of the eyeball Sclera The white opaque part of the outer surface of the eyeball, i.e. the conjunctiva and sclera. 白睛 bái jīng 538 Black part of the eyeball Cornea and iris The transparent membranous structure forming the central anterior part of the eye, i.e. the cornea. Since this part corresponds to the liver, corneal eye problems are often associated with the liver and gallbladder. 黑睛 hēi jīng 48 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 539 Pupil In a narrow sense, it refers to the opening at the centre of the iris, posterior to the cornea, through which light enters the eye. In a broad sense, it refers to the pupil and all attached tissues. Since this part corresponds to the kidney (the water wheel according to the five-wheel theory) and the liver and kidney share the same source, pupil- related eye problems are often associated with the liver and kidney. 瞳神 tóng shén 540 Aqueous humour Tears and transparent, watery fluid secreted from the ciliary epithelium. 神水 shén shuǐ 541 Vitreous humour The clear, colourless gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball. 神膏 shén gāo 542 Bright hall An ancient term for the nose. It also refers to the chart of the twelve meridians and points in Chinese medicine. 明堂 míng táng 543 Foul turbidity 1) An exogenous pathogenic factor. 2) Special odour of the patients’ body, excretion and secretion. 3) Pathological products steamed by damp heat. 秽浊 huì zhuó 49 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 544 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证 和体质术语 545 2.1 Concept and principles in diagnosis 2.1 诊断基本概 念与原则类 546 Symptom Abnormal functions reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. It includes a patient’s subjective feelings or manifestations perceived by a doctor. 症状 zhèng zhuàng 547 Sign Abnormal changes that can be objectively measured. 体征 tǐ zhēng 548 Pattern Syndrome A pathological summarization on the disease location, etiological factors, nature, severity and prognosis in a certain stage. 证 zhèng 证候 549 Disease The whole process of struggle between anti- pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors, yin–yang imbalance and progression, manifesting as specific symptoms and patterns. In a narrow sense, a disease has its specific name. 病 bìng 550 Pattern identification pattern differentiation The process of an overall analysis of clinical data to determine the location, etiological factors and nature of a disease at a certain stage. 辨证 biàn zhèng 551 Disease differentiation The process of differentiating a disease from its whole process and its characteristics according to the etiology, underlying pathology, progression and prognosis. 辨病 biàn bìng 50 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 552 Treatment based on pattern identification Treatment based on pattern differentiation The whole process of applying theories, principles, prescriptions and medicines to clinical treatment. Pattern differentiation aims to analyse the signs and symptoms collected by the four examination methods according to the fundamental theories of the eight principles, zang–fu organs, etiology and pathogenesis. Treatment refers to specific therapeutic methods directed at the differentiated pattern. 辨证论治 biàn zhèng lùn zhì 553 Combination of the four diagnostic methods The process of an overall analysis of clinical data collected through the four diagnostic methods and providing a diagnosis and potential treatment options. 四诊合参 sì zhěn hé cān 554 Differentiation of disease and pattern Integrated differentiation of both pattern and disease. This helps to analyse the disease onset and development, and thus provide reliable evidence for practical treatment strategies. 病证结合 bìng zhèng jié hé 555 Judging the inside from observing the outside A method to understand internal pathological changes through observing the external manifestations. 司外揣内 sī wài chuǎi nèi 556 2.2 Four diagnostic methods 2.2 四诊 557 Inspection 望诊类 wàng zhěn lèi 558 Inspection Observation A method to understand patients’ health condition by observing changes in their body, localized body parts, and excreta. 望诊 wàng zhěn 559 Presence of spirit Abundance of spirit Bright eyes with flexible eyeballs, clear consciousness, natural facial expressions, a moist lustrous face, a fit body, smooth body movements, and even breathing. The presence of spirit indicates abundant essential qi or a mild medical condition. 得神 dé shén 有神 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 51 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 560 Insufficiency of spirit Lack of spirit Dull eyes with sluggish eyeballs, poor spirit, slow response, a complexion lacking lustre, flabby muscle and slow body movements. The insufficiency of spirit indicates insufficiency of healthy qi or mild impairment to essential qi of zang–fu organs. 少神 shǎo shén 神气不足 561 Loss of spirit Absence of spirit Dull eyes with sluggish eyeballs, listlessness or unconsciousness, apathetic expression, slow response, a grey/dark complexion lacking lustre, weight loss and difficult body movements. The loss of spirit indicates severe damage to healthy qi and essential qi failure of zang–fu organs. 失神 shī shén 无神 562 False spirit The last radiance of the setting sun/the last flicker of life in a dying person Sudden ‘better’ signs and symptoms in patients with chronic critical conditions: a sudden change from dull eyes with sluggish eyeballs to floating brightness in the eyes; a sudden change from mental unconsciousness or listlessness to clear consciousness and mental restlessness; a sudden change from reluctance to talk and low weak voice into a talkative, clear voice; a sudden change from a grey/dark complexion to flushed cheeks; and a sudden change from no appetite and low food intake into increased appetite and hunger. The false spirit indicates collapse of healthy qi, extreme essential qi failure of zang–fu organs or imminent separation between yin and yang. This is seen as an omen for a dying person. 假神 jiǎ shén 残灯复明；回光 返照 563 Carphologia Carphology The actions of picking or grasping at imaginary objects, as well as the patient’s own clothes or bed linens. Often seen in delirious or semiconscious states, it can be a grave symptom in cases of extreme qi deficiency or approaching qi exhaustion. 循衣摸床 xún yī mō chuáng 捻衣摸床 564 Colour diagnosis Inspection of colour A diagnostic method to observe colour changes of the skin, especially to the face. 色诊 sè zhěn 望色 565 Normal complexion With abundant qi and blood as well as functioning of zang–fu organs, a normal facial colour is moist, lustrous and non-exposed red. 常色 cháng sè 52 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 566 Host colour The colour one was born with. It remains throughout life. It is determined by race and prenatal factors. 主色 zhǔ sè 567 Guest colour The colour one takes on when physiological, seasonal, climactic, geographic, diet and emotions change the colouring. 客色 kè sè 568 Morbid colour Abnormal changes in both colour and lustre of the face under a morbid state. 病色 bìng sè 569 Benign colour An abnormal but lustrous complexion, indicating that essential qi of zang–fu organs remain sufficient and stomach qi can ascend to the face. It is often seen in acute, mild conditions or yang pattern that can be easily treated and have a favourable prognosis. 善色 shàn sè 570 Malignant colour A grey/dark withered complexion, indicating essential qi failure of zang–fu organs and failure of stomach qi to ascend to the face. It is often seen in chronic, critical conditions or yin pattern that can be difficult to deal with and have an unfavourable prognosis. 恶色 è sè 571 Conforming/opposing colours A method to predict prognosis by observing colour changes (in relation to the host colour) according to the five-element theory. Opposing colour often indicates a poor prognosis. 病色相克 bìng sè xiāng kè 572 Bluish facial complexion A bluish or bluish-purple facial complexion often indicates cold, pain, qi stagnation, blood stasis or convulsion. 面青 miàn qīng 573 Red facial complexion A red facial complexion often indicates heat or hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency. 面赤 miàn chì 574 Yellow facial complexion A yellow complexion can be sallow or yellow coupled with puffiness. Often indicates internal water retention due to spleen deficiency or insufficiency of qi and blood. 面黄 miàn huáng 575 White facial complexion A white facial complexion often indicates yang qi failing to circulate blood, consumption of qi and blood or cold contracting the blood vessels. 面白 miàn bái 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 53 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 576 Black facial complexion A black facial complexion often indicates kidney yang failing to transform water or chronic blood stasis. 面黑 miàn hēi 577 Pale facial complexion A pale facial complexion is often mixed with bluish or grey. Often results from severe abdominal pain in an interior cold pattern or insufficiency of qi and blood. 面色苍白 miàn sè cāng bái 578 Bright, pale facial complexion A pale, white facial complexion coupled with puffiness. Often results from water retention due to yang deficiency. 晄白 huǎng bái 579 Parched facial complexion A withered, brown/dark facial complexion. Often results from stomach qi failing to ascend and nourish the face. 面焦 miàn jiāo 580 Sallow facial complexion A pale, yellow and withered facial complexion lacking lustre. Often results from deficiency of qi and blood due to weakness of the spleen and stomach. 面色萎黄 miàn sè wěi huáng 581 Yellow, puffy face A yellowish facial complexion coupled with puffiness. Often results from internal dampness due to spleen qi deficiency. 面黄胖 miàn huáng pàng 582 Dark complexion A dark facial complexion. Often results from kidney yang failing to transform water, internal yin cold, blood failing to nourish the body or stagnation of qi and blood. 面色黧黑 miàn sè lí hēi 583 Floating yang condition A pale facial complexion with migratory reddening of the cheeks like wearing blush. It is a critical sign indicating yin rejecting yang due to yang qi failure. 戴阳证 dài yáng zhèng 584 Red cheeks Malar flush Reddening of the cheeks only. Often results from fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 颧红 quán hóng 颧赤 585 True colours of five zang organs A withered, lustreless facial complexion. Often results from essential qi exhaustion of the five zang organs. 真脏色 zhēn zàng sè 54 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 586 Bulging fontanels A noticeable outward curve of the fontanel. Often occurs when pathogenic fire in febrile diseases ascends or when wind heat or damp heat affects the brain. 囟填 xìn tián 587 Sunken fontanels A sunken fontanel is characterised by a noticeable inward curve. It is often caused by vomiting, diarrhoea, deficiency of qi and blood, deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach, congenital maldevelopment. It is normal for an infant under 6 months of age to have a sunken fontanel. 囟陷 xìn xiàn 588 Shaking of the head Head shaking Uncontrolled, involuntary shaking or tremor of the head. Often results from internal wind or deficiency of qi and blood. 头摇 tóu yáo 摇头 589 Alopecia areata Spot baldness Sudden hair loss in patches, most often on the scalp. Often results from blood deficiency generating wind or emotional stress. 斑秃 bān tū 590 Seborrheic alopecia A condition that causes scalp itching, greasy hair, dandruff and hair loss. Often results from blood heat transforming into dryness or internal build up of phlegm dampness. 脂秃 zhī tū 591 Deviation of the mouth and eyes Deviation of the mouth and eyes is characterized by the deviation of the mouth corner towards the healthy side, facial muscle flaccidity on the affected side and muscle tension on the healthy side, and an inability to completely close the eye and mouth, frown or blow on the affected side. Often results from wind attacking the meridians or wind phlegm obstructing the meridians. 口眼喎斜 kǒu yǎn wāi xié 592 Eyes fixed upward Refers to upward staring with an inability to move the eyes. Often results from internal stirring of liver wind. 戴眼反折 dài yǎn fǎn zhé 593 Blank staring Staring blankly with open and fixed eyes. Often results from internal stirring of liver wind or essence exhaustion and loss of spirit. 瞪目直视 dèng mù zhí shì 594 Twitching of the eyes Twitching of the eyes often results from external wind heat or failure of qi and blood to nourish meridians. 目瞤 mù shùn 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 55 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 595 Protrusion of the eyeballs Protrusion of the eyeballs often results from pathogenic fire. 睛凸 jīng tū 596 Drooping eyelid Drooping eyelid is characterized by an inability to open the eyelid and the drooping of the upper eyelid. Often results from congenital deficiency of the spleen and kidney or disharmony between qi and blood after trauma. 睑废 jiǎn fèi 597 Sleep with exposed eyeballs Sleep with exposed eyeballs is more commonly seen in children. Often occurs when clean yang fails to ascend due to spleen deficiency or severe damage to bodily fluids. 睡时露睛 shuì shí lù jīng 昏睡露睛 598 Aural polyps An aural polyp is a growth in the outside (external) ear canal. Often occurs when damp heat and phlegm fire ascend to cause qi and blood to stagnate in the ear canal. 耳痔 ěr zhì 599 Nasal polyps A nasal polyp is a growth within the nose. Often occurs when toxic damp heat accumulates in the nose. 鼻痔 bí zhì 600 Red, swollen lips Lip wind The lips appear red and swollen. Often results from fire heat scorching the lips. 口唇红肿 kǒu chún hóng zhǒng 唇风 601 Bluish, purple lips The lips appear bluish purple, pale purple or dark purple, without lustre or moisture. Often results from blood stasis. 口唇青紫 kǒu chún qīng zǐ 602 Pale lips The lips appear pale and have little redness. Often results from deficiency cold or blood deficiency. 口唇淡白 kǒu chún dàn bái 603 Chapped lips Cracked lips The lips appear dry, peeling or chapped. In severe cases, the lips may turn red, swollen or bleeding. Often results from heat accumulating in the spleen and stomach, insufficiency of yin fluids or dry heat consuming bodily fluids. 口唇焦裂 kǒu chún jiāo liè 唇裂 604 Mouth ulceration White ulcerations that occur on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Often occurs when damp heat and toxic fire in the spleen and stomach scorches the mouth. 口舌糜烂 kǒu shé mí làn 56 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 605 Pseudomembrane A yellowish or grey/white patch develops on the ulcerative surface of the throat. 伪膜 wěi mó 606 Mouth ulcers A mouth ulcer is often painful. Often results from ascending of accumulated heat in the heart and spleen or fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 口疮 kǒu chuāng 607 Eversion of the lip The lips become everted. Often indicates approaching exhaustion of spleen qi. 唇反 chún fǎn 608 Dry teeth The teeth appear dry and withered. Often results from damage to yin fluids. 齿焦 chǐ jiāo 609 Pigeon chest A malformation of the chest characterized by a protrusion of the sternum and ribs giving the appearance like the chest of a pigeon. Often results from weak bones due to congenital or acquired deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 鸡胸 jī xiōng 610 Beading of the ribs Prominent knobs of bone at the costochondral joints that resemble large beads under the skin of the rib cage. Often results from congenital kidney qi deficiency and postnatal malnutrition. 肋如串珠 lèi rú chuàn zhū 611 Hunchback Tortoise back An abnormally excessive convex kyphotic curvature of the spine, resembling the back of a tortoise. Often results from congenital deficiency, postnatal malnutrition and deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 龟背 guī bèi 612 Marasmus A form of severe malnutrition characterized by emaciation and protrusions of the spine resembling a saw. Often results from severe essential qi deficiency of the zang–fu organs. 脊疳 jǐ gān 613 Opisthotonus Severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual’s head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete “bridging” or “arching” position. Often occurs when wind attacks the meridians or wind phlegm obstructs the meridians. 角弓反张 jiǎo gōng fǎn zhāng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 57 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 614 Limb flaccidity and disuse Flaccidity, weakness and muscular atrophy of the four extremities, coupled with loss or impairment of functions. Often results from malnourishment of the muscles or sinews due to damp heat or deficiency of essence and fluids. 肢体痿废 zhī tǐ wěi fèi 615 Contracture of the four extremities Spasticity of the hands and feet with impaired flexion and extension. Often results from cold affecting the meridians or malnourishment of the extremities due to heat scorching yin fluids and resultant blood dryness. 四肢拘急 sì zhī jū jí 616 Convulsions of the hands and feet Slow, weak convulsions of the hands and feet often result from internal stirring of deficiency wind. 手足蠕动 shǒu zú rú dòng 617 Jerking of the hands and feet Twitching hands and feet Twitching hands and feet in small children. Often results from retention of pathogenic wind in fetal stage, coupled with exposure to wind after birth. 手足抽掣 shǒu zú chōu chè 618 Dry fingernails/toenails Dry, lustreless fingernails/toenails often result from deficiency of qi and blood, consumption of bodily fluids, external contraction of cold dampness or damage to the liver. 爪枯 zhǎo kū 619 Fusiform fingers Fusiform swelling of the fingers coupled with impaired movement. Often occurs when wind dampness and phlegm stasis affect the sinews and joints. 梭状指 suō zhuàng zhǐ 620 Digital clubbing Characterized by a focal bulbous enlargement of the terminal segments of the fingers and/or toes, also known as drumstick fingers. Often results from lung qi stagnation or qi deficiency of the lung and kidney. 杵状指 chǔ zhuàng zhǐ 58 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 621 Inspection of superficial veins on index fingers in children A method to observe the changes in colour and shape of superficial veins on index fingers in children under the age of 3 years. Normal veins are pale red or slightly purple and appear singular with appropriate thickness (neither thick nor thin). Pathologically, the depth of veins indicates an interior pattern from an exterior pattern, colour/ lustres of the veins indicate the disease nature, and shape of the veins indicates deficiency from excess and the three passes (wind pass, qi pass and life pass) indicates the disease severity. 望小儿食指 络脉 wàng xiǎo ér shí zhǐ luò mài 622 Wind pass Upper gate; the first gate One of the diagnostic sites for infantile venule of the index finger. The wind gate is the area between the metacarpophalangeal transverse crease and the second transverse crease. 风关 fēng guān 上关；初关 623 Qi pass One of the diagnostic sites for infantile venule of the index finger. The qi gate is the area between the second and third transverse creases. It indicates a relatively severe condition. 气关 qì guān 624 Life pass One of the diagnostic sites for infantile venule of the index finger. The life gate is the area between the third transverse crease and terminal segment of the index finger. It indicates a severe medical condition. 命关 mìng guān 625 Extension of visible veins through all three passes to the nail This often indicates a life-threatening condition; however, it is necessary to use this method in combination with the four diagnostic methods. This method applies to infants under the age of 3. 透关射甲 tòu guān shè jiǎ 626 Muscle twitching Involuntary muscle twitching and mild body shaking often result from water retention (due to yang qi deficiency) affecting the meridians or malnourishment of the meridians due to consumption of fluids. 肌肉瞤动 jī ròu rún dòng 627 Rough, scaly skin Rough, scaly skin is often caused by blood deficiency, exhaustion of fluids or malnourishment of the skin due to chronic blood stasis. 肌肤甲错 jī fū jiǎ cuò 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 59 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 628 Yin macules Yin macules appear bluish purple underneath the skin. Individuals may have a pale complexion, a thready, weak pulse and cold limbs. They often result from the spleen failing to control blood within the vessels or cold retention due to yang deficiency. 阴斑 yīn bān 629 Yang macules Yang macules appear red or purple and resemble fabric lines. Individuals may have a red face and fever. They often occur when excessive heat affects the Ying nutrients and blood. 阳斑 yáng bān 630 Heat rash Red, raised, bumpy millet-sized skin rashes. They often result from heat accumulating in the lung and stomach and exuberant heat in the Ying nutrients and blood affecting the skin. 疹 zhěn 631 Miliaria alba Sweat rashes Small, raised white blister-like skin lesions. They often result from retention of externally contracted damp heat in the skin. 白㾦 bái pēi 632 Heat sores Herpes labialis Hot, painful millet-sized blisters around the mouth border, lips and nose. They often result from external contraction of wind or ascending of heat accumulated in the lung and stomach. 热气疮 rè qì chuāng 633 Eczema Local or generalized red, itchy skin rashes that rapidly develop into papules or blisters, followed by oozing upon scratching. Often results from retention of damp heat on the skin coupled with external contraction of wind. 湿疹 shī zhěn 634 Tongue diagnosis A diagnostic method to inspect the patient’s tongue body and tongue coating. 舌诊 shé zhěn 635 Tongue manifestations This refers to changes in the appearance of the tongue, including changes in the spirit, colour and form of the tongue body and its coating. 舌象 shé xiàng 636 Sublingual veins The two major, dark-red longitudinal vessels on both sides of the frenulum of tongue. Their lengths do not exceed 3/5 of the distance between the sublingual caruncle and the tip of the tongue. In most cases, they occur singularly, and double vessels are very rare. 舌下络脉 shé xià luò mài 60 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 637 Tongue spirit The tongue spirit includes its colour, moisture and movement. It is often used to predict disease prognosis. 舌神 shé shén 638 Lustrous tongue A lustrous tongue is moistened and fresh red in colour, coupled with flexible movement. Often indicates abundant fluids, qi and blood as well as a high spirit. 荣舌 róng shé 639 Withered tongue A withered tongue is dull, dark, dry and shrivelled, coupled with slow movement. Often indicates deficiency of body fluids, qi and blood as well as a poor spirit. 枯舌 kū shé 640 Tongue body The tongue body includes the musculature and vascular tissue of the tongue. 舌质 shé zhì 舌体 641 Tongue colour The colour of the tongue body. The normal tongue colour is pale red and lustrous. Abnormal colours are pale, red, deep red and purple. A pale tongue indicates blood deficiency or yang deficiency; a red tongue indicates heat in the Wei-defence and qi phases; and a deep red tongue indicates heat in the Ying nutrients and blood phases. 舌色 shé sè 642 Pale white tongue Pale A tongue less red than normal, indicating yang deficiency or deficiency of qi and blood. 淡白舌 dàn bái shé 643 Withered white tongue A tongue that is totally white, indicating collapse of blood and qi. 枯白舌 kū bái shé 644 Pale red tongue A lustrous tongue of normal colour, indicating disharmony between qi and blood. It is often seen in healthy person. In patients, a pale red tongue indicates a mild condition. 淡红舌 dàn hóng shé 645 Red tongue A tongue redder than normal, indicating a heat pattern. 红舌 hóng shé 646 Crimson tongue A tongue deep red in colour, indicating an intense heat pattern. 绛舌 jiàng shé 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 61 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 647 Purple tongue A tongue purple in colour, indicating exuberant toxic heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood to consume yin and fluids, and causes stagnation of qi and blood. 紫舌 zǐ shé 648 Bluish tongue Blue A tongue of bluish colour that resembles the exposed blue veins on the skin, indicating blood stagnation due to yin cold obstructing yang qi. 青舌 qīng shé 649 Pale purple tongue A tongue of pale, bluish colour, often indicating blood stagnation due to yin cold obstructing yang qi or yang qi failing to circulate blood. 淡紫舌 dàn zǐ shé 650 Tongue with ecchymosis/petechiae A tongue with ecchymosis or petechiae in varying sizes, often indicating stagnation of qi and blood. 瘀斑舌 yū bān shé 651 Moist tongue A moist tongue is often seen in healthy person. In patients, it indicates that bodily fluids remain undamaged. 舌润 shé rùn 652 Form of the tongue The shape of the tongue, including enlargement/ thinness, tough/tender, spotted, cracks or teeth marks. 舌形 shé xíng 653 Tough tongue A tongue that is firm with rough texture and relatively dark in colour, often indicating a struggle between excessive pathogenic factors and strong anti-pathogenic qi. 老舌 lǎo shé 654 Tender tongue A tongue that is soft and delicate with fine texture and pale in colour, often indicating deficiency of qi and blood or internal cold dampness due to yang qi deficiency. 嫩舌 nèn shé 655 Enlarged tongue Larger A tongue that is larger and thicker than normal, often indicating internal retention of water dampness or ascending of phlegm dampness and toxic heat. 胖大舌 pàng dà shé 656 Thin tongue A tongue thinner and smaller than normal, often indicating deficiency of qi and blood or fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 瘦薄舌 shòu báo shé 62 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 657 Spotted tongue A tongue with red or purple red spots as well as thorn-like protrusions on its surface, often indicating extreme heat in zang–fu organs or exuberant heat in the blood phase. 点刺舌 diǎn cì shé 658 Fissured tongue Cracked tongue A tongue with fissures in varying depths and shapes on its surface, often indicating exuberant heat damaging yin, blood deficiency or internal dampness due to spleen deficiency. 裂纹舌 liè wén shé 659 Tongue with teeth marks Teeth-marked Tongue with dental impressions; Scalloped tongue A tongue with dental indentations on its margin. It is often seen in an enlarged tongue. 齿痕舌 chǐ hén shé 660 Swollen tongue A large, bulging, firm and painful tongue that makes the mouth full or difficult to open and may affect the breathing or speech, often indicating sudden, severe heart fire intertwined with turbid phlegm and stagnant blood. 肿胀舌 zhǒng zhàng shé 661 Bleeding of the tongue Spontaneous bleeding from the tongue not due to traumatic injury, often indicating exuberant fire of the heart and liver forces the blood to move recklessly. 舌衄 shé nǜ 662 Motility of the tongue The ability of the tongue to move spontaneously. Flexible tongue movement indicates normal functioning of the zang–fu organs with abundant qi and blood. 舌态 shé tài 663 Stiff tongue A tongue that is stiff and moves sluggishly, often indicates heat (in febrile conditions) entering the pericardium, stroke, exuberant heat damaging fluids or wind phlegm obstructing the meridians. 舌强 shé jiàng 强硬舌 664 Trembling tongue A tongue that involuntarily trembles as it moves; in severe cases, the tongue trembles even when it does not move, often indicating internal stirring of liver wind. 颤动舌 chàn dòng shé 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 63 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 665 Protruding tongue Protruded agitated A tongue that hangs out of the mouth repeatedly and tip is extended fast from and retracted slowly back into the mouth, often indicating heat in the heart and spleen, epidemic toxin attacking the heart or exhaustion of anti-pathogenic qi. 吐舌 tǔ shé 666 Wagging tongue Agitated tongue A tongue that frequently extends from and retracts back into the mouth and moves in a circular motion, often indicating extreme heat stirring wind. 弄舌 nòng shé 667 Deviated tongue A tongue that inclines to one side when extended, often indicating wind attacking the meridians or wind phlegm obstructing the meridians. 歪斜舌 wāi xié shé 668 Flaccid tongue A tongue that is flabby and cannot move easily, often indicating malnourishment of the sinews or muscles due to deficiency of qi and blood or loss of yin fluids. 痿软舌 wěi ruǎn shé 669 Contracted tongue A tongue that cannot be fully extended from the mouth and appears to be shortened. It is often seen in combination with a flaccid tongue, often indicating a critical condition. 短缩舌 duǎn suō shé 670 Protracted tongue A tongue that is habitually extended out of the mouth with difficulty retracting or an inability to retract. 舌纵 shé zòng 671 Tongue paralysis Paralyzed A subjective feeling of tongue numbness with inability to move voluntarily. Often occurs when Ying nutrients and blood fail to ascend to nourish the tongue. 舌麻痹 shé má bì 672 Tongue sluggishness A tongue that moves sluggishly, coupled with slurred speech, often resulting from accumulated heat in the spleen and stomach scorching bodily fluids. 舌謇 shé jiǎn 673 Tongue coating A layer of moss-like material covering the tongue, generated by ascending of stomach qi. 舌苔 shé tāi 674 Thin coating A tongue coating through which the underlying tongue surface is faintly visible, indicating normal stomach qi. 薄苔 báo tāi 64 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 675 Thick coating A tongue coating through which the underlying tongue surface is not visible, often indicating turbid dampness, phlegm, food retention or heat. 厚苔 hòu tāi 676 Slippery coating A moist tongue coating with excessive fluid, feels slippery, often indicating internal accumulation of water dampness. 滑苔 huá tāi 677 Dry coating A tongue coating that looks dry and feels dry to the touch, often indicating consumption of bodily fluids. 燥苔 zào tāi 678 Rough coating A tongue coating that is rough in texture that looks and feels dry. A rough coating can be a further development of dry coating, often indicating exuberant heat damaging bodily fluids. 糙苔 cāo tāi 679 Curdy coating A tongue coating consisting of coarse granules like bean dregs, easy to wipe off, often indicating yang heat steam the undigested food or internal build up of turbid phlegm. 腐苔 fǔ tāi 680 Rotten-curdy coating Moulding soymilk coating A reddish thick tongue coating with black and yellow tinge, often indicating food retention in the stomach and intestines transforming into heat. 霉酱苔 méi jiàng tāi 681 Suppurative curdy coating A thick layer of coating that resembles ulcerative pus, often resulting from internal carbuncle or internal retention of toxins. 脓腐苔 nóng fǔ tāi 682 Greasy tongue A dense, turbid, greasy tongue coating with fine texture, sticking on the tongue, hard to wipe off, often indicating internal phlegm dampness obstructing yang qi of the stomach. 腻苔 nì tāi 683 Full coating A tongue coating that covers the full surface of the tongue, often indicating phlegm dampness. 全苔 quán tāi 684 Geographical tongue Mapped tongue A tongue with irregular shedding of the coating and distinct demarcation between the shed and unshed areas, looking like a map, often indicating phlegm dampness due to qi deficiency or spleen deficiency coupled with parasitic worms. 地图舌 dì tú shé 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 65 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 685 Peeled tongue A tongue coating that has lost its normal coating, giving the appearance of having been peeled, often indicating deficiency of stomach qi and yin. 花剥苔 huā bāo tāi 686 Mirror tongue A completely smooth tongue free of coating, like a mirror, often indicating stomach yin exhaustion or collapse of yang qi due to heavy loss of Ying nutrients and blood. 镜面舌 jìng miàn shé 687 Exfoliated coating Peeling of the tongue coating leaving an unsmooth tongue surface as if covered with regeneration of coating granules, often indicating blood deficiency or deficiency of qi and blood. 类剥苔 lèi bāo tāi 688 Rootless coating False coating A tongue coating that is easy to wipe off. 无根苔 wú gēn tāi 假苔 689 Rooted coating True coating A tongue coating that is firm and sticky on the tongue body, hard to wipe off. 有根苔 yǒu gēn tāi 真苔 690 Stained coating A tongue coating that is stained, often by food or medicine. A stained coating often resolves spontaneously within a short period of time. 染苔 rǎn tāi 691 White coating A tongue coating white in colour. A normal tongue coating is often seen in the middle and back part of the tongue with even, moist granules. 白苔 bái tāi 692 White, rotten coating A tongue coating that resembles white erosive spots like rice grains, often indicating extreme stomach heat-steaming fluids. 白霉苔 bái méi tāi 693 White, sticky coating A tongue coating that is white in colour and the tongue body is sticky. Often results from retained dampness in the spleen and stomach. 白黏苔 bái nián tāi 694 Thin, white coating A tongue coating that is thin, white and moist. It is often seen in a healthy person. In patients, it indicates an early stage of an exterior pattern, a mild interior pattern or internal cold due to yang deficiency. 薄白苔 báo bái tāi 695 Powdery coating Mealy coating A tongue coating that is as white as accumulated powder but not dry to touch, often resulting from turbid dampness intertwined with toxic heat. 积粉苔 jī fěn tāi 66 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 696 Yellow coating A tongue coating yellow in colour, often indicating exuberant heat. A darker yellow colour indicates a more intense heat. 黄苔 huáng tāi 697 Brown–yellow coating A yellow tongue coating that contains grey dark colour, often indicating extreme heat. 焦黄苔 jiāo huáng tāi 老黄苔 698 Grey coating A tongue coating grey in colour, often indicating exuberant pathogenic heat, internal yin cold or a build up of phlegm dampness. 灰苔 huī tāi 699 Black coating A tongue coating black in colour, indicating either excessive yin cold or extreme heat in the interior. 黑苔 hēi tāi 700 Auscultation and olfaction Listening and smelling 闻诊类 wén zhěn lèi 701 Auscultation A diagnostic method using listening to the changes in: patients’ speech, breathing, cough, internal sounds and smelling the patients’ breath and noticing body odours and discharges. 闻诊 wén zhěn 702 Excess metal failing to sound An expression figuratively referring to sudden hoarseness or loss of voice due to exogenous wind cold or wind heat impairing the dispersing of lung qi. 金实不鸣 jīn shí bù míng 703 Broken metal failing to sound An expression figuratively referring to hoarseness in chronic or severe medical conditions due to essential qi deficiency of the lung and kidney. 金破不鸣 jīn pò bù míng 704 Faint, low voice A voice that is faint and low, scarcely audible, often resulting from deficiency of the zang–fu organs. 声怯 shēng qiè 705 Hoarseness A low harsh or husky quality of the voice, often resulting from external contraction of wind cold/ heat, qi and yin deficiency of the lung and kidney or impaired lung qi. 声嘶 shēng sī 706 Delirium Delirious speech, mental cloudiness and a high- pitched sound, often indicating Yangming fu organ pattern or heat disturbing the heart mind due to pathogenic warmth entering the pericardium. 谵语 zhān yǔ 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 67 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 707 Muttering Unconscious murmuring haltingly with frequent repetitions and a low, faint voice, often indicating great damage to heart qi in late-stage medical conditions. 郑声 zhèng shēng 708 Disordered speech A type of dysphasia that the patient frequently employs wrong words but realizes the mistake afterwards, often resulting from heart qi deficiency, malnourishment of the heart mind or kidney essence failing to nourish the brain. 错语 cuò yǔ 709 Soliloquy Talking to oneself repeatedly but stopping with the presence of others, often resulting from qi and blood failing to nourish the heart mind or turbid phlegm misting the heart mind. 独语 dú yǔ 710 Manic raving Mentally deranged, wild, illogical talk and unreasonable behaviours such as singing or walking without any clothes on, often resulting from qi stagnation transforming into fire or phlegm fire disturbing the heart mind. 狂言 kuáng yán 711 Slurred speech Unclear speech and tongue stiffness in individuals with clear mental consciousness. Often results from wind phlegm obstructing the meridians. 语言謇涩 yǔ yán jiǎn sè 712 Delirious ravings Irrational, incoherent, wild or extravagant speech in a delirious state. 谵妄 zhān wàng 713 Shortness of breath A subjective experience of rapid breathing and shortness of breath that resembles panting without elevated shoulders or phlegm sounds in the throat. Often results from phlegm fluid, qi stagnation, constitutional weakness or chronic conditions. 短气 duǎn qì 714 Shallow breathing A weak, shallow breathing and a low voice. Often results from constitutional weakness or qi deficiency of the lung and kidney due to chronic conditions. 少气 shǎo qì 气微 715 Sighing An act of exhaling audibly in a long deep breath, as in weariness or relief. Often results from emotional disturbance and liver qi stagnation. 太息 tài xī 叹息 68 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 716 Rapid breathing A short, rapid breathing that resemble panting but no phlegm sound. Often results from qi deficiency, external contraction of pathogenic factors or water fluid retention. 气促 qì cù 717 Hiccups A brief, involuntary release of qi out of the throat. Often results from stomach qi failing to descend. 呃逆 è nì 718 Burping Belching The release of gas from the stomach through the mouth, often accompanied with burp sounds. Often results from weakness of the spleen and stomach or retention of phlegm, fire or food retention in the stomach, which causes stomach qi to ascend. 嗳气 ǎi qì 719 Unproductive cough Dry cough A cough with no or extremely scanty sputum. Often results from fire, dryness or lung yin deficiency. 干咳 gān ké 720 Yawning A response to fatigue or sleepiness. 呵欠 hē qian 721 Bad breath Foul breath A noticeably unpleasant odour is present on the breath. Often occurs when deficiency fire retains in the stomach or when one overeats greasy food. 口臭 kǒu chòu 722 Snoring The sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. Often results from obstructed airway. 鼻鼾 bí hān 723 Bowel sounds Borborygmus A gurgling, rumbling, or squeaking noise from the bowels. Often occurs when the spleen fails to transport and transform, resulting in retention of water fluid in the stomach and intestines. 肠鸣 cháng míng 724 The category of inquiry 问诊类 wèn zhěn lèi 725 Inquiry A method to collect information regarding the disease occurrence, progression, previous diagnosis and treatment and present symptoms by talking to the patient or the person who accompanies the patient. 问诊 wèn zhěn 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 69 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 726 The ten questions The ten questions include cold/heat, sweating, pains on the head and body, bladder/bowel movements, diet/appetite, chest, hearing (tinnitus/deafness), thirst, previous illnesses and etiological factors. 十问歌 shí wèn gē 727 Aversion to wind A subjective feeling of coldness when exposed to wind and the feeling is alleviated by staying away from wind. Often occurs as a result of qi deficiency or exposure to pathogenic wind. 恶风 wù fēng 728 Aversion to cold A subjective feeling of coldness that cannot be resolved by putting on more clothes or staying closer to a source of warmth. Often occurs as a result of contracting external cold. 恶寒 wù hán 729 Cold intolerance Fear of cold A subjective feeling of coldness that can be alleviated by putting on more clothes or blankets or staying closer to a source of warmth. Often occurs as a result of yang qi failing to warm the body or cold directly affecting the zang–fu organs or meridians. 畏寒 wèi hán 730 Chills A feeling of coldness or shivering. Often results from extreme cold or blocked heat. 寒战 hán zhàn 731 Fever and chills Fever and aversion to cold Concurrent aversion to cold and fever is a key proof in diagnosing an exterior pattern. 恶寒发热 wù hán fā rè 732 Chills alone Aversion to cold without fever Aversion to cold alone without fever is mostly seen in interior cold pattern that results from yang deficiency, cold binding the Wei-defensive qi or cold directly affecting the internal organs. 但寒不热 dàn hán bú rè 733 High fever Persistent high-grade fever (>39℃) often results from internal exuberant yang heat steaming the surface of the body upon pathogenic factors entering the interior. 壮热 zhuàng rè 734 Tidal fever Fever that recurs or aggravates at a regular time of each day like tide. Often occurs as a result of yang excess, yin deficiency or blood deficiency. 潮热 cháo rè 70 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 735 Tidal fever in the afternoon Yangming tidal fever Noticeable or more pronounced fever from 3 pm to 5 pm. Most commonly seen in heat accumulating in the stomach and large intestine. 日晡潮热 rì bū cháo rè 阳明潮热 736 Tidal fever due to warm dampness Noticeable fever in the afternoon and inhibited fever (absence of hot sensation on initial palpation but presence of a burning sensation upon palpating for a while). Most commonly seen in damp heat accumulating in the spleen and stomach. 湿温潮热 shī wēn cháo rè 身热不扬 737 Tidal fever due to yin deficiency Low-grade fever in the afternoon or at night (<38℃) or bone-steaming tidal fever. Most commonly seen in yin fluids failing to contain yang and subsequently, floating of deficiency yang. 阴虚潮热 yīn xū cháo rè 738 Fever aggravated at night A subjective feverish sensation that worsens at night. Individuals may not have an elevated temperature. Often results from floating of deficiency yang due to yin deficiency. 身热夜甚 shēn rè yè shèn 739 Feverish sensations in palms and soles Feverish sensations in the palms and soles are most commonly caused by internal heat due to yin deficiency or internal retention of fire heat. 手足心热 shǒu zú xīn rè 740 Cold hands and feet Cold limbs The cold sensation in the extremities radiating up to the knees and elbows or beyond. Often occurs as a result of yang qi deficiency, internal accumulation of yin cold, or heat blocking the yang qi from warming up the extremities. 手足厥冷 shǒu zú jué lěng 741 Feverish sensations in palms, soles and chest A feeling of restlessness and heat sensation in the chest, along with feverish sensations in the palms and soles. This is most commonly caused by heart blood deficiency, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency or internal retention of fire heat after recovery from medical conditions. 五心烦热 wǔ xīn fán rè 742 Bone-steaming tidal fever A subjective feverish sensation that the heat is felt to emanate from the bones. It is most commonly caused by fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 骨蒸 gǔ zhēng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 71 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 743 Alternating fever and chills Fever alternating with aversion to cold Paroxysms of chills and fever that recur at regular/ irregular intervals. It is most commonly caused by seesaw struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors in between the exterior and interior. 寒热往来 hán rè wǎng lái 往来寒热 744 Absence of sweating Absence of sweating in an exterior pattern is most commonly caused by external wind cold blocking the skin pores; and absence of sweating in an interior pattern is most commonly caused by yang qi failing to steam and transform yin fluids or insufficient generation of fluids and blood. 无汗 wú hàn 745 Spontaneous sweating (See terminologies in sweating disorders). 自汗 zì hàn 746 Sweating after shivering A cycle of sudden coldness followed by shivering and sweating. Often seen in fierce struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors in externally contracted febrile conditions. 战汗 zhàn hàn 747 Cold sweats A feeling of coldness after sweating. Most commonly caused by severe deficiency of yang qi. 冷汗 lěng hàn 748 Hot sweats A subjective sensation that the sweats are hot. Most commonly caused by interior heat. 热汗 rè hàn 749 Head sweating Excessive sweating on the face and head. Often occurs when retained pathogenic heat ascends to heat the head and face. 头汗 tóu hàn 750 Sweats in the palms/ soles Excessive sweating in the palms and soles. Often results from internal heat due to yin deficiency, exuberant Yangming heat or damp heat in the middle jiao. 手足心汗 shǒu zú xīn hàn 751 Exhausted sweating Collapsing sweating Oily, sticky sweating in critical, life-threatening conditions. It is most commonly caused by yin–yang separation and yang qi collapse. 脱汗 tuō hàn 绝汗 752 Sweats on the chest Excessive sweating in the chest. Often results from deficiency of the heart and spleen or disharmony between the heart and kidney. 心胸汗 xīn xiōng hàn 72 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 753 Sweats in the genital area Excessive sweating on and around the external genitalia. Often results from damp heat in the lower jiao. 阴汗 yīn hàn 754 Dull pain Persistent, tolerable and less pronounced pain. It is most commonly caused by yang, qi, essence and blood failing to nourish the zang–fu organs and meridians. 隐痛 yǐn tòng 755 Colicky pain Gripping pain Sharp pain as if lacerated by a knife. It is most commonly caused by tangible pathogens obstructing the flow of qi or cold contracting the qi activity. 绞痛 jiǎo tòng 756 Hollow pain Empty pain Pain with a hollow sensation. It is most commonly caused by qi, blood, essence and blood failing to nourish the tissues and organs 空痛 kōng tòng 757 Stabbing pain Pain as if pricked by a needle. It is most commonly caused by stagnant blood. 刺痛 cì tòng 758 Cold pain Pain with a cold sensation that alleviates with warmth and pressure but aggravates with cold. It is most commonly caused by cold affecting the meridians or yang qi failing to warm the zang–fu organs and limbs. 冷痛 lěng tòng 759 Distending pain Pain with a sensation of fullness and distension. It is most commonly caused by qi stagnation. 胀痛 zhàng tòng 760 Heavy pain Pain with a sensation of heaviness. It is most commonly caused by dampness obstructing the flow of qi. 重痛 zhòng tòng 761 Burning pain Scorching pain Pain with a burning sensation that alleviates with cold. It is most commonly caused by pathogenic fire-heat or fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 灼痛 zhuó tòng 762 Referred pain Pulling pain Pain that occurs in one part of the body but perceives in some other parts of the body. It is most commonly caused by blockage or malnourishment of meridians. 掣痛 chè tòng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 73 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 763 Migratory pain Wandering/moving pain Pain that migrates from one area to another area. Wandering pain in the rib area, stomach and abdomen is often associated with liver qi stagnation, whereas wandering joint pain is often associated with wind. 窜痛 cuàn tòng 走窜痛 764 Oppressive pain Suffocating pain A pain accompanied by feeling of oppression. Oppressive pain is often felt in the chest. Often occurs when phlegm turbidity or damp heat obstructs the flow of qi in the upper jiao. Alternatively, it may be associated with emotions. 闷痛 mèn tòng 765 Soreness aching pain A pain accompanied by a feeling of soreness and weakness. Often occurs as a result of wind cold obstructing the flow of qi and blood, kidney deficiency, or failure of qi and blood to nourish the tissues. 酸痛 suān tòng 766 Head heaviness as if being wrapped up A subjective feeling of a bearing down sensation of the head or feeling like a tight band around the head. Often results from phlegm dampness obstructing the head or external contraction of dampness or pestilence. 头重如裹 tóu zhòng rú guǒ 767 Distending headache A subjective sensation of distending or splitting headache. It is most commonly caused by external damp heat or internal dysfunctions. 头胀 tóu zhàng 768 Heavy headache Headache with a subjective heavy, bearing down sensation or feeling like being wrapped up in a towel. It is most commonly caused by external dampness, phlegm dampness, pestilence qi, or kidney qi deficiency. 头重 tóu zhòng 769 Headache with neck rigidity Pain, contracture and discomfort in the head and neck. Often occurs when wind cold affecting the surface of the body or impaired qi flow of Taiyang meridian. 头项强痛 tóu xiàng jiàng tòng 770 Taiyang headache Headache that radiates to the occipital region. It is caused by pathogenic factors affecting the Taiyang meridian, which enters the brain from the vertex and comes out of the back of the neck. 太阳头痛 tài yáng tóu tòng 74 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 771 Shaoyang headache Headache that is located in the temples on both sides. It is caused by pathogenic factors affecting the Shaoyang meridian, which travels along the bilateral sides of the head. 少阳头痛 shào yáng tóu tòng 772 Yangming headache Frontal headache that radiates to the supraorbital bone. It is caused by pathogenic factors affecting the Yangming meridian, which follows the hairline from the temporal region to the corner of the forehead. 阳明头痛 yáng míng tóu tòng 773 Taiyin headache Headache that often combines with drowsiness, abdominal diarrhoea and spontaneous sweating. It is caused by failure of spleen yang to ascend due to pathogenic factors affecting the Taiyin meridian. 太阴头痛 tài yīn tóu tòng 774 Shaoyin headache Headache that often combines with toothache. It is caused by pathogenic factors affecting the Shaoyin meridian. In Chinese medicine, the kidney dominates bones and generates marrow to fill up the brain. 少阴头痛 shào yīn tóu tòng 775 Jueyin headache Headache that is located in the parietal region. It is caused by pathogenic factors affecting the Jueyin meridian, which meets with the Du meridian at the vertex of the head. 厥阴头痛 jué yīn tóu tòng 776 Neck stiffness Also known as neck rigidity. It is most commonly caused by wind, cold and dampness affecting the Taiyang meridian, external summer heat, and malnourishment of local muscles due to consumption of fluids and blood. 项强 xiàng jiàng 777 Lassitude Lack of strength Weariness of the body. In severe cases, individuals may experience difficulty lifting things or walking, coupled with drowsiness or lack of energy. Often results from qi deficiency or dampness. 乏力 fá lì 778 Vexation and fever Heat vexation Typical clinical symptoms are vexation, fever, restlessness or oppressive, feverish sensations. They are often caused by hyperactivity of liver fire and fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 烦热 fán rè 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 75 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 779 Restlessness Vexation and agitation Typical clinical symptoms are an oppressive, feverish sensation in the chest and restless hands/ feet. They are often caused by fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 烦躁 fán zào 780 Chest pain radiating to the back Cardiac pain (precordial region, the pit of the stomach or stomach) pain that radiates to the back. It is often caused by internal build up of yin cold due to severe deficiency of yang qi. 心痛彻背 xīn tòng chè bèi 781 Pain below the heart Epigastric pain that is especially located in the pit of the stomach. It is often caused by internal build up of yin cold due to severe deficiency of yang qi. 心下痛 xīn xià tòng 782 Vexation Heart vexation A feeling of restlessness and feverish sensation in the chest. Often results from heat pattern. Occasionally, it may also be caused by cold. 心烦 xīn fán 783 Feverish sensation in the chest A subjective feverish, fire-scorching sensation in the chest, coupled with restlessness. Often results from pathogenic factors entering the interior, exuberant heat in the lung and stomach, upward flaming of heart fire or consumption of yin blood. 胸中热 xiōng zhōng rè 784 Chest stuffiness A subjective sensation of tightness, fullness and distension in the chest. Often results from impaired qi activity of the heart and lung. 胸痞 xiōng pǐ 785 Fullness in the chest and sub-costal region A subjective sensation of fullness, tightness and discomfort in the chest and sub-costal region. Often results from gallbladder qi disorder and gallbladder fire affecting the diaphragm. 胸胁苦满 xiōng xié kǔ mǎn 786 Heat vexation in the chest A feeling of restlessness, stuffiness and a fire- scorching sensation in the chest. Often results from exogenous pathogens entering the interior, exuberant heat in the lung and stomach, upward flaming of heart fire, or consumption of yin blood. 胸中烦热 xiōng zhōng fán rè 787 Distension in the sub- costal region A subjective sensation of distension, fullness and discomfort on one or both sides of the sub-costal region. Often results from liver qi stagnation, hyperactivity of liver qi or impaired qi activity of the liver and gallbladder meridians. 胁胀 xié zhàng 76 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 788 Stomach stuffiness (See terminologies of disorders) 脘痞 wǎn pǐ 789 Lower abdominal pain Pain in the central area of the lower abdomen. Often results from damp heat, stagnant blood, obstructed flow of abdominal qi, or kidney deficiency. 小腹痛 xiǎo fù tòng 790 Bilateral lower abdominal pain Pain on both sides of the lower abdomen. Often occurs when the liver fails to maintain free flow of qi. 少腹痛 shào fù tòng 791 Lower abdominal cramp A subjective sensation of contracture or tension below the umbilicus. Often results from deficiency cold of kidney qi and impaired qi transformation of the urinary bladder. 少腹拘急 shào fù jū jí 792 Body ache Generalized pain Pain in the head, neck, chest, back, back/low back or extremities. Often results from cold damage, sun stroke, dampness or bi-impediment. 身痛 shēn tòng 793 Body heaviness A sensation of body heaviness, lassitude and impaired movement. Often results from internal dampness or retention of water dampness due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 身重 shēn zhòng 794 Low back soreness Soreness/pain between the sub-costal regions and iliac spine, and within the posterior axillary lines. Often results from ageing, chronic diseases, over-exertion, emotions or sexual indulgence. Alternatively, it may also occur when exogenous pathogens or traumatic injuries damage the flow of meridian qi and blood. 腰痠 yāo suān 795 Masses in the sub- costal region A sensation of string-like masses in the sub-costal region. Individuals may experience pain when coughing or swallowing. Often results from water fluid retention in the sub-costal region and may develop from persistent pleural fluid retention. 悬癖 xuán pǐ 796 Dry throat A subjective feeling of dryness in the throat. Often results from deficiency fire (due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney) ascends to scorch the throat, the failure of lung yin to nourish and moisten the throat, or upward fire flaming of the lung and stomach. 咽干 yān gān 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 77 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 797 Dry eyes A sensation of eye dryness. Often results from yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, liver blood deficiency, lung yin deficiency or yin deficiency- induced fire hyperactivity. 目干涩 mù gān sè 798 Light sensitivity Photophobia Eye pain when exposed to bright light. Individuals may also experience watery eyes, dry eyes or difficulty keeping the eyes open. Often results from ascending of wind fire/heat or deficiency of yin blood. 目羞明 mù xiū míng 畏光 799 Blurred vision Blurred vision is a sensation of losing sharpness of the eyesight and feeling the objects out of focus. Often results from deficiency of liver blood and kidney essence or ascending of liver yang or wind fire that carries turbid phlegm. 目眩 mù xuàn 800 Itchy eyes A feeling of itching on the margins of eyelid or within the canthus. In severe cases, the itching can radiate to the eyeballs; however, the vision is normal. Often results from wind, fire, damp, heat, or blood deficiency. 目痒 mù yǎng 801 Ear pain Earache Pain in the auricles or within the ear canal. Often results from deficiency fire or wind heat affecting the liver and gallbladder meridians. 耳痛 ěr tòng 802 Hearing impairment A symptom of decreased sense of hearing or distorted/repeated hearing. Often results from hyperactivity of deficiency fire or pathogenic factors affecting the meridians around the ears. 重听 chóng tīng 重耳 803 Hemiplegia An inability of one side of the body to move voluntarily. Often results from age-related weakness of the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence coupled with contraction of exogenous pathogens, blood stasis due to qi deficiency, or essential qi deficiency. 半身不遂 bàn shēn bù suí 804 Hemilateral numbness Numbness or tingling sensation on one side of the body. Often results from spleen qi deficiency, qi deficiency of the spleen and lung, or obstructed flow of qi. 半身麻木 bàn shēn má mù 78 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 805 Insensitivity of the skin A symptom of decreased or no perception to external stimulus (cold, heat, pain). Often occurs when Ying nutrients, Wei-defence, qi and blood fail to nourish the skin after the pathogenic factors attack the body. 肌肤不仁 jī fū bù rén 806 Numbness of hands/ feet Impaired or loss of sensation in the extremities. Often results from internal stirring of liver wind due to deficiency of qi and blood or phlegm stasis obstructing the meridians. 手足麻木 shǒu zú má mù 807 Shivering A sensation of chills with trembling. Often results from a sudden contraction of cold or heart fire obstructing yang qi. 战栗 zhàn lì 808 Muscle twitching and cramp A symptom of short spastic muscle contraction. Often results from malnourishment of muscles or sinews due to blood deficiency or consumption of body fluids. It may also occur when cold dampness damage yang and fail to transform water and qi. 筋惕肉瞤 jīn tì ròu rún 809 Hungry but with no appetite A sensation of feeling hunger but no desire to eat food. Often results from stomach yin deficiency. 饥不欲食 jī bú yù shí 810 Fast digestion with rapid hunger A symptom of increased appetite and food intake but recurrence of hunger sensation shortly after eating. Often results from excessive heat in the spleen and stomach. 消谷善饥 xiao gǔ shàn jī 811 Poor appetite A symptom of no desire to eat food, decreased food intake, tasteless or not feeling hungry. Often results from dampness affecting the spleen or the spleen failing to transport and transform. 纳呆 nà dāi 纳差；纳少 812 Aversion to food A symptom of aversion to food or the smell of food. Often results from damp heat in the spleen and stomach or in the liver and gallbladder. 厌食 yàn shí 813 Nausea A sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach with an involuntary urge to vomit. Often results from cold, heat, dampness, phlegm or food stagnation. 恶心 ě xin 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 79 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 814 Regurgitation Acid reflux A symptom of vomiting sour-tasting fluids. Often results from deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach or liver heat (transformed from qi stagnation) affecting the stomach. 泛酸 fàn suān 815 Belching A symptom of expelling air from the stomach through the mouth, coupled with a foul breath. Often results from weakness of the spleen and stomach or food retention due to an improper diet. 嗳腐 ài fǔ 816 Anguish A feeling of heat vexation and oppression in the heart and chest, coupled with restlessness. Often results from heat retention in the diaphragm due to inappropriate treatment of febrile diseases or internal retention of damp heat. 懊憹 ào náo 817 Sudden spurt of appetitie prior to collapse A sudden increase in food intake in patients with critical conditions who had no appetite previously. Often occurs as a result of qi exhaustion of the spleen and stomach. 除中 chú zhōng 818 Vomiting blood Hematemesis Blood ejection out of the mouth without nausea, vomiting or cough. Often results from exuberant stomach heat, liver qi stagnation transforming into heat or deficiency of spleen qi and heart blood. Contributing factors may include alcohol drinking, ingestion of spicy, oily food, anger, worries or over exertion. 吐血 tù xiě 819 Dry mouth A subjective feeling of insufficient saliva in the mouth. Often occurs when exuberant heat consumes or scorches bodily fluids. 口干 kǒu gān 820 Thirst A subjective feeling of dry mouth and thirst. Often occurs as a result of exuberant heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood, internal retention of water fluids, lung dryness consuming fluids, or fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 口渴 kǒu kě 821 Thirst with desire to drink A dry mouth with desire to drink water often occurs when insufficient bodily fluids impair qi transformation and fluid distribution. 口渴欲饮 kǒu kě yù yǐn 80 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 822 Thirst with no desire to drink A dry mouth or thirst but with no desire to drink water or only drink a small amount of water. Often results from yin deficiency, damp heat, phlegm fluid retention or stagnant blood. 渴不欲饮 kě bú yù yǐn 823 A bland taste A diminished sensitivity of taste, with no pleasant flavour left after eating. Often occurs as a result of qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. 口淡 kǒu dàn 824 A bitter taste A subjective bitter sensation in the mouth. Often occurs when internal heat causes the bile to ascend. 口苦 kǒu kǔ 825 A sticky, greasy taste A subjective sticky, greasy sensation in the mouth. In severe cases, individuals may feel that the food has no taste. Often occurs when damp heat in the spleen and stomach or internal phlegm heat affect qi transformation of the spleen and stomach and causes the turbid qi to ascend to the mouth. 口黏腻 kǒu nián nì 826 A sour taste A subjective sour, vinegar-like sensation in the mouth. In severe cases, individuals may have a sour breath. Often results from ascending of liver heat, liver heat affecting the spleen or food retention. 口酸 kǒu suān 827 A sweet taste A subjective sugary or honey-like sensation. Often results from damp heat in the spleen and stomach, damage to qi and yin or deficiency heat scorching spleen fluids. 口甜 kǒu tián 828 A salty taste A subjective salty sensation in the mouth. Sometimes individuals may experience salty salivation. Often results from deficiency cold or kidney heat. 口咸 kǒu xián 829 A pungent taste An acrid taste A subjective strong hot, spicy sensation in the mouth. Often results from lung heat. 口辛 kǒu xīn 830 A puckering taste A subjective dry, puckering feeling in the mouth. Often results from stomach heat consuming fluids or wind phlegm obstructing the meridians. 口涩 kǒu sè 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 81 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 831 Mouth numbness A subjective feeling of numbness inside the mouth. It is often caused by wind transformed from liver yang. 口麻 kǒu má 832 Irregular bowel movements Irregular bowel movements are characterized by alternating loose and dry stools. They often result from liver stagnation coupled with spleen deficiency or qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. 溏结不调 táng jié bù tiáo 833 Tenesmus Tenesmus is characterized by abdominal pain, a feeling of constantly needing to pass stools, weight-bearing sensation of the anus and a sense of incomplete evacuation after bowel movements. Often results from damp heat obstructing intestinal qi. 里急后重 lǐ jí hòu zhòng 834 Indigestion of food Poor digestion of food Presence of undigested food in stools. Often results from deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach or vital fire decline due to kidney deficiency. 完谷不化 wán gǔ bú huà 835 Early morning diarrhea Diarrhea before dawn A type of diarrhoea that occurs before dawn. It is mainly caused by kidney yang deficiency. Food retention, alcohol drinking or liver fire may also play a role. 五更泄泻 wǔ gēng xiè xiè 836 A burning sensation of the anus A subjective burning sensation of the anus during a bowel movement. Often results from damp heat in the large intestine or heat affecting the rectum. 肛门灼热 gāng mén zhuó rè 837 Yellow, reddish urine Urine that is more yellow than usual and sometimes appears reddish. Often results from internal heat or damp heat. 小便黄赤 xiǎo biàn huáng chì 溺赤 838 Urinary dribbling Dribbling urination A feeling of needing to pass urine after urination, a sense of incomplete emptying or urinary dribbling. Often results from cold retention in the urinary bladder due to kidney deficiency. 余沥不尽 yú lì bú jìn 82 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 839 Frequent urination Increased frequency in passing of urine. If often occurs when 1) kidney yang fails to perform qi transformation of the urinary bladder; 2) the spleen fails to transport and transform water; 3) the lung fails to regulate water passage; and/or 4) liver qi stagnation affects the urinary bladder. 小便频数 xiǎo biàn pín shuò 840 Difficult, painful urination Difficulty passing urine accompanied with a painful sensation. Often occurs when damp heat flows downward to the urinary bladder. 小便涩痛 xiǎo biàn sè tòng 841 Excessive dreaming Dream-disturbed sleep Interrupted sleep by strange dreams or frightening nightmares. Individuals often have a clear memory of the dreams. Often results from hyperactivity of liver yang, deficiency of qi and blood or yin deficiency of the liver and kidney. 多梦 duō mèng 842 Sleepwalking A phenomenon of getting out of bed, walking about or performing other activities during an apparent state of sleep. This may last minutes to hours. Sleepwalkers then come back to bed and return to sleep. They often have little or no memory of the incident. Contributing factors include disharmony between yin and yang, insufficiency of Ying nutrients and blood, deficiency of qi and yin, phlegm turbidity, fire heat, or stagnant blood. 梦游 mèng yóu 843 Curled tongue with contracted scrotum An inability to extend the tongue body with contraction of the scrotum. This is often seen in the critical stage of febrile diseases. 舌卷囊缩 shé juǎn náng suō 844 White leukorrhea 1) Physiological vaginal discharge. 2) Persistent, profuse vaginal discharge with abnormal changes in colour, quality and odour. 白带 bái dài 845 Yellow leukorrhea Pale yellow, sticky vaginal discharge. In some cases, the discharge may have a colour that resembles thick tea and a strong odour. Often occurs when dampness transforms into heat and affects the Ren and Dai meridians. 黄带 huáng dài 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 83 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 846 Red and white leukorrhea Persistent red vaginal discharge that contains white mucus. Often occurs when damp heat flows downward to damage the Chong and Ren meridians. The dampness here is often caused by spleen deficiency, and the heat is transformed from liver qi stagnation. 赤白带下 chì bái dài xià 847 Threatened abortion Restless fetus; Excessive movement of foetus Threatened abortion often starts with a bearing- down sensation, low back soreness, and abdominal pain/discomfort, followed by a small amount of vaginal bleeding. Often results from insecurity of the Chong and Ren meridians due to qi deficiency, blood deficiency, kidney deficiency, blood heat, or traumatic injuries. 胎动不安 tāi dòng bù ān 848 The category of palpation 切诊类 qiè zhěn lèi 849 Palpation A diagnostic method to feel, touch, palpate and press certain areas of the body. 切诊 qiè zhěn 850 Pulse diagnosis Pulse-taking A diagnostic method to understand the condition of illness by feeling a patients’ pulse and perceiving the sensations under the fingers. 脉诊 mài zhěn 切脉 851 Diagnosis methods using the three positions and nine indicators Pulse examination on three regions of the body: the head, upper limbs and lower limbs. Each region is sub-divided into upper, middle and lower sections. Altogether they form nine pulse-taking positions. 三部九候遍 诊法 sān bù jiǔ hòu biàn zhěn fǎ 852 Palpation diagnosis A method to directly touch or press certain areas of the body to feel the local temperature, moistness, softness, tenderness, lumps or other abnormal changes, and thus to determine the location, nature and severity of the pathology. 按诊 àn zhěn 853 Overall pulse diagnosis A diagnostic method to feel three parts and nine depths. The three parts are head, hand and feet. Each part has three depths (heaven, earth and man), and thus there are a total of nine divisions. 三部九候诊法 854 Abdominal palpation A diagnostic method to mainly press and palpate the patients’ chest and abdomen to understand the condition of illness. 腹诊 fù zhěn 84 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 855 Diagnosis in three arteries A diagnostic method used to feel three arteries: carotid artery at Renyin (ST 9), radial artery at Cunkou and dorsal artery of the foot at Chongyang (ST 42). The Cunkou area is felt for conditions of the twelve regular meridians; the Renyin (ST 9) and Chongyang (ST 42) are felt for stomach qi. Alternatively, Taixi (KI 3) is felt for kidney qi. 三部诊法 sān bù zhěn fǎ 856 Diagnosis in Cunkou area A diagnostic method used to feel the pulse at the Cunkou area located at the medial aspect of the styloid process where the radial artery pulsates. The Cunkou area is divided into Cun, Guan and Chi positions. Each position is further divided into superficial, intermediate and deep depths. This method is known as three positions and three regions and nine positions in Cunkou area. 寸口诊法 cùn kǒu zhěn fǎ 857 Finger positioning method The positioning of the fingers in pulse diagnosis. First, to locate the Guan (medial aspect of the styloid process) position with the middle finger; then, to locate the Cun (anterior to Guan) position with the index finger and the Chi (posterior to Guan) position with the ring finger. The three fingers are slightly flexed, presenting the shape of an arc. The fingertips are kept on the same horizontal level and the pulse is felt with the palmar aspects of the fingers. 指法 zhǐ fǎ 858 Locate the Guan position with the middle finger A doctor places the middle finger on the Guan position (the medial side of the styloid process) for pulse examination. 中指定关 zhōng zhǐ dìng guān 859 Overall pulse examination A method of pulse diagnosis where the three fingers are simultaneously positioned on the wrist to feel the pulse in Cun, Guan and Chi positions. 总按 zǒng àn 860 Lifting, pressing and searching A method of moving and exerting different finger pressures on positions for pulse examination. Lifting is to place the fingers gently on the Cunkou artery pulsation. Pressing is to exert finger pressure to reach deeper area. Searching is to gradually increase or decrease the finger pressure, moving finger contact areas to locate the best position with obvious pulsation. 举、按、寻 jǔ、àn、xún 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 85 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 861 Finger positioning Positioning of fingers in pulse examination. Generally, a doctor places the middle finger of the right hand to feel the Guan position of a patient’s left hand, the index finger to feel the Cun position, the ring finger to feel the Chi position, and adjust the distances between the fingers according to the patient’s height. 布指 bù zhǐ 862 Pulse conditions The pulse sensations, including such elements as the rate, rhythm, length, smoothness, tension and width. 脉象 mài xiàng 863 Abnormal pulses Pulses that are not normal or beyond physiological variations of a normal pulse. 病脉 bìng mài 864 Stomach qi, spirit and root The three main elements to distinguish deficiency from excess. A pulse with stomach qi feels relaxed, moderate and smooth. A pulse with spirit feels soft, forceful and rhythmic. A pulse with root feels forceful at the Chi position upon heavy pressure. In summary, a pulse with stomach qi, spirit and root indicates abundant stomach qi and normal functioning of qi and blood. 胃、神、根 wèi、shén、gēn 865 Fifty beats When feeling the pulse, it is advisable to measure at least 50 beats to identify an abrupt or regularly/ irregularly intermittent pulse. 五十动 wǔ shí dòng 866 Feeling the pulse with fingertips Refers to the area between fingertips and finger pulps, and the middle part connecting the two corners of the fingernails. 指目 zhǐ mù 867 Pulse rate A pulse-taking terminology, referring to pulse rates in one breath (a breathing cycle). A normal pulse is 4–5 beats in one breath. A rapid pulse is more than 5 beats in one breath. A slow pulse is less than 4 beats in one breath. 至数 zhì shù 86 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 868 Twenty-eight pulse conditions 1) The 28 pulse conditions, namely, superficial (floating in other texts), deep, slow, rapid, slippery, hesitant, deficient, excessive, long, short, surging, feeble, tight, delayed, wiry, hollow, drumskin, soft, weak, scattered, thready, hidden, stirring, abrupt, knotted, intermittent and large (or swift). 2) The 28 meridians, including the 24 meridians of the both hands and feet, plus the Ren meridian, Du meridian, Yinqiao meridian and Yangqiao meridian. 二十八脉 èr shí bā mài 869 Overall analysis on the pulse and colour Refers to comprehensive analysis on the pulse and facial complexion. Since the condition of the pulse and the five colours share a common pathological mechanism, the combined analysis provides a more accurate diagnosis of conditions and can predict prognosis. 脉色合参 mài sè hé cān 870 Comprehensive analysis on pulse and symptoms A comprehensive analysis on the pulse and symptoms in diagnosing medical conditions. Sometimes the pulse is consistent with the symptoms, for example, a superficial, rapid pulse in a yang heat pattern or a thready, weak pulse in a deficiency pattern. Sometimes, the pulse is not consistent with the symptoms, for example, a deep, thready pulse in a yang heat pattern or a surging, large pulse in a deficiency pattern. 脉症合参 mài zhèng hé cān 871 Precedence of symptoms over the pulse When there is an inconsistency between the pulse and symptoms, sometimes the treatment strategy is more based on symptoms than the pulse if symptoms manifest the pathological nature. 舍脉从症 shě mài cóng zhèng 872 Precedence of the pulse over symptoms When there is an inconsistency between the pulse and symptoms, sometimes the treatment strategy is more based on the pulse than symptoms if the pulse manifests the pathological nature. 舍症从脉 shě zhèng cóng mài 873 Pulse bereft of stomach qi A pulse that has lost its usual rhythm, frequency and evenness, manifesting as wiry, tight, hard or scattered, rootless and irregular. It is often a life-threatening sign, indicating an exhaustion of stomach qi and vital qi failure of the five zang organs. 脉无胃气 mài wú wèi qì 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 87 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 874 Correspondence between the pulse and the four seasons Physiological variations of normal pulses in four seasons. These include a mild wiry pulse in warm spring, a mild surging pulse in hot summer, a mild superficial pulse in cool autumn and a mild deep pulse in cold winter. The inconsistency or contradiction between the pulse and seasons indicates an abnormal body condition. 脉从四时 mài cóng sì shí 脉应四时 875 Wiry pulse in spring In spring, yang qi ascends, everything comes out of hibernation and stretches in all directions, and qi and blood within the body starts to flow outward. Hence, the pulse is wiry and straight. 春脉如弦 chūn mài rú xián 876 Hooked pulse in summer In summer, yang qi flourishes and everything grows. As a result, the pulse is surging, large, and forceful, like roaring waves that crash onto the shore powerfully and slowly fade away. 夏脉如钩 xià mài rú gōu 877 Superficial pulse in autumn Floating pulse in autumn In autumn, yang qi starts to constrict and the pulsation decreases. As a result, the pulse is mild, superficial and comes in a rush and becomes scattered. 秋脉如浮 qiū mài rú fú 878 Deep pulse in winter In winter, yang qi hides inside, and the skin pore is closed. As a result, the pulse is deep. 冬脉如营 dōng mài rú yíng 879 Feeble yang and wiry yin Feeble yang results from yang qi deficiency of the upper jiao. Wiry yin results from excess yin cold in the lower jiao. Yin cold obstructing chest yang may cause chest bi-impediment or cardiac pain. 阳微阴弦 yáng wēi yīn xián 880 Rejected yang and blocked yin When the carotid pulsation feels four times stronger than normal, it is called rejected yang. It results from the three yang meridians (with overflow of qi and blood) rejecting the three yin meridians. When the radial pulsation is felt four times stronger than normal, it is called blocked yang. It results from the three yin meridians (with overflow of qi and blood) rejecting the three yang meridians. These conditions are also referred to as blockage between the upper and lower bodies. 格阳关阴 gé yáng guān yīn 88 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 881 External blockage and internal rejection Refers to radial pulsation felt at Yuji (LU 10), indicating that yang qi is blocked outside, whereas yin qi is rejected inside. 外关内格 wài guān nèi gé 882 Floating, medium and deep Three levels in feeling the pulse by using light, moderate and heavy powers respectively. 浮、中、沉 fú、zhōng、chén 883 Cun, Guan and Chi The three sections over the radial artery for feeling the pulse. Specifically, the Guan position is central to the styloid process at the wrist, where the tip of the physician’s middle finger is placed; the Chi position is next to it on the distal aspect where the tip of the physicians’ index finger is placed; and the Cun position is on the proximal aspect where the tip of the physicians’ ring finger is placed. 寸关尺 cùn guān chǐ 884 The Cun pulsation One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the radial styloid process. 寸脉 cùn mài 885 The Guan pulsation One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the ulnar side of the radial styloid process. 关脉 guān mài 886 The Chi pulsation One of the three positions at the Cunkou area: the pulsation of the radial artery felt at the cubital side of the radial styloid process. 尺脉 chǐ mài 887 Pressing with one finger A pulse diagnosis method to feel the pulse on one hand with just one finger to differentiate the conditions of Cun, Guan and Chi pulses. For example, to lift the index and ring fingers while feeling the Guan position with the middle finger. 单按 dān àn 888 Normal pulse Healthy pulse A pulse that can be felt at all three regions, with a frequency of 4–5 beats (60–75 beats per minute (bpm)) in one breath. It is neither superficial nor deep. It is relaxed, smooth, soft, forceful and rhythmic. It is marked by the three essential elements: stomach qi, spirit and root. 平脉 píng mài 常脉 889 Floating pulse Superficial A pulse that can be easily felt with gentle touch but become insufficient or weak when pressing down. Often indicates an exterior pattern or yang qi deficiency. 浮脉 fú mài 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 89 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 890 Deep pulse A pulse that is difficult to feel with light or moderate pressure but can be felt on heavy pressure. It indicates an interior pattern. Specifically, a deep, forceful pulse indicates an interior excess pattern; whereas a deep, weak pulse indicates an interior deficiency pattern. 沉脉 chén mài 891 Slow pulse A pulse with less than 4 beats in one breath (<60 bpm). It indicates a cold pattern. 迟脉 chí mài 892 Rapid pulse A pulse with more than 5 beats in one breath (>75 bpm). It indicates a heat pattern. Specifically, a rapid, forceful pulse indicates an excess heat pattern; whereas a rapid, weak pulse indicates a deficiency heat pattern. 数脉 shuò mài 893 Surging pulse A pulse that is broad, large and forceful like roaring waves that crash onto the shore powerfully and slowly fade away. Often indicates an excess heat pattern. 洪脉 hóng mài 894 Large pulse A pulse that is broad and can be felt on all three fingers. It indicates pathogenic factors prevailing over anti-pathogenic qi. A large, forceful pulse indicates an excess heat pattern; whereas a large, weak pulse indicates a deficiency pattern or loss of qi. 大脉 dà mài 895 Feeble pulse Indistinct pulse A pulse that is extremely thin, soft and barely palpable. It may be felt and then sometimes is lost. It indicates deficiency of yin, yang, qi and blood. 微脉 wēi mài 896 Thready pulse Thin pulse A pulse that feels thin and soft, like a silken thread. It indicates deficiency or dampness. 细脉 xì mài 897 Scattered pulse A pulse that feels superficial without root. With light pressure, it is irregularly and chaotic. With heavy pressure, it is impalpable. It indicates critical conditions with dispersion of Yuan- primordial qi. 散脉 sǎn mài 898 Deficient pulse Feeble Fine A pulse that is weak at all three regions, with emptiness feeling when pressed with force. It indicates a deficiency pattern. 虚脉 xū mài 90 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 899 Excess pulse Forceful Full Strong A pulse that is forceful at all three regions using different pressure. It indicates an excess pattern. 实脉 shí mài 900 Slippery pulse A pulse that feels smooth like pearls rolling on a dish. Beats come and go fluently and smoothly, feeling slick to the fingers. It indicates phlegm- fluid retention, indigestion and excess heat. Physiologically, it can be considered as a normal pulse. It can also be seen in healthy people or women during pregnancy, indicating abundant and harmonious qi and blood. 滑脉 huá mài 901 Hesitant pulse Rough Choppy A pulse that feels stagnant and obstructive, like a knife scraping bamboo. It indicates consumption of essence, blood/fluids insufficiency, or qi stagnation and blood stasis. 涩脉 sè mài 902 Long pulse A pulse that can be felt beyond the Cun, Guan and Chi positions. It is straight from head to tail. It is straight and long like a pole. It indicates yang excess with internal heat. 长脉 cháng mài 903 Short pulse A pulse that cannot reach its location or range. It can be felt most clearly at the Guan position, more indistinct at the Cun and the Chi positions. A short, forceful pulse indicates qi stagnation; whereas a short, weak pulse indicates qi deficiency. 短脉 duǎn mài 904 Wiry pulse String-like pulse A pulse that feels straight, long and tense, like the feeling of pressing a tight string of a musical instrument. It indicates liver/gallbladder problems, pain, wind, or phlegm-fluid retention. 弦脉 xián mài 905 Hollow pulse Scallion-like pulse A pulse that feels superficial, large but empty in the centre, like a scallion (spring onion) stalk. It could be due to a sudden loss of blood and/or fluid causing the emptiness, resulting in severe yin deficiency and subsequent massive dispersion of yang. 芤脉 kōu mài 906 Tight pulse A pulse that feels like pulling a twisted rope. It indicates a cold pattern, pain pattern or indigestion. 紧脉 jǐn mài 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 91 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 907 Slowdown pulse Moderate A pulse with about 4 beats in one breath (60 bpm). The beats come and go slowly. It indicates dampness, weakness of the spleen and stomach, or low ability to energize the pulse due to qi deficiency. 缓脉 huǎn mài 908 Tympanic pulse Drum-skin A pulse that can be easily felt with gentle touch. It is superficial with an empty centre, feeling like the head of a drum. It indicates loss of blood/essence and insecurity of healthy qi. 革脉 gé mài 909 Firm pulse A pulse that feels deep, excessive, string-taut and long. It is indistinct on light or moderate pressure but stable on heavy pressure. It indicates internal cold, perhaps hernia and abdominal masses. 牢脉 láo mài 910 Weak pulse A pulse that feels thready, soft, deep and weak. It indicates deficiency of qi and blood. 弱脉 ruò mài 911 Soft pulse Soggy A pulse that is superficial, thready and can be felt with light pressure but indistinct upon heavy pressure. It indicates loss of yin blood or dampness. 濡脉 rú mài 912 Hidden pulse A pulse that is difficult to feel and requires heavy pressure down to the bone. It indicates severe stagnation of pathogenic factors. 伏脉 fú mài 913 Skipping pulse Hasty pulse A pulse that arrives as urgent and forceful but irregularly interrupted. It indicates excess heat, stagnation of qi, blood, phlegm-fluid retention or swelling/pain. 促脉 cù mài 914 Knotted pulse Bound A pulse that arrives unhurriedly and stops at irregular intervals. It indicates qi stagnation due to excess yin, blood stasis due to cold phlegm or deficiency of qi and blood. 结脉 jié mài 915 Regularly intermittent pulse Intermittent A pulse that arrives fast, and stops regularly for a relatively longer period of time. It indicates qi deficiency of the zang organs, fear or traumatic injuries. 代脉 dài mài 92 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 916 Racing pulse Swift pulse A pulse that arrives swiftly and has a faster rate than a rapid pulse. It indicates acute febrile conditions, exhaustion of yin and impending exhaustion of Yuan-primordial qi. 疾脉 jí mài 极脉 917 Pulse on the back of the wrist A physiological variation of a normal pulse: the changes of the anatomic position of the radial artery shifts the pulse normally at the Cunkou region to the back of the wrist from the Chi position. 反关脉 fǎn guān mài 918 Oblique flying pulse Oblique running pulse A physiological variation of a normal pulse: the changes of the anatomic position of the radial artery shifts the pulse normally at the Cunkou region to the dorsum of the hand from the Chi position. 斜飞脉 xié fēi mài 919 Anterior tibial (Fuyang) pulse A pulse located at the anterior tibial artery of the dorsum of the foot. It is also known as surging yang (Chongyang) pulse. It is used to indicate the sufficiency of the qi and blood of spleen and stomach. 趺阳脉 fū yáng mài 920 Hooked pulse A pulse that feels firm, surging and large. It comes powerfully and fades away slowly. It is normal in summer. 钩脉 gōu mài 921 Abnormal frequency pulse A pulse with one beat or three beats in one breath. It is often seen in a pregnant woman about to give birth. 离经脉 lí jīng mài 922 Six yang pulse One of the normal pulses: constitutional surging and large on Cun, Guan and Chi positions of both hands. 六阳脉 liù yáng mài 923 Six yin pulse One of the normal pulses: constitutional deep and thready on Cun, Guan and Chi positions of both hands. 六阴脉 liù yīn mài 924 Calm breathing Normal breathing frequency used in ancient times as a reference in measuring patients’ breathing frequencies. 平息 píng xī 925 Carotid pulsation Renying pulsation The pulsation of the carotid artery, easily felt on both sides of the laryngeal prominence. 人迎脉 rén yíng mài 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 93 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 926 Strange pulse True visceral pulse; exhaustion pulse; failure pulse; critical pulse A pulse that has no root (stomach qi). Often occurs in later stage of critical conditions, indicating qi exhaustion of zang–fu organs and collapse of stomach qi. 怪脉 guài mài 真脏脉；败脉； 死脉；绝脉 927 Menstruation pulse A pulse (usually slippery) often seen in healthy menstruating women. It indicates harmony between qi and blood during the period. 月经脉 yuè jīng mài 928 Pregnancy pulse A pulse characterized by slippery and rapid on the Chi positions, because the Chi position corresponds to the kidney and the uterus is associated with the kidney. A slippery, rapid pulse results from moving of fetal qi. 妊娠脉 rèn shēn mài 929 Combined pulses Presence of two or more pulse conditions. 相兼脉 xiāng jiān mài 930 2.3 Pattern differentiation methods 2.3 辨证方法类 931 Pattern differentiation by the eight principles A method to differentiate diseases into yin, yang, exterior, interior, cold, heat, deficiency and excess patterns through analysing the data collected by the four diagnostic methods. The analysis focuses on the disease location, nature and strength between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors. 八纲辨证 bā gāng biàn zhèng 932 Concurrent exterior and interior pattern The coexistence of exterior pattern and interior pattern. Often occurs when exogenous pathogenic factors enter the interior before exterior pattern is resolved. Alternatively, it may occur when biao (branch) is affected before the ben (root) disorders are resolved. 表里同病 biǎo lǐ tóng bìng 933 Entering of exterior pattern and exiting of interior pattern The disease progression when pathogenic factors in the exterior enter the interior or when pathogenic factors in the interior move out to the exterior. 表里出入 biǎo lǐ chū rù 94 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 934 Exterior pathogen entering the interior Refers to unresolved pathogenic factors in the exterior entering the interior. Contributing factors include weakened anti-pathogenic qi, excessive pathogenic factors, improper care, and wrong or inappropriate treatment. 表邪入里 biǎo xié rù lǐ 表邪内陷 935 Interior pathogen moving out to the exterior Refers to pathogenic factors in interior pattern moving out to the exterior through proper care and strengthened anti-pathogenic qi. 里邪出表 lǐ xié chū biǎo 里病出表 936 Cold enveloping fire A condition characterized by chills, fever, absence of sweating, headache, body ache, stuffy/runny nose, cough with sticky phlegm, asthma, loss of voice, red, swollen and painful eyes, swollen, painful gums, and thirst. The tongue coating is thin and yellow. The pulse is superficial, slippery and rapid. Often occurs when external wind cold envelops internal heat. 寒包火 hán bāo huǒ 937 True/false of cold and heat Refers to how extreme cold or heat may cause false symptoms in critical conditions, such as extreme cold manifesting as heat or extreme heat manifesting as cold. 寒热真假 hán rè zhēn jiǎ 938 True cold with false heat A yin pattern with apparent yang symptoms. These include fever but prefer more clothes or blanket; thirst but no desire to drink water; and restless hands and feet but mental tranquillity. The tongue coating is black but slippery and moist. The pulse is large and surging, but weak upon pressure. It is commonly seen in people with constitutional deficiency cold coupled with contraction of external pathogens or floating of deficiency yang (interior cold rejecting yang) due to over-exertion or dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs. 真寒假热 zhēn hán jiǎ rè 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 95 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 939 True heat with false cold A yang pattern with apparent yin symptoms. These include aversion to cold but no desire for more clothes or blanket; cold hands and feet but a burning sensation in the chest and abdomen; and watery diarrhoea with dry or strong-smelling stools. The pulse is deep but wiry, slippery and forceful upon pressure. In addition, excessive thirst, a dry mouth, a foul breath, a dry, white tongue coating, and yellow urine may be present. Often occurs when pathogenic factors enter the interior to transform into heat and causes yang excess to reject yin. 真热假寒 zhēn rè jiǎ hán 940 Cold–heat transformation Refers to cold pattern transforming into heat or heat pattern transforming into cold due to radical changes in yin, yang and a struggle between anti- pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors. 寒热转化 hán rè zhuǎn huà 941 Cold pattern transforming into heat This refers to originally a cold pattern followed by presence of heat pattern coupled with absence or insignificant cold pattern. Contributing factors include external contraction of cold or cold dampness coupled with hyperactivity of yang qi or damage to yin fluids by overuse of dry/warm- property medicines for a cold pattern. 寒证化热 hán zhèng huà rè 942 Heat pattern transforming into cold This refers to an initial heat pattern followed by presence of cold pattern coupled with absent or insignificant heat. Contributing factors include excessive heat consuming qi or damage to yang qi by overuse of cool/cold-property medicines for a heat pattern. 热证转寒 rè zhèng zhuǎn hán 96 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 943 Cold-heat rejection 1) A condition when pathogenic cold or heat rejects the normal treatment with cold- or heat- property medicines. For example, exuberant pathogenic heat may reject the cool-/cold- property medicines; likewise, exuberant pathogenic cold may reject warm or pungent medicines. In these cases, it is advisable to add a small dose of warm-heat-property medicines in a formula that mainly consists of cool-/cold- property ingredients to clear exuberant heat, or vice versa. 2) This type of contrasting pathological state could exist when extreme yin cold rejects yang heat or extreme yang heat rejects yin cold. 寒热格拒 hán rè gé jù 944 Deficiency and excess Two of the eight principles in differentiating the strength between pathogenic factors and anti-pathogenic qi. Excess means exuberant pathogenic factors, and deficiency means insufficiency of anti-pathogenic qi. 虚实 xū shí 945 Pattern differentiation of deficiency and excess A method to differentiate deficiency pattern or excess patterns according to the relative strength of pathogenic factors and anti-pathogenic qi. 虚实辨证 xū shí biàn zhèng 946 Pattern differentiation of yin and yang A method to differentiate yin pattern and/or yang pattern according to the basic properties of yin and yang and disease nature. 阴阳辨证 yīn yáng biàn zhèng 947 Concurrent patterns The coexistence of multiple patterns, excluding those with opposite disease nature. Examples include exterior deficiency pattern, exterior cold pattern, interior excess pattern, interior deficiency cold pattern, etc. 证候相兼 zhèng hòu xiāng jiān 948 Pattern transformation This refers to mutual transformation of patterns with opposite nature under certain conditions. 证候转化 zhèng hòu zhuǎn huà 949 Pattern differentiation of etiological factors A pattern differentiation method to analyse clinical signs and symptoms to identify etiological factors according to their pathogenic factors. There are generally five categories of etiological factors: six exogenous pathogenic factors, emotional disturbance, an improper diet, over- exertion/physical inactivity and traumatic injury. 病因辨证 bìng yīn biàn zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 97 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 950 Pathogenic wind pattern Characterized by aversion to wind, fever, sweating, headache, stuffy/runny nose, and a dry throat. The tongue coating is thin and white. The pulse is superficial and delayed. Often occurs when exogenous pathogenic wind attacks the exterior. 风淫证 fēng yín zhèng 951 Pathogenic cold pattern Characterized by chills, fever, absence of sweating, headache, body ache, rapid breathing, and coughing. The tongue coating is thin and white. The pulse is superficial and tight. Alternatively, contracture of the hands and feet, cold limbs, abdominal pain, bowel sounds, diarrhoea and vomiting may be present. Often occurs when exogenous pathogenic cold damages yang qi and obstructs the flow of qi and blood. 寒淫证 hán yín zhèng 952 Pathogenic summer heat pattern Characterized by aversion to heat, sweating, thirst, fatigue, and yellow urine. The tongue is red with a white or yellow coating. The pulse is deficient and rapid. Often occurs when exogenous pathogenic summer heat consumes qi, damages fluids or binds with dampness. 暑淫证 shǔ yín zhèng 953 Pathogenic dampness pattern Characterized by distending headache, chest stuffiness, no thirst, body heaviness, body ache, fever, fatigue and turbid urine. The tongue coating is white and slippery. The pulse is soft or delayed. Often occurs when pathogenic dampness affects the skin, muscles, sinews or bones. 湿淫证 shī yín zhèng 954 Pathogenic dryness pattern Characterized by mild headache, aversion to cold, absence of sweating, coughing, scratchy throat, and nasal obstruction. The tongue is dry and pale. The pulse is superficial and tight. Alternatively, fever, sweating, thirst, a dry throat, cough-induced chest pain or blood-stained sputum may be present. The tongue is dry with a yellow coating. The pulse is superficial and rapid. 燥淫证 zào yín zhèng 98 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 955 Pathogenic fire pattern Characterized by high fever, thirst, a red face and eyes, restlessness, delirium, nosebleed and hematemesis. The tongue is deep red. The pulse is surging and rapid or thready and rapid. Often occurs when fire, heat or warmth enters the Ying- nutrients and blood phase to consume and stir blood, forcing the blood to move recklessly. 火淫证 huǒ yín zhèng 956 Excessive worry pattern Characterized by listlessness, lassitude, feeling depressed, a low voice and reluctance to talk, feeling sadness, poor sleep, dream-disturbed sleep and a dull headache. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is weak. Often results from qi stagnation due to excessive worries. 忧证 yōu zhèng 957 Excessive anger pattern Characterized by chest tightness, frequent sighing, restlessness, irritability, flushed face and ears, distending pain in the sub-costal region, dizziness, blurred vision, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, and aggressiveness. In severe cases, hallucination, fainting or vomiting of blood may be present. The tongue is red with a thin, yellow coating. The pulse is wiry. Often results from liver qi stagnation due to sudden rage or inhibited anger for a long period of time. 怒证 nù zhèng 958 Excessive thinking pattern Characterized by lassitude, insomnia, dream- disturbed sleep, dizziness, poor memory, a poor appetite, abdominal fullness/distension, mild or severe palpitations, mental distraction, flaccid muscles, and limb weakness. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is weak and thready. Often occurs when too much thinking or mental exertion causes qi of the spleen and stomach to stagnate. 思证 sī zhèng 959 Excessive fear pattern Characterized by mental stress, jumpiness or easily startled, difficulty sleeping, interrupted sleep, mild or severe palpitations, and uneasiness. Often occurs when shocking and horrifying incidents causes qi to descend. 恐证 kǒng zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 99 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 960 Excessive fright pattern Characterized by palpitations, poor, interrupted sleep, panic, easily startled, spontaneous sweating, lassitude, and frequent urination with profuse, clear urine. The tongue is pale red with a thin, white coating. The pulse is short or stirring. Often occurs when sudden fright causes qi disorder and mental restlessness. 惊证 jīng zhèng 961 Excessive joy pattern Characterized by mental distraction, mild or severe palpitations, limb weakness, incoherent speech, uncontrollable episodes of laughing, and strange behaviour. In severe cases, mental aberration may be present. The tongue is pale with a thin coating. The pulse is delayed. Often occurs when excessive joy causes qi to slack. 喜证 xǐ zhèng 962 Excessive grief pattern Characterized by talking to oneself, mental distraction, restlessness, loneliness, chest tightness, sadness, mild or severe palpitations, poor memory, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, a low voice, a pale, lustreless facial complexion, and lying in a curled up position with little or no physical activity. Often occurs when excessive grief consumes lung qi and affects the heart mind. 悲证 bēi zhèng 963 Pattern differentiation of qi, blood and bodily fluids A pattern differentiation method to analyse pathologies of qi, blood and bodily fluids according to the relevant theories of the zang–fu organs. 气血津液辨证 qì xuè jīn yè biàn zhèng 964 Pattern differentiation of zang–fu organs A pattern differentiation method to analyse signs and symptoms according to physiology and pathology of zang–fu organs to deduce the disease location and nature, as well as the strength between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors. 脏腑辨证 zàng fǔ biàn zhèng 965 Pattern differentiation of Wei-defence, qi, Ying nutrients and blood A pattern differentiation method for pathological phases of externally contracted febrile diseases. It includes Wei-defence phase pattern, qi phase pattern, Ying nutrients phase pattern and blood phase pattern, indicating the depth, severity and transmission of epidemic febrile diseases. 卫气营血辨证 wèi qì yíng xuè biàn zhèng 100 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 966 Non-sequential transmission Refers to pathogenic factors directly entering the Ying nutrients and blood phases from the Wei- defence phase (skipping the qi phase). Often indicates a more severe condition. 逆传 nì chuán 967 Pathogenic warmth entering the pericardium Characterized by a high-grade fever, unconsciousness, delirium and restlessness. The tongue is deep red. The pulse is rapid. Often occurs when pathogenic warmth attacks the Wei-defence first and then directly enters the pericardium. 逆传心包证 nì chuán xīn bāo zhèng 968 Pattern involving both the Wei-defence and Ying nutrients Characterized by Ying nutrients phase symptoms including fever that worsens at night, mental cloudiness and a deep red tongue as well as Wei- defence phase symptoms including aversion to cold, cough and a thin, white tongue coating. Often occurs when a Wei-defence phase pattern transmits to the pericardium or to the Ying nutrients phase; however, pathogenic factors still retain in the Wei-defence phase. 卫营同病 wèi yíng tóng bìng 969 Pattern differentiation of six meridians A pattern differentiation method developed by Zhang Zhongjing for externally contracted conditions according to the six meridians established in the Huang Di Nei Jing: Taiyang meridian, Yangming meridian, Shaoyang meridian, Taiyin meridian, Shaoyin meridian and Jueyin meridian. 六经辨证 liù jīng biàn zhèng 970 Combined disorder This means one meridian pattern develops before another meridian pattern resolves. 并病 bìng bìng 971 Concurrent meridian pattern Refers to pattern involving two or three meridians simultaneously. 合病 hé bìng 972 Meridian transmission Refers to the pattern of one meridian transforming into the pattern of another meridian during pathological processes of cold damage diseases. 传经 chuán jīng 973 Sequential meridian transmission This means that externally contracted conditions transmit according to the sequence of six meridians. 循经传 xún jīng chuán 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 101 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 974 Non-sequential meridian transmission This means that externally contracted conditions skip one or two meridians and directly transmit to the next meridian. 越经传 yuè jīng zhuàn 975 Paired meridian transmission This means that externally contracted conditions transmit to the exteriorly–interiorly connected meridians. 表里传 biǎo lǐ chuán 976 Direct attack to yin meridians This means that instead of transmitting from yang meridians, pathogenic factors directly attack the yin meridians. 直中 zhí zhòng 977 Patterns of the three yang meridians The patterns of six meridians are categorized into two types: patterns of the three yang meridians and patterns of the three yin meridians. Patterns of the three yang meridians include Taiyang pattern, Yangming pattern and Shaoyang pattern. They often manifest as heat and excess due to a fierce struggle between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors. 三阳病证 sān yáng bìng zhèng 978 Patterns of the three yin meridians The patterns of six meridians are categorized into two types: patterns of the three yang meridians and patterns of the three yin meridians. Patterns of the three yin meridians include Taiyin pattern, Shaoyin pattern, and Jueyin pattern. They often manifest as cold and deficiency due to weakness of anti-pathogenic qi. 三阴病证 sān yīn bìng zhèng 979 Pattern differentiation of the three jiao Pattern differentiation of the triple energizer A pattern differentiation method based on the three transmission stages (upper jiao, middle jiao and lower jiao) of febrile diseases developed by a Qing dynasty physician Wu Jutong (1758–1836). The upper jiao pattern involves the lung and pericardium, the middle jiao pattern involves the spleen and stomach, and the lower jiao pattern involves the liver and kidney. 三焦辨证 sān jiāo biàn zhèng 102 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 980 Pattern transmission along the three jiao Pattern transmission along triple energizer Febrile diseases first affect the upper jiao, then the middle jiao and further to the lower jiao. This is known as the sequential transmission, indicating a mild-to-severe pathological process. Direct transmission from the lung Wei-defence to pericardium is known as nonsequential transmission. It is often a critical condition due to exuberant pathogenic heat. 三焦传变 sān jiāo chuán biàn 981 Upper jiao pattern Characterized by fever, sweating, coughing and panting. Unconsciousness and delirium may also be present. Often occurs when pathogenic warm heat attacks the lung and pericardium meridians. 上焦病证 shàng jiāo bìng zhèng 982 Middle jiao pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, abdominal fullness and constipation. Alternatively, subjective feverish sensation without elevated temperature, nausea, vomiting, stomach stuffiness and loose stools. Often occurs when pathogenic warm heat affects the spleen and stomach and transforms into dryness or dampness. 中焦病证 zhōng jiāo bìng zhèng 983 Lower jiao pattern Characterized by fever, flushed cheeks, and twitching or spasms of hands/feet. The tongue is deep red with a scanty coating. Often occurs when pathogenic warm heat attacks the lower jiao and impairs yin of the liver and kidney. 下焦病证 xià jiāo bìng zhèng 984 Pattern differentiation of meridians A pattern differentiation method based on meridian theory. It aims to analyse clinical signs and symptoms, identify specific meridians and related zang–fu organs and then conclude the etiological factors, pathological nature and pathological mechanism. 经络辨证 jīng luò biàn zhèng 985 Patterns of the eight extra meridians The eight extra meridians include Chong, Ren, Du, Dai, Yinwei, Yangwei, Yinqiao and Yangqiao meridians. They facilitate the connections among the twelve regular meridians and harmonize yin, yang, qi and blood. Pathologically, the eight extra meridians manifest as problems along their pathways or disorders associated with their special functions. 奇经八脉病证 qí jīng bā mài bìng zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 103 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 986 Stroke of meridians A condition characterized by limb heaviness, hemiplegia and slurred speech. Often occurs when qi and blood fail to circulate through the limbs after wind attacks the meridians. 中经 zhòng jīng 987 Stroke of collaterals A condition characterized by skin numbness, impaired movement and deviation of eyes and mouth border. Often occurs when wind attacks and blocks the collaterals. 中络 zhòng luò 988 2.4 Patterns Patterns 2.4 证候 989 Patterns according to the eight principles Principle-based pattern 八纲证类 bā gāng zhèng lèi 990 Yang pattern Causes outward, upward symptoms and manifests as conditions characterized by excitability, hyperactivity, restlessness, and brightness. It encompasses exterior pattern, heat pattern and excess pattern. 阳证 yáng zhèng 991 Yin pattern Causes inward, downward symptoms and manifests as conditions characterized by inhibition, listlessness, tranquillity and gloominess. It encompasses interior pattern, cold pattern and deficiency pattern. 阴证 yīn zhèng 992 Heat pattern Characterized by fever, a red face, thirst, constipation and yellow or red urine. Alternatively, malar flush, night sweats, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, a dry, red tongue and a thready, rapid pulse may be present. It is sub-categorized into patterns of exterior heat, interior heat, deficiency heat and excess heat. Often results from contracting pathogenic heat or hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency. 热证 rè zhèng 993 Cold pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, cold intolerance, cold pain with preference for warmth, absence of thirst, thin, clear phlegm and nasal discharge, clear, profuse urine, loose stools and a pale complexion. The tongue is purple with a white coating. The pulse is tight or slow. Often results from excess of yin qi or cold attacking the interior. 寒证 hán zhèng 104 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 994 Excess pattern Characterized by high fever, thirst, chest tightness, panting, rapid breathing, phlegm sounds in the throat, restlessness, delirium, abdominal distension/pain/tenderness, and scanty, dark- yellow urine or hesitant, painful urination. The tongue is rough with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is replete and forceful. Contributing factors may include six pathogenic factors, parasites or dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs (subsequent food stagnation, retention of phlegm/fluid/water/ dampness and blood stasis). 实证 shí zhèng 995 Deficiency pattern Characterized by general weakness, a weak pulse and abdominal softness. Often results from insufficiency of qi, yin, yang or blood. 虚证 xū zhèng 996 Exterior pattern Characterized by aversion to wind/cold, fever, headache, and body aches. The tongue coating is thin. The pulse is floating. These signs and symptoms are often seen in the early stage of externally contracted conditions that have a sudden onset, superficial location and a short duration. Often occurs when exogenous pathogenic factors affect the interstices, joints and head. 表证 biǎo zhèng 997 Interior pattern A group of patterns caused by entering of external pathogens into the interior, improper diet, over exhaustion, emotional disturbance or phlegm stasis, resulting in disorders and dysfunctions in qi, blood, yin, yang, zang–fu organs and meridian systems. 里证 lǐ zhèng 998 True cold with false heat pattern Characterized by true-cold signs and symptoms such as cold hands/feet, profuse, clear urine, a pale tongue with a white coating, coupled with false-heat signs and symptoms such as fever but with a desire to put on more clothes, flushed cheeks and thirst with a desire for hot water. Often results from blockage of external yang by severe interior yin and cold. 真寒假热证 zhēn hán jiǎ rè zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 105 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 999 Combined cold and heat pattern Characterized by simultaneous occurrence of cold pattern and heat pattern in one individual patient at a certain pathological stage. 寒热错杂证 hán rè cuò zá zhèng 寒热夹杂证 1000 True excess with false deficiency pattern An excess pattern that displays false deficiency symptoms. 真实假虚证 zhēn shí jiǎ xū zhèng 1001 Exterior cold with interior heat pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, body aches, absence of sweating, vexation, panting, and thirst. The tongue is red with a yellow, white coating. The pulse is floating and rapid. Often occurs when pathogenic cold binds the exterior and blocks the heat inside. 表寒里热证 biǎo hán lǐ rè zhèng 1002 Exterior heat with interior cold pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, sweating, headache, sore throat, clear urine, loose stools, and abdominal fullness and distension. Often caused by constitutional yang deficiency coupled with contraction of external heat. 表热里寒证 biǎo rè lǐ hán zhèng 1003 Exterior–interior excess cold pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, cold limbs, headache, body aches, and absence of sweating. Alternatively, coughing with white phlegm, cold pain in the stomach and abdomen, vomiting and diarrhoea with clear and watery discharge may also be present. Often occurs when pathogenic cold affects both the exterior and interior. 表里实寒证 biǎo lǐ shí hán zhèng 表里俱寒证 1004 Exterior–interior excess heat pattern Characterized by fever, mild aversion to wind/cold, headache, body aches, vexation, panting, thirst, constipation and yellow urine. The tongue is red with a thin, yellow coating. The pulse is floating and rapid. Often occurs when pathogenic wind heat or pestilence affects both the exterior and interior. 表里实热证 biǎo lǐ shí rè zhèng 表里俱热证 1005 Upper excess with lower deficiency pattern Characterized by deficiency of the liver and kidney coupled with accumulation of phlegm heat in the upper body. 上盛下虚证 shàng shèng xià xū zhèng 1006 Upper heat with lower cold pattern Characterized by heat retention in the upper body but cold retention in the lower body. 上热下寒证 shàng rè xià hán zhèng 1007 Upper cold with lower heat pattern Characterized by cold retention in the upper body but heat retention in the lower body. 上寒下热证 shàng hán xià rè zhèng 106 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1008 Neither exterior nor interior pattern Half exterior and half interior (commonly used but wrong in meaning) Characterized by alternating fever and aversion to cold, fullness in the chest and sub-costal area, vexation, vomiting, poor appetite, a bitter mouth, a dry throat and blurred vision. The pulse is wiry. Often occurs when anti-pathogenic qi fights with pathogenic factors between the exterior and interior: exogenous pathogenic factors have not entered the interior or internal pathogenic factors have not reached the exterior. 半表半里证 bàn biǎo bàn lǐ zhèng 1009 Exterior–interior excess pattern Characterized by fever, aversion to heat, absence of sweating, headache, neck stiffness, restlessness, abdominal distension and constipation. In severe cases, mania may be present. The tongue coating is dry and thick. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often results from unresolved pathogenic factors in the exterior coupled with internal retention of undigested food, accumulated heat, phlegm fluid, water dampness, stagnant blood, dry faeces, pus, parasites and stones. 表里俱实证 biǎo lǐ jù shí zhèng 1010 Exterior excess with interior deficiency pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, absence of sweating, and fever. Associated symptoms include lassitude, shortness of breath, a poor appetite, fatigue, palpitations and lower back pain. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is superficial. Often occurs as a result of the struggle between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors coupled with deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi. Alternatively, it may result from deficiency of the heart, spleen and kidney coupled with external contraction of wind cold. It may also result from inappropriate use of purgative therapy for external contraction of wind cold. 表实里虚证 biǎo shí lǐ xū zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 107 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1011 Exterior deficiency with interior excess pattern Characterized by aversion to wind, sweating, coughing with profuse phlegm, and abdominal distension/pain with tenderness, and constipation. The tongue is dark with a yellow, thick coating. Often results from deficiency of Wei-defensive qi coupled with build up of internal heat. Alternatively, it may occur when retained food in the stomach and intestines transform into heat, along with external contraction of wind. It may also result from inappropriate treatment of an exterior pattern or inappropriate use of sweating therapy for an interior excess pattern. 表虚里实证 biǎo xū lǐ shí zhèng 1012 Exterior excess pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, absence of sweating, headache and body aches. The pulse is superficial and tense. Often occurs when the struggle between yang qi and pathogenic factors closes the skin striae. 表实证 biǎo shí zhèng 1013 Combined deficiency and excess pattern Characterized by coexistence of excess of pathogenic factors and deficiency of anti- pathogenic qi. It may present as a deficiency pattern coupled with excess, an excess pattern coupled with deficiency, or mixed deficiency and excess. 虚实夹杂证 xū shí jiā zá zhèng 1014 Patterns related to causative factors Environmental factor patterns 病因证类 bìng yīn zhèng lèi 1015 Wind attacking the exterior pattern Wind invading the exterior pattern Characterized by aversion to wind, fever, sweating and a superficial pulse. Alternatively, skin itching, oedema, cough, sore throat, headache or body aches may be present. Often occurs when wind attacks the surface of the body and affects the normal functioning of the Wei-defence. 风邪袭表证 fēng xié xí biǎo zhèng 风邪犯表证；风 邪外袭证 1016 Wind heat exterior pattern Wind heat invading the exterior pattern Characterized by fever, mild aversion to cold/wind, sweating, thirst, and red, sore throat. The tongue tip is red with a thin, yellow coating. The pulse is superficial and rapid. Often occurs when wind heat attacks the surface of the body and affects the normal functioning of the Wei-defence. 风热表证 fēng rè biǎo zhèng 风热外侵证；风 热犯表证 108 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1017 Wind heat and dampness pattern Characterized by fever, thirst with little water intake, and limb heaviness. Alternatively, skin rashes, blisters, itching or oozing may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. Often occurs when wind heat that carries dampness affects the skin. 风热夹湿证 fēng rè jiā shī zhèng 1018 Wind dampness transformed heat pattern Wind dampness transformed fire pattern Characterized by limb soreness/heaviness, and joint swelling, pain and impaired movement. Alternatively, skin itching, oozing, fever, and thirst may be present. The tongue is red with a dry, yellow/white coating. Often occurs when retained wind dampness transforms into heat. 风湿化热证 fēng shī huà rè zhèng 风湿化火证 1019 Wind cold transformed heat pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, headache, body ache and joint soreness/pain. Associated symptoms include cough with thick phlegm, and a sore/scratchy throat. The tongue tip is red with a dry, yellow/white coating. The pulse is rapid. Often occurs when retained wind cold transforms into heat and enters the interior. 风寒化热证 fēng hán huà rè zhèng 风寒郁热证 1020 Wind cold exterior pattern Cold/wind cold binding the exterior pattern Characterized by severe aversion to cold, fever, absence of sweating, headache, and body aches. Alternatively, nasal obstruction, clear nasal discharge, and cough may be present. The tongue coating is thin and white. The pulse is superficial and tense. Often occurs when wind cold blocks the skin pores. 风寒表证 fēng hán biǎo zhèng 寒邪束表证;风 寒束表证 1021 Wind dampness attacking the exterior pattern Characterized by body soreness/heaviness, headache with a heavy sensation, aversion to cold, fever that cannot be resolved by sweating, chest tightness, and absence of thirst. The tongue coating is white, slippery or greasy. The pulse is soft and delayed. Often occurs when wind dampness attacks the surface of the body and obstructs the flow of Wei-defensive qi. 风湿袭表证 fēng shī xí biǎo zhèng 1022 Wind toxin attacking the exterior pattern Characterized by sudden skin itching, papules or wheals. The pulse is superficial. Often occurs when wind toxin attacks the surface of the body. 风毒犯表证 fēng dú fàn biǎo zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 109 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1023 Wind toxin pattern Exuberance of wind toxin pattern Characterized by sudden skin swelling, numbness, itching or pain and redness, swelling and pain of the head/face/mouth/nose and eyes. Alternatively, wheals may be present. The pulse is superficial and rapid. Often occurs when wind toxin attacks the skin. 风毒证 fēng dú zhèng 风毒炽盛证 1024 Wind dampness accumulating in the skin pattern Characterized by skin itching, ulceration, rashes or oozing. Often occurs when wind dampness retains in the skin. 风湿蕴肤证 fēng shī yùn fū zhèng 1025 Wind toxin accumulating in the skin pattern Characterized by skin redness, itching, pain, rashes or wheals. In severe cases, skin ulcer or peeling may be present. Often occurs when wind toxin retains in the skin. 风毒蕴肤证 fēng dú yùn fū zhèng 1026 Excess cold pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, cold limbs, abdominal pain with tenderness, bowel sounds, diarrhoea, loss of sense of taste with profuse salivation, and clear, profuse urine. The tongue coating is white and moist. The pulse is slow or tight. Often occurs when pathogenic cold attacks the body. 实寒证 shí hán zhèng 1027 Deficiency cold pattern Characterized by a bright, pale complexion, cold intolerance, and clear, profuse urine. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is deep, slow or deep, thready and weak. Contributing factors may include constitutional yang qi deficiency, chronic internal dysfunctions or inappropriate treatment damaging yang qi. 虚寒证 xū hán zhèng 1028 Exterior cold pattern Characterized by severe aversion to cold, mild fever, headache, and joint soreness/pain. The tongue coating is thin and white. The pulse is superficial and tight. Often occurs when wind cold attacks the surface of the body. 表寒证 biǎo hán zhèng 110 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1029 Cold induced qi stagnation pattern Characterized by headache, body aches, and joint pain with a cold sensation, and contracture of hands/feet. Alternatively, abdominal distension, fullness and pain with a cold sensation, vomiting of clear saliva, bowel sounds, and diarrhoea may be present. The tongue coating is white and moist. The pulse is wiry and tight. Often occurs when retained cold blocks the free flow of qi. 寒凝气滞证 hán níng qì zhì zhèng 1030 Cold induced blood stasis pattern Characterized by cold intolerance, cold pain that alleviates with warmth, bluish, cold limbs, delayed periods, and dysmenorrhea with dark, purple blood and clots. The tongue is dark purple with a white coating. The pulse is deep, slow and hesitant. Often occurs when cold blocks the circulation of blood. 寒凝血瘀证 hán níng xuè yū zhèng 1031 Retained cold dampness in the skin pattern Characterized by skin numbness, stiffness, swelling, insensitivity and cold upon palpation. Often occurs when cold dampness retains in the skin. 寒湿蕴肤证 hán shī yùn fū zhèng 1032 Retained excess cold in the chest pattern Characterized by pain below the heart and cold limbs. Alternatively, chest pain, abdominal distension and pain with tenderness and cough with white, thin phlegm may be present. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is deep, wiry and tight. Often occurs when pathogenic cold enters the interior or retains in the chest area due to the inappropriate use of purging therapy for Taiyang disease. It may also result from cold phlegm retention in the thoracic diaphragm. 寒实结胸证 hán shí jié xiōng zhèng 1033 Summer heat pattern Internal retention of summer heat pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, dizziness, sweating, lassitude, chest tightness, and scanty, yellow urine. The tongue is red with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. Often occurs when summer heat or pestilence attacks the body to cause a severe struggle between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors or a depletion of qi and fluids. 暑热证 shǔ rè zhèng 暑热内郁证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 111 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1034 Summer heat and dampness pattern Internal retention of summer heat and dampness Characterized by alternating chills and fever, inhibited sweating, limb heaviness, thirst, restlessness, dusty complexion, chest tightness, nausea, vomiting, loose stools with a sensation of incomplete evacuation, and scanty, hesitant urination. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when summer heat and dampness or pestilence enter and remain in the body. 暑湿证 shǔ shī zhèng 暑湿内蕴证 1035 Summer heat and dampness obstructed spleen pattern Characterized by abdominal discomfort, poor appetite, a sticky, greasy taste in the mouth, thirst with little water intake, limb soreness/heaviness/ pain, dizziness and headache with a distending sensation. Alternatively, waves of fever in the afternoon, limb oedema, loose stools, and scanty urine may be present. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when summer heat and dampness obstruct the qi activities of the spleen and stomach. 暑湿困脾证 shǔ shī kùn pí zhèng 1036 Summer heat and dampness attacking the exterior pattern Characterized by fever, mild aversion to wind cold, body heaviness, sweating/absence of sweating, and thirst. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is soft and rapid. Often occurs when summer heat and dampness attack the surface of the body and affect the normal functioning of the Wei-defensive qi. 暑湿袭表证 shǔ shī xí biǎo zhèng 1037 Summer heat stirring wind pattern Characterized by persistent high fever, unconsciousness, mania, delirium, and convulsions of the limbs. Alternatively, opisthotonus and trismus may be present. Often occurs when summer heat/dampness or pestilence stir the liver wind. 暑热动风证 shǔ rè dòng fēng zhèng 112 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1038 Summer heat consuming qi and yin pattern Summer heat consuming qi and fluids pattern Characterized by persistent high fever, thirst with a desire to drink water, dry skin, lassitude, and shortness of breath. Alternatively, gastric discomfort, abdominal distension, frequent vomiting, and diarrhoea may be present. The tongue is dry and red with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when summer heat or pestilence consumes qi and damages yin. 暑耗气阴证 shǔ hào qì yīn zhèng 暑伤津气证；暑 伤气津证 1039 Dampness affecting spleen yang pattern Dampness affecting the middle jiao pattern Characterized by gastric discomfort, abdominal distension, a greasy taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, loss of sense of taste, absence of thirst, abdominal pain, loose stools, and head/body heaviness. Alternatively, dark, yellowish eyes and body skin may be present. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is soft and delayed. Often occurs when retained dampness impairs spleen yang. 湿伤脾阳证 shī shāng pí yáng zhèng 1040 Damp heat pattern Damp heat accumulation pattern Characterized by inhibited body fever, body heaviness, gastric discomfort, thirst with little water intake/absence of thirst, scanty, yellow urine and loose stools with a sensation of incomplete evacuation. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when damp binds with heat, resulting in difficulty clearing heat and resolving dampness. 湿热证 shī rè zhèng 湿热蕴结证 1041 Damp heat downflow pattern Characterized by frequent, urgent, dribbling or painful urination. Alternatively, strong- smelling, loose stools, yellow, smelly vaginal discharge, eczema and itching of the external genitalia, and leg sores/ulcers may be present. The tongue coating is yellow and greasy. Often occurs when damp heat flows downward to affect the intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, external genitalia, and legs. 湿热下注证 shī rè xià zhù zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 113 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1042 Retained damp heat in the skin pattern Characterized by skin redness, swelling, ulcers, itching, and oozing. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when damp heat affects the surface of the body. 湿热蕴肤证 shī rè yùn fū zhèng 1043 Damp toxin pattern Accumulation of damp toxin pattern Characterized by chronic, progressive development of ulcerative oozing that is difficult to heal. Often occurs when long-term dampness transforms into toxins. 湿毒证 shī dú zhèng 湿毒蕴结证 1044 Wind dryness attacking the exterior pattern External dryness affecting the exterior pattern Characterized by mild fever, aversion to wind cold, headache, absence of sweating, a dry mouth and throat, and thirst. The pulse is superficial. Often occurs when wind dryness blocks the Wei- defensive qi and consumes body fluids. 风燥袭表证 fēng zào xí biǎo zhèng 外燥袭表证 1045 Dryness toxin pattern Dryness pattern Characterized by red, swollen, sore and ulcerative throat, constipation, dark yellow urine, thirst with a desire to drink water and dry nose and skin. Alternatively, red, ulcerative eyes may be present. The tongue is dry. The pulse is thready and hesitant. Often occurs when toxic dry heat attacks the body. 燥毒证 zào dú zhèng 1046 Fire toxin pattern Exuberance of toxic/pathogenic/ fire heat Characterized by red, swollen, ulcerative and painful skin boils with a burning sensation, fever, and thirst. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. Often occurs when fire heat transforms into toxins. 火毒证 huǒ dú zhèng 热毒炽盛证； 邪热炽盛证； 火热炽盛证 1047 Interior heat pattern Excess heat pattern Characterized by persistent high fever, red face and eyes, restlessness, thirst with a desire to drink cold water, constipation and scanty, dark yellow urine. In severe cases, unconsciousness and delirium may be present. The tongue is red with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is deep and excessive. Often occurs when external pathogenic warm heat enters the interior. 里热证 lǐ rè zhèng 实热证 114 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1048 Exterior heat pattern Exterior heat pattern Characterized by fever, aversion to wind, headache, thirst, sore throat, and cough with yellow phlegm. Sores, ulcers or boils may also be present. The tongue coating is thin and white or slightly yellow. The pulse is superficial and rapid. Often occurs when wind, heat or summer dryness attacks the surface of the body. 表热证 biǎo rè zhèng 1049 Interior heat toxin pattern Interior fire toxin pattern; fire/heat toxin blocking the interior pattern Characterized by a high-grade fever, thirst, unconsciousness, delirium, a dark red complexion, constipation and yellow urine. The tongue is dark red with a yellow coating. The pulse is deep and rapid. Often occurs when exuberant fire/heat toxins enters the zang–fu organs. 热毒内陷证 rè dú nèi xiàn zhèng 火毒内陷证；火 毒内闭证；热毒 内闭证 1050 Exuberant heat damaging yin pattern Pathogenic heat damaging yin pattern Characterized by fever, thirst with a desire to drink cold water, dry stools, and scanty, dark yellow urine. The tongue is dry and red with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when exuberant fire/heat damages yin fluids. 热盛伤阴证 rè shèng shāng yīn zhèng 邪热伤阴证 1051 Exuberant heat affecting the chest pattern Characterized by pain below the heart with tenderness, constipation, and fever or waves of fever. Alternatively, chest or abdominal distension/pain and cough may be present. The tongue coating is yellow. The pulse is deep and wiry. Often occurs when pathogenic factors affect the heart/chest due to inappropriate treatment of Taiyang disease. It may also occur as a result of phlegm-fluid retention in the thoracic diaphragm. 热实结胸证 rè shí jié xiōng zhèng 1052 Exuberant heat damaging fluids pattern Exuberant heat consuming fluids pattern Characterized by fever, thirst with a desire to drink water, dry, withered skin, sunken eyes, dry stools, and scanty, yellow urine. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when exuberant fire/heat consumes or damages bodily fluids. 热盛伤津证 rè shèng shāng jīn zhèng 热盛耗液证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 115 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1053 Warm toxin attacking the exterior pattern Characterized by fever, mild aversion to cold, body aches (like being beaten with a stick), and splitting headache. The tongue is red with a yellow, white coating. The pulse is superficial and rapid. Often occurs when fire/heat or pestilence attacks the Wei-defensive exterior. 温毒袭表证 wēn dú xí biǎo zhèng 1054 Retained heat toxin in the skin pattern Fire toxin accumulating in the skin pattern Characterized by red, swelling and painful skin sores/ulcers/boils with a burning sensation. Alternatively, thirst and constipation may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. Often occurs when toxic fire heat accumulates or remains in the skin. 热毒蕴肤证 rè dú yùn fū zhèng 火毒蕴结肌 肤证 1055 Wind fire/heat toxin pattern Characterized by red, swollen, itchy, numb or painful skin sores/boils, coupled with a burning sensation. Alternatively red, swollen and painful face, nose and eyes, fever, thirst, unconsciousness, delirium, constipation and yellow urine may be present. The tongue is deep red with brown/ yellow coating. The pulse is surging and rapid. Often occurs when toxic wind-fire/heat accumulates in the skin. 风火热毒证 fēng huǒ rè dú zhèng 1056 Toxin entering the Ying- nutrients blood pattern Characterized by a high fever, excessive thirst, unconsciousness, delirium and dark purple maculae or bleeding of dark red blood. The tongue is deep red. The pulse is rapid. Often occurs when toxic fire/heat enters the Ying nutrients and blood. 毒入营血证 dú rù yíng xuè zhèng 1057 Retained toxin pattern Characterized by a persistent low-grade fever and toxin-based symptoms. Often occurs when residual toxin remains in the body. 余毒未清证 yú dú wèi qīng zhèng 1058 Toxic pus pattern Accumulation of toxic pus pattern Characterized by sores/ulcers with the discharge of pus with a strong odour, fever and thirst. The tongue coating is putrid and greasy. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when toxic pus accumulates in the body. 脓毒证 nóng dú zhèng 脓毒蕴积证 116 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1059 Epidemic toxin blocking the heart spirit pattern Characterized by unconsciousness, delirium, sound of phlegm in the throat, difficulty breathing and constipation. Often occurs when epidemic toxin blocks the heart spirit. 疫毒内闭证 yì dú nèi bì zhèng 1060 Pathogenic factors hidden in the pleurodiaphragmatic interspace pattern Characterized by alternating chills and fever at fixed hours, a severe, splitting headache, body pain, distension and tightness in the sub-costal region, and vomiting of phlegm and saliva. The tongue coating appears like white powder. Often occurs when epidemic pathogens hide in between the exterior and interior. 邪伏膜原证 xié fú mó yuán zhèng 1061 Wind water pattern Pattern of wind and water contending with each other Characterized by sudden oedema in the eyelids, head, face and four limbs. Alternatively, wheals, mild aversion to wind cold and scanty urine may be present. The pulse is superficial. Often occurs when external wind affects the dispersing of lung qi and results in internal water retention. 风水证 fēng shuǐ zhèng 风水相搏证 1062 Residual heat pattern Lingering of residual heat pattern Characterized by persistent low fever or fever at night, restlessness, thirst, constipation, yellow urine, and fatigue. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when pathogenic heat is not completely removed. 余热未清证 yú rè wèi qīng zhèng 1063 Interior blockage and exterior collapse pattern Characterized by fever, cough, and panting. Alternatively, tenesmus, urine retention, constipation, cardiac or abdominal colic, a pale face, cold limbs, cold sweats, and faint breathing may be present. The pulse is extremely feeble. Often occurs when excessive pathogenic factors block the interior and anti-pathogenic qi becomes extremely deficient. 内闭外脱证 nèi bì wài tuō zhèng 1064 Cold phlegm pattern Characterized by coughing with white phlegm, chest tightness, gastric stuffiness, panting, wheezing sounds, cold intolerance, and cold limbs. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is wiry, slippery or wiry and tense. Often occurs when pathogenic cold binds with turbid phlegm. 寒痰证 hán tán zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 117 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1065 Heat phlegm pattern Characterized by coughing with yellow phlegm, fever and thirst. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when turbid phlegm binds with pathogenic heat. 热痰证 rè tán zhèng 1066 Damp phlegm pattern Characterized by cough with easy expectoration of profuse, sticky phlegm, limb heaviness, dizziness, tinnitus, chest stuffiness, and tightness, a low food intake, a greasy taste and a foreign body sensation in the throat. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is soft and slippery. Often results from the internal build up of phlegm dampness. 湿痰证 shī tán zhèng 痰湿证 1067 Wind phlegm pattern Characterized by vomiting of foamy phlegm, chest tightness, dizziness, headache, eye distension/ pain, sound of phlegm in the throat, and deviation of the eyes and mouth border. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is wiry and slippery. Often occurs when external wind that carries turbid phlegm attacks the body or liver wind that carries turbid phlegm affects the body. 风痰证 fēng tán zhèng 1068 Dry phlegm pattern Accumulation of dry phlegm Characterized by cough with difficult expectoration of sticky or blood-stained phlegm, chest tightness/pain, and a dry mouth and nose. The tongue is dry with a greasy coating. The pulse is hesitant. Often results from internal build up of dry heat and turbid phlegm. 燥痰证 zào tán zhèng 燥痰蕴结证 1069 Phlegm qi stagnation pattern Intermingled phlegm and qi pattern Characterized by emotional depression, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, a foreign body sensation in the throat, fullness, and tightness in the sub- costal region and profuse phlegm. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is wiry and slippery. Often results from phlegm binding with qi. 痰气互结证 tán qì hù jié zhèng 痰气郁结证 118 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1070 Phlegm qi obstructing the diaphragm pattern Characterized by diaphragm fullness and tightness, a sensation of food being stuck or held up, hiccups, and vomiting of phlegm or saliva and the sensation is alleviated after belching. The tongue coating is greasy or slippery. The pulse is wiry. Often occurs when turbid phlegm obstructs the flow of qi in the diaphragm. 痰气阻膈证 tán qì zǔ gé zhèng 1071 Phlegm and blood stasis transformed heat pattern Characterized by local swelling and hardness coupled with a burning sensation and stabbing pain, chest tightness, and expectoration of yellow phlegm that may contain blood. The tongue is dark red or with ecchymosis and a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. Often occurs when retained phlegm and blood stasis transform into heat. 痰瘀化热证 tán yū huà rè zhèng 1072 Phlegm and blood stasis obstructed the diaphragm pattern Characterized by diaphragm stuffiness, tightness and stabbing pain, a sensation of food being stuck or blocked, and vomiting of phlegm or saliva. The tongue is purple or with ecchymosis and a greasy coating. The pulse is hesitant. Often occurs when stagnant blood and turbid phlegm obstruct the diaphragm. 痰瘀阻膈证 tán yū zǔ gé zhèng 1073 Intertwined phlegm and blood stasis pattern Characterized by local lumps with stabbing pain, limb numbness or flaccidity, chest tightness, and profuse phlegm that may contain dark purple clots. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis and a greasy coating. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. Often occurs when turbid phlegm intertwines with stagnant blood. 痰瘀互结证 tán yū hù jié zhèng 1074 Phlegm heat stagnated qi pattern Characterized by restlessness, irritability, distension and tightness in the subcostal region, a burning wandering pain, coughing, panting, expectoration of yellow phlegm, fever, and thirst. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. Often occurs when phlegm heat obstructs the flow of qi. 痰热气滞证 tán rè qì zhì zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 119 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1075 Phlegm fire blocked the heart spirit pattern Phlegm heat blocked the interior pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, a red face, rapid breathing, restlessness, mania, unconsciousness, delirium, sound of phlegm in the throat, constipation and yellow urine. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when intertwined fire heat and turbid phlegm blocks the heart mind. 痰火闭窍证 tán huǒ bì qiào zhèng 痰热内闭证 1076 Phlegm heat stirring wind pattern Characterized by distension and tightness in the subcostal region, cough, panting, fever, thirst, expectoration of yellow, sticky phlegm, sound of phlegm in the throat, convulsions of the limbs, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and wiry. Often occurs when internal phlegm heat stirs liver wind. 痰热动风证 tán rè dòng fēng zhèng 1077 Phlegm heat affecting the chest pattern Characterized by a feverish sensation in the chest, chest stuffiness, distension and pain, coughing with yellow phlegm, abdominal hardness and fullness with tenderness. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when turbid phlegm and heat remain in the chest. 痰热结胸证 tán rè jié xiōng zhèng 1078 Intermingled phlegm and food stagnation pattern Characterized by chest stuffiness, tightness, distension and pain, coughing with phlegm, a low food intake, abdominal distension, and vomiting of phlegm and undigested food. The tongue coating is putrid and greasy. The pulse is wiry and slippery. Often occurs when turbid phlegm and undigested food obstruct the flow of qi. 痰食互结证 tán shí hù jié zhèng 1079 Retained phlegm nodules pattern Characterized by painless, subcutaneous nodules on the neck and limbs. These nodules are hard, smooth and mobile. They do not appear red or feel warm. The tongue coating is greasy. The pulse is wiry and slippery. Often occurs when turbid phlegm remains in the body. 痰核留结证 tán hé liú jié zhèng 120 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1080 Blood stasis stirring blood pattern Characterized by bleeding of dark purple blood with clots, localized stabbing pain with a fixed position or bluish lumps. The tongue is purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is hesitant. Often occurs when stagnant blood causes the blood to flow out of the vessels. 血瘀动血证 xuè yū dòng xuè zhèng 1081 Blood stasis transformed heat pattern Stasis transforming into heat pattern Characterized by stabbing pain with a burning sensation, bluish lumps, afternoon or night fever, and a dry mouth with no desire to drink water. The tongue is dark red or with ecchymosis. The pulse is hesitant and rapid. Often occurs when prolonged blood stasis transforms into heat. 血瘀化热证 xuè yū huà rè zhèng 瘀滞化热证 1082 Blood stasis induced water retention pattern Characterized by abdominal masses with a stabbing pain, abdominal bulging, inhibited urination, amenorrhoea or oedema. Alternatively, bluish, diffuse swelling and distending pain may be present. The tongue is pale purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is hesitant. Often occurs when stagnant blood causes water retention. 血瘀水停证 xuè yū shuǐ tíng zhèng 1083 Stagnant blood obstructed the diaphragm pattern Characterized by stabbing pain in the diaphragm or epigastric area with a fixed location or difficulty in swallowing food. The tongue is purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. Often occurs when stagnant blood retains in the thoracic diaphragm. 瘀血阻膈证 yū xuè zǔ gé zhèng 1084 Fluids overflowing into the limbs pattern Characterized by body pain/heaviness, and joint pain. Other associated symptoms include cough, panting, chest tightness, and fatigue. Often occurs when fluid overflows to the limbs and the surface of the body. 饮溢四肢证 yǐn yì sì zhī zhèng 1085 Water-fluid retention pattern Internal retention of water fluids pattern Characterized by inhibited urination, lower abdominal distension/fullness, thirst, palpitations, dizziness, cough, panting, oedema, cold limbs and diarrhoea. The tongue is enlarged with a slippery coating. Often occurs when abnormal distribution of bodily fluids causes water–damp retention. 水饮证 shuǐ yǐn zhèng 水饮内停证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 121 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1086 Chest/subcostal fluid retention pattern Characterized by subcostal distension/fullness, pain in the subcostal region induced by cough, swallowing, breathing or turning around. Retching or shortness of breath may also be present. Often occurs when fluid remains in the subcostal region. 饮溢胸胁证 yǐn yì xiōng xié zhèng 饮停胸胁证 1087 Chest/subcostal stasis pattern Stasis retention in the chest/ subcostal region pattern Characterized by pain in the chest/subcostal region with a fixed location, tenderness, chest tightness, and cyanosis of the lips. The tongue is dark or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. Often occurs when stagnant blood obstructs the chest and subcostal region. 瘀阻胸胁证 yū zǔ xiōng xié zhèng 瘀滞胸胁证 1088 Fetal toxin and heat accumulation pattern Accumulation of fetal toxin pattern Characterized by skin ulceration and peeling. Symptoms may include mouth ulceration, ulceration of the eyes, or stools with a strong odour (that may contain blood). Often results from contraction of toxic heat as a fetus. 胎毒蕴热证 tāi dú yùn rè zhèng 胎毒蕴结证；胎 毒内蕴证；胎 毒证 1089 Fear/fright damaging the kidney pattern Characterized by panic, impotence, nocturnal emissions, timidity, paranoia, and bladder/bowel incontinence. Often occurs when severe fear or fright damages kidney qi. 惊恐伤肾证 jīng kǒng shāng shèn zhèng 1090 Emotional stagnation pattern Excessive worry damaging spirit qi pattern Characterized by depression, apathetic facial expression, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, dizziness, lassitude, and a poor appetite. The pulse is wiry. Often occurs when excessive worry damages the mind. 情志郁结证 qíng zhì yù jié zhèng 忧伤神气证 1091 Patterns of yin, yang, qi, blood, bodily fluids, essence and marrow 阴阳气血津液 精髓证类 yīn yáng qì xuè jīn yè jīng suǐ zhèng lèi 1092 Yang deficiency pattern Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, lassitude, fatigue, shortness of breath, tastelessness, absence of thirst or preference for hot water, clear urine, and loose stools. Alternatively, scanty urine, oedema and a pale face may be present. The tongue is pale and enlarged. The pulse is deep, slow and weak. Often occurs when yang qi fails to warm and nourish the zang–fu organs. 阳虚证 yáng xū zhèng 122 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1093 Yang depletion pattern Yang exhaustion pattern/Yang collapse pattern Characterized by cold sweats, cold body/limbs, lassitude, faint breathing, and a pale complexion. The tongue is pale with a moist coating. The pulse is extremely feeble. Often results from yang qi exhaustion or collapse. 亡阳证 wáng yáng zhèng 1094 Floating of deficiency yang pattern Characterized by toothache, mouth ulceration, insomnia, dizziness, hot flushes, feverish sensations in the palms and soles, red, swollen lips, profuse, clear urine, and loose or dry stools. Often occurs when internal cold retention (due to kidney yang deficiency) causes the deficiency yang qi to float outward. 虚阳外越证 xū yáng wài yuè zhèng 虚阳浮越证 1095 Yang deficiency induced water retention pattern Characterized by cold limbs, swelling of the limbs, inhibited urination, palpitations, panting, abdominal distension and diarrhoea. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, slippery coating. Often occurs when yang qi fails to warm the body and transform water fluids. 阳虚水泛证 yáng xū shuǐ fàn zhèng 阳虚水停证 1096 Yin deficiency pattern Insufficiency of yin fluids pattern Characterized by feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, bone-steaming fever, flushed cheeks, dizziness, tinnitus, dry lips, nose, throat and skin, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, and constipation. The tongue is red with a dry, scanty coating. The pulse is thready, rapid and weak. Alternatively, the tongue is deep red with a peeled coating. Often results from consumption of yin fluids and relative hyperactivity of yang qi. 阴虚证 yīn xū zhèng 阴液亏虚证 1097 Yin depletion pattern Yin exhaustion pattern/yin collapse pattern Characterized by fever, oily sweating, thirst with a preference for cold water, restlessness and flushed cheeks. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often results from massive exhaustion of yin fluids and essence. 亡阴证 wáng yīn zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 123 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1098 Yin deficiency stirring wind pattern Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, limb numbness, weight loss, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, a dry mouth and throat, scanty, yellow urine and constipation. Alternatively, convulsions or tremor of the hands/ feet may be present. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when deficiency of yin fluids causes malnourishment of meridians and stirring of deficiency wind. 阴虚动风证 yīn xū dòng fēng zhèng 1099 Yin fluids deficiency pattern Characterized by a dry mouth, throat and skin, sunken eyes, scanty, yellow urine, constipation, weight loss, and night sweats. The tongue is red with a dry, scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when yin fluids fail to nourish the body. 阴虚津亏证 yīn xū jīn kuī zhèng 阴液亏虚证 1100 Yin deficiency-induced internal heat pattern Characterized by a persistent low-grade fever, night sweats, flushed cheeks, a dry mouth with a desire to drink water, scanty, yellow urine and constipation. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when deficiency of yin fluids generates internal heat. 阴虚内热证 yīn xū nèi rè zhèng 1101 Yin deficiency-induced yang hyperactivity pattern Characterized by tidal fever, night sweats, flushed cheeks, dizziness, blurred vision, restlessness, and insomnia. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when yin fluids fails to restrain yang. 阴虚阳亢证 yīn xū yáng kàng zhèng 1102 Yin and yang deficiency pattern Characterized by dizziness, tinnitus, cold intolerance, cold limbs, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, palpitations and low back soreness. The tongue is dry and pale. The pulse is weak and rapid. Often results from a deficiency of yin fluids and yang qi of the zang–fu organs. 阴阳两虚证 yīn yáng liǎng xū zhèng 阴阳亏虚证 1103 Yin exhaustion and yang collapse pattern Characterized by panting, more exhalation than inhalation, restlessness, breathing with an open mouth and elevated shoulders and oily sweating. Often results from yang collapse following exhaustion of yin fluids. 阴竭阳脱证 yīn jié yáng tuō zhèng 124 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1104 Yin deficiency-induced blood dryness pattern Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, a dry mouth and throat, dry, itchy skin, dry hair, tidal fever in the afternoon, night sweats and flushed cheeks. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often occurs when deficiency of yin fluids generates internal heat to consume blood and bodily fluids. 阴虚血燥证 yīn xū xuè zào zhèng 1105 Qi deficiency pattern Characterized by shortness of breath, fatigue, lassitude, reluctance to talk, and spontaneous sweating. The tongue is pale. The pulse is deficient. Often results from hypofunctions of the zang–fu organs. 气虚证 qì xū zhèng 1106 Qi stagnation pattern Characterized by migratory distension, fullness and pain in the subcostal region and abdomen that alleviate after sighing, belching, bowel sounds and flatus. The pulse is wiry. Often results from qi stagnation of the zang–fu organs or in the localized area. 气滞证 qì zhì zhèng 1107 Qi counterflow pattern Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, vomiting, belching, hiccups, and acid reflux. In severe cases, sudden fainting or panting may be present. Often results from counterflow of qi or disordered qi activity. 气逆证 qì nì zhèng 1108 Qi sinking pattern Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, lassitude, a bearing-down sensation in the abdomen, rectal prolapse, and prolapsed internal organs or uterus. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is weak. Often occurs when qi fails to ascend. 气陷证 qì xiàn zhèng 1109 Qi collapse pattern Characterized by a sudden pale complexion, cyanotic lips, sweating, cold limbs and faint breathing. The tongue is pale. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often results from sudden and rapid leaking of qi. 气脱证 qì tuō zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 125 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1110 Qi blockage pattern Characterized by colic or paroxysmal abdominal pain, absence of bowel sounds or flatus, and obstruction of the bladder and bowel movements. Alternatively, sudden fainting, trismus and limb rigidity may be present. Often results from blockage of qi activity. 气闭证 qì bì zhèng 1111 Qi deficiency induced qi stagnation pattern Characterized by lassitude, shortness of breath, fatigue, and distension, tightness and migratory pain in the chest or abdomen. The tongue is pale. The pulse is wiry and delayed. Often occurs when qi fails to move and causes qi stagnation. 气虚气滞证 qì xū qì zhì zhèng 1112 Blood deficiency pattern Characterized by a pale or sallow complexion, pale lips, tongue and fingernails, dizziness, blurred vision, palpitations, dream-disturbed sleep, hands/feet numbness, scanty menstruation with a pale menstrual colour, and delayed period or amenorrhea. The pulse is thready. Often occurs when blood fails to nourish the zang–fu organs, meridians and other body tissues. 血虚证 xuè xū zhèng 1113 Blood stasis pattern Characterized by local bluish lumps with tenderness. Alternatively, abdominal masses with stabbing pain in a fixed location or dark purple haemorrhagic spots may be present. The tongue is purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. Often occurs when stagnant blood obstructs the circulation of blood. 血瘀证 xuè yū zhèng 1114 Blood heat pattern Characterized by haemoptysis, haematemesis, nosebleed, bloody urine, bloody stools with a bright red, sticky colour, and earlier period with heavy menstruation. Alternatively, red, swollen and painful sores/boils, restlessness, thirst, and fever may be present. The tongue is deep red. The pulse is slippery and rapid. Often occurs when exuberant fire heat in the zang–fu organs causes the blood to flow recklessly. 血热证 xuè rè zhèng 126 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1115 Blood cold pattern Characterized by pain in the hands/feet with a dark purple colour and cold sensation, the pain alleviates with warmth and aggravates with cold. Alternatively, lower abdominal pain, cold limbs and delayed period with a dark purple menstrual colour and clots may be present. The tongue is pale dark with a white coating. The pulse is deep, slow and hesitant. Often occurs when cold causes the qi and blood to stagnate. 血寒证 xuè hán zhèng 血寒凝滞证 1116 Blood dryness pattern Characterized by flaking of grey-white dandruff and dry scalp. Often results from blood/fluid deficiency, spleen deficiency or heat-damaging yin. 血燥证 xuè zào zhèng 1117 Blood collapse pattern Characterized by a pale face, dizziness, blurred vision, mild to severe palpitations, shortness of breath, and cold limbs. The tongue is pale. The pulse feels like a scallion stalk. Often results from sudden or chronic blood loss. 血脱证 xuè tuō zhèng 1118 Blood deficiency stirring wind pattern Blood deficiency generating wind pattern Characterized by a lustreless complexion, dry fingernails, dream-disturbed sleep, blurred vision, limb numbness, and skin itching. Often occurs when blood fails to nourish the body and causes stirring of internal wind. 血虚动风证 xuè xū dòng fēng zhèng 血虚生风证 1119 Blood deficiency- induced wind dryness pattern Characterized by dry, rough, itchy and scaly skin, malnourishment and loss of hair, skin numbness, contraction of the hands/feet, a pale, lustreless complexion, pale white fingernails, dizziness, and blurred vision. The tongue is pale. The pulse is thready. Often occurs when blood fails to nourish the skin, tendons and muscles. 血虚风燥证 xuè xū fēng zào zhèng 血虚风盛证 1120 Blood and fluids deficiency pattern Characterized by a pale, lustreless complexion, withered skin, pale white lips and fingernails, dry nose, throat and eyes, scanty urination and constipation. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and hesitant. Often occurs when blood and body fluids fail to nourish and moisten the body. 血虚津亏证 xuè xū jīn kuī zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 127 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1121 Cold retention with blood deficiency pattern Characterized by a pale dark complexion, dizziness, blurred vision, dark purple lips and tongue, cold hands/feet, and localized coldness, pain and numbness. Alternatively, delayed period, scanty menstrual volume in purple colour, clots, dysmenorrhea or amenorrhoea may be present. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is deep, thready and hesitant. Often results from blood deficiency coupled with cold retention. 血虚寒凝证 xuè xū hán níng zhèng 1122 Qi and blood deficiency pattern Characterized by lassitude, shortness of breath, reluctance to talk, a pale white or sallow complexion, dizziness, blurred vision, pale lips and fingernails, palpitations and insomnia. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. Often occurs when qi and blood fail to nourish the body. 气血两虚证 qì xuè liǎng xū zhèng 1123 Blood loss-induced qi collapse pattern Characterized by a pale complexion, cold limbs, profuse sweating, and weak breathing. In severe cases, fainting may be present. The pulse is extremely feeble, or deficient and large. Often occurs when heavy blood loss causes qi to collapse. 气随血脱证 qì suí xuè tuō zhèng 1124 Qi failing to hold blood pattern Qi failing to control blood pattern Characterized by bloody stools, subcutaneous haemorrhage, nosebleed, gum bleed, uterine bleeding, heavy menstruation, lassitude, shortness of breath, reluctance to talk and a lustreless complexion. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. Often occurs when qi fails to control blood within the vessels. 气不摄血证 qì bù shè xuè zhèng 气不统血证 1125 Qi and yin deficiency pattern Insufficiency of qi and yin pattern Characterized by lassitude, shortness of breath, reluctance to talk, a dry mouth and throat, tidal fever, spontaneous sweating, night sweats, scanty urine, and constipation. The tongue is red or enlarged with a dry, scanty coating. The pulse is thready, weak or deficient and rapid. Often results from qi deficiency coupled with consumption of yin fluids. 气阴两虚证 qì yīn liǎng xū zhèng 气阴亏虚证 128 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1126 Qi stagnation and blood stasis pattern Characterized by stabbing or migratorymigratory pain in a fixed location. Movable masses may be present. The tongue is purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. Often occurs when qi stagnation affects the flow of blood. 气滞血瘀证 qì zhì xuè yū zhèng 1127 Qi stagnation with phlegm retention pattern Characterized by distension, tightness and migratory pain in the chest, subcostal region, and abdomen. Alternatively, masses, skin hardness/ numbness, depression and white phlegm may be present. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is wiry and slippery. Often results from qi stagnation coupled with internal retention of turbid phlegm. 气滞痰凝证 qì zhì tán níng zhèng 气郁痰凝证；气 郁痰阻证；气滞 痰阻证 1128 Qi stagnation with dampness retention pattern Characterized by distension, tightness and migratory pain in the chest, subcostal region and abdomen, nausea, vomiting, body heaviness, dizziness and drowsiness. Oedema may also be present. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is wiry and slippery, or soft and delayed. Often results from qi stagnation coupled with internal retention of turbid dampness. 气滞湿阻证 qì zhì shī zǔ zhèng 气滞湿困证；湿 阻气滞证 1129 Qi stagnation transformed fire pattern Characterized by depression, restlessness, irritability, distension, tightness and burning pain in the subcostal region, and a dry, bitter mouth. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. Often occurs when qi stagnation transforms into fire. 气郁化火证 qì yù huà huǒ zhèng 气滞化火证；气 滞化热证；气郁 化热证 1130 Qi stagnation induced water retention pattern Characterized by limb oedema, inhibited urination, body heaviness and distension, tightness and migratory pain in the chest, subcostal region, and abdomen. The tongue is pale with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is wiry and delayed. Often occurs when qi stagnation causes water retention. 气滞水停证 qì zhì shuǐ tíng zhèng 1131 Qi deficiency induced fever pattern Characterized by a persistent low-grade fever that aggravates upon fatigue, low food intake, fatigue, shortness of breath, and reluctance to talk. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. Often results from qi deficiency and floating of yang qi. 气虚发热证 qì xū fā rè zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 129 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1132 Qi deficiency with phlegm retention pattern Characterized by shortness of breath, fatigue, cough with phlegm, mental confusion, and skin numbness. The tongue coating is greasy. The pulse is slippery. Alternatively, goiter or scrofula may be present. Often results from qi deficiency coupled with internal retention of turbid phlegm. 气虚痰结证 qì xū tán jié zhèng 气虚痰阻证 1133 Qi deficiency with dampness retention pattern Characterized by low food intake, fatigue, body heaviness and chest tightness. Abdominal distension and diarrhoea may also be present. The tongue is enlarged with a greasy coating. The pulse is soft. Often results from qi deficiency coupled with dampness retention. 气虚湿困证 qì xū shī kùn zhèng 气虚湿阻证 1134 Qi deficiency induced blood stasis pattern Characterized by a pale, dark-grey complexion, fatigue, shallow breathing, reluctance to talk, and severe pain with a fixed location. The tongue is pale purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is deep and hesitant. Often occurs when qi fails to circulate blood. 气虚血瘀证 qì xū xuè yū zhèng 气虚血凝证 1135 Qi deficiency with external contraction pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, spontaneous sweating, headache, nasal obstruction, a low, weak voice, shortness of breath and lassitude. The pulse is superficial and weak. Often results from constitutional deficiency, insecure Wei-defence and exposure to external pathogenic factors. 气虚外感证 qì xū wài gǎn zhèng 1136 Blood deficiency induced internal heat pattern Characterized by a lustreless complexion and fever. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. Often results from blood deficiency generating internal heat. 血虚内热证 xuè xū nèi rè zhèng 1137 Fluids deficiency pattern Fluid deficiency pattern Characterized by dry mouth, nose, throat and lips, thirst with a desire to drink water, scanty urine and constipation. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready, rapid and weak. Often occurs when bodily fluids fail to nourish the zang–fu organs and tissues. 津液亏虚证 jīn yè kuī xū zhèng 伤津证 130 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1138 Fluids deficiency with heat accumulation pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, dry lips and tongue, inhibited urination, constipation and restlessness. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. Often results from fluids insufficiency coupled with internal retention of heat. 津亏热结证 jīn kuī rè jié zhèng 1139 Fluids loss pattern Fluid exhaustion pattern Characterized by weight loss, dry, cracked lips, dry, withered skin, sunken eyes, impaired joint movement, scanty urination and constipation. The tongue is dry. The pulse is thready and weak. Often results from a severe deficiency of bodily fluids. 液脱证 yè tuō zhèng 1140 Essence and qi deficiency pattern Essence deficiency pattern Essential qi insufficiency Characterized by weight loss, dizziness, tinnitus cranii, short stature, slow movements and mental retardation. Alternatively, low sperm count, impotence or premature ejaculation may be present. Often results from essential qi deficiency. 精气亏虚证 jīng qì kuī xū zhèng 精气不足证 1141 Essence and blood deficiency pattern Characterized by dizziness, poor memory, tinnitus, palpitations, a pale face and delayed wound healing. Often results from a deficiency of essence and blood due to chronic diseases or insufficient generation of qi and blood. 精血亏虚证 jīng xuè kuī xū zhèng 1142 Marrow deficiency pattern Characterized by dizziness, tinnitus, headache with a hollow sensation, low back soreness/ weakness, slow movements, limb flaccidity. Often occurs when essence and marrow fail to nourish the body. 髓亏证 suǐ kuī zhèng 1143 Patterns of the zang–fu organs and meridians Organ system patterns 脏腑经络证类 zàng fǔ jīng luò zhèng lèi 1144 Patterns of the heart system Heart system patterns 心系证类 xīn xì zhèng lèi 1145 Heart qi deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, shortness of breath and lassitude that aggravate upon physical exertion. Spontaneous sweating and a pale face may also be present. The tongue is pale. The pulse is deficient. This pattern often occusr when heart qi fails to help with the heart to pump blood. 心气虚证 xīn qì xū zhèng 心气亏虚证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 131 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1146 Deficiency of heart qi and blood pattern Dual deficiency of heart qi and blood pattern Characterized by palpitations, shortness of breath, lassitude, fatigue, dizziness, forgetfulness, dream- disturbed sleep and a pale face. The tongue is pale. The pulse is thready and weak. This pattern often occurs when qi and blood fail to nourish the heart and heart mind. 心气血两虚证 xīn qì xuè liǎng xū zhèng 1147 Deficiency of heart qi and yin pattern Characterized by palpitations, shortness of breath, lassitude, dizziness, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep and flushed cheeks. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is rapid or weak. This pattern often occurs when qi and yin fail to nourish the heart and heart mind. 心气阴两虚证 xīn qì yīn liǎng xū zhèng 1148 Heart yang deficiency pattern Characterized by mild to severe palpitations, chest tightness, cold intolerance, cold limbs, a bright pale face, shortness of breath, and spontaneous sweating. Oedema in the leg and dark lips may also be present. The tongue is purple with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak or regularly/ irregularly intermittent. This pattern can be a further progression of heart qi deficiency. It may also occur when heart yang fails to warm the body. 心阳虚证 xīn yáng xū zhèng 心阳亏虚证 1149 Sudden collapse of heart yang pattern Heart yang collapse pattern Characterized by cold sweats, cold limbs, faint breathing, mild to severe palpitations, a pale complexion and mental confusion or unconsciousness. The pulse is extremely weak. This pattern can be a further progression of heart yang deficiency. It may also occur as a result of sudden blockage or attack by excess pathogens. 心阳暴脱证 xīn yáng bào tuō zhèng 1150 Heart blood deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, dizziness, dream- disturbed sleep, forgetfulness, a pale white or sallow complexion and pale lips. The tongue is pale. The pulse is thready. This pattern often occurs when heart blood fails to nourish the heart and heart spirit. 心血虚证 xīn xuè xū zhèng 心血亏虚证 132 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1151 Heart yin deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, restlessness, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, dizziness, forgetfulness, hot flushes and night sweats. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when heart yin fails to nourish the heart and heart spirit. 心阴虚证 xīn yīn xū zhèng 心阴亏虚证 1152 Heart vessels stasis pattern Heart blood stagnation pattern; heart vessel obstruction pattern Characterized by chest tightness, palpitations, and stabbing cardiac pain that radiates to the shoulder and back. The tongue is dark purple. The pulse is thready and hesitant or regularly/irregularly intermittent. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood obstructs the heart vessels. 心脉瘀阻证 xīn mài yū zǔ zhèng 心血瘀滞证； 心脉瘀阻证； 心脉痹阻证 1153 Phlegm obstructing the heart vessels pattern Characterized by chest tightness, chest pain, obesity, profuse phlegm, a heavy sensation of the body, and a dark complexion. The tongue is pale purple with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery. This pattern often occurs when phlegm turbidity obstructs the flow of heart blood. 痰阻心脉证 tán zǔ xīn mài zhèng 1154 Fluid retention affecting the pericardium pattern Characterized by mild to severe palpitations, chest fullness and tightness, panting, and an inability to lie flat. The tongue is pale purple with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is deep, hidden or weak. This pattern often occurs when retained fluid in the pericardium obstructs the flow of qi and blood. 饮停心包证 yǐn tíng xīn bāo zhèng 1155 Upward flaming of heart fire pattern Heart fire flaming upward pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, restlessness, a red face and red and painful mouth/tongue ulcerations. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when hyperactive fire ascends to the mouth/tongue along the heart meridian. 心火上炎证 xīn huǒ shàng yán zhèng 1156 Heat blocking the pericardium pattern Heat blocking the heart mind pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, and mental unconsciousness. Delirium, mania, a red face and rapid breathing may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant excessive heat disturbs the heart spirit. 热闭心包证 rè bì xīn bāo zhèng 热闭心神证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 133 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1157 Heat disturbing the heart spirit pattern Fire harassing heart spirit pattern Fire disturbing the heart mind Characterized by palpitations, restlessness, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep. Delirium, fever, thirst and a red face may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant excessive heat disturbs the heart spirit. 热扰心神证 rè rǎo xīn shén zhèng 火扰心神证 1158 Phlegm fire disturbing the heart pattern Phlegm-fire harassing the heart system pattern Phlegm fire/heat disturbing the mind; phlegm heat disturbing the heart Characterized by hyperactivity, talkativeness, restlessness, impulsiveness, uncontrollable behaviour, inattention, feverish sensation in the chest, vexation, a poor appetite, a bitter mouth, constipation, and dark-yellow urine. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs as a result of an internal build-up of phlegm fire. 痰火扰心证 tán huǒ rǎo xīn zhèng 痰火扰神证； 痰热扰神证； 痰热扰心证 1159 Phlegm misting the heart pattern Phlegm obstructing the heart; phlegm blocking the heart; phlegm blocking the heart spirit Characterized by dull expression, clouding of consciousness, depression, weird behaviour, an inability to recognize people, phlegm sounds in the throat, chest tightness, profuse phlegm, and a dark, grey complexion. The tongue coating is greasy. The pulse is slippery. This pattern often occurs when phlegm turbidity mists the heart spirit. 痰迷心窍证 tán mí xīn qiào zhèng 痰蒙心窍证；痰 阻心窍证；痰闭 心窍证；痰蒙心 神证；痰阻心神 证；痰闭心神 证；痰迷心神证 1160 Blood stasis obstructing the brain collaterals pattern Stasis obstructing the brain pattern Characterized by dizziness, persistent stabbing headache in a fixed location, and a dark grey complexion. Some patients may experience transient unconsciousness or poor memory after head trauma. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis/petechiae. The pulse is thready and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood blocks the brain collaterals. 瘀阻脑络证 yū zǔ nǎo luò zhèng 瘀阻脑窍证 1161 Disquieted heart spirit pattern Heart spirit restlessness pattern Characterized by palpitations, panic, restlessness, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, and jumpy or easily startled. This pattern often results from emotional disturbance or medical conditions. 心神不宁证 xīn shén bù níng zhèng 134 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1162 Excess heat in the small intestine pattern Small intestine excess heat pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, restlessness, insomnia, mouth/tongue ulcerations, scanty, yellow urine and painful urination with a burning sensation. In severe cases, bloody urine may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when heart fire flows downward to the small intestine or when damp heat retains in the small intestine. 小肠实热证 xiǎo cháng shí rè zhèng 1163 Small intestine qi stagnation pattern Small intestine qi stagnation pattern Characterized by abdominal fullness/distension/ pain that aggravates upon emotional disturbance and is alleviated upon belching or flatus. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often results from qi stagnation in the small intestine. 小肠气滞证 xiǎo cháng qì zhì zhèng 1164 Deficiency cold in the small intestine pattern Small intestine deficiency cold pattern Characterized by undigested food in stools, dull abdominal pain that alleviates upon warmth, thirst with a desire to drink warm water, cold limbs, inhibited urination and loose stools. The tongue is pale with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is deep, weak and slack. This pattern often occurs when internal cold (due to yang qi deficiency) affects the functions of the small intestine in separating the clear from turbid. 小肠虚寒证 xiǎo cháng xū hán zhèng 1165 Patterns of the lung system Lung system patterns 肺系证类 fèi xì zhèng lèi 1166 Lung qi/yin deficiency pattern Lung qi and yin deficiency pattern Characterized by weak, unproductive coughs, shortness of breath, panting, a low/hoarse voice and feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest. The pulse is thready and weak. This pattern often results from a deficiency of lung qi and yin. 肺气阴两虚证 fèi qì yīn liǎng xū zhèng 1167 Lung yang deficiency pattern Lung yang deficiency pattern Characterized by panting, weak coughs with thin, white phlegm, chest tightness, a low voice, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, and cold limbs. The tongue is pale, purple, enlarged and tender with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is deep, slow and weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi fails to warm the lung. 肺阳虚证 fèi yáng xū zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 135 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1168 Lung yin deficiency pattern Lung yin deficiency pattern Insufficiency of lung yin pattern Characterized by unproductive coughs or coughing with scanty, sticky phlegm or blood- stained phlegm, a dry mouth and throat, a hoarse voice, hot flushes, flushed cheeks, and night sweats. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when lung yin deficiency generates internal heat. 肺阴虚证 fèi yīn xū zhèng 肺阴亏虚证 1169 Lung qi deficiency pattern Lung qi deficiency pattern Defense qi deficiency pattern Lung deficiency with exterior weakness pattern Lung and defense qi insecurity pattern Insecurity of lung Wei-defence Characterized by weak coughing and panting, and shortness of breath that aggravate upon physical exertion, expectoration of thin clear phlegm, a low voice, spontaneous sweating, wind intolerance and susceptibility to common colds. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from lung qi deficiency and decreased lung function. 肺气虚证 fèi qì xū zhèng 肺卫气虚不固 证；肺卫气虚证 1170 Excess heat in the lung pattern Excess lung heat pattern; exuberance of lung heat pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, cough, rapid breathing and panting. Chest pain, sore throat, nasal flaring, constipation and yellow urine may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic heat affects the lung. 肺实热证 fèi shí rè zhèng 肺热壅盛证；肺 热炽盛证 1171 Lung heat and yin deficiency pattern Lung heat damaging fluids pattern; lung dryness due to yin/ fluids deficiency pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, cough with scanty phlegm, panting, constipation and yellow urine. The tongue is red with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant lung heat consumes yin fluids. 肺热阴虚证 fèi rè yīn xū zhèng 肺热津伤证；阴 虚肺燥证；肺燥 津亏证 136 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1172 Wind heat attacking the lung pattern Wind heat invading the lung pattern Characterized by cough, panting, fever, mild aversion to wind cold, and body ache or sore throat. The tongue tip is red with a thin, yellow coating. The pulse is superficial and rapid. This pattern often occurs when wind heat invades the lung defence and affects the dispersing and descending of lung qi. 风热犯肺证 fēng rè fàn fèi zhèng 1173 Phlegm heat accumulating in the lung pattern Phlegm heat obstructing the lung pattern Phlegm fire/heat accumulating in the lung; phlegm heat obstructing the lung Characterized by fever, thirst, cough, panting, expectoration of yellow, sticky phlegm, and chest tightness. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when phlegm heat accumulates in the lung. 痰热壅肺证 tán rè yōng fèi zhèng 痰火壅肺证；痰 火蕴肺证；痰热 蕴肺证；痰热闭 肺证 1174 Phlegm dampness accumulating in the lung pattern Turbid phlegm accumulation in the lung pattern Phlegm-dampness obstructing the lung; phlegm dampness accumulating in the lung Characterized by cough with profuse phlegm (white and sticky/thick/thin and clear, especially in the morning, cough alleviates upon expectoration of phlegm), heavy, turbid coughing sounds, chest tightness, abdominal fullness/distension, and a poor appetite. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is soft and slippery. This pattern often occurs when phlegm-dampness affects the dispersing and descending of lung qi. 痰湿蕴肺证 tán shī yùn fèi zhèng 痰湿阻肺证；痰 湿蕴肺证；痰浊 蕴肺证；痰浊阻 肺证 1175 Phlegm and blood stasis obstructing the lung pattern Phlegm stasis obstructing the lung pattern Characterized by cough, panting, chest tightness coupled with a stabbing pain, and profuse or blood-stained phlegm. The tongue is pale purple with a greasy coating. The pulse is wiry and slippery or wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood and turbid phlegm accumulate in the lung. 痰瘀阻肺证 tán yū zǔ fèi zhèng 瘀痰阻肺证 1176 Wind cold attacking the lung pattern Wind cold fettering the lung pattern Wind cold binding the lung Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, absence of sweating, cough, chest tightness, panting and expectoration of white phlegm. The tongue coating is thin and white. The pulse is superficial and tense. This pattern often occurs when wind cold affects the dispersing of lung qi. 风寒袭肺证 fēng hán xí fèi zhèng 风寒束肺证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 137 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1177 Cold fluids affecting the lung pattern Retention of cold fluids in the lung pattern Characterized by frequent, violent coughs with profuse, thin and white phlegm, rapid breathing and chest tightness. In severe cases, panting, an inability to lie flat, fever and aversion to cold may also be present. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is superficial and tense. This pattern often occurs when retained fluid combined with external cold affect the dispersing and descending of lung qi. 寒饮伏肺证 hán yǐn fú fèi zhèng 寒饮停肺证 1178 Cold phlegm obstructing the lung pattern Cold phlegm obstructing the lung pattern Retention of cold phlegm in the lung Characterized by cough, panting, phlegm sounds in the throat, chest fullness/tightness, white, sticky or thin/clear phlegm, shortness of breath upon physical exertion, an inability to lie flat, cold limbs, and cold intolerance. Fever and aversion to cold may also be present. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is tense. This pattern often occurs when retained phlegm and external cold affect the descending of lung qi. 寒痰阻肺证 hán tán zǔ fèi zhèng 寒痰停肺证 1179 Exterior cold with lung heat pattern Exterior cold with lung heat pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, thirst, absence of sweating, restlessness, cough, panting and chest tightness. The tongue coating is yellow mixed with white. The pulse is superficial and rapid. This pattern often occurs when cold binds the Wei-defence and causes internal lung heat. 表寒肺热证 biǎo hán fèi rè zhèng 1180 Wind dryness damaging the lung pattern Dryness invading the lung pattern Dryness damaging/ attacking the lung Characterized by unproductive coughs or cough with scanty, sticky or blood-stained phlegm, dry nose and throat, and a dry mouth. The tongue tip is red with a dry, thin and yellow coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when wind dryness consumes body fluids and affects the dispersing and descending of lung qi. 风燥伤肺证 fēng zào shāng fèi zhèng 燥邪伤肺证；燥 邪犯肺证 1181 Cool dryness pattern Cool dryness attacking the lung pattern Characterized by severe aversion to cold, mild fever, headache, absence of sweating, a dry mouth/nose/throat, and cough with scanty phlegm. The tongue coating is thin, white and dry. The pulse is superficial and tense. This pattern often occurs when cool dryness affects the lung. 凉燥证 liáng zào zhèng 凉燥袭肺证 138 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1182 Warm dryness pattern Warm dryness damaging/ attacking the lung pattern Characterized by fever, mild aversion to wind cold, unproductive cough, thirst, dry skin/nose/throat, and scanty, yellow urine. The tongue coating is thin and yellow. The pulse is superficial and rapid. This pattern often occurs when warm dryness consumes yin fluids. 温燥证 wēn zào zhèng 温燥伤肺证；温 燥袭肺证 1183 Lung dryness affecting the large intestine pattern Lung dryness with intestinal obstruction pattern Characterized by cough, thirst, panting, constipation, and abdominal fullness/distension/ pain. The tongue coating is yellow and dry. The pulse is deep and excessive. This pattern often occurs when lung dryness consumes body fluids and blocks intestinal qi. 肺燥肠闭证 fèi zào cháng bì zhèng 1184 Stasis obstructing the lung collaterals pattern Characterized by stabbing chest pain, and cough with haemoptysis (coughing up of dark red blood or clots). The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood obstructs the lung collaterals. 瘀阻肺络证 yū zǔ fèi luò zhèng 1185 Damp heat in the intestine pattern Large intestine dampness heat pattern Characterized by abdominal distension/pain, sudden, fulminant diarrhoea, diarrhoea with blood, tenesmus, a sensation of incomplete evacuation, sticky, strong-odoured stools, a burning sensation around the anus, fever, thirst, and scanty urine. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when internal damp heat obstructs the intestine. 肠道湿热证 cháng dào shī rè zhèng 1186 Deficiency cold in the large intestine pattern Large intestine deficiency cold pattern Characterized by chronic diarrhoea/dysentery, dull abdominal pain that alleviates upon warmth and pressure, cold intolerance and cold limbs. The tongue is pale with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is deep, slow and weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi fails to secure the large intestine. 大肠虚寒证 dà cháng xū hán zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 139 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1187 Intestinal dryness pattern Large intestine fluid deficiency pattern Fluid insufficiency in the large intestine Characterized by extremely dry stools (like sheep droppings), one bowel movement in several days, abdominal distension/pain, palpable abdominal masses, and thirst. The tongue is dry. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when body fluids fail to nourish the large intestine. 肠燥津亏证 cháng zào jīn kuī zhèng 大肠液亏证；大 肠津亏证 1188 Heat stagnation in the large intestine pattern Large intestine excess heat pattern Excess heat in the large intestine Characterized by fever, thirst, constipation, abdominal distension/hardness/fullness and abdominal pain with tenderness. The tongue is red with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is deep and rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant interior heat blocks the intestinal qi. 大肠热结证 dà cháng rè jié zhèng 肠道热结证；肠 道实热证；大肠 实热证 1189 Intestinal dryness due to blood deficiency pattern Characterized by difficulty passing of dry stools, one bowel movement in several days, and a pale face. Bloody stools may also be present. The tongue is pale. The pulse is thready and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when blood fails to nourish the large intestine. 血虚肠燥证 xuè xū cháng zào zhèng 血虚肠结证 1190 Intestinal dryness due to yin deficiency pattern Characterized by difficulty passing of dry stools (like sheep droppings), one bowel movement in several days, and a dry mouth/nose/throat/skin. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready, rapid and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when yin fluids fail to nourish the large intestine. 阴虚肠燥证 yīn xū cháng zào zhèng 1191 Dampness obstructing the large intestine pattern Characterized by abdominal distension/dull pain, and thin, clear and loose stools or sticky, strong- odoured stools. The tongue coating is white and slippery. The pulse is soft and slack. This pattern often occurs when dampness affects the conduction of the large intestine. 湿阻肠道证 shī zǔ cháng dào zhèng 1192 Cold retention in the stomach and intestines pattern Characterized by cold, intense pain in the stomach/abdomen that alleviates upon warmth, vomiting, diarrhoea of thin, clear stools, aversion to cold and cold limbs. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when cold obstructs the qi flow of the stomach and intestines. 寒滞胃肠证 hán zhì wèi cháng zhèng 140 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1193 Wind damaging intestinal collaterals pattern Characterized by bright red stool, dry stools and itching around the anus. In severe cases, the passing of pure blood may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when wind fire damages the intestinal collaterals, resulting in intestinal bleeding. 肠风伤络证 cháng fēng shāng luò zhèng 风伤肠络证 1194 Patterns of the spleen system Spleen system patterns 脾系证类 pí xì zhèng lèi 1195 Spleen qi deficiency pattern Spleen qi deficiency pattern Spleen qi depletion pattern Spleen qi insecurity pattern Insufficiency of spleen Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension that aggravates after eating food, loose stools, and lassitude. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is slack and weak. This pattern often occurs when spleen qi fails to transport and transform. 脾气虚证 pí qì xū zhèng 脾气亏虚证 1196 Spleen qi sinking pattern Spleen qi sinking pattern Middle qi sinking pattern Qi sinking of the middle jiao Characterized by a bearing-down sensation in the abdomen that aggravates after eating food. Frequent urges to defaecate with a bearing-down sensation of the anus, persistent diarrhoea, rectal prolapse, prolapsed uterus or cloudy urine may be present. Associated symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, lassitude, reluctance to talk, dizziness, blurred vision, a pale, lustreless face, poor appetite and loose stools. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is delayed and weak. This pattern often develops from severe spleen qi deficiency and occurs when spleen qi fails to ascend. 脾气下陷证 pí qì xià xiàn zhèng 中气下陷证 1197 Insecurity of spleen qi pattern Characterized by persistent diarrhoea, shortness of breath, a bearing-down sensation, a poor appetite, and abdominal distension. In severe cases, faecal incontinence may also be present. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when spleen qi fails to secure the intestines. 脾气不固证 pí qì bù gù zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 141 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1198 Spleen failing to control blood pattern Spleen failing to hold blood within the vessels Characterized by chronic bleeding, purpura, uterine bleeding, heavy menstrual flow, early menstruation, poor appetite, abdominal distension, loose stools and fatigue. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when spleen qi fails to keep the blood within the vessels. 脾不统血证 pí bù tǒng xuè zhèng 脾不摄血证 1199 Spleen deficiency generating wind pattern Characterized by mild twitching of the hands/ feet, cold limbs, faint breathing from the nose and mouth and sleep with eyes open. Often occurs when chronic vomiting/diarrhoea or overuse of purgative medicine damage spleen qi. In children, this pattern occurs when congenital spleen and kidney deficiency generates internal wind. 脾虚生风证 pí xū shēng fēng zhèng 1200 Spleen yang deficiency pattern Spleen yang insufficiency pattern Characterized by cold abdominal pain that alleviates upon warmth, vomiting of clear water, cold limbs, cold intolerance, loose stools, and clear, profuse urine. The tongue is pale, enlarged and tender with a white, moist coating. The pulse is deep and slow. This pattern often results from spleen yang deficiency coupled with internal cold. 脾阳虚证 pí yáng xū zhèng 脾阳亏虚证；脾 阳不足证 1201 Spleen yin deficiency pattern Spleen yin depletion pattern Insufficiency of spleen yin Characterized by a poor appetite, abdominal distension, constipation, weight loss, lassitude, scanty saliva, dry lips, and a low-grade fever. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when spleen yin deficiency affects the transportation and transformation of the spleen and stomach. 脾阴虚证 pí yīn xū zhèng 脾阴亏虚证 1202 Spleen deficiency with qi stagnation pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension/pain, loose stools with a sensation of incomplete evacuation, bowel sounds, flatus and lassitude. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often results from spleen qi deficiency with an obstructed flow of qi. 脾虚气滞证 pí xū qì zhì zhèng 142 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1203 Spleen deficiency with water retention pattern Spleen deficiency with qi stagnation pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension, loose stools, lassitude, a pale complexion, and facial puffiness. Ascites may also be present. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is soft. This pattern often occurs when spleen qi fails to transport and transform, resulting in water retention. 脾虚水泛证 pí xū shuǐ fàn zhèng 脾气虚水停证； 脾气虚水湿证 1204 Spleen yang deficiency with water retention pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension, loose stools, cold intolerance, facial puffiness, and leg oedema. Ascites may also be present. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is soft or weak. This pattern often occurs when spleen yang fails to warm and transport, resulting in water retention. 脾阳虚水泛证 pí yáng xū shuǐ fàn zhèng 脾阳虚水停证 1205 Spleen deficiency with dampness pattern Spleen deficiency with dampness accumulation pattern Spleen deficiency with dampness encumbrance pattern Spleen dampness with dampness accumulation pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension, loose stools, and body heaviness or mild oedema. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, moist or greasy coating. The pulse is soft and slack. This pattern often results from internal retention of turbid dampness due to spleen qi deficiency. 脾虚湿困证 pí xū shī kùn zhèng 脾虚湿蕴证；脾 虚湿盛证；脾虚 湿泛证 1206 Spleen deficiency with damp heat pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension, loose stools, feverish sensation but no fever, and body heaviness. The tongue is red and enlarged with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often results from spleen qi deficiency coupled with internal build-up of damp heat. 脾虚湿热证 pí xū shī rè zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 143 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1207 Spleen deficiency with phlegm dampness pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension, loose stools, obesity, body heaviness, fatigue, and drowsiness. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is soft and slack. This pattern often results from spleen qi deficiency coupled with internal build up of phlegm dampness. 脾虚痰湿证 pí xū tán shī zhèng 1208 Spleen deficiency with food retention pattern Spleen deficiency with ingestion of food pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension, frequent diarrhoea, frequent abdominal distension/pain, acid reflux, a sensation of incomplete evacuation after diarrhoea, and strong-odoured stools. The tongue is pale with a greasy coating. This pattern often results from food retention in the stomach and intestines due to spleen failing to transport and transform. 脾虚食积证 pí xū shí jī zhèng 脾虚夹食证 1209 Spleen deficiency with blood deficiency pattern Spleen deficiency with blood insufficiency pattern Characterized by low food intake, abdominal distension, loose stools, dizziness, fatigue, amenorrhea, delayed period, scanty menstruation, and a pale face. The tongue is pale. The pulse is thready and weak. This pattern often occurs when spleen qi fails to generate sufficient blood. 脾虚血亏证 pí xū xuè kuī zhèng 1210 Damp heat affecting the spleen pattern Damp heat accumulating in the spleen pattern Characterized by abdominal fullness/upset, a poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, loose stools with a sensation of incomplete evacuation, body heaviness, thirst but drink a small amount of water, feverish sensation (but no fever) that cannot be resolved after sweating. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is soft and rapid. This pattern often occurs when internal damp heat affects the functioning of the spleen and stomach. 湿热困脾证 shī rè kùn pí zhèng 湿热蕴脾证 144 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1211 Cold dampness affecting the spleen pattern Cold dampness encumbering the spleen system pattern Cold dampness accumulating in the spleen pattern Characterized by abdominal distension/tightness, a greasy taste, a poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, tastelessness, abdominal pain, loose stools, and heaviness of the head and body. Dark yellow eyes/skin, profuse leucorrhoea, and obesity may also be present. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is soft and delayed. This pattern often occurs when internal cold dampness obstructs spleen yang. 寒湿困脾证 hán shī kùn pí zhèng 寒湿蕴脾证 1212 Worry damaging the spleen pattern Anxiety damaging the spleen system pattern Overthinking damaging spleen qi Characterized by worries, suspiciousness, dizziness, lassitude, palpitations, timidity, insomnia, forgetfulness, a poor appetite, and a lustreless complexion. The tongue is pale with a thin, white coating. The pulse is thready. This pattern often results from qi stagnation due to thinking too much, mental over-exertion or emotional disturbance. 思虑伤脾证 sī lǜ shāng pí zhèng 思伤脾气证 1213 Stomach qi deficiency pattern Characterized by gastric distension/tightness and dull pain that alleviates upon pressure or after eating food, a poor appetite, and fatigue. The tongue is pale and tender. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when stomach qi fails to perform absorption and transportation. 胃气虚证 wèi qì xū zhèng 胃气亏虚证 1214 Ascending of stomach qi pattern Stomach qi reverse flow pattern Stomach qi uprising pattern Characterized by vomiting, hiccups, and belching. This pattern often occurs when cold, heat, diet or emotions causes stomach qi to ascend. 胃气上逆证 wèi qì shàng nì zhèng 1215 Heat-induced ascending of stomach qi pattern Fire-induced ascending of stomach qi pattern Characterized by vomiting, hiccups, belching, a burning stomach ache and thirst. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when fire/heat or hot, spicy food disturbs the descending of stomach qi. 胃热气逆证 wèi rè qì nì zhèng 胃火气逆证 1216 Cold-induced ascending of stomach qi pattern Characterized by vomiting, hiccups, belching, and cold stomach ache. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is wiry and tense. This pattern often occurs when cold affects the descending of stomach qi. 胃寒气逆证 wèi hán qì nì zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 145 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1217 Stomach yin deficiency pattern Characterized by a dry mouth and throat, hunger but no desire to eat food, and a dull stomach ache with a burning sensation. Gastric upset/ distension, retching, hiccups and constipation may also be present. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when yin fluids fail to nourish the stomach. 胃阴虚证 wèi yīn xū zhèng 胃阴亏虚证 1218 Stomach fire pattern Stomach heat exuberance pattern; stomach fire exuberance pattern Excess stomach heat pattern Stomach heat pattern Characterized by a burning stomach pain with tenderness, thirst with a preference for cold drinks, gum swelling and pain, gum bleeding, constipation and scanty, yellow urine. Hunger after eating food and a foul breath may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when accumulated fire heat in the stomach affects the descending of stomach qi. 胃火证 wèi huǒ zhèng 胃热炽盛证；胃 火炽盛证；胃实 热证；胃热证 1219 Stomach heat with yin deficiency pattern Characterized by a burning stomach ache, thirst, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, and constipation. The tongue is dry and red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant stomach heat consumes yin fluids. 胃热阴虚证 wèi rè yīn xū zhèng 1220 Stomach dryness due to loss of fluids pattern Characterized by stomach upset and stuffiness, hunger but no appetite, thirst, constipation, and a dry tongue. This pattern often occurs when fluids fail to moisten the stomach. 胃燥津伤证 wèi zào jīn shāng zhèng 胃燥津亏证 1221 Cold attacking the stomach pattern Characterized by cold, intense stomach ache that alleviates upon warmth, vomiting of clear saliva, aversion to cold, and cold limbs. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when cold affects the descending of stomach qi. 寒邪犯胃证 hán xié fàn wèi zhèng 1222 Cold fluids retention in the stomach pattern Stomach cold with fluids retention pattern Characterized by gastric masses/distension, splashing sounds in the stomach, and vomiting of thin, clear saliva. The tongue coating is white and slippery. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when cold fluids remain in the stomach. 寒饮停胃证 hán yǐn tíng wèi zhèng 胃寒饮停证 146 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1223 Stasis obstructing the stomach collaterals pattern Characterized by a stabbing stomach ache, tenderness or palpable stomach masses. Some patients may experience vomiting of dark- coloured blood or blood clots. The tongue has ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood obstructs the stomach collaterals. 瘀阻胃络证 yū zǔ wèi luò zhèng 1224 Yin deficiency of the spleen and stomach pattern Yin deficiency/ deficiency heat of the middle jiao pattern Deficiency heat of the spleen and stomach pattern Characterized by a dry mouth and throat, hunger but no desire to eat food, weight loss, and constipation. Gastric upset, dull abdominal pain/ distension, retching, and hiccups may also be present. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when yin fluids fail to nourish the spleen and stomach. 脾胃阴虚证 pí wèi yīn xū zhèng 中焦阴虚证；中 焦虚热症；脾胃 虚热证 1225 Yang deficiency of the spleen and stomach pattern Deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach pattern Yang deficiency/ deficiency cold of the middle jiao pattern Characterized by abdominal distension, low food intake, cold abdominal pain that alleviates with warmth and pressure, cold intolerance, cold limbs, and loose stools. The tongue is pale with a white, moist coating. The pulse is deep, slow and weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi fails to warm the spleen and stomach. 脾胃阳虚证 pí wèi yáng xū zhèng 脾胃虚寒证；中 焦阳虚证；中焦 虚寒证 1226 Excess heat in the spleen and stomach pattern Heat accumulating in the spleen and stomach/middle jiao pattern Excess heat in the spleen and stomach/middle jiao pattern Characterized by a burning stomach ache that alleviates after eating cool-property food, fever, thirst, abdominal pain/distension, and constipation. A foul breath, red, painful mouth ulcerations, gum swelling, pain, and bleeding may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant fire heat accumulates in the spleen and stomach. 脾胃实热证 pí wèi shí rè zhèng 脾胃积热证；脾 胃热盛证；中焦 实热证；中焦积 热证；中焦热 盛证 1227 Damp heat in the spleen and stomach pattern Damp heat in the middle jiao pattern Characterized by feverish sensation (but no fever) that worsens in the afternoon, abdominal masses/ distension, nausea, vomiting, a poor appetite, thirst but drink only a small amount of water, yellow urine, and loose stools. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the spleen and stomach. 脾胃湿热证 pí wèi shī rè zhèng 中焦湿热证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 147 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1228 Dampness affecting the spleen and stomach pattern Dampness weakening the spleen and stomach Characterized by stomach stuffiness, abdominal distension, a greasy taste, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, tastelessness, absence of thirst, abdominal pain, loose stools and a heavy sensation of the head and body. Yellow eyes and body skin may also be present. The tongue is pale and swollen with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is soft and delayed. This pattern often occurs when internal turbid dampness obstructs the middle jiao. 湿困脾胃证 shī kùn pí wèi zhèng 1229 Disharmony between the spleen and stomach pattern Disharmony of the middle jiao pattern Qi stagnation of the spleen and stomach pattern Qi stagnation of the middle jiao pattern Characterized by gastric or abdominal stuffiness, distension and discomfort, and poor appetite. Alternatively, abdominal distension after eating food, loose stools with a sensation of incomplete evacuation, belching and bowel sounds may be present. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when qi of the spleen and stomach becomes stagnant. 脾胃不和证 pí wèi bù hé zhèng 中焦不和证；脾 胃气滞证；中焦 气滞证 1230 Damp heat in the stomach and intestines pattern Characterized by abdominal masses/distension, vomiting, nausea, a poor appetite, loose stools with a sensation of incomplete evacuation, fever and thirst. Stools containing pus or blood, tenesmus, vomiting and violent diarrhoea may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat accumulates in the stomach and intestines. 胃肠湿热证 wèi cháng shī rè zhèng 1231 Excess heat in the stomach and intestines pattern Heat accumulating in the stomach and intestines pattern Characterized by a high fever or severe feverish sensation in the afternoon, a burning stomach ache that alleviates after eating cool-property food, thirst, sweating, abdominal pain/hardness/ distension with tenderness, constipation, strong- odoured stools, and scanty, yellow urine. In severe cases, unconsciousness, delirium, mania and faecal impaction with watery diarrhoea may also be present. The tongue is red with a dry, yellow coating. Alternatively, the tongue may be dark brown with thorns. The pulse is rapid or deep, replete and forceful. This pattern often occurs when exuberant heat accumulates in the stomach and intestines. 胃肠实热证 wèi cháng shí rè zhèng 胃肠积热证 148 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1232 Qi stagnation of the stomach and intestines pattern Characterized by gastric or abdominal masses/ distension/(migratory) pain that alleviates upon belching or flatus. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when qi of the stomach and intestines becomes stagnant. 胃肠气滞证 wèi cháng qì zhì zhèng 1233 Blood stasis in the stomach and intestines pattern Stasis obstructing the stomach and intestines pattern Characterized by stabbing gastric or abdominal pain with tenderness, palpable masses, haematemesis, and stools containing dark blood clots. The tongue has ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood obstructs the stomach and intestines. 胃肠瘀滞证 wèi cháng yū zhì zhèng 瘀滞胃肠证 1234 Phlegm dampness accumulating in the spleen pattern Phlegm turbidity obstructing the middle jiao Phlegm fluid obstructing the middle jiao Phelgm-dampness accumulating in the spleen pattern Characterized by a greasy taste, a poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal masses/distension, splashing sounds in the stomach and loose stools. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is soft and slack. This pattern often occurs when phlegm dampness obstructs the stomach and intestines. 痰湿中阻证 tán shī zhōng zǔ zhèng 痰浊中阻证；痰 饮中阻证；痰湿 蕴脾证 1235 Patterns of the liver system Liver system patterns 肝系证类 gān xì zhèng lèi 1236 Liver yin deficiency pattern Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, dry eyes, poor eyesight, flushed cheeks, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest. A burning pain in the subcostal region may be present. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when yin fluid fails to nourish the liver. 肝阴虚证 gān yīn xū zhèng 1237 Liver blood deficiency pattern Liver blood deficiency pattern Insufficiency of liver blood Characterized by dizziness, dry eyes, poor eyesight, limb numbness, dry fingernails and toenails, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, scanty menstrual volume with a pale menstrual colour, a pale complexion and lips. In severe cases, amenorrhoea may be present. The tongue is pale. The pulse is thready. This pattern often occurs when blood fails to nourish the liver. 肝血虚证 gān xuè xū zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 149 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1238 Liver qi deficiency pattern Liver yang insufficiency pattern Characterized by distension/tightness in the subcostal region, low mood, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness and blurred vision. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi becomes deficient, and the liver fails to maintain the free flow of qi. 肝气虚证 gān qì xū zhèng 肝阳亏虚证 1239 Hyperactivity of liver yang pattern Liver yang ascendant hyperactivity pattern Liver yang disturbing the mind Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, tinnitus, lower back pain, limb numbness, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, flushed cheeks, restlessness, irritability, and a dry and bitter mouth. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when liver yin fails to control liver yang. 肝阳上亢证 gān yáng shàng kàng zhèng 1240 Liver qi stagnation pattern Liver qi stagnation pattern Liver depression and qi stagnation pattern Liver meridian stagnated heat pattern Liver stagnation Characterized by emotional depression, frequent sighing, distension/tightness/migratory pain in the chest, subcostal region or bilateral lower abdomen, breast distension/pain in women and irregular menstruation. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when the liver fails to maintain the free flow of qi. 肝郁气滞证 gān yù qì zhì zhèng 肝郁证 1241 Liver qi stagnation with blood deficiency pattern Liver stagnation pattern Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, distension in the subcostal region, emotional depression, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory, and a pale complexion. The pale is pale purple. The pulse is wiry and thready. This pattern often occurs as a result of blood deficiency and liver qi stagnation. 肝郁血虚证 gān yù xuè xū zhèng 150 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1242 Liver qi stagnation with blood stasis pattern Pattern of liver blood stasis and stagnation Pattern of liver stasis with qi stagnation Liver depression and blood stasis pattern Characterized by distending or stabbing pain in the rib area, subcostal or lower abdominal masses and emotional depression. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when liver qi stagnation causes blood stasis. 肝郁血瘀证 gān yù xuè yū zhèng 1243 Liver qi stagnation with yin deficiency pattern Characterized by distending or burning pain in the subcostal region, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, dizziness, blurred vision, and a dry, bitter mouth. The tongue is dark red with a scanty coating. The pulse is wiry and thready. This pattern often occurs as a result of liver qi stagnation and liver yin deficiency. 肝郁阴虚证 gān yù yīn xū zhèng 1244 Liver qi stagnation transforming into heat pattern Characterized by a burning sensation and stabbing pain/masses in the subcostal region with tenderness, and a dry, bitter mouth. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis, and a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when prolonged liver qi stagnation and liver blood stasis transform into heat. 肝瘀化热证 gān yū huà rè zhèng 1245 Liver blood stasis pattern Characterized by stabbing pain/masses with a fixed location in the subcostal region, and tenderness. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when blood stasis obstructs the liver collaterals. 肝血瘀滞证 gān xuè yū zhì zhèng 肝血瘀阻证 1246 Liver qi stagnation transforming into fire pattern Qi stagnation transforming into fire pattern Characterized by distending pain in the subcostal region, restlessness, irritability, a dry, bitter mouth and dark yellow urine. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs when prolonged liver qi stagnation transforms into heat/fire. 肝郁化火证 gān yù huà huǒ zhèng 气郁化火证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 151 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1247 Liver stagnation with phlegm fire pattern Characterized by a distending/burning pain in the subcostal region, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, vertigo, headache and expectoration of yellow phlegm. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs as a result of liver qi stagnation and internal build up of phlegm heat. 肝郁痰火证 gān yù tán huǒ zhèng 肝郁痰热证 1248 Liver stagnation with phlegm retention pattern Characterized by masses, distending or stabbing pain and tenderness in the subcostal region, along with phlegm in the throat. The tongue is purple or with ecchymosis and a greasy coating. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant qi and phlegm accumulate in the liver. 肝瘀痰结证 gān yū tán jié zhèng 肝瘀痰阻证 1249 Upward flaming of liver fire pattern Liver fire flaming upward pattern Hyperactivity of liver fire pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, restlessness, insomnia, and headache. Alternatively, eye redness, swelling and pain, sudden tinnitus/ deafness, haematemesis, nosebleed and a red face may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberance liver fire flows upward. 肝火上炎证 gān huǒ shàng yán zhèng 1250 Liver heat stirring wind pattern Liver heat stirring wind pattern Pattern of heat stirring liver wind Characterized by a high-grade fever, thirst, unconsciousness, delirium, convulsions of the limbs, and opisthotonos. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant heat generates wind. 肝热动风证 gān rè dòng fēng zhèng 1251 Wind heat affecting the liver meridian pattern Characterized by fever, mild aversion to wind and/ or cold, vertex headache. Red, swollen and painful eyes may be present. The tongue coating is thin and yellow. The pulse is superficial and rapid. This pattern often occurs when wind heat attacks the liver meridian. 肝经风热证 gān jīng fēng rè zhèng 152 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1252 Damp heat affecting the liver meridian pattern Liver meridian damp heat pattern Characterized by distending pain in the subcostal region, itching, swelling and pain of the external genitalia or yellow, sticky vaginal discharge. Earache with discharge may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the liver meridian. 肝经湿热证 gān jīng shī rè zhèng 1253 Liver qi stagnation with damp heat retention pattern Liver stagnation with damp heat pattern Characterized by distending pain/masses in the subcostal region, thirst, and a bitter mouth. Yellowish skin and eyes may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often results from internal accumulation of damp heat, coupled with liver qi stagnation. 肝郁湿热证 gān yù shī rè zhèng 肝滞湿热证 1254 Heat toxin affecting the liver pattern Heat toxin retention in the liver pattern Characterized by burning pain or masses in the subcostal region, a high-grade fever, thirst, yellowish skin and eyes, and a red face. In severe cases, mental unconsciousness may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs when toxic fire/heat remains in the liver. 热毒淤肝证 rè dú yū gān zhèng 热毒瘀肝证 1255 Liver heat with blood stagnation pattern Characterized by a stabbing pain in the subcostal region with a burning sensation, and a dry, bitter mouth. The tongue is deep red with a yellow coating. The pulse is hesitant and rapid. This pattern often results from internal build up of heat and liver blood stagnation. 肝热血瘀证 gān rè xuè yū zhèng 1256 Liver heat with yin deficiency pattern Characterized by a dull pain in the subcostal region with a burning sensation, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, restlessness, irritability and a dry, bitter mouth. The tongue is red with a scanty, yellow coating. The pulse is wiry, thready and rapid. This pattern often results from internal build up of heat and liver yin deficiency. 肝热阴虚证 gān rè yīn xū zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 153 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1257 Cold retention in the liver meridian pattern Cold stagnation in liver meridian pattern Liver cold pattern Liver meridian cold stagnation pattern Liver meridian excess cold pattern Characterized by pain in the lateral lower abdomen with a cold sensation, aversion to cold and cold limbs. Alternatively, genital pain with contraction or parietal headache may be present, which aggravates with cold and alleviates with warmth. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is wiry and tight. This pattern often occurs when cold remains in the liver meridian. 寒滞肝脉证 hán zhì gān mài zhèng 寒滞肝经证 1258 Internal stirring of liver wind pattern Internal stirring of liver wind Liver wind stirring the interior pattern Characterized by convulsions of the four limbs, vertigo and tremor. This pattern often results from wind yang, fire heat and yin blood deficiency. 肝风内动证 gān fēng nèi dòng zhèng 1259 Liver yang transforming into wind pattern Liver yang transforming into wind pattern Characterized by vertigo, headache with a distending sensation, limb numbness, tinnitus, restlessness, irritability and a red face. The tongue is red. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when hyperactive liver yang stirs liver wind. 肝阳化风证 gān yáng huà fēng zhèng 1260 Ascending of liver qi pattern Characterized by vertigo, headache, chest tightness, flushed face, tinnitus, deafness and migratory pain in the subcostal region. The symptoms are associated with emotions. In severe cases, patients may experience vomiting of blood or irregular menstruation. This pattern often occurs when emotional disturbance causes liver qi to stagnate and ascend. 肝气上逆证 gān qì shàng nì zhèng 1261 Liver qi affecting the spleen pattern Characterized by dizziness, irritability, a bitter mouth, chest tightness, pain in the subcostal region, abdominal stuffiness/fullness after eating food and loose stools. The pulse is wiry and delayed. This pattern often occurs when hyperactive liver qi affects the spleen. 肝气犯脾证 gān qì fàn pí zhèng 154 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1262 Gallbladder qi deficiency pattern Characterized by jumpiness or easily startled, palpitations, insomnia, nightmares, shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, tinnitus, blurred vision, limb oedema, loss of taste during eating, and restlessness. The tongue is pale with a greasy coating. The pulse is deep and delayed. This pattern often results from gallbladder qi deficiency and dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs. 胆气虚证 dǎn qì xū zhèng 胆气亏虚证 1263 Excess heat in the gallbladder pattern Characterized by yellowish sclera, skin and urine, distending pain in the subcostal region, vomiting of bile, headache, dizziness, a bitter mouth and a dry, sore throat. This pattern often occurs when exuberant damp heat accumulates in the gallbladder. 胆实热证 dǎn shí rè zhèng 1264 Gallbladder heat with phlegm disturbance pattern Characterized by a bitter mouth, restlessness, timidity, jumpiness or easily startled, distension and fullness in the subcostal region, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, vertigo and a bitter mouth. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often results from gallbladder heat coupled with internal phlegm retention. 胆热痰扰证 dǎn rè tán rǎo zhèng 1265 Gallbladder stagnation with phlegm disturbance pattern Characterized by restlessness, timidity, jumpiness or easily startled, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, distension and fullness in the subcostal region, repeated sighing, vertigo, nausea, vomiting and vomiting of phlegm and salivation. The tongue coating is white and greasy. The pulse is wiry and delayed. This pattern often occurs when internal turbid phlegm disturbs the dispersal of gallbladder qi. 胆郁痰扰证 dǎn yù tán rǎo zhèng 1266 Parasitic roundworms disturbing the gallbladder pattern Characterized by paroxysmal drilling pain in the upper abdomen coupled with a pale complexion, cold limbs, vomiting of bitter saliva or roundworms. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when roundworms disturb the gallbladder. 胆腑虫扰证 dǎn fǔ chóng rǎo zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 155 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1267 Damp heat in the liver and gallbladder pattern Characterized by yellowish skin and eyes, fever, a bitter mouth, distending pain or masses in the subcostal region, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, aversion to oily food, and yellowish urine. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when internal damp heat affects the qi flow of the liver and gallbladder. 肝胆湿热证 gān dǎn shī rè zhèng 1268 Stagnant heat in the gallbladder meridian pattern Characterized by restlessness, irritability, distension in the subcostal region, a bitter mouth, ear distension/pain, tinnitus, headache on one side, insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs when internal fire/heat remains in the gallbladder meridian. 胆经郁热证 dǎn jīng yù rè zhèng 1269 Patterns of the kidney system 肾系证类 shèn xì zhèng lèi 1270 Kidney deficiency pattern Characterized by low back soreness, back pain, dizziness, insomnia, a poor memory, hearing decline, decreased libido and reproductive function. This pattern often results from congenital deficiency, postnatal over-exertion or chronic diseases. 肾虚证 shèn xū zhèng 1271 Kidney qi deficiency pattern Kidney qi depletion pattern Kidney qi insufficiency Characterized by low back soreness, tinnitus, low libido, dizziness, and poor memory. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from kidney qi deficiency. 肾气虚证 shèn qì xū zhèng 肾气亏虚证 1272 Kidney qi insecurity pattern Kidney insecurity Characterized by urgent, frequent urination with clear, dribbling urine, bladder or bowel incontinence, impotence, premature ejaculation, dribbling menstruation, threatened miscarriage, tinnitus, and low back/knee soreness and weakness. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when kidney qi fails to seal and store. 肾气不固证 shèn qì bú gù zhèng 肾虚不固证 156 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1273 Water retention due to kidney deficiency pattern Characterized by leg oedema, scanty urine, tinnitus, and low back/knee soreness and weakness. The tongue is pale with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when kidney essence, qi and yang fail to perform qi transformation, resulting in water retention. 肾虚水泛证 shèn xū shuǐ fàn zhèng 肾虚水停证 1274 Water retention due to kidney qi deficiency pattern Kidney qi deficiency with water retention pattern Kidney qi deficiency with water flooding pattern Characterized by leg oedema, scanty urine, and low back/knee soreness and weakness. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when kidney qi fails to perform qi transformation, resulting in water retention. 肾气虚水泛证 shèn qì xū shuǐ fàn zhèng 1275 Kidney failing to absorb qi pattern Kidney failing to receive qi pattern Characterized by shortness of breath, dyspnoea, panting or sweating upon physical exertion, and more exhalation than inhalation. In severe cases, facial puffiness and leg oedema may be present. The pulse is thready or deficient, floating and rootless. This pattern often occurs when kidney qi fails to absorb lung qi. 肾不纳气证 shèn bú nà qì zhèng 1276 Kidney yang deficiency pattern Kidney yang deficiency with water flooding pattern Kidney yang deficiency with water retention pattern Life-gate fire depletion pattern Primordial yang deficiency pattern Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs (especially below the lower back and knee joints), a bright, pale or dark complexion, profuse, clear urine and frequent urination at night. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when kidney yang fails to warm the body. 肾阳虚证 shèn yáng xū zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 157 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1277 Kidney yin deficiency pattern Genuine yin deficiency pattern Kidney water depletion and deficiency pattern Primordial yin deficiency pattern Characterized by low back/knee soreness and weakness, lassitude, dizziness, blurred vision, deafness, tinnitus, nocturnal emissions, a dry mouth, sore throat, flushed cheeks, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, and tidal fever in the afternoon. The tongue is red with no or scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. Often results from kidney yin deficiency. 肾阴虚证 shèn yīn xū zhèng 肾阴虚热证 1278 Kidney essence deficiency pattern Kidney qi/essence deficiency Characterized by delayed growth in children, decreased reproductive function, premature ageing, tinnitus, hair loss, loose teeth, and poor memory. This pattern often results from kidney essence deficiency. 肾精亏虚证 shèn jīng kuī xū zhèng 肾气亏虚证；肾 精不足证 1279 Kidney marrow deficiency pattern Kidney deficiency with marrow depletion pattern Characterized by delayed growth and development, delayed healing of bone fracture, low back/knee soreness and weakness, dizziness, tinnitus, poor memory and dementia. This pattern often results from kidney essence/marrow deficiency. 肾虚髓亏证 shèn xū suǐ kuī zhèng 1280 Deficiency of kidney yin and yang pattern Kidney yin and yang deficiency pattern Characterized by low back soreness, back pain, dizziness, insomnia, poor memory, hearing decline, low libido and decreased reproductive function. This pattern often results from congenital deficiency, over-exertion or chronic diseases. 肾阴阳两虚证 shèn yīn yáng liǎng xū zhèng 1281 Cold dampness due to kidney deficiency pattern Cold dampness in the kidney meridian pattern Characterized by low back/knee heaviness and pain with a cold sensation, limited movement, cold intolerance and cold limbs. The tongue coating is white and slippery. The pulse is soft and delayed. This pattern often occurs when cold dampness remains in the kidney meridian. 肾虚寒湿证 shèn xū hán shī zhèng 肾经寒湿证 1282 Damp heat accumulating in the kidney pattern Characterized by a burning distension/pain in the low back, hesitant, painful urination, bloody urine (possibly pyuria), fever, thirst or yellow, sticky vaginal discharge. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat retains in the kidney. 湿热蕴肾证 shī rè yùn shèn zhèng 158 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1283 Damp heat in the urinary bladder pattern Bladder dampness heat pattern Characterized by urgent, frequent and painful urination with a burning sensation, fever and thirst. Alternatively, the urine may be turbid or contain stones. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat accumulates in the urinary bladder. 膀胱湿热证 páng guāng shī rè zhèng 1284 Heat accumulating in the urinary bladder pattern Bladder heat accumulation pattern Bladder heat excess pattern Bladder heat retention pattern Excess heat in the urinary bladder Characterized by lower abdominal hardness, fullness and contracture, hot, painful urination, fever without aversion to cold, and mania. This pattern often occurs when heat enters the urinary bladder. 膀胱蕴热证 páng guāng yùn rè zhèng 膀胱实热证；膀 胱积热证；膀胱 蓄热证 1285 Taiyang water retention pattern Bladder water accumulation pattern Water amassment in the bladder pattern Water retention in the urinary bladder Characterized by lower abdominal bulging, distension and pain and inhibited urination. This pattern often occurs when the bladder fails to perform qi transformation, resulting in water retention. 太阳蓄水证 tài yáng xù shuǐ zhèng 膀胱蓄水证 1286 Taiyang blood retention pattern Blood accumulation in the bladder pattern Blood and heat build up in the bladder pattern Blood retention in the urinary bladder Characterized by lower abdominal distension and stabbing pain with a fixed location, and normal urination. The tongue is purple with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often results from abdominal injury or occurs when heat affects the urinary bladder, causing blood accumulating in the urinary bladder. 太阳蓄血证 tài yáng xù xuè zhèng 膀胱蓄血证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 159 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1287 Deficiency cold of the urinary bladder pattern Bladder deficiency cold pattern Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, lower abdominal pain with a cold sensation, urinary incontinence, inhibited urination, frequent urination at night with clear, profuse urine. The tongue coating is white and slippery. This pattern often occurs when kidney yang fails to secure the qi transformation of the urinary bladder. 膀胱虚寒证 páng guāng xū hán zhèng 1288 Qi failing to secure the urinary bladder pattern Characterized by frequent urge to urinate but unable to pass, white urine, lower abdominal tightness and distension, a bearing-down sensation of the anus, body heaviness, lassitude, reluctance to talk and shortness of breath. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a thin, white coating. The pulse is thready, weak or soft. This pattern often occurs when kidney qi fails to secure the urinary bladder. 膀胱失约证 páng guāng shī yuē zhèng 1289 Patterns involving multiple zang–fu organs 脏腑兼证类 zàng fǔ jiān zhèng lèi 1290 Disharmony between the heart and kidney pattern Heart and kidney systems disharmony pattern Yin deficiency of the heart and kidney Characterized by palpitations, restlessness, insomnia, tinnitus, low back/knee and soreness and weakness. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready, rapid and weak. This pattern often results from lack of coordination between heart fire and kidney water. 心肾不交证 xīn shèn bù jiāo zhèng 心肾阴虚证 1291 Yang deficiency of the heart and kidney pattern Heart and kidney yang deficiency pattern Deficiency cold of the heart and kidney Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, mild to severe palpitations, dysuria, leg oedema and low back/knee soreness and coldness. The tongue is pale purple with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi of the heart and kidney fails to warm the body. 心肾阳虚证 xīn shèn yáng xū zhèng 心肾虚寒证 160 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1292 Water retention affecting the heart pattern Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, leg oedema, palpitations, an inability to lie flat, and cough with thin, white sputum. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when water retention (due to yang qi deficiency of the heart and kidney) affects the heart. 水气凌心证 shuǐ qì líng xīn zhèng 1293 Qi deficiency of the heart and kidney pattern Heart and kidney qi deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, shortness of breath, low back/knee soreness and weakness, frequent urination and urinary dribbling. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from qi deficiency of the heart and kidney. 心肾气虚证 xīn shèn qì xū zhèng 1294 Qi deficiency of the heart and lung pattern Heart and lung qi deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, cough, shortness of breath, panting, chest tightness and lassitude. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from qi deficiency of the heart and lung. 心肺气虚证 xīn fèi qì xū zhèng 1295 Yin deficiency of the heart and lung pattern Heart and lung yin deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, cough, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, flushed cheeks and night sweats. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when yin fluids of the heart and lung become deficient. 心肺阴虚证 xīn fèi yīn xū zhèng 1296 Yang deficiency of the heart and lung pattern Characterized by palpitations, cough, cold intolerance, cold limbs, chest tightness and cough with thin, white sputum. The tongue is pale purple. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from yang qi deficiency of the heart and lung. 心肺阳虚证 xīn fèi yáng xū zhèng 1297 Exuberant heat in the heart and lung pattern Excess heat/fire hyperactivity in the heart and lung pattern Characterized by panting, cough with yellow, sticky sputum, restlessness and insomnia. In severe cases, unconsciousness and delirium may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid and forceful. This pattern often occurs when exuberant fire/heat disturbs the heart and lung. 心肺热盛证 xīn fèi rè shèng zhèng 心肺实热证；心 肺火旺证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 161 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1298 Deficiency of the heart and spleen pattern Heart and spleen systems deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, lassitude, low food intake, abdominal distension and loose stools. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when heart blood and spleen (yang) qi become deficient. 心脾两虚证 xīn pí liǎng xū zhèng 1299 Qi deficiency of the heart and spleen pattern Heart and spleen qi deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, lassitude, dizziness, poor memory, low food intake, abdominal distension and loose stools. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs as a result of qi deficiency of the heart and spleen. 心脾气虚证 xīn pí qì xū zhèng 1300 Yang deficiency of the heart and spleen pattern Deficiency cold of the heart and spleen/Heart and spleen yang deficiency pattern Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, palpitations, lassitude, low food intake, abdominal distension and loose stools. The tongue is pale purple with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi of the heart and spleen fails to warm the body and transport the water and food. 心脾阳虚证 xīn pí yáng xū zhèng 心脾虚寒证 1301 Heat accumulating in the heart and spleen pattern Excess heat in the heart and spleen pattern Characterized by fever, thirst and painful mouth/ tongue ulcerations. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid and forceful. This pattern often occurs as a result of pathogenic heat accumulating in the heart and spleen. 心脾积热证 xīn pí jī rè zhèng 心脾实热证 1302 Fire hyperactivity of the heart and liver pattern Excess heat in the heart and liver pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, restlessness, irritability, red face and eyes, pain in the subcostal region, a bitter mouth, insomnia and dream- disturbed sleep. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid and forceful. This pattern often occurs when exuberant fire/heat affects the heart and liver. 心肝火旺证 xīn gān huǒ wàng zhèng 心肝实热证；心 肝热盛证 1303 Blood stasis in the heart and liver pattern Characterized by headache, stabbing pain in the subcostal region, and palpitations. Alternatively, amenorrhoea may be present. The tongue is purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when blood of the heart and liver becomes stagnant. 心肝血瘀证 xīn gān xuè yū zhèng 162 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1304 Blood deficiency of the heart and liver pattern Heart and liver blood deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory, dizziness, blurred vision, dull pain in the subcostal region, scanty menstrual volume and pale face/tongue/fingernails. The pulse is thready. This pattern often occurs when blood fails to nourish the heart and liver. 心肝血虚证 xīn gān xuè xū zhèng 1305 Yin deficiency of the heart and liver pattern Heart and liver yin deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, insomnia, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, a low- grade fever, flushed cheeks, dizziness and blurred vision. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when yin fluids deficiency of the heart and liver causes deficiency heat. 心肝阴虚证 xīn gān yīn xū zhèng 1306 Qi deficiency of the heart and gallbladder pattern Heart and gallbladder qi deficiency pattern Characterized by palpitations, insomnia, timidity, jumpiness or easily startled, dizziness and chest tightness. The pale is tongue. This pattern often occurs as a result of heart qi deficiency and gallbladder qi uneasiness. 心胆气虚证 xīn dǎn qì xū zhèng 1307 Deficiency of the liver and kidney pattern Deficiency of liver blood and kidney essence Liver and kidney yin deficiency pattern Characterized by pale, lustreless complexion, pale lips and fingernails, dizziness, tinnitus, dry eyes, palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, jumpiness or easily startled, irregular menstruation, scanty menstrual volume, amenorrhoea and low back soreness. The tongue is red. The pulse is thready. This pattern often results from chronic diseases or age-related liver blood/kidney essence deficiency. 肝肾两虚证 gān shèn liǎng xū zhèng 肝肾亏虚证；肝 肾精血亏损证 1308 Yin deficiency of the liver and kidney pattern Liver and kidney yin deficiency pattern Deficiency fire of the liver and kidney Characterized by dizziness, tinnitus, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, a low- grade fever, flushed cheeks, pain in the subcostal region, and low back/knee soreness and weakness. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when yin deficiency of the liver and kidney causes deficiency heat. 肝肾阴虚证 gān shèn yīn xū zhèng 肝肾虚火证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 163 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1309 Deficiency of the liver and spleen pattern Characterized by dull pain in the subcostal region, dizziness, blurred vision, a low food intake, abdominal distension and loose stools. This pattern often results from deficiency of the liver and spleen. 肝脾两虚证 gān pí liǎng xū zhèng 1310 Disharmony between the liver and spleen pattern Disharmony of liver and spleen systems pattern Liver depression and spleen deficiency pattern Imbalance between liver and spleen pattern Characterized by distension and pain in the subcostal region, emotional depression, a poor appetite, abdominal distension and loose stools. The pulse is wiry and delayed. This pattern often occurs when liver qi stagnation affects the transportation and transformation of the spleen. 肝脾不和证 gān pí bù hé zhèng 1311 Liver hyperactivity with spleen deficiency pattern Liver stagnation with spleen deficiency pattern Characterized by distension pain in the subcostal region, emotional depression, a poor appetite, low food intake, abdominal distension and loose stools. This pattern often occurs as a result of liver qi stagnation coupled with spleen deficiency. 肝旺脾虚证 gān wàng pí xū zhèng 肝滞脾虚证；肝 郁脾虚证 1312 Damp heat in the liver and spleen pattern Damp heat in the middle jiao pattern Characterized by distension in the subcostal region, abdominal bloating, nausea and aversion to oil. Alternatively, jaundice and a sensation of incomplete evacuation after bowel movements. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is wiry, slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the free flow of liver qi and transportation and transformation of the spleen. 肝脾湿热证 gān pí shī rè zhèng 中焦湿热证 1313 Qi stagnation of the liver and spleen pattern Characterized by distension and pain in the subcostal region, abdominal bloating, bowel sounds, and a sensation of incomplete evacuation after bowel movements. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often results from the qi stagnation of the liver and spleen. 肝脾气滞证 gān pí qì zhì zhèng 164 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1314 Blood stasis of the liver and spleen pattern Stasis of the liver and spleen pattern Characterized by abdominal pain, fullness and distension, skin ecchymosis or petechiae, masses in the subcostal region or stabbing pain with tenderness. The tongue is dark or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood affects the liver and spleen. 肝脾血瘀证 gān pí xuè yū zhèng 肝脾瘀滞证 1315 Disharmony between the liver and stomach pattern Disharmony of liver and stomach systems pattern Liver qi invading the stomach pattern Liver–stomach disharmony pattern Incoordination between the liver and stomach Characterized by gastric distension, fullness and pain, a poor appetite, belching, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, pain in the subcostal region, and restlessness. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when liver qi stagnation affects the descending of stomach qi. 肝胃不和证 gān wèi bù hé zhèng 肝胃不调证 1316 Exuberant heat in the liver and stomach pattern Heat accumulating in the liver and stomach pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, restlessness, irritability, pain in the subcostal region, a bitter mouth and a burning pain in the stomach. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid and forceful. This pattern often occurs when exuberant fire/heat affects the liver and stomach. 肝胃热盛证 gān wèi rè shèng zhèng 肝胃积热证 1317 Liver fire affecting the stomach pattern Liver fire invading the stomach system pattern Characterized by a burning pain in the stomach and subcostal region, a dry, bitter mouth, constipation and yellow urine. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs when liver fire affects the descending of stomach qi. 肝火犯胃证 gān huǒ fàn wèi zhèng 1318 Liver qi affecting the stomach pattern Qi stagnation of the liver and stomach pattern Characterized by vomiting, acid reflux, repeated belching, gastric discomfort, and distending pain in the chest and subcostal region that aggravate upon emotional disturbance. The tongue coating is thin and white. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when liver qi stagnation affects the stomach. 肝气犯胃证 gān qì fàn wèi zhèng 肝胃气滞证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 165 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1319 Yin deficiency of the liver and stomach pattern Characterized by a dry, bitter mouth, dull pain in the subcostal region and stomach, constipation and yellow urine. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is wiry, thready and rapid. This pattern often results from yin fluid deficiency of the liver and stomach. 肝胃阴虚证 gān wèi yīn xū zhèng 1320 Deficiency cold of the liver and stomach pattern Characterized by distension in the subcostal region, gastric discomfort and pain with a cold sensation that alleviates upon pressure and a low food intake. The tongue is pale. The pulse is deep and slow. This pattern often occurs as a result of yang qi deficiency and disharmony between the liver and stomach. 肝胃虚寒证 gān wèi xū hán zhèng 1321 Liver fire affecting the lung pattern Liver fire invading the lung system pattern Wood fire tormenting metal pattern Characterized by a burning pain in the chest and subcostal region, restlessness, irritability, a dry, bitter mouth and paroxysmal coughs. In severe cases, haemoptysis may be present. The tongue is red with a thin, yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant liver fire affects the descending of lung qi. 肝火犯肺证 gān huǒ fàn fèi zhèng 1322 Deficiency of the spleen and lung pattern Lung and spleen deficiency pattern Qi deficiency of the spleen and lung Characterized by low-pitched cough with thin, clear sputum, shortness of breath, panting, a low food intake, abdominal bloating and loose stools. The tongue is pale with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from qi deficiency of the lung and spleen. 脾肺两虚证 pí fèi liǎng xū zhèng 脾肺气虚证 1323 Yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney pattern Spleen and kidney yang deficiency pattern Deficiency cold of the spleen and kidney Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, a bright, pale complexion, low back soreness, abdominal pain with a cold sensation, chronic diarrhoea with stools that contain undigested food. Alternatively, oedema and scanty urine may be present. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is deep, slow and weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney causes internal deficiency cold. 脾肾阳虚证 pí shèn yáng xū zhèng 脾肾虚寒证 166 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1324 Qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney pattern Characterized by lassitude, shortness of breath, a low food intake, abdominal bloating, loose stools, chronic diarrhoea, low back soreness/pain, and tinnitus. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 脾肾气虚证 pí shèn qì xū zhèng 1325 Deficiency of the spleen and kidney pattern Insufficiency of the spleen and kidney pattern Characterized by a low food intake, abdominal bloating, loose stools, low back soreness/pain, and tinnitus. This pattern often occurs as a result of deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 脾肾两虚证 pí shèn liǎng xū zhèng 脾肾亏虚证 1326 Insecurity of the spleen and kidney pattern Qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney pattern Characterized by turbid urine or urinary incontinence, shortness of breath, and a bearing- down sensation. The tongue is pale. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from sinking of spleen qi and insecurity of kidney qi. 脾肾不固证 pí shèn bú gù zhèng 脾肾气虚不 固证 1327 Yin deficiency of the lung and kidney pattern Lung and kidney yin deficiency pattern Characterized by cough with scanty phlegm or blood-stained sputum, a dry throat or hoarseness, low back/knee soreness and weakness, weight loss, bone-steaming tidal fever, night sweats and flushed cheeks. The tongue is red with a scanty coating. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when yin fluids deficiency of the lung and kidney causes deficiency heat. 肺肾阴虚证 fèi shèn yīn xū zhèng 1328 Qi deficiency of the lung and kidney pattern Insufficient qi of the lung and kidney pattern Kidney failing to receive qi pattern Lung–kidney deficiency pattern Characterized by more exhalation than inhalation, weak coughs that aggravate upon physical exertion, expectoration of thin, clear sputum, a low voice and spontaneous sweating. Cough- induced urine leaking may also be present. The tongue is pale purple. The pulse is weak. This pattern often results from qi deficiency of the lung and kidney. 肺肾气虚证 fèi shèn qì xū zhèng 1329 Yang deficiency of the lung and kidney pattern Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, cough with profuse, thin and clear sputum, panting, leg oedema and scanty urine. The tongue is pale and enlarged with a white, slippery coating. The pulse is weak. This pattern often occurs when water retention (due to kidney yang deficiency) affects the lung. 肺肾阳虚证 fèi shèn yáng xū zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 167 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1330 Wind heat affecting the lung and stomach pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, cough and skin rashes. The tongue is red with a thin, yellow coating. The pulse is superficial and rapid. This pattern often occurs when wind heat affects the lung and stomach. 肺胃风热证 fèi wèi fēng rè zhèng 1331 Fire heat in the lung and stomach pattern Exuberant heat in the lung and stomach pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, profuse sweating, cough, panting, a burning pain in the stomach, constipation and yellow urine. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when exuberant heat affects the lung and stomach. 肺胃火热证 fèi wèi huǒ rè zhèng 肺胃热盛证 1332 Yin deficiency of the lung and stomach pattern Fluids insufficiency of the lung and stomach pattern Characterized by thirst with a desire to drink water, unproductive cough, gastric discomfort and rapid hunger after eating food. The tongue is dry and red. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often results from yin fluids deficiency of the lung and stomach. 肺胃阴虚证 fèi wèi yīn xū zhèng 肺胃津亏证 1333 Lung heat transmitting to the large intestine pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, cough, panting, abdominal bloating and constipation. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid or replenish. This pattern often occurs when exuberant lung heat transmits downward to the large intestine. 肺热移肠证 fèi rè yí cháng zhèng 1334 Toxin entering the heart and liver pattern Characterized by fever, unconsciousness, delirium, convulsions of the limbs, and dark purple skin rashes. Alternatively, nosebleed or a dark purple complexion may be present. The tongue is dark red. The pulse is deep, thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when toxin enters the heart and liver. 毒陷心肝证 dú xiàn xīn gān zhèng 1335 Qi stagnation of the liver and large intestine pattern Characterized by distending pain in the subcostal region and abdomen, bowel sounds, flatus, diarrhoea upon abdominal pain and a bearing- down sensation of the anus. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when liver qi stagnation affects the large intestine. 肝肠气滞证 gān cháng qì zhì zhèng 168 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1336 Patterns involving the essence chamber 精室证类 jīng shì zhèng lèi 1337 Phlegm obstructing the essence chamber pattern Characterized by impotence, low sperm count, low libido, obesity, and fatigue. The tongue is pale with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery. This pattern often occurs when phlegm dampness affects the essence chamber. 痰阻精室 tán zǔ jīng shì zhèng 1338 Stasis obstructing the essence chamber pattern Stasis/stagnant blood obstructing the essence chamber pattern Characterized by stabbing pain in the perineum with a fixed location and tenderness. Alternatively, lumps, low sperm count, impotence or pain during ejaculation may be present. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood affects the essence chamber. 精室瘀阻证 jīng shì yū zǔ zhèng 瘀阻精室证；瘀 血阻滞精室证 1339 Patterns involving the uterus 胞宫证类 bāo gōng zhèng lèi 1340 Phlegm retention in the uterus pattern Phlegm obstructing the uterus pattern Phlegm-dampness obstructing the uterus pattern Phlegm congealment in the uterus pattern Phlegm obstructing the uterus Characterized by profuse, white vaginal discharge or amenorrhoea/infertility, obesity and fatigue. The tongue is pale with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery or soft and delayed. This pattern often occurs when phlegm-dampness obstructs the uterus. 痰凝胞宫证 tán níng bāo gōng zhèng 痰阻胞宫证 1341 Blood stasis obstructing the uterus pattern Characterized by stabbing pain in the lower abdomen with a fixed location and tenderness, possibly abdominal lumps, and delayed period with a scanty volume, dark purple colour and clots. Amenorrhoea or uterine bleeding may also be present. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood affects the uterus. 胞宫瘀阻证 bāo gōng yū zǔ zhèng 瘀阻胞宫证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 169 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1342 Cold retention in the uterus pattern Cold congealment in the uterus pattern Cold stagnation in the uterus pattern Characterized by lower abdominal pain with a cold sensation that alleviates upon warmth. Dysmenorrhoea, delayed period with dark purple colour, white, thin and clear vaginal discharge and infertility may also be present. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is deep and tight. This pattern often occurs when cold remains in the uterus. 寒凝胞宫证 hán níng bāo gōng zhèng 1343 Deficiency cold in the uterus pattern Uterine deficiency cold pattern Uterine yang deficiency pattern Yang deficiency of the uterus Characterized by cold intolerance, cold limbs, lower abdominal pain with a cold sensation that alleviates upon warmth and pressure and a pale menstrual colour and thin quality of menses. Alternatively, thin, clear vaginal discharge, infertility, miscarriage and a pale complexion may be present. The tongue is pale with a white coating. The pulse is deep and weak. This pattern often occurs when yang qi fails to warm the uterus. 胞宫虚寒证 bāo gōng xū hán zhèng 胞宫阳虚证 1344 Damp heat in the uterus pattern Dampness heat in the uterus pattern Characterized by profuse, yellow, sticky and smelly vaginal discharge, and itching and ulceration of the vulva. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat remains in the uterus. 胞宫湿热证 bāo gōng shī rè zhèng 1345 Blood heat in the uterus pattern Blood and heat accumulation in the uterus pattern Blood heat build up in the uterus pattern Heat accumulating in the uterus Characterized by a burning pain in the lower abdomen, and earlier period with profuse volume and bright red colour. Yellow, sticky and smelly vagina discharge may also be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when heat accumulates in the uterus. 胞宫血热证 bāo gōng xuè rè zhèng 胞宫积热证 1346 Disharmony between the Chong and Ren pattern Characterized by irregular menstruation and lower abdominal distension/pain. This pattern often results from functional disorder of the Chong and Ren meridians. 冲任失调证 chōng rèn shī tiáo zhèng 冲任不调证 170 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1347 Insecurity of the Chong and Ren pattern Characterized by dribbling menses. Alternatively, uterine bleeding, profuse vaginal discharge or miscarriage may be present. This pattern often occurs when qi of the Chong and Ren fails to secure the uterus. 冲任不固证 chōng rèn bú gù zhèng 1348 Blood stasis obstructing the Chong and Ren pattern Characterized by dark purple menstrual colour with clots. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is deep and wiry. This pattern often occurs when stasis obstructs the uterus. Contributing factors may include inappropriate care during period or after childbirth, contraction of external pathogenic qi or emotional disturbance. It may also develop from further progression of qi stagnation of Chong and Ren. 冲任瘀阻证 chōng rèn yū zǔ zhèng 1349 Heat entering the blood chamber pattern Characterized by a burning pain in the lower abdomen, tenderness, and profuse menstrual volume. Alternatively, amenorrhoea, fever, thirst and restlessness may be present. The tongue is deep red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when heat affects the blood chamber. 热入血室证 rè rù xuè shì zhèng 1350 Patterns involving the meridians Meridian and collateral patterns 经络证类 jīng luò zhèng lèi 1351 Wind attacking the meridians pattern Characterized by skin numbness and itching or sudden deviation of the eyes and mouth corner. This pattern often occurs when wind attacks the meridians. 风中经络证 fēng zhòng jīng luò zhèng 1352 Wind phlegm entering the meridians pattern Wind phlegm obstructing the meridians pattern Characterized by limb numbness or paralysis, skin numbness or itching, dizziness and salivation. The tongue coating is greasy. This pattern often occurs when liver wind that carries phlegm affects the meridians. 风痰入络证 fēng tán rù luò zhèng 风痰阻络证 1353 Wind heat affecting the meridians pattern Wind heat attacking the meridians pattern Characterized by localized numbness, burning pain, itching and redness. This pattern often occurs when wind heat impairs the flow of meridian qi. 风热阻络证 fēng rè zǔ luò zhèng 风热中络证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 171 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1354 Cold retention in the meridians pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, limb coldness, pain, contracture or numbness and a dark purple or pale complexion. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is wiry and tight. This pattern often occurs when retained cold affects the flow of blood within meridians. 寒滞经络证 hán zhì jīng luò zhèng 1355 Damp heat obstructing the meridians pattern Characterized by fever, mild thirst, limb heaviness, pain and numbness, and localized ulceration and itching. The tongue coating is yellow and greasy. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the meridians. 湿热阻络证 shī rè zǔ luò zhèng 1356 Cold dampness obstructing the meridians pattern Cold dampness entering the meridians pattern Characterized by limb or localized heaviness, coldness, pain, numbness or swelling, aversion to cold and cold limbs. The tongue coating is white and slippery. This pattern often occurs when cold damp affects the meridians. 寒湿阻络证 hán shī zǔ luò zhèng 寒湿入络证 1357 Phlegm-dampness obstructing the meridians pattern Phlegm-dampness affecting the limbs/ joints pattern Characterized by limb or joint numbness and swelling, and skin swelling, hardness, numbness and itching. The tongue coating is white and greasy. This pattern often occurs when turbid phlegm-dampness obstructs the meridians. 痰湿阻络证 tán shī zǔ luò zhèng 痰湿阻痹证 1358 Stasis and heat entering the meridians pattern Characterized by a low-grade fever and redness of the affected area with a burning pain. The tongue is deep red or purple. The pulse is thready, hesitant and rapid. This pattern often occurs when intertwined heat and stagnant blood obstruct the meridians. 瘀热入络证 yū rè rù luò zhèng 1359 Stagnant blood obstructing the meridians pattern Characterized by a stabbing pain with a fixed location. Alternatively, purple macules, lumps or bleeding of dark blood may be present. The tongue is purple or with petechiae. The pulse is hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood obstructs the meridians. 瘀血阻络证 yū xuè zǔ luò zhèng 172 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1360 Patterns of the twelve regular meridians Main meridian patterns 十二正经证类 shí èr zhèng jīng zhèng lèi 1361 Lung meridian pattern Characterized by cough, panting, shortness of breath, haemoptysis, chest fullness/distension, a sore, swollen throat, pain in the clavicle and along the anterior border of the medial aspect of the arm, and pain with a cold sensation in the shoulder and back. This pattern often results from impaired flow of lung meridian qi. 手太阴肺经证 shǒu tài yīn fèi jīng zhèng 1362 Large intestine meridian pattern Characterized by abdominal pain, bowel sounds, diarrhoea, constipation, dysentery, a sore, swollen throat, toothache, clear nasal discharge, nosebleed, and pain, hot or cold sensation along the meridian pathway. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the large intestine meridian. 手阳明大肠 经证 shǒu yáng míng dà cháng jīng zhèng 1363 Stomach meridian pattern Characterized by bowel sounds, abdominal distension, oedema, stomach ache, vomiting, fast hunger after eating food, thirst, a sore, swollen throat, nosebleed, pain in the chest or knee, fever and mania. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the stomach meridian. 足阳明胃经证 zú yáng míng wèi jīng zhèng 1364 Spleen meridian pattern Characterized by gastric pain, vomiting immediately after eating food, belching, abdominal distension, loose stools, jaundice, body heaviness and weakness, pain or stiffness of the base of the tongue, swelling along the medial side of the leg and cold limbs. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the spleen meridian. 足太阴脾经证 zú tài yīn pí jīng zhèng 1365 Heart meridian pattern Characterized by cardiac pain, a dry throat, thirst, yellowish eyes, pain in the subcostal region and along the medial aspect of the arm, and a feverish sensation in the palms. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the heart meridian. 手少阴心经证 shǒu shào yīn xīn jīng zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 173 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1366 Small intestine meridian pattern Characterized by lower abdominal pain, lower back painlower back pain that radiates towards the testis, deafness, yellowish eyes, swollen cheek, a sore, swollen throat and pain along the posterior border of the lateral aspect of the shoulder and arm. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the small intestine meridian. 手太阳小肠 经证 shǒu tài yáng xiǎo cháng jīng zhèng 1367 Bladder meridian pattern Characterized by inhibited urination, enuresis, mania, alternating fever and chills, eye pain, lacrimation with exposure to wind, nasal obstruction with discharge, nosebleed, headache and pain along the neck, back, low back, buttocks and posterior aspect of the leg. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the bladder meridian. 足太阳膀胱 经证 zú tài yáng páng guāng jīng zhèng 1368 Kidney meridian pattern Characterized by haemoptysis, panting, a dry tongue, a sore, swollen throat, oedema, constipation, diarrhoea, lower back painlower back pain, pain along the posterior of the spine and thigh, flaccidity and a feverish sensation in the soles. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the kidney meridian. 足少阴肾经证 zú shào yīn shèn jīng zhèng 1369 Sanjiao meridian pattern Triple energizer meridian pattern Triple burner meridian pattern Triple warmer meridian pattern Characterized by abdominal distension, oedema, enuresis, inhibited urination, deafness, tinnitus, a sore throat, red, swollen and painful eyes, swollen cheeks, and pain behind the ears and along the lateral aspect of the shoulder, arm and elbow. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Sanjiao meridian. 手少阳三焦 经证 shǒu shào yáng sān jiāo jīng zhèng 1370 Pericardium meridian pattern Heart governor meridian pattern Heart ruler meridian pattern Characterized by cardiac pain, chest tightness, restlessness, mania, armpit swelling, arm contracture and a feverish sensation in the palms. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the pericardium meridian. 手厥阴心包 经证 shǒu jué yīn xīn bāo jīng zhèng 174 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1371 Gallbladder meridian pattern Characterized by a bitter mouth, blurred vision, alternating fever and chills, headache, pain in the chin, outer canthus and clavicle, armpit swelling, pain along the chest, subcostal region, thigh and lateral aspect of the leg and foot, and a feverish sensation along the lateral aspect of the foot. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the gallbladder meridian. 足少阳胆经证 zú shào yáng dǎn jīng zhèng 1372 Liver meridian pattern Characterized by lower back painlower back pain, chest fullness, hiccups, enuresis, inhibited urination, hernia and lower abdominal swelling. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the liver meridian. 足厥阴肝经证 zú jué yīn gān jīng zhèng 1373 Patterns of the eight extra meridians Extra meridian patterns 奇经八脉证类 qí jīng bā mài zhèng lèi 1374 Du meridian pattern Governor vessel pattern Characterized by spinal pain/stiffness and opisthotonos. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Du meridian. 督脉证 dū mài zhèng 1375 Ren meridian pattern Conception vessel pattern Characterized by hernia, vaginal discharge and abdominal masses. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Ren meridian. 任脉证 rèn mài zhèng 1376 Chong meridian pattern Thoroughfare vessel pattern Characterized by abdominal contracture due to qi counterflow. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Chong meridian. 冲脉证 chōng mài zhèng 1377 Yinwei meridian pattern Yin link vessel pattern Characterized by cardiac pain and melancholy. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Yinwei meridian. 阴维脉证 yīn wéi mài zhèng 1378 Yangwei meridian pattern Yang link vessel pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever and lower back painlower back pain. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Yangwei meridian. 阳维脉证 yáng wéi mài zhèng 1379 Dai meridian pattern Belt vessel pattern Characterized by abdominal fullness and a cold sensation in the lower back (like sitting in water). This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Dai meridian. 带脉证 dài mài zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 175 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1380 Yangqiao meridian pattern Yang heel vessel pattern Characterized by eye pain (inner canthus) and insomnia. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Yangqiao meridian. 阳蹻脉证 yáng qiāo mài zhèng 1381 Yinqiao meridian pattern Yin heel vessel pattern Characterized by hypersomnia and urinary retention. This pattern often results from impaired qi flow of the Yinqiao meridian. 阴蹻脉证 yīn qiāo mài zhèng 1382 Sanjiao patterns Three region patterns Triple burner patterns Triple energizer patterns Triple energizer stage patterns Wenbing Sanjiao Patterns 三焦证类 sān jiāo zhèng lèi 1383 Damp heat affecting the three jiao pattern Damp heat affecting triple energizer pattern Characterized by fever that cannot be resolved after sweating, body heaviness, gastric discomfort and masses, absence of thirst or thirst with little water intake, scanty, yellow urine and a sensation of incomplete evacuation after bowel movements. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp is mixed with heat. 湿热弥漫三 焦证 shī rè mí màn sān jiāo zhèng 1384 Damp heat in the upper jiao pattern Dampness and heat in the upper energizer pattern Characterized by fever, aversion to cold, body heaviness, cough, chest tightness and absence of sweating. The tongue coating is yellow and white. The pulse is soft and delayed. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the upper jiao. 上焦湿热证 shàng jiāo shī rè zhèng 1385 Dry heat in the upper jiao pattern Upper energizer dryness and heat pattern Upper energizer dryness heat pattern Characterized by fever, aversion to wind cold, thirst, unproductive cough, headache, scanty sweating, dry lips, a dry, sore throat, tinnitus, red eyes, gum swelling and dry skin. The tongue coating is white. The pulse is rapid and large. This pattern often occurs when dry heat affects the dispersing and descending of lung qi. 上焦燥热证 shàng jiāo zào rè zhèng 176 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1386 Damp heat in the middle jiao pattern Dampness and heat in the middle energizer pattern Middle energizer dampness and heat pattern Characterized by fever that cannot be resolved after sweating and become more pronounced in the afternoon, abdominal masses and distension, nausea, vomiting, a poor appetite, thirst with little water intake, yellow urine and loose stools. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the spleen and stomach. 中焦湿热证 zhōng jiāo shī rè zhèng 1387 Heat accumulating in the middle jiao pattern Excess heat in the middle jiao Characterized by fever, thirst, abdominal distension and pain, constipation and scanty, yellow urine. The tongue is red with a dry, yellow coating. The pulse is rapid and forceful. This pattern often occurs when heat accumulates in the middle jiao. 中焦积热证 zhōng jiāo jī rè zhèng 中焦实热证 1388 Damp heat in the lower jiao pattern Dampness and heat in the lower energizer pattern Characterized by urinary dribbling with a painful urination, loose stools with a strong odour, and lower abdominal distension and pain. Alternatively, urine retention, constipation, yellow, white and smelly vaginal discharge, fever and thirst may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the large intestine or urinary bladder. 下焦湿热证 xià jiāo shī rè zhèng 1389 Stasis obstructing the lower jiao pattern Stasis obstructing the lower energizer pattern Characterized by stabbing or distending pain in the lower abdomen, tenderness. Alternatively, palpable masses and bloody urine/stools may be present. The tongue is dark purple or with ecchymosis. The pulse is wiry and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood affects the intestines, urinary bladder and uterus. 瘀阻下焦证 yū zǔ xià jiāo zhèng 1390 Patterns involving the skin, tendons and bones 肌肤筋骨证类 jī fū jīn gǔ zhèng lèi 1391 Stasis affecting the skin pattern Characterized by dry, rough, scaly or numb skin, scratchy or painful blood streaks or dark purple ecchymosis in the skin. The pulse is superficial, thready and hesitant. This pattern often occurs when stagnant blood affects the skin. 瘀滞肌肤证 yū zhì jī fū zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 177 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1392 Heat affecting the bones/joints pattern Characterized by red, swollen, hot and painful joints. This pattern often occurs when wind, dampness and heat, especially heat, affect the tendons, bones and joints. 热邪阻痹证 rè xié zǔ bì zhèng 1393 Damp heat affecting the bones/joints pattern Characterized by fever and swollen, heavy, hot and painful joints. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat accumulates in tendons, bones and joints. 湿热阻痹证 shī rè zǔ bì zhèng 1394 Cold dampness affecting the low back pattern Characterized by a cold sensation and pain in the low back that worsens with cold. This pattern often occurs when cold dampness affects the lumbar region. 寒湿着腰证 hán shī zhuó yāo zhèng 1395 Six meridians patterns 六经证类 liù jīng zhèng lèi 1396 Disorders of the six meridians Six stage patterns Shanghan Patterns A group of disorders of the six meridians according to the cold damage theory. 六经病证 liù jīng bìng zhèng 1397 Taiyang pattern Early yang stage pattern Greater yang pattern Characterized by manifestations of Taiyang meridian pattern and Taiyang–fu organ pattern. This pattern often occurs when the struggle between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors affects the normal functioning of the Wei- defence and Ying nutrients. 太阳病证 tài yáng bìng zhèng 1398 Taiyang meridian pattern Characterized by fever, aversion to wind/cold, headache, body ache, lower back pain, nasal obstruction with clear discharge, and sweating. The pulse is superficial and delayed or superficial and tight. This pattern often occurs when wind cold affects the Taiyang meridian and disturbs the normal functioning of the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. 太阳经证 tài yáng jīng zhèng 178 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1399 Taiyang wind attack pattern Characterized by fever, aversion to cold/wind and sweating. The pulse is superficial and delayed. Alternatively, headache, neck rigidity, body ache, lower back pain, nasal obstruction with clear discharge and a thin, white tongue coating may be present. This pattern often occurs when wind cold attacks the Taiyang meridians and disturbs the harmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. 太阳中风证 tài yáng zhòng fēng zhèng 1400 Taiyang cold attack pattern Characterized by aversion to cold, fever, headache, neck pain and rigidity, absence of sweating, and panting. The pulse is superficial and tight. This pattern often occurs when external wind cold obstructs Wei-defensive yang and closes the skin striae. 太阳伤寒证 tài yáng shāng hán zhèng 1401 Taiyang–fu organ pattern Characterized by thirst, restlessness, insomnia, mania, lower abdominal hardness/fullness, inhibited urination and vomiting immediately after drinking water. The pulse is deep and hesitant or deep and knotted. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic heat enters the fu organs and affects the qi transformation of the urinary bladder. It may also occur when heat and stagnant blood affects the lower abdomen. 太阳腑证 tài yáng fǔ zhèng 1402 Yangming disorders Middle yang stage pattern Yang brightness pattern A group of disorders caused by hyperactive yang heat in Yangming meridians or fu organs. 阳明病证 yáng míng bìng zhèng 1403 Yangming meridian pattern Characterized by a high-grade fever, aversion to heat instead of cold, profuse sweating, and excessive thirst with a strong desire to drink water. Alternatively, restlessness, panting, and a red face may be present. The tongue coating is dry and yellow. The pulse is surging and large. This pattern often occurs when hyperactive heat affects the Yangming meridians and the entire body. 阳明经证 yáng míng jīng zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 179 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1404 Excess Yangming–fu organ pattern Yangming–fu organ pattern Characterized by fever that aggravates in the afternoon, sweating of hands/feet, abdominal fullness, distension and pain with tenderness, and constipation. In severe cases, unconsciousness, delirium, restlessness, and insomnia may be present. The tongue coating is dry, yellow and thick or charred black with thorns. The pulse is deep and forceful , or slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic heat enters the intestine and mixes with dry faeces. 阳明腑实证 yáng míng fǔ shí zhèng 阳明腑证 1405 Shaoyang pattern Late yang stage pattern Lesser yang pattern Characterized by a bitter mouth, a dry throat, dizziness, blurred vision, fever alternating with aversion to cold, fullness in the chest and subcostal region, no desire to eat or drink, restlessness, and vomiting. The pulse is wiry. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic factors affect the qi flow of Shaoyang meridians. 少阳病证 shào yáng bìng zhèng 1406 Taiyin pattern Early yin stage pattern Greater yin pattern Characterized by abdominal fullness, vomiting, a poor appetite, diarrhoea, absence of thirst and occasional abdominal pain. The pulse is deep and delayed or weak. This pattern often results from exposure to wind cold and retention of cold dampness due to spleen yang deficiency. 太阴病证 tài yīn bìng zhèng 1407 Shaoyin pattern Lesser yin pattern Middle yin stage pattern Characterized by manifestations of Shaoyin cold transformation pattern and Shaoyin heat transformation. This pattern often results from hypofunction of the heart and kidney as well as general deficiency of yin and yang. 少阴病证 shào yīn bìng zhèng 1408 Shaoyin cold transformation pattern Characterized by aversion to cold without fever, diarrhoea with undigested food in stools, and cold limbs. The pulse is feeble and thready. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic factors enter the Shaoyin meridians and transform into cold, coupled with yang qi failure of the heart and kidney. 少阴寒化证 shào yīn hán huà zhèng 180 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1409 Shaoyin heat transformation pattern Characterized by restlessness, insomnia, and a dry mouth/throat. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic factors enter the Shao meridian and transform into heat, coupled with yang hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 少阴热化证 shào yīn rè huà zhèng 1410 Jueyin pattern Late Yin stage Pattern Reverting yin pattern Characterized by wasting, extreme thirst, qi surging up to the heart, pain and feverish sensation in the heart, hunger but no desire to eat food and vomiting of roundworm after eating. This pattern often occurs in the advanced stage of six meridian transmission and manifests as extreme heat or cold, or alternating cold and heat. 厥阴病证 jué yīn bìng zhèng 1411 Patterns of Wei- defence, qi, Ying nutrients and blood Four phase patterns Wenbing aspect patterns 卫气营血证类 wèi qì yíng xuè zhèng lèi 1412 Wei-defence phase pattern Defence phase pattern Wei aspect pattern Characterized by fever and mild aversion to wind cold. The pulse is superficial and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic warm heat affects the normal functioning of Wei-defensive qi and disturbs the dispersing and descending of lung qi. 卫分证 wèi fèn zhèng 1413 Dampness blocking Wei-defensive yang pattern Dampness obstructing the defence yang pattern Characterized by fever, aversion to cold, mild sweating, headache, lassitude, chest tightness, a poor appetite and absence of thirst. The tongue coating is thin, white or greasy. The pulse is delayed. This pattern often occurs when dampness blocks the flow of Wei-defensive qi. 湿遏卫阳证 shī è wèi yáng zhèng 1414 Toxin attacking the lung defence Heat attacking the lung defence pattern Warm attacking the lung defence pattern Pathogenic warmth affecting the Wei-defence Characterized by fever, headache, mild aversion to wind cold, mild/no sweating, cough, mild thirst and sore throat. The tongue coating is thin white or yellow. The pulse is floating and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic warm heat attacks the Wei-defence and affects the dispersing of lung qi. 温邪侵袭肺 卫证 wēn xié qīn xí fèi wèi zhèng 毒侵肺卫证 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 181 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1415 Qi phase pattern Characterized by fever without aversion to cold. The tongue coating turns yellow. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic warm transforms into heat. 气分证 qì fèn zhèng 气分热盛证 1416 Heat entering the qi phase Heat entering the qi phase pattern Characterized by fever, thirst, dark yellow urine, and constipation. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when toxic fire/heat struggles with anti-pathogenic qi in the qi phase. 热入气分证 rè rù qì fèn zhèng 1417 Damp heat in the qi phase Qi phase dampness and heat pattern Characterized by unresolved fever after sweating, chest tightness, abdominal distension, yellowish pigmentation of the skin and eyes, limb weakness, nausea, vomiting and yellow urine. The tongue is red with a yellow, greasy coating. The pulse is soft and rapid or slippery and rapid. This pattern often occurs when damp heat affects the qi phase. 气分湿热证 qì fèn shī rè zhèng 1418 Dampness obstructing the qi phase Dampness obstructing the qi phase pattern Characterized by fever that cannot be resolved by sweating, thirst with no desire to drink water, chest or gastric discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and a sensation of incomplete evacuation after bowel movements. Associated symptoms may include diarrhoea, body heaviness and fatigue. The tongue is red with a slightly yellow, slippery and greasy coating. The pulse is soft and rapid. This pattern often occurs when dampness affects the qi phase. 湿阻气分证 shī zǔ qì fèn zhèng 1419 Ying nutrients phase pattern Nutrient phase patterns Ying aspect patterns Exuberant heat in the Ying nutrients phase Characterized by fever that aggravates at night, restlessness and insomnia. The tongue is deep red. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic heat consumes the Ying nutrient yin and disturbs the heart mind. 营分证 yíng fèn zhèng 营分热盛证 1420 Disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence pattern Nutrient qi and defence qi disharmony pattern Characterized by spontaneous sweating without fever. Alternatively, patients may present with fever and spontaneous sweating, or neither. This pattern often occurs when yang qi becomes deficient or when stagnant yang qi in the surface of the body affects Ying nutrients and yin fluids. 营卫不和证 yíng wèi bù hé zhèng 182 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1421 Heat entering the Ying nutrients phase pattern Heat in the nutrient phase pattern Characterized by fever that aggravates at night, restlessness, insomnia, unconsciousness, delirium and maculae. The tongue is deep red. This pattern often occurs when toxic fire/heat enters the Ying nutrients phase and disturbs the heart mind. 热入营分证 rè rù yíng fèn zhèng 1422 Heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood phases pattern Heat entering the nutrient and blood phase pattern Characterized by fever that aggravates at night, restlessness and insomnia. Alternatively, unconsciousness, thirst with little water intake, maculae, bleeding, constipation and yellow urine may be present. The tongue is deep red. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic warm/heat consumes yin blood and disturbs the heart mind. 热入营血证 rè rù yíng xuè zhèng 1423 Heat toxin entering the Ying nutrients phase pattern Exuberance of toxic fire/heat pattern Characterized by fever that aggravates at night, maculae, unconsciousness, delirium, a dry mouth, thirst and constipation. The tongue is deep red. The pulse is thready and rapid. This pattern often occurs when toxic fire/heat enters the Ying nutrients and blood phases. 热毒入营证 rè dú rù yíng zhèng 邪毒炽盛证 1424 Blood phase pattern Characterized by fever that aggravates at night, restlessness, insomnia, unconsciousness, delirium, a dark purple tongue and a wiry, rapid pulse. Alternatively, dark purple maculae, haematemesis, nosebleed, bloody stools, bloody urine, a dry tongue with a scanty coating and a thready, deficient pulse may be present. This pattern often occurs when heat in febrile conditions moves blood, stirs wind and consumes yin. 血分证 xuè fèn zhèng 1425 Heat entering the blood phase pattern Excess heat in the blood aspect pattern Blood and heat pattern Characterized by haemorrhagic symptoms such as haemoptysis, nosebleed, bloody urine and bloody stools. Alternatively, a high-grade fever, unconsciousness and twitching of hands/feet may be present. The tongue is dark purple. This pattern often occurs when fire/heat consumes Ying nutrients and blood. 热入血分证 rè rù xuè fèn zhèng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 183 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1426 Pattern involving both Wei-defence and qi phases Characterized by a high-grade fever, headache, and mild aversion to wind cold. Alternatively, body ache/heaviness, nasal obstruction, cough, thirst, restlessness, sweating, dark yellow urine, a sore throat and a bitter taste in the mouth may be present. The tongue is red with a yellow coating. The pulse is superficial and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic factors in febrile conditions enter the qi phase and transform into heat, while pathogenic factors in the Wei-defence phase remain unresolved. 卫气同病证 wèi qì tóng bìng zhèng 1427 Heat blazing in both qi and Ying phases pattern Characterized by a high-grade fever, thirst, restlessness, and headache. Alternatively, unconsciousness, maculae, constipation, and yellow urine may be present. The tongue is deep red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when qi phase pattern co-exists with Ying nutrients phase pattern in febrile conditions. 气营两燔证 qì yíng liǎng fán zhèng 1428 Heat blazing in both qi and blood phases pattern Characterized by a high-grade fever, thirst, headache, restlessness, maculae, hematemesis, nosebleed and bloody stools. The tongue is deep red with a yellow coating. The pulse is rapid. This pattern often occurs when heat in the qi phase remains unresolved, while toxic heat stays in the Ying nutrients or blood phases. 气血两燔证 qì xuè liǎng fán zhèng 1429 Exuberant heat stirring wind pattern Characterized by a high-grade fever, thirst, unconsciousness, convulsions of hands/feet, neck rigidity, opisthotonos and trismus. The tongue is deep red with a yellow coating. The pulse is wiry and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic heat stirs liver wind. 热盛动风证 rè shèng dòng fēng zhèng 1430 Exuberant heat moving blood pattern Characterized by a high-grade fever, thirst, and red face and eyes. Alternatively, bloody urine, bloody stools, nosebleed or maculae may be present. The tongue is deep red with a yellow coating. The pulse is surging and rapid. This pattern often occurs when pathogenic heat causes the blood to flow recklessly. 热盛动血证 rè shèng dòng xuè zhèng 184 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1431 Other patterns 其他证类 qí tā zhèng lèi 1432 Blockage pattern Characterized by trismus, closed hands, unconsciousness, fever or cold limbs. This pattern often results from wind stroke or heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood phases. 闭证 bì zhèng 1433 Collapse pattern Characterized by sudden fainting or clouding of consciousness, limb flaccidity, open hands, cold limbs and profuse sweating. In severe cases, body sweats with a cold sensation, bowel and bladder incontinence and a limp tongue may be present. The tongue is dark purple with a white, greasy coating. The pulse is deep and delayed or deep and feeble. This pattern often results from exhaustion of Yuan-primordial qi and mental cloudiness. 脱证 tuō zhèng 1434 2.5 Disorders Traditional medicine disorders 2.5 疾病 1435 Externally contracted disorders External contraction disorders A group of disorders caused by external pathogenic factors such as wind, cold, summer heat, dampness, warmth or pestilence. These are further classified into seasonal exogenous disorders, cold damage, warm disease and epidemics from pestilence. 外感病类 wài gǎn bìng lèi 1436 Seasonal disorders A group of externally contracted disorders caused by fatigue, deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi, or failure to adjust to exogenous wind, cold, summer heat or dampness. They are characterized by seasonal onset and rarely contagious. Examples of seasonal disorders include common cold, dampness obstructing the spleen and stomach, summer heat stroke, autumn dryness, etc. 外感时令类病 wài gǎn shí lìng lèi bìng 时令病 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 185 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1437 Common cold Common cold disorder Characterized by fever, chills, headache, body ache, nasal obstruction, sneezing, sore/scratchy throat and cough. In mild cases, common cold is known as wind injury (shang feng). An epidemic common cold, or influenza, often occurs when exogenous pathogenic factors affect the lung exterior. 感冒 gǎn mào 1438 Seasonal common cold Seasonal cold disorder A condition characterized by sudden fever, chills or mild aversion to wind or cold, sore, swollen and congested throat, headache, and muscle/joint soreness and pain. Often occurs when pathogenic toxins attack the Wei-defence, and is more common in spring and winter. 时行感冒 shí xíng gǎn mào 1439 Summer disorders Summer-heat disorder A group of disorders caused by external contraction of summer heat or summer dampness. They often occur when summer heat or dampness remain in the Wei-defence, affect the stomach and intestines, or in severe cases, block the flow of qi. 暑病 shǔ bìng 1440 Summer non-acclimatization A condition characterized by a decreased appetite and lassitude. Alternatively, a low-grade fever may be present. Often occurs when summer dampness affects the spleen and stomach or when summer heat consumes qi and affects the spleen function of transportation and transformation. 疰夏 zhù xià 1441 Summer heat stroke A condition characterized by high fever, excessive sweating or dry skin, restlessness, thirst, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. In severe cases, patients may lose consciousness or experience convulsions. Contributing factors may include working in high temperatures during summer, summer heat or summer dampness suddenly blocking the heart mind, exuberant heat consuming fluids and stirring up liver wind, or summer heat blocking the qi activity. 中暑 zhòng shǔ 186 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1442 Summer heat collapse A condition characterized by heat stroke, with a sudden pale complexion, cold sweats, a drop in blood pressure, and a feeble, thready and extremely faint pulse. Often occurs when summer heat or summer heat dampness directly affect the zang–fu organs and cause a drastic deprivation of qi, blood, yin and yang. 暑脱 shǔ tuō 1443 Summer heat syncope A condition characterized by sunstroke, high fever, unconsciousness, and cold limbs. Alternatively, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be present. Often occurs when summer heat disturbs the heart mind or blocks the qi activity. 暑厥 shǔ jué 暑闭 1444 Summer heat convulsion A condition characterized by heat stroke, high fever, unconsciousness and convulsions. Often occurs when summer heat disturbs the heart mind or stirs liver wind. 暑风 shǔ fēng 暑痉 1445 Summer heat turbidity Summer heat foulness A condition characterized by distending headache, gastric stuffiness, chest tightness, restlessness, nausea, a hot sensation of the skin, and sweating. In severe cases, unconsciousness and deafness may be present. Often occurs when summer heat and foul turbidity impair the qi flow of the lung and stomach or disturb the heart mind. 暑秽病 shǔ huì bìng 暑秽 1446 Dampness obstruction A condition characterized by body heaviness, limb soreness, a poor appetite, gastric discomfort, abdominal distension and lassitude. Often occurs when dampness affects the qi flow of the spleen and stomach. 湿阻病 shī zǔ bìng 湿阻；冒湿； 伤湿 1447 Autumn dryness A condition characterized by fever, headache, dry cough or difficulty in expectoration of sputum, dry nose and throat, and thirst. Often occurs when dryness affects the exterior and consumes yin fluids. 秋燥病 qiū zào bìng 秋燥 1448 Warm dryness A condition characterized by fever, headache, cough with scanty sputum, dry nose and throat, thirst, and scanty, yellow urine. Often occurs in autumn when dryness and heat affect the lung and consumes yin fluids. 温燥病 wēn zào bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 187 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1449 Cool dryness A condition characterized by fever, chills, headache, absence of sweating, unproductive cough or difficulty expectoration of sputum, and a dry throat and lips. Often occurs in autumn when cool dryness affects the lung and consumes bodily fluids. 凉燥病 liáng zào bìng 凉燥 1450 Cold damage Cold injury Exogenous febrile disorders A group of disorders caused by external wind cold. It is initially characterized by cold-induced symptoms and cold damaging yang qi. These include Taiyang disorders, Yangming disorders, Shaoyang disorders, Taiyin disorders, Shaoyin disorders and Jueyin disorders. 伤寒类病 shāng hán lèi bìng 伤寒 1451 Epidemic febrile disorders A group of febrile disorders caused by external contraction of pathogenic warmth or pestilence. Endemic febrile disorders are prevalent and infectious within a geographic area, whereas pandemic febrile disorders are strongly contagious across the globe. 温疫类病 wēn yì lèi bìng 温疫 1452 Warm diseases A group of disorders caused by external contraction of pathogenic warm/heat. It is initially characterized by typical heat-induced symptoms or heat transforming into dryness after entering the interior. In severe cases, heat may transmit to the pericardium, damage yin or stir up internal wind. They are known as endemic warm diseases when spreading through population within a geographic area. 温病 wēn bìng 温热病 1453 Acute warm diseases A group of diseases characterized by a sudden fever, mild or no aversion to wind cold, headache, and sore throat, followed by a high-grade fever, persistent sweating and thirst with a desire to drink water. Associated symptoms may include constipation, dysentery, unconsciousness, delirium, maculae, bleeding and convulsions. Contributing factors may include external contraction of pathogenic warmth, warmth transmitting to the stomach/intestine, warmth affecting the heart, warmth damaging blood, or warmth stirring up wind. 新感温病 xīn gǎn wēn bìng 188 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1454 Latent warm diseases A group of diseases initially characterized by exuberant interior heat and associated symptoms due to dry heat damaging yin. They are often caused by latent pathogenic factors in the interior or pre-existing heat coupled with contraction of new pathogenic factors. 伏气温病 fú qì wēn bìng 伏邪温病 1455 Epidemic pestilence A group of contagious epidemic disorders caused by direct contact with epidemic toxins and subsequent human-to-human or animal- to-human transmission. These include wind pestilence, spring pestilence, summer heat pestilence, winter pestilence, plague, seasonal epidemic cholera, measles, smallpox, etc. 疫病 yì bìng 瘟疫；疫疠 1456 Wind pestilence Wind febrile disorders Wind pestilence with lung heat A type of pestilence characterized by a sudden fever, mild aversion to wind cold, cough with yellow phlegm or haemoptysis, sore throat, followed by a persistent high-grade fever, sweating, excessive thirst, chest tightness and panting. In severe cases, unconsciousness, delirium and convulsions may be present. It is often seen in spring and winter. Contributing factors include pathogenic wind warmth attacking the Wei-defence, heat accumulating in the lung or heat transmitting to the pericardium. 风温病 fēng wēn bìng 风温；风温肺 热病 1457 Spring pestilence Spring febrile disorder Spring pestilence disease A type of pestilence characterized by a sudden high-grade fever, headache, neck rigidity, vomiting, macular eruption, restlessness, followed by unconsciousness and convulsions. Often occurs when pathogenic warm heat or epidemic toxin enters the body through the mouth or nose to affect the Ying nutrients, blood and brain. 春温 chūn wēn 春温病；春瘟病 1458 Summer heat pestilence Summer heat febrile disorders Summer heat pestilence disorders A type of pestilence characterized by a sudden high-grade fever, headache, vomiting, and neck rigidity. In severe cases, unconsciousness and convulsions may be present. Often occurs when pathogenic summer heat or epidemic toxin enters the body through mosquito bites to disturb the mind or affect the heart and liver. 暑温 shǔ wēn 暑温病；暑瘟病 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 189 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1459 Dampness pestilence Dampness febrile disorders Dampness pestilence disorders A type of pestilence characterized by a persistent high-grade fever, gastric discomfort, abdominal distension, indifferent expression, a greasy tongue coating, a delayed pulse, pink or white skin rashes, masses in the left subcostal region, and low white blood cell count. Often occurs when damp heat enters the body through the mouth and nose to accumulate in the spleen and stomach and obstruct the qi activity. 湿温 shī wēn 湿瘟；湿温病； 湿瘟病 1460 Latent summer heat pestilence A type of pestilence characterized by a sudden onset, alternating chills and fever or fever without chills that aggravates at night and alleviates during the day, especially after sweating. Associated symptoms may include a burning sensation in the chest and abdomen, skin rashes, and loose stools. In severe cases, restlessness or delirium may be present. Often occurs when seasonal pathogenic factors or epidemic toxin in autumn or winter triggers and causes the latent summer heat and dampness to retain in the qi/ Ying nutrient phases, Shaoyang or stomach and intestines. 伏暑 fú shǔ 1461 Winter pestilence Winter febrile disorders Winter pestilence disorders A type of pestilence characterized by headache, fever, cough, sore throat, sweating and excessive thirst. In severe cases, a persistent high-grade fever, unconsciousness, delirium, spasms and convulsions may be present. Often occurs when pathogenic winter warmth or epidemic toxin attacks the Wei-defence or disturbs the mind. 冬温 dōng wēn 冬瘟；冬温病； 冬瘟病 1462 Wind rashes Characterized by fever, cough and pink rashes (resembling fine sand). The rashes start on the face and spread down to the trunk, arms and legs. The rashes may combine into patches. They come and go and do not cause skin peeling or discolouration. Alternatively, swollen lymph node behind the ear may be present. This condition often occurs when epidemic wind heat or virus affects the lung and the surface of the body. 风疹 fēng zhěn 风痧；小儿风痧 190 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1463 Chicken pox Characterized by fever, cough and skin rashes that turn into fluid-filled blisters, which then crust over to form scabs. This condition often occurs when epidemic wind and internal damp heat affect the surface of the body. 水痘 shuǐ dòu 小儿水痘 1464 Pestilence toxin Pestilence eruptions Characterized by high fever, headache, and presence of maculae or sores/ulcers. In severe cases, clouding of consciousness may be present. This condition often occurs when pestilence toxin enters the bloodstream with lice/fleas to damage the Ying nutrients or disturb the heart mind. 瘟毒 wēn dú 温毒；温毒发 斑；瘟毒发斑 1465 Swollen face Characterized by fever, chills, and local (face, ear, neck and throat) redness, swelling, hotness and pain. It is more common in winter or spring. This condition often occurs when seasonal wind heat toxin attacks the three yang meridians in the face. It is known as erysipelas facialis in modern medicine. 大头瘟 dà tóu wēn 1466 Flaccid foot pestilence Characterized by double-peaked fever, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, pain in the surface of the body, muscle flaccidity/weakness that develops into atrophy, unstable walking, and malformation of the affected limbs. It commonly affects children with pestilence. This condition often occurs when summer dampness affect the intestines and stomach, accumulates in the muscles and obstructs meridians. Alternatively, it may occur when heat damages yin fluids and results in malnourishment of the sinews. 软脚瘟 ruǎn jiǎo wēn 1467 Liver heat disease Characterized by subcostal and abdominal distension and fullness, nausea, aversion to oily food, a poor appetite, and yellow urine. Associated symptoms include fever, jaundice, distending pain in the right subcostal region and enlarged liver. This condition often occurs when damp-heat toxin affects the liver/gallbladder and spleen and causes the bile to overflow. 肝热病 gān rè bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 191 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1468 Liver pestilence Jaundice disorder Pestilential jaundice Acute jaundice Characterized by a persistent high-grade fever, severe jaundice, pain in the subcostal region, abdominal distension, followed by somnolence, unconsciousness, delirium and mania. Associated symptoms may include bleeding, scanty urine or urine retention. Often occurs when damp heat toxin attacks the spleen and liver to scorch Ying nutrients and blood, damage the liver and, in severe cases, blocks the heart mind. 肝瘟 gān wēn 瘟黄；疫黄； 急黄 1469 Bumpy sand-like exanthem Characterized by a sudden fever, gastric discomfort, abdominal distension or abdominal colic, nausea without vomiting, diarrhoea urges without bowel movements, concurrent vomiting and diarrhoea, and millet-sized red rashes. In severe cases, subcutaneous bluish petechiae may be present. Associated symptoms may include body ache, sore throat, unconsciousness, a band- tightened sensation around the waist, dark, bluish fingernails, and hands/feet rigidity or numbness. Often occurs when seasonal pathogenic qi or turbid toxin accumulates in the stomach or intestines, affects the skin or disturbs the heart mind. 痧病 shā bìng 痧气；痧胀 1470 Damp heat dysentery Sudden dysentery Characterized by a sudden fever, abdominal pain, tenesmus and diarrhoea with stool containing mucus and blood. Often results from ingestion of contaminated food/water or contact with dysentery patients. 湿热痢 shī rè lì 暴痢 1471 Epidemic toxin dysentery Characterized by frequent stools containing blood and mucus, tenesmus, a high-grade fever, and abdominal pain. In severe cases, loss of consciousness with convulsions, cold limbs and cyanosis may be present. Often occurs when epidemic damp heat toxin (dysentery bacillus) damages the intestine, enters the pericardium or stirs liver wind. 疫毒痢 yì dú lì 192 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1472 Food-denying dysentery Characterized by nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, frequent, severe dysentery and muscle wasting. Often occurs when epidemic damp heat toxin accumulates in the intestine to affect the stomach and damage qi and yin. 噤口痢 jìn kǒu lì 1473 Cold dampness dysentery Characterized by abdominal pain/spasm, paroxysmal abdominal pain that alleviates after bowel movements, tenesmus, body heaviness, and chronic diarrhoea with stools containing more mucus than blood or mucus alone. Often results from direct contraction of epidemic cold dampness toxin, contact with dysentery patients or pathogenic factors transforming into cold due to constitutional yang deficiency. 寒湿痢 hán shī lì 1474 Intermittent dysentery Characterized by intermittent diarrhoea containing mucus or blood and dull abdominal pain. Patients present with tenesmus during acute episodes. Abdominal distension, a low food intake and lassitude are present during intermittence. Often occurs when chronic dysentery damages the spleen and stomach, coupled with retention of pathogenic toxin. 休息痢 xiū xi lì 1475 Critical dysentery Erratic dysentery Characterized by a slow onset, abdominal pain, and mild diarrhoea with dark-red, jelly-like stools. In severe cases, a sudden high-grade fever, chills, a dry, swollen throat, unconsciousness, stools containing blood, tenesmus and severe abdominal pain are present. Other critical symptoms may include vomiting, fainting or sepsis. Often occurs when contaminated food/water, damp heat or cold dampness damage the intestinal collaterals or affect the heart and lung. 奇恒痢 qí héng lì 1476 Miasmatic disorder Characterized by sudden onset of alternating chill and fever, headache, aversion to cold, upper and lower back stiffness, hoarse voice, abdominal distention, body heaviness, bones and joints pain. In severe case, high fever and unconsciousness may be present. They are commonly seen in tropical or subtropical forests. Often results from exposure to miasma in hot, humid mountainous regions. 瘴病 zhàng bìng 瘴气病；瘴毒病 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 193 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1477 Malaria Alternating fever and chills disorder Characterized by paroxysms of sudden coldness followed by shivering and then fever and sweating. In severe cases, unconsciousness, delirium, and masses in the left subcostal region may be present. Often occurs when toxin of malarial parasites enters the bloodstream and struggles with the Wei-defensive qi between the exterior and interior. It may also occur when toxin of malaria parasites disturbs the heart mind. 疟疾 nüè jí 1478 Regular malaria Quartan malaria Characterized by shivering and then fever and sweating, occurring every other day or three days. Patients with warm malaria present with more fever than shivering, whereas patients with cold malaria present with more shivering than fever. Often occurs when anti-pathogenic qi struggles with pathogenic factors in between the exterior and interior. 正疟 zhèng nüè 间日疟；三日疟 1479 Miasmic malaria Epidemic malaria Characterized by sudden episodes occurring at irregular periods, unconsciousness, delirium, jaundice and severe anaemia. Often occurs when mosquito bites in damp heat environment enter the bloodstream to disturb the heart mind or causes the bile to overflow. 瘴疟 zhàng nüè 疫疟 1480 Chronic malaria Characterized by intermittent and prolonged episodes. Often results from deficiency of zang–fu organs, damage to Ying nutrients and Wei-defence and retention of Plasmodium parasites. 久疟 jiǔ nüè 劳疟 1481 Mother-of-malaria Characterized by distending and painful lumps in the subcostal region, a dark grey complexion and a tongue with stasis. Often occurs when combined phlegm and stasis remain in the subcostal region in chronic malaria. 疟母 nüè mǔ 1482 Tuberculosis Fatigue consumption disorder An epidemic condition caused by over-exertion or contraction of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It includes lung tuberculosis, brain tuberculosis, breast tuberculosis, liver tuberculosis, kidney tuberculosis, intestine tuberculosis, flowing phlegm, etc. 痨病 láo bìng 劳瘵 194 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1483 Lung tuberculosis Characterized by cough, haemoptysis, tidal fever in the afternoon, night sweats, weight loss and fatigue. Often results from deficiency of anti- pathogenic qi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis affecting the lobes of lung. 肺痨 fèi láo 1484 Brain tuberculosis A condition characterized by tidal fever, night sweats, headache, vomiting, neck stiffness, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, drowsiness or convulsions may be present. This condition occurs upon exposure to patients infected with tuberculosis or when the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects the brain. 脑痨 nǎo láo 1485 Breast tuberculosis Characterized by (plum-sized) painless breast lumps with unclear boundaries, discharge of thin, clear pus upon disruption of breast abscess, and the formation of breast sinuses or ulcers. Individuals may also experience enlargement of the axillary lymph nodes. This condition often results from infection of bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon skin lesion or secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis (or scrofula). 乳痨 rǔ láo 1486 Liver tuberculosis Characterized by pain and mass in the right subcostal region. Associated symptoms include tidal fever and night sweats. This condition often occurs when bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects the liver and consumes liver yin. 肝痨 gān láo 1487 Kidney tuberculosis Characterized by frequent, painful urination, low back soreness, and bloody urine. Associated symptoms include tidal fever, night sweats and flushed cheeks. This condition often occurs when bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects the kidney through bloodstream and consumes qi and yin. 肾痨 shèn láo 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 195 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1488 Urinary bladder tuberculosis Characterized by lower abdominal pain, frequent, hesitant urination, and bloody urine. Associated symptoms are persistent low fever and night sweats. This condition often occurs when bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis consumes yin essence and impairs the qi transformation of the urinary bladder. 痨淋 láo lín 1489 Intestinal tuberculosis Characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or alternating constipation and diarrhoea. Associated symptoms are persistent low fever and night sweats. This condition often occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis consumes qi and yin and phlegm turbidity obstructs the intestines. 肠痨 cháng láo 1490 Flowing phlegm Flowing phlegm disorder Bone and joint tuberculosis disorder Bone tuberculosis A condition initially characterized by dull soreness and pain upon physical exertion, followed by local swelling, pain and discharge of thin, clear pus or pus that resembles rotten cotton threads, delayed healing, and formation of a sinus tract. If the spine is affected, limb rigidity, impaired movement or paralysis may be present. This condition is known as osteoarticular tuberculosis in modern medicine. Often occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis and turbid phlegm flow into bones and joints due to congenital kidney deficiency coupled with contraction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 流痰 liú tán 骨痨；穿骨流注 1491 Bone phlegm Characterized by hip joint swelling and pain, difficulty walking or limping, discharge of thin, clear pus or pus that resembles rotten cotton threads, formation of a sinus tract, and delayed healing. Often occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects the hip joint. 附骨痰 fù gǔ tán 1492 Tortoise-back phlegm Tuberculous spondylitis Characterized by swelling and pain of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae with an abnormally excessive convex kyphotic curvature of the spine that resembles the back of a tortoise. Often occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis affects the spine and damages the bones and sinews. 龟背痰 guī bèi tán 196 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1493 Deficiency phlegm at Shenshu (BL 23) Characterized by an insidious onset, long- continued pus formation, discharge of thin, clear pus containing rotten cotton thread-like substance, delayed healing, and damage to the sinews or bones. It manifests as tuberculous abscess or sinus around the point Shenshu (BL 23). 肾俞虚痰 shèn shū xū tán 1494 Fistula at Shenshu (BL 23) Characterized by sinus around the point Shenshu (BL 23) upon rupture of cold abscess in spinal (lumbar vertebrae) tuberculosis. 肾俞漏 shèn shū lòu 1495 Dung beetle-shaped joints Characterized by swollen (without redness, pain or hot sensation) metacarpophalangeal joints that resemble a dung beetle, impaired flexion and extension, and a gradual sensation of numbness or pain. It is known as tuberculosis of the metacarpophalangeal joints in modern medicine. This condition often results from deficiency- related phlegm dampness and prolonged cold retention. 蜣螂蛀 qiāng láng zhù 1496 Carbuncle of the wrist Characterized by tuberculous arthritis of the wrist. 腕疽 wàn jū 1497 Tuberculosis of the knee joint (crane’s- knee wind) Crane’s-knee phlegm Characterized by swelling of the knee joint and the wasting of quadriceps muscle, resembling a crane’s knee. 鹤膝风 hè xī fēng 鹤膝痰 1498 Carbuncle of the ankle joint Characterized by tuberculous arthritis of ankle joint. This condition often results from downward flow of damp heat along the pathways of the three foot yin meridians. 穿拐痰 chuān guǎi tán 1499 Carbuncle of the heel Characterized by tuberculosis of the heel. This condition often results from downward flow of damp heat to the zang–fu organs. 足跟疽 zú gēn jū 1500 Bubonic plague A fulminating infectious disease characterized by a sudden onset, high fever, bleeding, and swelling of lymph nodes. Alternatively, coughing with phlegm or haemoptysis may be present. In severe cases, patients may faint or die. This condition occurs when the bacterium Yersinia pestis enters the lung or bloodstream following flea bites or handling an infected animal. 鼠疫 shǔ yì 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 197 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1501 Epidemic cholera Severe vomiting and diarrhoea disorder A fulminating infectious disease characterized by sudden onset of large amounts of watery (like rice water) diarrhoea, sunken eyes and leg cramps. In severe cases, patient may faint or die. It is more commonly seen in summer or autumn. Contributing factors may include ingestion of contaminated food and infection with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. These factors may damage the stomach and intestines and result in severe exhaustion of qi and bodily fluids. 疫霍乱 yì huò luàn 时疫霍乱 1502 Dry cholera Abdominal colic An infectious disease characterized by sudden onset of epigastric discomfort, abdominal colic, and an urge to but failure to vomit or defaecate. In severe cases, bluish complexion or generalized dark purple patches may be present. Contributing factors may include infection with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae or cold retention in the stomach or intestines. These factors may cause qi to stagnate in the chest and abdomen, and obstruct the qi flow of the stomach and intestines. 干霍乱 gàn huò luàn 搅肠痧；斑痧； 乌痧胀 1503 Wet cholera An infectious disease characterized by sudden onset of abdominal colic, severe vomiting and diarrhoea, and leg cramps. In severe cases, sunken eyes, dry, wrinkled skin, and cold hands/feet. Often occurs when people eat too much cold food, summer heat and dampness or the bacterium Vibrio cholerae directly affects the stomach and intestines. 湿霍乱 shī huò luàn 1504 Measles A condition characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, watery, inflamed eyes, presence of small white spots inside the mouth, and generalized maculopapular rash, followed by desquamation and pigmentation. In severe cases, complications involving the lung, throat, heart and liver may be present, which are often seen in infants. Often results from toxin (measles virus) affects the lung and spleen and spreads to the bloodstream and skin. 麻疹 má zhěn 小儿麻疹 198 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1505 Ulcerated throat with red exanthem Scarlet fever Characterized by fever, sore, ulcerative and swollen throat, characteristic diffuse red skin rashes, a “strawberry” tongue with a spreading pattern and desquamating process. In severe cases, a high- grade fever, unconsciousness and shock may be present. Often affects children and occurs when epidemic warm heat affects the throat and skin through the mouth, nose or skin lesion. 烂喉丹痧 làn hóu dān shā 小儿烂喉丹痧； 丹痧；喉痧；烂 喉痧；疫喉痧 1506 Diphtheria Characterized by fever, sore throat, red, swollen tonsils, the formation of white false membrane attached firmly to the pharynx, larynx and nose, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, rapid breathing, restlessness, palpitations and shock. Often affects children in autumn and winter and occurs when bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria affects the throat and consumes yin fluids. 白喉 bái hóu 1507 Whooping cough Pertussis A highly contagious disease affecting children. Initially, symptoms are typically similar to those of a common cold. This is then followed by a paroxysmal cough with a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp. Vomiting of saliva or phlegm may also occur. Often occurs when the bacterium Bordetella pertussis attacks the lung, obstructs the airway and causes lung qi to ascend. 顿咳 dùn ké 百日咳；小儿 顿嗽；天哮；鹭 鸶咳 1508 Mumps Parotitis An epidemic disease characterized by fever and diffuse swelling and pain on one or both sides of the parotid glands. In severe cases, unconsciousness, convulsions and painful, swollen testis. Often affects children and results from retained phlegm fire in the cheek following wind heat toxin entering the body via the mouth and nose. 痄腮 zhà sāi 小儿痄腮；蛤蟆 瘟；鸬鹚瘟；含 腮疮；腮颌发 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 199 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1509 Epidemic haemorrhagic fever An infectious disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, macular eruption, headache, pain in the eye socket, lower back painlower back pain, abdominal pain, muscle/joint pain, and redness of the eyes, throat, cheeks and chest. Patients may experience hypotension, shock and oliguria followed by polyuria. Contributing factors may include contact with rodents or field work. The bacterium Yersinia pestis may enter the bloodstream and damage the heart and kidney. 疫斑热 yì bān rè 1510 Leptospirosis An infectious disease characterized by sudden onset of high fever, headache, muscle pain (especially the lower leg), eye redness and swollen groin lymph nodes. Associated symptoms include unconsciousness, convulsions, jaundice, haemorrhage, hepatosplenomegaly or hepatic/ renal insufficiency. It is commonly seen in summer or autumn. This condition often results from contact with water contaminated with the corkscrew-shaped bacteria Leptospira sp. The bacterium enters the body via skin, mucous membrane or digestive tract to affect meridians or zang–fu organs and damage the Ying nutrients and blood. 稻瘟病 dào wēn bìng 钩端螺旋体病 1511 Scrub typhus An infectious form of typhus caused by the intracellular parasitic bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. The bite of an infected mite may not cause pain but a prickly feeling. However, after two or three days, individuals may experience chills, fever, skin rashes, ulcerations and scabbing. Often results from the bite of trombiculid mite. The toxin of the mite then damages the blood in the localized area. 沙虱病 shā shī bìng 恙虫病 200 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1512 Anthrax An infectious disease characterized by skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with an eschar and surrounding swelling. This condition may also affect the lungs, intestines, brain and other parts of the body. The bacterium Bacillus anthracis may enter the body via the skin, mouth or nose and cause qi and blood to stagnate. Often results from contact with infected animals, handling infectious animal products or ingestion of undercooked foods of (infectious) animal origin. 炭疽 tàn jū 1513 Leprosy A long-term infectious disease characterized by generalized numbness and skin lesions with purple-red patches that resemble snake skin. Alternatively, nodules or raised bumps may be present. Often results from close contact with patients infected with leprosy. The bacterium Mycobacterium leprae enters the bloodstream and damages the skin, meridians and the five zang organs. 麻风病 má fēng bìng 大麻风；疠风 1514 Smallpox An infectious disease caused by the variola virus and often affects children. It is characterized by chills, fever and skin rashes, papules, sores, pustules and scabs. The latter may fall off, leaving marks on the skin. This condition usually passes through six stages: fever, early rashes, raised bumps, pustular rashes, scabs and falling off of the scabs. 天花 tiān huā 痘疹；痘疮；天 行时痘 1515 Sexually transmitted diseases Venereal diseases Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are spread through sexual contact. 性传播类病 xìng chuán bō lèi bìng 性病 1516 Syphilis A sexually transmitted disease characterized by sores on the genitals, vagina or skin, bone pain and dull expression. Often occurs when the bacterium Treponema pallidum enters the skin, muscles, bones, zang–fu organs, meridians or even the brain. 梅毒 méi dú 1517 Syphilitic skin lesion Highly contagious red skin lesions, sores, papules or nodules seen in patients with syphilis. They often occur when syphilis affects the skin. 杨梅疮 yáng méi chuāng 杨梅疹 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 201 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1518 Advanced syphilis Late-stage syphilis, characterized by nodules, open sores, ulcers on the gum or atrophic scars on the head, face and four extremities. They often occur when syphilis affects the bones, joints and zang–fu organs. 杨梅结毒 yáng méi jié dú 1519 Syphilis affecting the heart Late-stage syphilis characterized by palpitations, chest pain, heart murmurs and tremor. In severe cases, heart failure may occur. They often occur when syphilis affects the heart and blood vessels. 梅毒攻心 méi dú gōng xīn 1520 Syphilis affecting the spinal cord Late-stage syphilis characterized by shooting (electric shock-like) pain, an abnormal or disturbed sensation and unsteady gait. Often occurs when syphilis affects the spinal cord. 梅毒致痿 méi dú zhì wěi 1521 Congenital syphilis A congenital condition characterized by neonatal failure to gain weight, dark red skin with eruptions of macular rashes, and petechial lesions. It occurs when a mother with syphilis passes the infection on to her baby during pregnancy. 胎传梅毒 tāi chuán méi dú 1522 Chancroid A sexually transmitted disease characterized by round or oval-shaped painful, elevated sores on the shaft of penis, glans penis, prepuce, labia minora or vagina, coupled with palpable painless, cartilage-like nodules. Often occurs when Haemophilus ducreyi enters the skin and affects the genitalia and anus. 下疳 xià gān 1523 Buboes A sexually transmitted disease characterized by swelling of the lymph nodes in the groin. It appears as small as an almond at first and then becomes a pebble-sized, fish mouth-shaped blister, followed by pain, redness, a burning sensation and discharge of pus. They often occur when sexually transmitted infections affect the groin. 横痃 héng xuán 鱼口；便毒 202 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1524 Gonorrhea A sexually transmitted disease characterized by difficult, frequent and painful urination, red, swollen urethral meatus and discharge of pus or blood. This condition results from sexual contact with an infected person. Then, the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae affects the urethra, urinary bladder and essence chamber. 花柳毒淋 huā liǔ dú lìn 1525 Parasitic diseases Parasitic disorder Parasitic diseases are infectious diseases caused or transmitted by a parasite. 寄生虫病类 jì shēng chóng bìng lèi 1526 Ascariasis Paediatric ascariasis A parasitic condition mainly found in children and characterized by a poor appetite, periumbilical pain, underweight, swelling of the abdomen, and worms in stools. The roundworm may infest the bile ducts, pancreas or appendix and cause severe complications. The parasite is acquired through ingestion of embryonated eggs in contaminated food. After the eggs are swallowed, they live and remain in the intestines, where they hatch into larvae. Over time, they transform into damp heat to damage the spleen and stomach and absorb nutrients. 蛔虫病 huí chóng bìng 小儿蛔虫病 1527 Taeniasis Paediatric taeniasis A parasitic condition contracted after eating undercooked pork, beef or fish infected with tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia. It is mainly found in children and characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss, or presence of tapeworms or larvae in the faeces. The tapeworms remain in the small intestine, obstruct spleen qi and prevent the absorption of nutrients. 绦虫病 tāo chóng bìng 寸白虫病；小儿 绦虫病 1528 Cysticercosis Paediatric cysticercosis A parasitic condition caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated by tapeworm eggs from human faeces. It is mainly found in children and characterized by palpable subcutaneous solid lumps, seizures, visual impairment and presence of tapeworms. The tapeworm eggs enter the intestine and develop into larvae, which binds with phlegm turbidity and affect the skin, brain and eyes. 囊虫病 náng chóng bìng 小儿囊虫病 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 203 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1529 Ancylostomiasis Paediatric ancylostomiasis A parasitic condition caused by infection with Ancylostoma sp. hookworms. It is characterized by fast hunger after eating food, fatigue, sallow skin, oedema and presence of hookworm larvae in the stools. Alternatively, anaemia or abnormal food preference may be present. In children, this condition may cause poor growth and development. The hookworms enter the body through contact with contaminated faeces or soil, remain in the small intestine and bind with damp heat to consume qi and blood. 钩虫病 gōu chóng bìng 小儿钩虫病；黄 胖病；黄肿病 1530 Enterobiasis Paediatric pinworm infection A parasitic condition caused by ingesting the eggs of pinworms. It is mainly found in children and characterized by severe itching in the anal or vaginal area. Secondary anal erosion, eczema or bleeding may develop in the areas that are constantly scratched. This condition is usually first identified when live, thin, white pinworms are noticed in the faeces. 蛲虫病 náo chóng bìng 小儿蛲虫病 1531 Fasciolopsiasis paediatric fasciolopsiasis A parasitic condition caused by infection with the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski. It is characterized by presence of flukes or their eggs in the faeces, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, a sallow complexion and weight loss. In children, this condition may cause poor growth and development. It occurs when people eat aquatic plants that have Fasciolopsis sp. encysted on them, which remain in the small intestine to obstruct the flow of qi and affect the transportation and transformation of the spleen. 姜片虫病 jiāng piàn chóng bìng 小儿姜片虫病； 赤虫病；扁虫病 1532 Filariasis Paediatric filariasis A parasitic condition mainly found in children caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea family. It is characterized by fever, skin redness, oedema and burning pain in the lower extremities, testicular pain and swelling, turbid urine, scrotal swelling and identification of microfilariae. This condition is often spread by blood-feeding black flies and mosquitoes. As a result, the microfilariae enter the body and causes damp heat to affect the spleen and kidney. 丝虫病 sī chóng bìng 小儿丝虫病 204 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1533 Paragonimiasis A parasitic condition caused by an infection with the lung fluke. It is characterized by cough, chest pain, and expectoration of discoloured sputum containing clumps of eggs. Epilepsy, paralysis or subcutaneous nodules may also be present. This condition often results from ingestion of river crabs, crayfish or amphibious crabs contaminated with larvae of Paragonimiasis sp. As a result, the adult worms remain in the lung or affect the brain or subcutaneous tissues. 肺吸虫病 fèi xī chóng bìng 肺虫病 1534 Trichuriasis Whipworm infection A parasitic condition caused by an infection with the parasitic worm Trichuris trichiura (whipworm). It is characterized by lassitude, a poor appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, anaemia and identification of whipworm eggs. In children, this condition may cause poor growth and development. It is often caused by ingestion of food, vegetable and water contaminated with whipworm eggs. As a result, the whipworm remains in the intestinal wall and consumes qi and blood. 鞭虫病 biān chóng bìng 1535 Fasciolosis A parasitic condition caused by Fasciola hepatica. It is characterized by pain in the subcostal region, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, a poor appetite, jaundice, masses in the subcostal region and the presence of the eggs of the liver fluke. This condition is often contracted by ingestion of undercooked fish or shrimps. The liver flukes lodge in the bile duct and bind with damp heat to affect the normal functioning of the liver and gallbladder. 肝吸虫病 gān xī chóng bìng 肝虫病 1536 Echinococcosis A zoonotic parasitosis contracted by infection with the eggs of the parasites (hydatid cyst). It is characterized by painless, movable nodules or cysts with normal skin colour. Associated symptoms may include fever, cough, haemoptysis, abdominal pain and bloody stools. The nodules occur when hydatid cysts remain in the liver, lung and intestines and bind with phlegm, stasis and water dampness. 包虫病 bāo chóng bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 205 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1537 Schistosomiasis Snail fever Paediatric schistosomiasis A parasitic condition caused by schistosomes. It is characterized by skin itching, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, masses in the subcostal region, weight loss, ascites, and presence of schistosome eggs in stools. This condition is contracted by contact with fresh water organisms contaminated with the parasites. Once the parasites enter the body, they may affect the flow of qi, blood and body fluids in the lung, intestines or liver. 血吸虫病 xuè xī chóng bìng 小儿血吸虫病； 蛊虫病 1538 Advanced schistosomiasis Advanced snail fever Late-stage schistosomiasis characterized by extreme weight loss, positive finding of the rectal mucosa biopsy, ascites, varicose abdominal veins, liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly. Often occurs when prolonged schistosomiasis causes qi and blood to stagnate in the liver and intestines. 晚期血吸虫病 wǎn qī xuè xī chóng bìng 晚期蛊虫病 1539 Poisoning and accidents/ unintentional injuries Acute/chronic poisoning or injuries due to physical, chemical accidents. 中毒及意外伤 害类 zhòng dú jí yì wài shāng hài lèi 1540 Drug poisoning A group of disorders caused by overdose, incorrect use, administration of inappropriately prepared or contaminated drugs or incompatible drug combination. Examples include gelsemium poisoning, Tripterygium wilfordii poisoning, aconite poisoning, almond poisoning, croton poisoning and arsenic poisoning. 药毒类病 yào dú lèi bìng 药物中毒 1541 Food poisoning A group of disorders caused by ingestion of toxic/ contaminated food or inappropriately processed food. 食毒类病 shí dú lèi bìng 食物中毒 1542 Fish and crab poisoning Food poisoning caused by ingestion of contaminated or inappropriately cooked fish or crab. It is characterized by sudden cardiac/ abdominal tightness and fullness, restlessness, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. Associated symptoms include dizziness, facial puffiness, red skin rashes and itching. In severe cases, palpitations, shortness of breath, rapid breathing or death may occur. 鱼蟹类中毒 yú xiè lèi zhòng dú 206 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1543 Puffer fish poisoning Food poisoning caused by ingestion of inappropriately cooked puffer fish. It is characterized by sudden vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and bloody stools, followed by a tingling sensation in the lips, tongue and extremities, eyelid ptosis, limb weakness/ paralysis, and cardiac arrhythmias. In severe cases, respiratory or circulatory failure may be present. 河豚中毒 hé tún zhòng dú 1544 Mushroom poisoning Food poisoning caused by ingestion of toxic substances present in mushrooms. Symptoms of mushroom poisoning may vary from headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, jaundice, drowsiness and visual hallucination to mental confusion or sudden death, depending on how severe the toxin affects the gastrointestinal tract, heart, brain, liver or kidney. 毒蕈中毒 dú xùn zhòng dú 1545 Pickles cyanosis Food poisoning caused by ingestion of newly pickled vegetables. 菜乌紫病 cài wū zǐ bìng 1546 Insect stings Insect stings/bites A group of disorders caused by insect stings and characterized by local itching, pain, redness and rashes/papulae. 虫螫伤类病 chóng shì shāng lèi bìng 虫螫；恶虫叮 咬伤 1547 Centipede bite An injury resulting from the action of a centipede’s forcipules, pincer-like appendages that pierce the skin and inject venom into the wound. It is characterized by stasis spots, redness, swelling and pain and swelling in the area of the bite. Associated symptoms may include swollen, painful lymph nodes in the regions of the bitten limb, chills and fever. 蜈蚣螫伤 wú gōng shì shāng 1548 Bee/wasp stings Bee/wasp stings may cause the venom or toxin to enter the body or remain in the skin. Individuals may experience pricking pain, scratching pain, a burning sensation, skin redness and oedema, papules or blisters at the sting sites. In severe cases, fever, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and low blood pressure may be present. 蜂螫伤 fēng shì shāng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 207 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1549 Scorpion sting Scorpion sting may cause the venom or toxin to enter the body. Individuals may experience severe pain, scratching pain, a burning sensation, skin redness/swelling or blisters as the bite sites. In severe cases, red streaks on the skin, enlarged lymph nodes, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting or respiratory paralysis may be present. 蝎螫伤 xiē shì shāng 1550 Spider bites Spider bites may cause the venom to enter the body. Individuals may experience pricking pain, itching or oedema at the bite sites, accompanied by abdominal spasm/pain, muscle rigidity, and eyelid ptosis. Chills, vomiting, salivation or difficulty breathing may also be present. 蜘蛛咬伤 zhī zhū yǎo shāng 1551 Pine caterpillar injuries Exposure to toxic hairs of pine caterpillars may cause intense itching, redness, swelling or blisters at the affected sites. Individuals may also experience joint redness, swelling, pain and restricted movement. 松毛虫伤 sōng máo chóng shāng 1552 Rove beetle injuries Exposure to pederin, a strong toxin in the blood of rove beetle, may cause a burning pain, itching, linear red spots or pustules. 蠼螋伤 qú sōu shāng 1553 Caterpillar stings Exposure to toxic hair of caterpillars may cause intense itching, redness, swelling, blisters or ulcers. 射工伤 shè gōng shāng 1554 Leech bites Leech bites may cause persistent bleeding at the site of bites with mild itching and pain. 蚂蝗咬伤 mǎ huáng yǎo shāng 1555 Cutaneous schistosomiasis Exposure to cercariae of schistosoma in water may cause itchy skin wheals or rashes that resolve spontaneously after a couple of days. 水毒 shuǐ dú 1556 Ancylostoma dermatitis A condition caused by exposure to the infestation of larvae of hookworms, especially Ancylostoma braziliense, when they penetrate the skin of their host. Individuals may experience extremely itchy skin wheals or rashes between the toes or fingers that resolve spontaneously after a couple of days. 野屎风 yě shǐ fēng 粪毒块 208 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1557 Traumatic injuries Injuries caused by violent forces, metallic tools, firearms or animal bites. They vary from bone/ tendon injuries to tissue or organ ruptures. 创伤类病 chuāng shāng lèi bìng 1558 Fracture A condition in which there is damage in the continuity of the bone due to external force impact or stress. 骨折病 gǔ zhé bìng 1559 Dislocation/ subluxation A condition caused by sudden trauma on the joint. It may cause functional impairment and failure in spontaneous reduction. 脱位病 tuō wèi bìng 1560 Tendon injuries A group of conditions caused by damage to the structure and function of tendons by acute trauma or chronic strain. These include tendon dislocation/subluxation, bone dislocation/ subluxation, neck stiffness, cervical spondylosis, frozen shoulder, lumbar strain and lumbar intervertebral disc herniation. 伤筋病 shāng jīn bìng 筋伤 1561 Tendon dislocation/ subluxation A condition characterized by local pain, impaired movement, hypertonia, nodules, ropiness, and tenderness. Often occurs when indirect or chronic external force impact damages the structure, function and position of the tendons. 筋出槽 jīn chū cáo 1562 Bone/joint dislocation/ subluxation A condition characterized by local pain, impaired movement and palpable enhancement of motion end feel, decreased relaxation, and tenderness. Often occurs when indirect or chronic force causes the bones/joints to subluxate. 骨错缝 gǔ cuò fèng 1563 Neck stiffness A condition characterized by pain or soreness that limits neck movement. Often results from inappropriate pillow height, poor sleep posture or external contraction of wind cold. 落枕 lào zhěn 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 209 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1564 Cervical spondylosis Neck pain Characterized by neck rigidity, stiffness and impaired movement, and soreness and pain in the neck, shoulder and arm. Associated symptoms may include dizziness, headache, arm numbness, muscular atrophy, leg weakness, unstable walking, disturbed bladder/bowel functions and paralysis. Often occurs when tendon/bone injury or degenerative changes irritate or compress the spinal cord, nerves and vessels. Contributing factors include ageing, chronic strain/injury, and contraction of external pathogenic factors. 项痹 xiàng bì 颈椎病 1565 Frozen shoulder Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder A condition characterized by shoulder soreness, heaviness and pain that aggravate at night, and impaired movement of the affected side. Alternatively, atrophy of shoulder muscles may be present. Often results from chronic strain, contraction of external wind, cold or dampness, trauma or degenerative changes. 漏肩风 lòu jiān fēng 冻结肩；冷凝 肩；肩周炎； 肩痹 1566 Internal injuries A group of disorders caused by damage to bones, tendons, qi, blood, meridians and zang–fu organs by direct or indirect trauma on the body. These include trauma of the head, chest and abdomen, coupled with traumatic bleeding, pain, fever, fainting, urine retention, flaccidity, numbness, dizziness, panting and cough. 损伤内证病 sǔn shāng nèi zhèng bìng 1567 Insect or animal bites A group of injuries caused by snakes, dogs or other animals. The toxins from the bites enter the bloodstream and may cause localized redness, swelling, pain or numbness, accompanied by mild or severe systemic symptoms. 虫兽咬伤病 chóng shòu yǎo shāng bìng 1568 Venomous snake bites An injury caused by the bite of a venomous snake. The toxins may enter the Ying nutrients and blood and affect the zang–fu organs, resulting in chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, headache and dizziness. In severe cases, individuals may experience bleeding, loss of consciousness and convulsions. 毒蛇咬伤 dú shé yǎo shāng 210 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1569 Rabies Characterized by restlessness, aversion to wind, hydrophobia, photophobia and spasms/ convulsions. In severe cases, agitation, loss of consciousness, paralysis or death may occur. This condition can affect humans and other mammals. It is caused by bites from infected dogs. The toxin then enters the bloodstream and triggers the liver wind. 狂犬病 kuáng quǎn bìng 1570 Tetanus Tetanus from incised wound Characterized by muscle spasm, paroxysmal convulsions, trismus and difficulty breathing. Often occurs when pathogenic wind toxin enters the body through a puncture wound. 破伤风 pò shāng fēng 伤痉；金疮痉 1571 Burns and scalds Damage to the skin by heat: a burn is caused by dry heat such as fire, whereas a scald is caused by something wet, such as hot water or steam. In addition to skin damage (redness, swelling, pain, blisters or scabs), fire/heat may affect the zang– fu organs, resulting in fever, restlessness, a dry mouth, and yellow urine. In severe cases, loss of consciousness and delirium may be present. 水火烫伤 shuǐ huǒ tàng shāng 1572 Frostbite Characterized by redness, swelling, a cold feeling, itching and pain upon sudden exposure to low temperatures. Areas that are usually affected include the back of the hand/foot, ears and cheeks. In severe cases, blood blisters, blue- grey discolouration of the skin, ulceration or autoamputation may be present. 冻疮 dòng chuāng 1573 Systemic hypothermia A condition caused by exposure to cold environment for prolonged periods. Individuals may experience pale skin, a cold feeling, chills, fever, excitation, elevated blood pressure and faster heart rate. When the core body temperature has decreased below 32°C, an indifferent expression, confusion, decreased breathing/heart rate, and muscle rigidity may occur. When the core body temperature has decreased below 29°C, slow reactions, loss of consciousness, and low blood pressure may be present. When the core body temperature has decreased below 26°C, ventricular fibrillation or respiratory/cardiac arrest may occur. 冻僵 dòng jiāng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 211 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1574 Sudden death Characterized by unexpected critical signs that occur within six hours. These include loss of consciousness, absence of pulsations at the radial, carotid and anterior tibial arteries, respiratory/ cardiac arrest, cyanosis, pupil dilation and cold limbs. These signs are caused by separation between yin and yang. 卒死 zú sǐ 1575 Diseases of zang–fu organs and associated meridians Organ system disorders Dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs and associated meridians due to six exogenous pathogenic factors, emotional disturbance, over- exertion, water retention or stagnant blood. 脏腑病及相关 病类 zàng fǔ bìng jí xiāng guān bìng lèi 脏腑病 1576 Heart system disorders Dysfunctions of the heart system and meridians due to six exogenous pathogenic factors, emotional disturbance, over-exertion, water retention and stagnant blood. 心系病 xīn xì bìng 1577 Chest bi-impediment / cardiac pain Characterized by chest tightness, shortness of breath and paroxysmal cardiac pain. Often occurs when heart qi fails to pump blood and results in malnourishment of the heart. 胸痹心痛 xiōng bì xīn tòng 胸痹 1578 True cardiac pain A critical heart condition characterized by sudden, severe or persistent cardiac pain. Associated symptoms include sweats, cold limbs, a pale face, bluish lips and an extremely feeble or regularly/ irregularly intermittent pulse. Often results from heart yang deficiency, insufficiency of qi and yin, or phlegm-stasis obstructing the heart vessels. 真心痛 zhēn xīn tòng 1579 Sudden cardiac pain Characterized by sudden, stabbing cardiac pain, angina and shortness of breath. In severe cases, feeling of impending death may be present. Often results from deficiency of zang–fu organs, wind cold directly attacking the heart or phlegm stasis obstructing the heart vessels. 卒心痛 zú xīn tòng 212 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1580 Cardiac pain with cold limbs A paroxysmal heart condition characterized by cardiac pain radiating toward the back and aggravates upon physical exertion and alleviates after rest. Associated symptoms include upward rushing of qi to the throat, chest discomfort, repeated sighing, cold limbs and a dark-bluish facial complexion. Often results from deficiency of the five zang organs, emotional disturbance, and pathogenic factors affecting the pericardium or phlegm stasis obstructing the heart. 厥心痛 jué xīn tòng 1581 Heart bi-impediment Characterized by palpitations, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and flushed cheeks. In severe cases, cardiac murmurs may be present. Often occurs when wind, cold and damp heat affect the heart. 心痹 xīn bì 1582 Heart heat A condition characterized by fever, palpitations, chest tightness and a rapid, abrupt or regularly/ irregularly intermittent pulse. Often occurs when exogenous warm heat or warm toxin due to surgical trauma affect the endocardium or cardiac muscle. 心瘅 xīn dān 1583 Dizziness due to deficiency Characterized by dizziness that aggravates upon postural changes, fatigue, low blood pressure and a weak pulse. It is often caused by failure of qi and blood to nourish the heart and mind due to congenital deficiency, postnatal malnutrition or over-exertion. 虚眩 xū xuàn 1584 Cardiac syncope A severe condition characterized by a feeble pulse, cold limbs, low blood pressure and fainting or loss of consciousness. It is often caused by heart yang deficiency and floating of yang qi. 心厥 xīn jué 1585 Congestive heart failure A severe heart condition characterized by palpitations, rapid breathing upon physical exertion, an inability to lie flat, coughing with foamy sputum, oedema, scanty urine or urine retention. It is often caused by heart qi deficiency, water retention due to heart yang deficiency or heart blood stasis. 心水病 xīn shuǐ bìng 心水；心衰 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 213 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1586 Fright palpitations Fright palpitation disorder Characterized by fright-induced palpitations, panic, jumpiness or easily startled, insomnia or dream-disturbed sleep. Often results from heart qi deficiency, fright, or phlegm heat disturbing the heart mind. 惊悸病 jīng jì bìng 1587 Fearful throbbing Fearful throbbing disorder Characterized by irregular, paroxysmal and involuntary palpitations. Associated symptoms include chest tightness, shortness of breath, visible pulsations on the chest at the apex, umbilical venous pulsations, and a regularly/ irregularly intermittent or abrupt and rapid pulse. Often results from heart yin/blood failing to nourish the heart, pathogenic factors obstructing the heart vessels or water retention (due to yang deficiency) affecting the heart. 怔忡病 zhēng chōng bìng 1588 Lily bulb disease Lily disorder Characterized by mental strain, listlessness, insomnia, and a poor appetite. Often results from disordered qi and blood, deficiency of yin fluids, malnourishment of meridians and disturbance of the heart mind after acute febrile diseases, poisoning or brain trauma. 百合病 bǎi hé bìng 1589 Insomnia Insomnia disorder Sleeplessness Characterized by an inability to obtain normal sleep and drowsiness and low energy during the day. Associated symptoms may include dizziness, tinnitus and poor memory. Often results from emotional disturbances, mental exhaustion and, subsequently, the disharmony between the Ying- nutrients and Wei-defence. 不寐 bú mèi 不寐病 1590 Nightmare An unpleasant dream that may contain screaming, a feeling of oppressed by heavy objects or a sense of suffocation. Individuals often wake up in a state of distress but able to return to sleep. Often occurs when fear or fright damages heart qi or when pathogenic factors disturb the heart mind. 梦魇 mèng yǎn 1591 Hypersomnia Somnolence disorder Hypersomnolence Paroxysmal and uncontrollable excessive daytime sleepiness. Often occurs when turbid phlegm obstructs the ascending of clear yang. 多寐病 duō mèi bìng 嗜睡症 214 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1592 Manic depression/ bipolar disorder A condition characterized by alternating depression and elevated mood. During manic phases, individuals are often excitable and may speak in a rapid, uninterruptible manner. During depressive phases, individuals often present with a low mood or self-loathing. Forgetfulness, timidity, fear and jumpiness or easily startled may also be present. Often occurs when stagnant qi, phlegm and stasis disturbs the heart mind. Contributing factors may include emotional disturbance, feeling of guilty, improper diet or hereditary factors. 失志 shī zhì 1593 Dementia Dementia disorder Aged dementia disorders A progressive condition characterized by loss of memory, slow reactions and a decline or eventually loss of cognitive and intellectual functions. Contributing factors include ageing- related deficiency of essence blood, congenital deficiency, or phlegm stasis obstructing the mind. 痴呆病 chī dāi bìng 1594 Epilepsy A condition characterized by a long-term risk of recurrent seizures. Clinical signs and symptoms include sudden unconsciousness, drooling, convulsions of the limbs, upward staring of the eyes often preceded by vocalizations. Contributing factors may include heredity, fear/ fright, emotional disturbance, or improper diet. It may occur secondary to brain diseases, high fever, poisoning or head trauma. These factors can cause wind phlegm or stagnant blood to cloud the heart mind. 痫病 xián bìng 1595 Depressive psychosis A major depressive episode characterized by mental confusion, low mood, dull or indifferent expression, incoherent speech and aversion to activity. Contributing factors may include heredity, personality defects or emotional disturbance. These factors may cause qi to stagnate and cloud the mind. It may also be secondary to brain diseases or poisoning. 癫病 diān bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 215 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1596 Manic psychosis Manic disorder A major manic episode characterized by elevated mood, mental/physical hyperactivity, disorganized behaviour, restlessness, and irritability. Contributing factors may include mental stress- induced imbalance between yin and yang, phlegm fire ascending to disturb the mind or stagnant blood obstructing the heart mind. 狂病 kuáng bìng 1597 Sexual obsessions A condition characterized by uncontrolled obsessions or abnormal behaviours about non- specific members of the opposite sex. It is often caused by liver qi stagnation transforming into fire or hyperactivity of ministerial fire. 花癫 huā diān 花痴 1598 Paranoia disorders A group of paranoid or delusional symptoms that include seeing things or hearing voices that others do not, smelling something that does not exist, disorganized thinking and speech or hallucinations of sudden death. It is often caused by deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi coupled with pathogenic factors disturbing the mind or phlegm stasis misting the heart mind. 邪祟病 xié suì bìng 1599 Liver system diseases Liver system disorders Dysfunctions of the liver system and meridians due to six exogenous pathogenic factors, emotional disturbance, overexertion, water retention and stagnant blood. 肝系病 gān xì bìng 1600 Wind dizziness Characterized by vertigo, headache, elevated blood pressure and a wiry pulse. Often results from yang hyperactivity due to liver/kidney yin deficiency, which further causes wind yang to ascend to disturb the heart mind. 风眩 fēng xuàn 1601 Tetany Tetanus Characterized by neck rigidity, and involuntary convulsions of the limbs. In severe cases, lockjaw or opisthotonos may also be present. Contributing factors may include six exogenous pathogenic factors or epidemic heat stirring liver wind or deficiency wind due to excessive sweating, loss of blood or chronic diarrhoea. These factors may cause malnourishment of the tendons and muscles and result in involuntary contractions. 痉病 jìng bìng 痉证 216 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1602 Convulsive disorders upon exposure to exogenous pathogens Convulsive disorder Convulsion disorder Characterized by fever, aversion to heat (alternatively, aversion to cold may be present), neck rigidity, shaking of the head, lockjaw, and convulsions of the hands/feet. In severe cases, opisthotonos may be present. A hard convulsion has no sweating, whereas a soft convulsion has sweating. Often occurs when pathogenic wind cold, dampness, summer heat, damp heat or warmth affect the meridians or tendons. It may also occur when pathogenic heat enters the interior to stir liver wind, coupled with internal heat consuming yin fluids. 外感痉病 wài gǎn jìng bìng 1603 Convulsions due to deficiency Characterized by tremor of the hands/feet, and muscle spasm/pain. In severe cases, shaking of the head, convulsions, lassitude, fatigue, spontaneous sweating and dizziness may be present. Often occurs when chronic diseases consume yin fluids and result in internal stirring of deficiency wind or failure of qi and blood to nourish muscles or tendons. 虚痉 xū jìng 1604 Jaundice Jaundice disorder Characterized by yellow discolouration of the skin, sclera and urine. Contributing factors may include external contraction of epidemic damp heat, alcohol-related internal build up of damp heat, cold dampness affecting the spleen, or stones/ lumps/stasis forcing the bile to flow superficially. 黄疸病 huáng dǎn bìng 1605 Yang jaundice Jaundice disorder An acute condition characterized by bright yellow discolouration of the skin and sclera, dark, tea- like urine, and a decreased appetite. Associated symptoms may include fever, thirst, nausea, vomiting, distending pain in the subcostal region and white/light-coloured stools. Contributing factors may include external contraction of epidemic damp heat from improper diet, alcohol drinking, or stones/lumps forcing the bile to flow superficially. 阳黄病 yáng huáng bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 217 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1606 Yin jaundice Jaundice disorder A chronic condition characterized by dim yellow discolouration of the skin and sclera, dull pain in the subcostal region, lassitude, a poor appetite, abdominal distension or loose stools. Contributing factors may include persistent yang jaundice damaging anti-pathogenic qi, dampness retention or cold dampness affecting the spleen. 阴黄病 yīn huáng bìng 1607 Haemolytic jaundice A type of jaundice caused by medications, snake venom or malaria. It is characterized by jaundice, pale face and dizziness. 血疸 xuè dǎn 1608 Favism A type of haemolytic jaundice caused by ingestion of fresh fava beans. It is characterized by jaundice, pale face, body ache, abdominal pain, and urine in a colour resembling thick black tea or soy sauce. Associated symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, hypersomnia, palpitations, and scanty urine or urine retention. 蚕豆黄 cán dòu huáng 1609 Liver jaundice A type of jaundice caused by retention of damp heat and stasis in liver meridians due to excessive alcohol drinking, over-exertion or prolonged liver diseases. It is characterized by bluish or dark yellow complexion, weight loss, spasm of the extremities, and a dry tongue. Associated symptoms include bluish fingernails, eye redness or ascites with varicose abdominal veins. 肝黄 gān huáng 1610 Liver distension Liver distension disorder Liver fixity Characterized by pain and lumps in the right subcostal region that alleviate upon pressing or patting. Often occurs as a result of liver qi/blood stagnation. 肝胀 gān zhàng 肝着；肝著 1611 Liver stuffiness Characterized by distension/pain in the subcostal region, abdominal bloating, palpable lumps in the right subcostal region, obesity and lassitude. Often results from disharmony between the liver and spleen and turbid phlegm accumulating in the liver due to over ingestion of sweet, fatty food and physical inactivity. 肝癖 gān pǐ 肝痞 218 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1612 Liver abscess Liver abscess disorder Characterized by a sudden fever, gradually increased distending pain in the right subcostal region, and gradual weight loss. In severe cases, patients may experience severe abdominal pain following abscess rupture, coughing with phlegm that contains pus and blood, diarrhoea with stools that contain pus and blood and fainting. Often occurs when damp heat or parasitic toxin retains in the liver and form pus or abscess. 肝痈 gān yōng 1613 Liver failure A severe liver condition caused by wind fire misting the mind due to viral infection, chronic diseases or excessive alcohol drinking. It is characterized by rapid-onset jaundice and changes in mental status such as mental confusion, hallucination, mania, fear, agitation or indifference with a reluctance to talk. In severe cases, coma, flapping tremor or paroxysmal convulsions may be present. 肝衰病 gān shuāi bìng 1614 Gallbladder distention Gallbladder distension disorder Characterized by recurrent right upper abdominal pain with stuffiness and distension. Often results from retention of damp heat or phlegm stasis in the gallbladder or anger-related gallbladder qi stagnation. 胆胀 dǎn zhàng 1615 Cholecystitis Characterized by right upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally fever. Often occurs when damp heat retains in the gallbladder or stagnant bile, qi and blood transform into heat. 胆瘅 dǎn dān 1616 Cholestasis Characterized by right subcostal pain and jaundice. Often results from the inability of the bile to flow from the liver to the duodenum. Contributing factors may include gallstones, roundworms, tumour or surgeries. 胆疸 dǎn dǎn 1617 Cholelithiasis Characterized by right upper abdominal distension/oppression or intolerable pain. Often results from excessive intake of fatty, oily food, retention of damp heat or parasites in the gallbladder. Associated symptoms include fever and obstructive jaundice. 胆石病 dǎn shí bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 219 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1618 Biliary ascariasis Characterized by a history of ascariasis, a sudden drilling upper abdominal colic pain, and vomiting. In severe cases, patients may present with vomiting of roundworms, cold sweats, cold limbs and fever. Contributing factors may include intestinal cold with stomach heat, reversed qi flow of the liver and gallbladder or roundworms entering the biliary tract due to incorrect roundworm-repelling methods. 蛔厥 huí jué 胆蛔病 1619 Tympanites Tympanites disorder Characterized by severe abdominal bulging (like a drum). Contributing factors may include excessive alcohol drinking, liver disease, tuberculosis, abdominal masses or schistosomiasis. This condition is subdivided into alcohol tympanites, water tympanites, qi tympanites, blood tympanites and parasitic tympanites. 臌胀病 gǔ zhàng bìng 臌胀；鼓胀；蛊 胀；单腹胀 1620 Alcoholic tympanites A type of tympanites characterized by increased abdominal size, general oedema, varicose abdominal veins, weight loss, fatigue, a poor appetite, and gum bleeding or nosebleed. Often results from retention of stagnant qi, blood and phlegm dampness in the subcostal region due to prolonged or excessive alcohol drinking. 酒臌 jiǔ gǔ 酒鼓 1621 Water tympanites A type of tympanites characterized by increased abdominal size, abdominal distension, varicose abdominal veins, a sallow skin colour, oedema and enlarged spleen. Contributing factors may include water retention in the abdomen due to spleen deficiency, prolonged alcohol drinking or kidney deficiency. 水臌 shuǐ gǔ 水鼓 1622 Qi tympanites A type of tympanites characterized by increased abdominal size, tight abdominal skin and a sallow skin colour. Often results from qi stagnation in the abdomen due to emotional disturbance. 气臌 qì gǔ 气鼓 220 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1623 Blood tympanites A type of tympanites characterized by increased abdominal size, varicose abdominal veins, and scanty urine. Associated symptoms may include presence of vascular naevi on the face or chest, bleeding, vomiting of blood, and black stools. Often occurs when prolonged liver diseases, oedema, tuberculosis or abdominal masses cause qi, blood and water to stagnate in the abdomen. 血臌 xuè gǔ 血鼓 1624 Parasitic tympanites A type of tympanites characterized by frequent abdominal distension and pain, increased abdominal size, varicose abdominal veins, weight loss, fatigue, palpable subcostal masses, a sallow or dark grey facial complexion. Often results from qi stagnation, blood stasis and water retention due to parasitic toxins affecting the liver and spleen. 虫臌 chóng gǔ 1625 Spleen system diseases Spleen system disorders Dysfunctions of the spleen system and meridians due to six exogenous pathogenic factors, emotional disturbance, over-exertion, water retention and stagnant blood. 脾系病 pí xì bìng 1626 Hiccups Characterized by involuntary brief “hic” sounds and, sometimes, gastric discomfort. Often results from an upward flow of rebellious stomach qi due to ingestion of cold, spicy food or intense emotions affecting the diaphragm. 呃逆病 è nì bìng 1627 Stomach reflux Characterized by vomiting in the evening of food eaten in the morning and vomiting in the morning of food eaten in the evening. In severe cases, vomiting immediately after eating, gastric stuffiness, abdominal distension and indigestion may be present. Often results from an upward flow of rebellious stomach qi due to chronic gastrointestinal conditions, surgery, abdominal tumour or retention of food and phlegm in the stomach. 反胃病 fǎn wèi bìng 胃反 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 221 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1628 Dysphagia Dysphagia disorder Characterized by difficulty in swallowing, vomiting immediately after eating food or inability to swallow solid food (a feeling of food stuck or held up before it either passes into the stomach or is regurgitated). Often occurs when phlegm qi stagnation (plum pit qi), stagnant fire, blood stasis or cancer toxin obstructs the oesophagus. 噎膈病 yē gé bìng 噎膈 1629 Sudden abdominal pain Characterized by sudden intolerable and progressively aggravated abdominal pain or colic. Contributing factors may include stagnant qi and blood in the stomach and intestines due to six exogenous pathogenic factors, food poisoning, parasites, stagnant food, stones or dry faeces. 卒腹痛 cù fù tòng 1630 Qi stagnation-induced abdominal pain A paroxysmal abdominal pain with no physical changes. Often results from stomach/intestine qi stagnation due to improper diet, exposure to cold, emotional disturbance. 气腹痛 qì fù tòng 1631 Abdominal distension Characterized by abdominal fullness and pain, along with increased abdominal size. Contributing factors may include damp heat in the liver and gallbladder, spleen deficiency with qi stagnation, and cold dampness affecting the spleen. 腹胀病 fù zhàng bìng 1632 Constipation Constipation disorder Characterized by hard stools and difficult, infrequent bowel movements, usually less than three stools per week. Patients may also experience straining with bowel movements. Contributing factors may include heat accumulating in the stomach and intestines, deficiency cold, consumption of qi, blood and yin fluids, abdominal masses or abdominal surgery. 便秘病 biàn mì bìng 便闭 1633 Splenic constipation Characterized by dry stools, difficult, and infrequent bowel movements. Associated symptoms include abdominal distension, a dry mouth, and frequent urination. Contributing factors may include internal dry heat, age-related deficiency of yin fluids or yin cold retention due to spleen deficiency. 脾约 pí yuē 222 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1634 Diarrhoea Diarrhoea disorder Characterized by increased frequency of bowel movements, loose stools, stools containing undigested food or watery stools. Contributing factors may include external contraction of wind, cold, damp or heat, an improper diet, emotional disturbance or yang qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 泄泻病 xiè xiè bìng 1635 Fulminant diarrhoea Acute diarrhoea An acute condition characterized by sudden abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Vomiting and fever may also be present. Often results from improper diet or exposure to wind, cold or damp heat. 暴泻 bào xiè 1636 Chronic diarrhoea Diarrhoea that recurs or lasts longer than two months. It is often caused by deficiency of the spleen and kidney or disharmony between the liver and spleen. 久泄 jiǔ xiè 1637 Diarrhoea with undigested food A type of diarrhoea characterized by repeated, food-related diarrhoea that contains undigested food. Contributing factors may include yang qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. an improper diet or external wind, cold, damp or heat affecting the stomach and intestines. 飧泄 sūn xiè 1638 Early morning (Cock’s crow) diarrhoea A type of diarrhoea characterized by diarrhoea upon abdominal pain before dawn and the pain alleviates after bowel movements. Associated symptoms include cold intolerance, cold limbs, low back/knee soreness with a cold sensation and fatigue. Often results from congenital deficiency, kidney deficiency, or internal yin cold due to decline of the vital fire. 五更泻 wǔ gēng xiè 1639 Dysentery Dysentery disorder Characterized by diarrhoea, abdominal pain, tenesmus and stools that contain mucus or blood. Often occurs when internal build up of damp heat (due to emotions or improper diet) obstructs the flow of intestinal qi and impairs intestinal collaterals. Over time, individuals may develop deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 大瘕泄 dà jiǎ xiè 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 223 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1640 Cholera-like disorder An acute condition characterized by sudden abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea. Often results from stomach/intestine qi disorder due to ingestion of contaminated food or exposure to summer (damp) heat or cold dampness. 类霍乱 lèi huò luàn 1641 Excessive hunger Characterized by increased appetite, rapid hunger after eating food, weight loss, lassitude and dry stools. Contributing factors may include an improper diet, over ingestion of oily, sweet food, or excessive alcohol drinking. These factors may cause damp heat to accumulate in the stomach, intestines and gallbladder, which in turn affects the normal conduction of the gallbladder and stomach. 食亦 shí yì 1642 Loss of appetite Characterized by ingestion of small amount of food, aversion to food, a poor appetite, weight loss, fatigue, and a body weight that is 75–85% below the standard weight. In severe cases, malnutrition and anaemia may also be present. Often results from qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach and stomach yin deficiency due to poor eating habits, dieting or acute/chronic diseases. 厌食病 yàn shí bìng 厌食 1643 Food damage Characterized by nausea, aversion to food, belching, a foul breath, gastric stuffiness and abdominal distension. Often occurs when binge eating damages the spleen and stomach or food retention coupled with external contraction of wind cold impairs the transportation and transformation of the stomach and intestines. 伤食 shāng shí 1644 Hunger-related abdominal pain Characterized by rapid hunger after eating food, followed by stomach ache that alleviates with eating food or warmth. Often results from cold qi retention in the stomach and heart meridians due to constitutional yang deficiency or ingestion of raw, cold food. 饥疝 jī shàn 224 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1645 Fatigue after eating food Characterized by drowsiness after eating food and heaviness of the limbs. Abdominal fullness, rapid hunger and a poor appetite may also be present. Often results from deficiency of the spleen and stomach. 谷劳 gǔ láo 1646 Gastric pain Stomach ache disorder Characterized by irregular stomach ache, stuffiness and distension. Often results from stomach qi disorder and disharmony of stomach collaterals. 胃络痛 wèi luò tòng 1647 Gastric stuffiness Gastric fullness Characterized by stomach stuffiness and distension without tenderness. Associated symptoms include a low food intake, abdominal diarrhoea, weight loss and weakness. Often results from qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach and malnourishment/atrophy of stomach collaterals. 胃痞病 wèi pǐ bìng 胃痞；痞满 1648 Gastric distension Characterized by persistent stomach stuffiness, distension, pain and discomfort. Associated symptoms include acid reflux and oedema. Often results from dysfunctional spleen and stomach or internal turbid phlegm obstructing the flow of qi. 胃胀病 wèi zhàng bìng 胃胀 1649 Stomach prolapse Characterized by a painful, downbearing sensation of the abdomen that aggravates after eating food or in a standing position. Muscle wasting may also be present. Often results from spleen qi sinking due to improper diet or overexertion. 胃缓 wèi huǎn 1650 Gastric ulcers Characterized by frequent gastric pain/discomfort, acid reflux or black stools. Contributing factors may include liver qi stagnation, improper diet, exposure to external pathogenic factors or drug- related side-effects. These factors may affect the functions of the spleen and stomach and impair stomach collaterals. 胃疡 wèi yáng 1651 Fluid retention in the stomach Characterized by abdominal distension, splashing sound in the abdomen and vomiting of watery fluids. Often results from water/fluid retention in the stomach and intestines due to abdominal surgery or acid reflux. 胃饮 wèi yǐn 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 225 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1652 Gastroliths Stomach stones Characterized by palpable lumps in the upper abdomen, accompanied by stomach ache, nausea, vomiting, and a poor appetite. Often results from swallowing of hair, ingestion of minerals or excessive ingestion of food rich in tannic acid such as persimmon, hawthorn or date plum. 胃石病 wèi shí bìng 1653 Acute gastritis An acute condition characterized by sudden stomach ache, vomiting of blood, and black stools. Often results from irritation to the stomach and damage to stomach collaterals. 胃瘅 wèi dān 1654 Spleen distension Characterized by abdominal distension, discomfort of the four limbs, body heaviness, and splashing sound in the abdomen. A poor appetite, hiccups, restlessness and insomnia may also be present. Often occurs when cold damp affects the transportation and transformation of the spleen. 脾胀 pí zhàng 1655 Alcohol-induced masses Characterized by pain and masses in the subcostal region, thirst, restlessness, and gradual weight loss. Red spots on the face, red palms, spider angioma and jaundice may be present. Contributing factors may include retention of alcoholic toxin, phlegm and stasis in the subcostal region due to prolonged alcohol drinking, damp heat accumulating in the spleen and stomach and disharmony between qi and blood. 酒癖 jiǔ pǐ 酒癥 1656 Spleen heat Characterized by overeating, overweight, belly fat and a sweet, greasy taste in the mouth. Often results from overeating of oily, sweet food and physical inactivity. 脾瘅 pí dān 1657 Oedema due to spleen deficiency Characterized by increased abdominal size, oedema, scanty urine, and heaviness of the limbs. A poor appetite and a sallow complexion may be present. Often results from spleen yang deficiency and water retention due to chronic stomach, intestine, liver or gallbladder problems. 脾水 pí shuǐ 226 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1658 Wasting of the spleen A chronic condition characterized by wasting of the limbs, fatigue, diarrhoea, and strong-odoured oily or foamy stools. A poor appetite, abdominal distension, muscle pain, oedema, spoon nails and clubbed fingers/toes may be present. Often results from poor digestion and absorption (malnourishment of the body) due to chronic problems of the stomach, intestine or other organs. 脾消 pí xiāo 脾痟 1659 Diaphragmatic hernia Characterized by sudden distension and pain in the diaphragmatic area and severe vomiting. It results either from congenital defect or postnatal injuries. 膈疝 gé shàn 1660 Reflux oesophagitis Characterized by chest pain behind the sternum with a burning sensation, stomach discomfort and acid reflux. Contributing factors may include exposure to pathogenic factors/ irritating/ drugs, internal heat or a prolonged ascending of rebellious stomach qi. 食管瘅 shí guǎn dān 1661 Oesophageal achalasia Characterized by intermittent dysphagia and vomiting. Contributing factors may include improper diet, emotional disturbance or damage to the oesophagus. These factors cause qi stagnation and ascending of stomach qi. 食管痹 shí guǎn bì 1662 Pancreatic distension Characterized by weight loss and repeated abdominal pain, distension and diarrhoea. Often results from toxic pathogenic factors affecting the pancreas and spleen. 胰胀 yí zhàng 1663 Pancreas heat Characterized by sudden, severe upper abdominal pain, coupled with nausea, vomiting, fever and increased amylase in urine. Often results from excessive alcohol use, binge eating, or extreme emotions. It may also be secondary to gallstones or ascaris-induced colic, which results in retention of damp heat in the pancreas. 胰瘅 yí dān 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 227 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1664 Pancreatic abscess Characterized by a history of severe pancreas heat for 2–3 weeks, coupled with high fever, persistent upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back and left lower back, and a palpable cystic lump in the upper abdomen with a fixed location, a sense of mobility and tenderness. Jaundice may also be present. Often secondary to pancreas heat, it develops when retained toxins in the pancreas cause decay of qi and blood. 胰痈 yí yōng 1665 Irritable bowel pattern Characterized by abdominal pain and alternating diarrohea with constipation. The symptoms are closely associated with fluctuating emotions. Often results from qi stagnation due to emotional disturbance. 肠郁 cháng yù 1666 Functional intestinal obstruction Characterized by polydipsia, dysuria, diarrhoea and abdominal distension/pain. Often occurs when wind, cold and dampness obstructs the flow of intestinal qi and water. 肠痹 cháng bì 1667 Intestinal obstruction Characterized by paroxysmal abdominal colic, abdominal bloating, absence of bowel sounds, flatus, and constipation. Often occurs when abdominal surgery, tumour compression or carcinoma toxins obstruct the flow of intestinal qi. 肠结 cháng jié 1668 Intestinal abscess Intestinal abscess disorder Characterized by fever, right lower abdominal pain and contracture, abdominal tenderness or palpable lumps. Often results from toxic heat accumulating in the intestines. 肠痈 cháng yōng 1669 Acute haemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis An acute condition characterized by sudden abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fever and blood in stools. Often results from internal damp heat, stagnation of qi and blood and ingestion of contaminated food. 小肠瘅 xiǎo cháng dān 1670 Iron deficiency anaemia Characterized by dry, sallow complexion, pale eyelids and finger/toe nails, dizziness and fatigue. Chapped lips, poor memory and difficulty concentrating may be present. Contributing factors may include malnutrition, weakness of the spleen and stomach, food retention, parasites or heavy menstruation. 萎黄病 wěi huáng bìng 228 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1671 Lung system diseases Lung system disorders Dysfunctions of the lung system and meridians due to six exogenous pathogenic factors, emotional disturbance, over-exertion, water retention and stagnant blood. 肺系病 fèi xì bìng 1672 Cough due to external contraction Cough upon exposure to exogenous factors Characterized by a sudden onset, urgent coughing sound, difficult expectoration of sputum, or coughing with scanty, yellow or white sputum. Associated symptoms include fever, headache, stuffy/runny nose, a red, sore and scratchy throat, and a dry mouth. Often occurs when six exogenous pathogenic factors or pestilence attack the lung and causes lung qi to ascend. 外感咳嗽 wài gǎn ké sou 1673 Cough due to internal dysfunctions Cough due to endogenous factors Characterized by intermittent coughs varying in intensity. Associated symptoms may include fatigue, frequent common colds, chest tightness, panting, pain in the subcostal region, haemoptysis and puffy face or eyes. Contributing factors may include chronic cough damaging lung qi, phlegm dampness due to spleen deficiency, liver fire affecting the lung, water retention due to kidney deficiency or deficiency of qi and yin. 内伤咳嗽 nèi shāng ké sou 1674 Fulminant cough Characterized by severe coughing with an acute attack and a short duration. 暴咳病 bào ké bìng 暴咳 1675 Chronic cough Characterized by persistent, recurrent coughing with a prolonged period. 久咳病 jiǔ ké bìng 久咳 1676 Lung heat Lung heat disorder Characterized by cough with sticky, yellow phlegm or blood-stained sputum and thirst. Associated symptoms may include tidal fever, chills, pain in the subcostal region, constipation and yellow urine. Often occurs when pathogenic heat, heat of zang–fu organs or phlegm heat affect the dispersing and descending of lung qi. 肺瘅 fèi dān 肺热病 1677 Asthma Characterized by recurrent episodes of difficulty breathing, wheezing and shortness of breath with an inability to lie flat. Contributing factors may include congenital deficiency or impaired functions of the lung, spleen and kidney. These factors may generate phlegm to obstruct the airway. 哮喘病 xiào chuǎn bìng 哮喘 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 229 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1678 Wheezing Wheezing disorder Wheezing pattern Characterized by sudden, whistling sounds with an inability to lie flat. Precursory symptoms may include an itchy nose, sneezing, cough and chest tightness. Contributing factors may include heredity, exposure to dust or irritant gas, exogenous pathogenic factors, fatigue, improper diet or emotions. These factors, coupled with pre- existing phlegm may cause phlegm qi to stagnate and obstruct the respiratory airways. 哮病 xiào bìng 哮证 1679 Dyspnoea Dyspnoea disorder Dyspnoea pattern Characterized by shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and difficulty breathing that worsens upon exertion. In severe cases, breathing with an open mouth and elevated shoulder, nasal flaring and an inability to lie flat may be present. Associated symptoms may include cough with profuse phlegm, chest tightness, cyanosis, raised chest and distension in the subcostal region. Contributing factors may include heredity, exogenous pathogenic wind cold affecting the lung, turbid phlegm accumulating in the lung, chronic cough damaging lung qi or kidney failing to absorb qi. 喘病 chuǎn bìng 喘证 1680 Fulminant wheezing An acute, severe condition characterized by sudden wheezing, shortness of breath, sweating, an inability to lie flat, bulging chest, subcostal distension, a dark complexion, and cyanosis of the lips. Contributing factors include a history of chronic asthma, exposure to exogenous pathogens or dysfunction of the internal organs. These factors may cause lung qi to ascend and impair the function of the kidney to absorb qi. 暴喘 bào chuǎn 1681 Atrophy of the lung lobes Characterized by shortness of breath and cough with expectoration of turbid sputum. Often occurs when chronic cough damages lung qi, consumes fluids and results in withering or disuse of the lung lobes. 肺痿 fèi wěi 230 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1682 Lung abscess Characterized by a sudden fever, cough, chest pain and expectoration of strong-odoured pus/blood- stained sputum. Often occurs when toxic heat accumulates in the lung, causes sores or ulcers in the lung lobes and over time, forms abscesses. 肺痈 fèi yōng 1683 Lung distension Lung distension disorder Characterized by chest stuffiness or distension, cough with expectoration of sputum, shortness of breath and panting upon exertion. In severe cases, a raised chest, distention in the subcostal region and cyanosis of the lips and tongue may be present. Often occurs when chronic cough or wheezing causes lung qi to stagnate. 肺胀 fèi zhàng 1684 Pneumoconiosis A chronic condition characterized by persistent coughing, chest tightness/pain, and over time, panting upon physical exertion. Often occurs when inhaled dust in working or living environment obstructs lung collaterals and impairs the lung’s function in dispersing and descending. 尘肺 chén fèi 1685 Pleural effusion An acute, severe condition characterized by sudden rapid breathing, coughing with a large amount of bloody, foamy sputum, oedema, scanty urine, severe palpitations, a pale face, and cyanosis of the tongue and lips. Often occurs when heart yang deficiency or too fast infusion rates cause excess fluids to accumulate in the lung. 肺水病 fèi shuǐ bìng 1686 Pulmonary syncope Characterized by sudden rapid breathing, mental cloudiness and cold limbs. Often occurs when prolonged lung disorders cause lung qi exhaustion or turbid phlegm to ascend to mist the mind. 肺厥 fèi jué 1687 Kidney system disorders Kidney system disorders Dysfunctions of the kidney system and meridians due to six exogenous pathogenic factors, emotional disturbance, over-exertion, water retention and stagnant blood. 肾系病 shèn xì bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 231 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1688 Strangury Strangury disorders Characterized by frequent, urgent, hesitant and painful urination. The pain during urination may radiate to the low back and abdomen. Contributing factors may include damp heat affecting the lower jiao, deficiency of the spleen and kidney, liver qi stagnation, tuberculosis, stones or tumours. These factors may impair the qi transformation of the urinary bladder. 淋证 lín zhèng 1689 Qi strangury Characterized by lower abdominal distension and fullness, frequent, hesitant, painful or dripping urination. Contributing factors may include liver qi stagnation or age-related qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney. These factors may impair the qi transformation or opening and closing of the urinary bladder. 气淋 qì lín 1690 Heat strangury Heat stranguria disorder Damp heat stranguria; acute stranguria Characterized by frequent, urgent and painful urination with scanty, red urine and a burning sensation. Associated symptoms may include fever, chills, lower back painlower back pain, lower abdominal cramps, distension and pain, a yellow, greasy tongue coating and a slippery, rapid pulse. Often occurs when damp heat affects the kidney and urinary bladder. 热淋 rè lín 湿热淋；急淋 1691 Blood strangury Characterized by painful urination with blood in urine. Often occurs when damp heat or cold damp affects the bladder and enters the bloodstream to cause the blood to move recklessly. It may also occur when qi fails to control blood within the vessels or when qi deficiency results in blood stagnation. 血淋 xuè lín 1692 Unctuous strangury Chyluria Characterized by recurrent painful discharge of turbid, milky urine like rice water, cream or sauce, and back pain/soreness. Associated symptoms may include hesitant urination, oedema, fatigue, or anaemia. Symptoms can be induced or exacerbated by high-fat diet, fatigue or exposure to cold. Contributing factors may include damp heat due to deficiency of the spleen and kidney, filariasis, tuberculosis or tumours. These factors may impair the qi transformation of the lower jiao. 膏淋 gāo lín 乳糜尿 232 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1693 Fatigue strangury Characterized by recurrent, fatigue-induced frequent, urgent, painful and dripping urination, lower back painlower back pain, and lassitude. Associated symptoms may include tidal, low- grade fever and weight loss. Contributing factors may include retention of toxins due to chronic strangury, excessive worries or mental exertion damaging the heart and spleen, sexual indulgence damaging the kidney or tuberculosis affecting the opening and closing of the urinary bladder. 劳淋 láo lín 1694 Stone strangury Stony stranguria disorder Characterized by lower back painlower back pain, haematuria or discharge of stones, coupled with positive imaging findings of urinary stones. Often occurs when damp heat scorches the urine into stones. 石淋 shí lín 1695 Prostate enlargement Characterized by frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, or inability to urinate. If often occurs when age-related kidney qi deficiency and qi weakness of the spleen and stomach cause phlegm and stasis to impair the qi transformation of Sanjiao. 精癃 jīng lóng 1696 Enuresis Enuresis disorder Characterized by repeated inability to control urination during sleep. Contributing factors may include congenital weakness, kidney qi deficiency or internal retention of damp heat and stagnant blood. These factors may impair the qi transformation of the urinary bladder. 遗尿 yí niào 1697 Urinary incontinence A repeated inability to control urination during the day time. It is often caused by loss of bladder control due to age-related kidney deficiency, phlegm misting the mind or urethral injuries. 小便不禁 xiǎo biàn bù jīn 1698 Profuse urination (diabetes insipidus) Characterized by large amounts of dilute urine and excessive thirst. Often occurs when the kidney fails to perform the qi transformation of the urinary bladder. 尿崩 niào bēng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 233 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1699 Urinary retention Characterized by scanty urine, dripping urination and lower abdominal distension/pain. In severe cases, individuals may experience an inability to empty the bladder. Contributing factors may include damp heat in the urinary bladder, stagnant blood, stones or tumours obstructing the urethra, kidney yang failing to perform qi transformation, kidney yin deficiency or surgery. 癃闭 lóng bì 1700 Kidney water Kidney wind Characterized by persistent oedema, belly bulging, scanty urine, lower back painlower back pain, and a dark facial complexion, coupled with persistent proteinuria, haematuria, hypoproteinaemia and hyperlipidaemia. During an acute attack, kidney water is known as kidney wind. Often occurs when kidney yang fails to transform qi and circulate water due to recurrent oedema, coupled with wind heat or drug-related toxins damage the kidney. 肾水病 shèn shuǐ bìng 肾风 1701 Urinary block and vomiting A critical condition characterized by urinary retention and persistent vomiting, coupled with skin itching, and a strong-odoured breath. In severe cases, convulsions of the hands and feet, drowsiness and mental cloudiness may be present. Often occurs in late-stage oedema, urinary retention or strangury. Contributing factors may include impaired qi transformation due to yin/yang failure of the spleen and kidney and toxic, turbid dampness attacking the stomach. Alternatively, it may also occur when dampness transforms into heat and stirs wind, or in severe cases, to disturb the heart mind. 关格 guān gé 1702 Kidney heat Kidney heat disorder Characterized by fever, lower back painlower back pain and abnormal urination. Often occurs when damp heat or toxic warmth affects the kidney. 肾瘅 shèn dān 234 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1703 Renal abscess A condition (secondary to abscess in Jingmen (GB 25) or other body parts) characterized by sudden chills, fever, and severe lower back pain. Weak, hesitant urine stream, painful urination and pain in the renal area and costovertebral angle to percussion may also be present. Often occurs when toxins from the abscess affects the kidney. 肾痈 shèn yōng 1704 Kidney prolapse Characterized by a bearing-down sensation and lower back pain. Alternatively, recurrent bloody urine may be present. Often occurs when constitutional weakness or overexertion causes qi to sink. 肾垂 shèn chuí 1705 Kidney syncope A severe condition characterized by mental cloudiness in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Often results from kidney qi exhaustion and turbid dampness misting the mind. 肾厥 shèn jué 1706 Persistent erection Persistent erection disorder Characterized by abnormally prolonged erection of the penis. Contributing factors may include liver fire, stasis, damp heat, overuse of aphrodisiac drugs or sexual indulgence. These factors may cause internal toxic fire and trigger ministerial fire to consume kidney yang and result in hyperactivity of deficiency yang. 强中 qiáng zhōng 阳强 1707 Genital retraction Characterized by intense lower abdominal pain, a subjective feeling of genital (penis, testis, scrotum, vulva or breasts) shrinking. Often occurs when cold obstructs the liver meridian or when yang fails to warm the external genitalia. 缩阴病 suō yīn bìng 缩阴 1708 Emotional disorders Emotional disorders include plum pit qi, hysteria or depression. These disorders result from disorders of qi, blood, yin and yang as well as dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs and are often caused by intense mental stress or persistent emotional depression. 情志病类 qíng zhì bìng lèi 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 235 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1709 Depression Depression disorder Depressive disorder Melancholy disorder Characterized by a low mood, lack of interest, fullness and stuffiness in the chest and subcostal region, and a poor appetite. In severe cases, a sense of guilt, dejection, paranoia, self-harm and tendency to commit suicide. Often occurs when long-term emotional disturbance or character defects causes qi to stagnate. It is first associated with the liver and later with the heart and spleen. 郁病 yù bìng 郁证 1710 Hysteria A paroxysmal mental disorder in women characterized by mood swings, mind wandering, sadness with no apparent reason, restlessness, crying or laughing with unexplained reason and frequent sighing. Often occurs when emotional disturbance causes qi disorder and consumes heart blood and spleen qi. It may also occur as a result of yin–yang disorder due to menopause. 脏躁 zàng zào 1711 Low self-esteem Characterized by depression, timidity, self- inferiority and panic. In severe cases, emotional detachment may be present. Often results from gallbladder deficiency, heart qi insufficiency or disquieted gallbladder qi. 卑惵 bēi dié 1712 Disorders of qi, blood and bodily fluids Qi, blood and fluid disorders A collective term for disorders of qi, blood, bodily fluids, essence and spirit caused by exogenous pathogenic factors, emotions, an improper diet, over-exertion, water-fluid retention or stagnant blood. 气血津液病类 qì xuè jīn yè bìng lèi 1713 Deficiency/ consumption A collective term for chronic deficiency or consumption of qi, blood, yin, yang and the five zang organs. Contributing factors may include over-exertion, an improper diet, emotions, alcohol consumption, sexual indulgence or major medical conditions. 虚劳类病 xū láo lèi bìng 虚劳；虚劳病 236 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1714 Chronic consumptive conditions Consumptive disorder A group of chronic consumptive conditions characterized by a lustreless complexion, lassitude, shortness of breath, a low voice, dizziness, blurred vision and poor appetite. Associated symptoms include abdominal distension, loose stools, palpitations, forgetfulness, nocturnal emissions, irregular menstruation, spontaneous sweating, night sweats, weight loss, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, cold intolerance and cold limbs. Contributing factors may include major or chronic disease, heavy blood loss during childbirth or surgery, congenital weakness or ageing. These factors may consume qi, blood, yin, yang and the zang–fu organs. 虚损 xū sǔn 1715 Darkening of the skin Primary adrenal insufficiency Characterized by fatigue, weight loss, dark sallow discolouration of the skin and face, darkening of the forehead, black stools, itchy skin, and abdominal distension (as if there is water inside). Contributing factors may include deficiency of the liver and kidney due to chronic jaundice, internal phlegm, sexual indulgence, tuberculosis or tumour that consumes essential qi and obstructs blood vessels. 黑疸 hēi dǎn 1716 Aplastic anaemia Exhaustion of marrow Characterized by haemorrhage, anaemia and deficiency of whole blood cells. Contributing factors may include heredity, postnatal malnutrition or exposure to drugs or certain chemicals. 髓劳 suǐ láo 1717 Fever due to internal dysfunctions Characterized by a low-grade fever, tidal fever, bone-steaming sensation, hot flashes and feverish sensations of the palms and soles. Individuals may also present with symptoms indicative of deficiency of yin, yang, qi, blood and the zang–fu organs. Contributing factors may include over- exertion, emotional disturbance, improper diet or dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs. These factors may cause deficiency of qi and blood and disharmony between yin and yang. 内伤发热病 nèi shāng fā rè bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 237 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1718 Motion sickness Car sickness Seasickness Characterized by a pale face, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. The symptoms slowly decrease and then disappear once the motion has stopped. Contributing factors may include emotions, hunger/binge eating or disagreement between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system’s sense of movement. These factors may cause disordered qi and blood, allowing phlegm turbidity to ascend and disturb the mind. 晕动病 yūn dòng bìng 注车；注船 1719 Syncope/fainting A group of critical conditions caused by disorder of qi and blood, exhaustion of yang qi or collapse of yin blood. Contributing factors may include mental stress, eating disorder, drug poisoning, food poisoning or external contraction of pathogenic factors. 厥脱类病 jué tuō lèi bìng 1720 Syncope Syncope disorder A group of emergent conditions characterized by sudden fainting and cold limbs. Contributing factors may include mental stress, eating disorder, six exogenous pathogenic factors, pestilence, phlegm dampness, drug poisoning or food poisoning. These factors may block the flow of qi and cause the disorder of qi and blood. 厥病 jué bìng 厥证 1721 Qi syncope Qi syncope disorder Characterized by sudden fainting (patients recover after some time). Some may also experience sensory or motor disturbance but no organic pathological changes. Often occurs when emotional disturbance causes qi to stagnate or when clear yang fails to ascend due to spleen qi deficiency. 气厥 qì jué 郁厥 1722 Phlegm syncope Phlegm syncope disorder Characterized by sudden fainting or unconsciousness, phlegm sounds in the throat, cold limbs, and a deep, excessive, wiry and slippery pulse. Often occurs when emotional disturbance causes qi to stagnate in the throat or when wind phlegm obstructs the airways adn blocks the heart mind. 痰厥 tán jué 238 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1723 Cold syncope Cold syncope disorder Yin syncope Characterized by hypothermia, cold limbs and mental cloudiness. Chilblains may also be present. Often results from exposure to cold environment for a prolonged period or severe cold consuming yang qi. 寒厥 hán jué 阴厥；冷厥 1724 Heat syncope Yang syncope Characterized by cold extremities up to the elbows and knees or beyond, body fever without sweating, a flushed face, a dry tongue and lips, scanty, dark yellow urine, and dry stools. In severe cases, unconsciousness may be present. Often results from exposure to hot environment for a prolonged period or severe fire heat/summer heat damaging yin or disturbing the heart mind. 热厥 rè jué 阳厥 1725 Over-eating-induced syncope Crapulent syncope disorder Characterized by fainting after over-eating, abdominal distension and fullness, belching and a slippery, forceful pulse. Often results from binge eating. Alternatively, it may occur when wind cold or anger triggers the stagnant food in the spleen and stomach and causes qi to ascend to disturb the heart mind. 食厥 shí jué 1726 Alcoholic syncope Characterized by restlessness, vomiting, sleepiness, and panting. In severe cases, fainting and cold limbs may be present. It occurs when excessive alcohol drinking affects the heart mind. 酒厥 jiǔ jué 1727 Wind syncope Characterized by chest tightness, palpitations, difficulty breathing, cold limbs, a feeble pulse, skin itching, low blood pressure and mental cloudiness. Often results from wind disturbing or blocking qi and blood or yang qi collapse. 风厥 fēng jué 1728 Flopping syncope Characterized by sudden fainting, intense headache, high blood pressure, restlessness, a red face, numbness on one side of the body, and tremor of the limbs. In severe cases, vomiting of blood, mental cloudiness, sweating and rapid breathing may be present. Often occurs when emotions like sudden rage cause hyperactivity of liver yang and disordered qi and blood. 薄厥 bó jué 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 239 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1729 Blood syncope Blood syncope disorder Characterized by sudden fainting, a pale face, cold limbs and transient mental cloudiness. Contributing factors may include nervousness, fear, intense traumatic pain, ageing or a sudden change in posture. These factors may disturb qi activity and result in the failure of blood to nourish the brain. 血厥 xuè jué 脉厥 1730 Hunger syncope Hunger syncope disorder Characterized by sudden palpitations, weakness, cold sweats, a pale face and, in severe cases, sudden fainting may be present. Often results from failure of Ying nutrients to nourish the brain due to inability to eat food or hunger. 饥厥 jī jué 1731 Sudden syncope A severe condition characterized by loss of consciousness, impaired ability to speak, faint breathing, body rigor, and bowel and bladder incontinence. Contributing factors may include medical conditions, poisoning or traumatic injuries. These factors may cause separation between yin and yang and damage to the Yuan-primordial qi. 尸厥 shī jué 1732 Bleeding disorders A group of conditions caused by the failure of qi to hold blood within the vessels or hyperactive fire (due to yin deficiency) forces blood to move recklessly. They include haemoptysis, nosebleed, bloody stools or purpura. 血溢类病 xuè yì lèi bìng 溢血病 1733 Intestinal wind (bloody stools) Characterized by fresh blood in stools. Individuals may also have haemorrhoids. Contributing factors may include retained wind cold or toxic heat in the large intestine, damp heat accumulating in the stomach and intestines or qi failing to keep blood within the vessels. 肠风 cháng fēng 1734 Purpura A condition characterized by red or purple discoloured (grape-shaped) spots on the skin or mucosa that do not blanch on applying pressure, especially on the leg. In severe cases, it may affect the zang–fu organs. Contributing factors may include congenital weakness, heat accumulating in the zang–fu organs, allergic reactions to food or medicine, blood heat damaging blood collaterals, or the spleen failing to control blood within the small vessels. 紫癜病 zǐ diàn bìng 葡萄疫 240 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1735 Phlegm-fluid disorders Water retention in certain body parts due to dysfunction of the lung, spleen and kidney. 痰饮类病 tán yǐn lèi bìng 1736 Phlegm-fluid retention Characterized by obesity with recent weight loss and a decreased appetite, bowel sounds, and loose stools. Associated symptoms may include palpitations, shortness of breath and vomiting of foamy saliva. Often results from fluid retention in the stomach and intestines. 痰饮 tán yǐn 1737 Thoracic fluid retention Characterized by coughing, panting, chest fullness with an inability to lie flat, shortness of breath and foamy sputum. Associated symptoms may include fever, chills, a cold sensation in the back, back pain, facial puffiness, and leg oedema. Often occurs when retained thoracic fluid affects the lung. In addition, it is commonly triggered by external wind cold or eating cold/cool food. 支饮 zhī yǐn 1738 Subcutaneous fluid retention Characterized by facial puffiness and leg or generalized pitting oedema, and body heaviness. Associated symptoms may include cold intolerance, panting, coughing and a dry mouth with no desire to drink water. Often occurs when water retention (due to spleen deficiency) flows over the surface of the body or when exogenous wind cold blocks the flow of lung qi. 溢饮 yì yǐn 1739 Pleural fluid retention Pleural fluid retention disorder Characterized by fullness, distension and tightness in the chest or subcostal region and cough- induced pain. Often occurs when fluid retention in the chest cavity (due to lung tuberculosis/cancer or other systemic conditions) obstructs the flow of qi. 悬饮 xuán yǐn 1740 Oedema Oedema disorders A group of conditions caused by impaired qi transformation and retained water flowing over the skin. Contributing factors may include external pathogenic factors, over-exertion or improper diet. 水肿类病 shuǐ zhǒng lèi bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 241 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1741 Yang oedema Characterized by an acute onset of pitting swelling of the face and eyelid. Associated symptoms may include fever and aversion to wind, with no body weakness. Often occurs when exogenous pathogenic factors block the skin pores, obstruct the flow of qi and result in water dampness. 阳水 yáng shuǐ 1742 Yin oedema Characterized by a gradual onset of facial puffiness, and pitting foot or leg swelling. Often occurs when water dampness (due to deficiency of the five zang organs) flow over the surface of the body. 阴水 yīn shuǐ 1743 Wind oedema Wind oedema disorder Characterized by a sudden fever, aversion to wind, sore, swollen throat, joint pain, and swelling of the face and eyelid. Over time, individuals may experience generalized oedema. Associated signs and symptoms may include shortness of breath, scanty urine, proteinuria and elevated blood pressure. If often occurs when pathogenic wind affects the lung’s functions in dispersing and descending qi and regulating water passage. 风水 fēng shuǐ 1744 Skin oedema Characterized by generalized pitting oedema. In severe cases, bulging abdomen may be present. Associated signs and symptoms may include limb swelling or pain, chest tightness, a poor appetite, no aversion to wind, a white, greasy coating and a superficial pulse. Often occurs when turbid dampness obstructs the flow of spleen qi and causes water dampness to flow over the surface of the body. 皮水 pí shuǐ 1745 Stony oedema Characterized by recurrent oedema, hardness of the lower abdomen, distending pain in the subcostal region, abdominal fullness, absence of panting, a bright pale complexion and a deep pulse. Individuals may also have persistent proteinuria and hypertension. Often occurs when exogenous pathogenic factors trigger the retained water dampness in the lower jiao (due to chronic wind oedema and skin oedema). 石水 shí shuǐ 242 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1746 Generalized oedema Characterized by progressive oedema of the whole body, scanty urine or urine retention, abdominal fullness and panting. Often occurs when retained water (due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney) affects the lung. 正水 zhèng shuǐ 1747 Sweating disorders A group of conditions caused by disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence upon invasion by exogenous pathogenic wind, cold, and summer heat and dampness. Alternatively, they may also result from insecurity of the skin pores due to deficiency of the zang–-fu organs. These include spontaneous sweating, night sweats, yellow sweating and bloody sweating. 汗类病 hàn lèi bìng 1748 Spontaneous sweating Characterized by persistent, spontaneous day sweating that is not attributed to physical exertion, hot weather, wearing too many clothes or taking diaphoretics. It is mostly commonly caused by disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence or qi failing to secure the yin fluids. 自汗 zì hàn 1749 Night sweats Characterized by episodes of sweating during sleep that stop after waking up and are not related to external environmental factors. Most commonly caused by internal heat due to yin deficiency or damp heat opening the skin pores. 盗汗 dào hàn 1750 Yellow sweating Characterized by yellow-coloured sweating that contaminates cloth. It is often caused by disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei- defence or external contraction of damp heat. 黄汗 huáng hàn 1751 Bloody sweating Characterized by red coloured sweats, along with symptoms due to fire-heat or deficiency of qi and blood. Contributing factors may include exogenous fire heat affecting the surface of the body, fire hyperactivity of the heart, liver and stomach, or deficiency of qi and blood. 血汗 xuè hàn 汗血；血箭 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 243 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1752 Wasting and thirst disorders Wasting thirst disorder A group of disorders characterized by polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria. Contributing factors include overeating of oily, sweet food, emotions, sexual indulgence, exposure to pathogenic warm heat or abuse of medicinal minerals. These factors may cause stomach heat, lung dryness, hyperactive heart fire to consume yin and disturb qi transformation. 消渴类病 xiāo kě lèi bìng 消渴 1753 Wasting of the upper jiao Diaphragm wasting Characterized by excessive thirst, excessive drinking, and clear urine with a sweet or fruit- like smell. Individuals often have normal bowel movements. Often occurs when lung heat consumes yin fluids. 上消 shàng xiāo 膈消 1754 Wasting of the middle jiao Spleen/stomach wasting Characterized by increased appetite but rapid hunger after eating food, weight loss, thirst, excessive drinking and constipation. Often occurs when dry heat in the middle jiao consumes stomach yin. 中消 zhōng xiāo 消中；痟中；消 脾；胃消 1755 Wasting of the lower jiao Kidney wasting Characterized by thirst, excessive drinking, profuse urination with turbid, oily and sweet smelling urine, a dark complexion, and weight loss. Often occurs when hyperactive heart fire consumes kidney yin or disturbs the qi transformation. 下消 xià xiāo 肾消；痟肾； 消肾 1756 Disorders of different body parts Other body system disorders A group of disorders of the body tissues caused by six exogenous pathogens, strain, improper diet, phlegm-fluid retention or stagnant blood. These include brain diseases, thyroid disorders, breast diseases, genital diseases, hernia, bi-impediments, flaccidity, beriberi, xerosis and obesity. 头身形体病类 tóu shēn xíng tǐ bìng lèi 1757 Brain diseases Brain system disorders Any disorders involving the head or brain due to invasion of exogenous pathogens, ascending of wind yang, ascending of qi and blood, wind phlegm disturbing the mind or stagnant blood obstructing the brain collaterals. 颅脑类病 lú nǎo lèi bìng 244 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1758 Wind stroke Wind stroke disorders Apoplexy Characterized by sudden fainting, hemiplegia or deviation of the eyes and mouth corner. Often results from wind phlegm attacking the meridians, disorder of qi and blood, or bleeding in the brain. It includes trismus, haemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, facial palsy and hemiplegia. 中风病 zhòng fēng bìng 中风；卒中 1759 Acute wind stroke Characterized by sudden collapse, loss of unconsciousness, lockjaw, upward fixation of the eyes, neck rigidity, and phlegm sounds in the throat. In severe cases, opisthotonos, loss of consciousness and convulsions may be present. Often occurs when wind phlegm mists the mind or epidemic pathogenic qi directly attacks the zang– fu organs. 急风病 jí fēng bìng 卒中急风 1760 Deviation of the mouth corner Facial palsy Characterized by a sudden facial numbness, deviation of the eyes and mouth corner and slurred speech. Often occurs when wind cold or wind heat affects the face or wind phlegm obstructs the meridians. 口僻 kǒu pì 面瘫 1761 Hemiplegia Post-stroke disability Characterized by post-stroke tongue stiffness and disuse muscle atrophy. Contributing factors may include wind phlegm disturbing the heart mind, stagnant blood obstructing the meridians, or deficiency of essence and marrow. 风痱 fēng féi 喑痱 1762 Head wind Head wind disorder Headache Characterized by chronic, recurrent headache with no fixed positions. Contributing factors may include external contraction of wind heat, wind cold or summer heat and dampness, hyperactive liver yang transforming into wind, or wind phlegm disturbing the mind. This condition is subcategorized into migraine, parietal headache or thunderclap headache. 头风病 tóu fēng bìng 头痛病 1763 Hemilateral head wind Migraine disorder Migraine pain disorder Migraine A condition characterized by sudden, recurrent and intense headache occurring on one side of the head. Contributing factors may include wind cold, wind fire that carries phlegm, liver yang transforming into wind or stagnant blood obstructing the meridians. These factors may cause disordered qi and blood to affect the head. 偏头风 piān tóu fēng 偏头痛 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 245 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1764 True headache Characterized by intense headache, a red face and restlessness. Nausea, vomiting, cold hands/feet and significantly elevated blood pressure may be present. Often occurs when wind yang ascends and disordered qi and blood affect the head. 厥头痛 jué tóu tòng 真头痛 1765 Thunder head wind Characterized by severe, sudden onset of headache like a clap of thunder and a storm raging in your head. Associated symptoms may include chills, fever and referred eye pain. Often occurs when wind fire carries phlegm or when phlegm heat generates wind to affect the head. 雷头风 léi tóu fēng 1766 Facial pain Trigeminal neuralgia Characterized by episodes of severe, sudden pain or spasm in one side of the face, often accompanied by facial spasm. Often occurs when wind cold or wind heat attacks the meridians on the face or phlegm stasis affects the meridians. 面风痛 miàn fēng tòng 面痛 1767 Ringing in the brain Tinnitus cerebri Characterized by a subjective sensation of ringing in the brain instead of the ear. Associated symptoms may include depression, anxiety, insomnia, restlessness and poor memory. Often results from aged-related kidney deficiency. Alternatively, it may also occur when stagnant fire (due to stress or anxiety) ascends to affect the head. 脑鸣 nǎo míng 1768 Brain wind Parkinson’s disease Characterized by tremor of hands and feet, involuntary shaking of the head or twitching of the mouth and eyes. Contributing factors may include medical conditions, poisoning, electrical shock, or age-related deficiency of essence and blood. It may also occur when phlegm or stagnant blood obstructs the brain collaterals or meridian qi. 颤病 chàn bìng 脑风；颤症 1769 Cerebral atrophy Characterized by progressive forgetfulness, and decreased intelligence. Some individuals may present with personality disorder, dementia or tremor. Often results from deficiency of the five zang organs or age-related deficiency of qi and blood. 脑萎 nǎo wěi 246 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1770 Thyroid disorders A group of disorders involving enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling in the front part of the neck. Contributing factors may include deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi, invasion of exogenous pathogens, emotional disturbance or non-acclimatization. 瘿类病 yǐng lèi bìng 1771 Goiter Characterized by an enlargement or solid lump below the Adam’s apple in the front part of the neck. Contributing factors may include age- related qi deficiency, liver qi stagnation and blood stasis, or phlegm turbidity due to spleen deficiency. These factors may cause phlegm qi and stagnant blood in front of the neck. 瘿肿 yǐng zhǒng 1772 Qi goiter Qi goiter disorder Characterized by diffuse swelling in the front of the neck with a normal skin colour. It may feel soft or nodular and its size changes with emotions. Contributing factors may include diet, iodine deficiency, emotions or heredity. These factors may cause phlegm qi stagnation in the front of the neck. 气瘿 qì yǐng 1773 Hyperthyroidism Characterized by enlargement of the thyroid gland, rapid hunger, weight loss, restlessness, palpitations, irritability, heat intolerance and sweating. Tremor of the hands and exophthalmos may also be present. Often occurs when qi stagnation transforms into fire to consume qi and yin and causes phlegm qi to stagnate in the front of the neck. 瘿气 yǐng qì 1774 Fleshy goiter Characterized by single or multiple soft, round lumps that move with swallowing. Often occurs when emotion-related phlegm dampness accumulates in the front of the neck or when qi stagnation transforms into fire to consume qi and yin. 肉瘿 ròu yǐng 1775 Sinew goiter Characterized by varicose jugular veins on the goiter that resemble an earthworm. Often occurs when hyperactive liver fire consumes yin blood and causes jugular vein distention. 筋瘿 jīn yǐng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 247 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1776 Hyperparathyroidism Characterized by thyroid nodules, fatigue, slow reactions, decreased appetite, constipation, polyuria or bloody urine, bone pain, malformation or even fracture. Often occurs when disordered qi, blood, yin and yang cause phlegm qi and stagnant blood to remain beside the Adam’s apple. 侠瘿瘤 xiá yǐng liú 侠瘿瘅 1777 Thyroiditis Characterized by sudden presence of painful thyroid nodules with no discolouration of the skin or mild redness, fatigue, and muscle pain. Associated symptoms include fever, sweating, palpitations, tremor of the hands and a foreign body sensation in the throat. Contributing factors may include exogenous wind heat affecting the lung and stomach or stagnant heat in the liver and stomach. The combined external and internal heat may consume fluids and form into phlegm, resulting in phlegm fire stagnation in the neck. 瘿痈 yǐng yōng 1778 Hypothyroidism Characterized by fatigue, feeling cold, delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes, sleepiness and swelling of the limbs. Hair loss, low libido and a slow pulse may be present. Contributing factors may include delayed treatment of goitre, inappropriate use of medication, unsuccessful surgery or brain tumour. These factors may cause yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney and generate phlegm dampness. 瘿劳 yǐng láo 劳瘿 1779 Breast diseases A group of breast problems due to congenital weakness, disharmony between the Chong and Ren meridians, invasion by exogenous pathogens, emotions, overeat of oily food or milk accumulation. 乳房类病 rǔ fáng lèi bìng 248 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1780 Acute mastitis Characterized by distending, painful nodules in varying sizes and problems suckling the milk out of the breast, followed by increased nodules with redness, tenderness and discharge of yellow, thick pus. In severe cases, chills and a high-grade fever may be present. The onset is typically rapid and commonly seen within the first few months of delivery. Contributing factors may include cracks on the nipples, contraction of external damp heat, blocked milk ducts or milk accumulation, stomach heat, and liver qi stagnation transforming into heat. 乳痈 rǔ yōng 乳吹 1781 Acute septic mastitis Shell-bursting pyogenic abscess Characterized by redness, pain and a burning sensation of the breast, coupled with dark skin pigmentation after abscess rupture. In severe cases, restlessness, unconsciousness and delirium may be present. Often occurs when exogenous damp heat and toxic fire affects the liver and stomach meridians and remains in the skin around the breasts. 乳发 rǔ fā 脱壳乳痈 1782 Breast abscess Characterized by lumps located deep within the breast with mild pain and no skin discolouration at first, followed by a gradual increase in lump size, a slow formation of pus, discharge of yellow pus after rupture, coupled with a deep ulcerative opening and prolonged healing. Contributing factors may include liver blood stagnation, stomach heat accumulation, blocked milk ducts, or toxin entering the interior. 乳疽 rǔ jū 1783 Mammary duct fistula Characterized by an abnormal passage between a sub-areolar duct and skin that exudates pus or milk. Often occurs spontaneously following acute mastitis, acute septic mastitis, comedomastitis, tuberculosis of the breast, or breast surgery. 乳漏 rǔ lòu 乳瘘 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 249 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1784 Breast lumps Characterized by breast lumps with or without pain that change with emotions or menstrual cycles. Contributing factors may include emotional disturbance and disharmony between the Chong and Ren meridians. These factors may cause stagnant qi, blood and phlegm to remain in the mammary gland. 乳癖 rǔ pǐ 1785 Breast nodules Characterized by hard, mobile, and often pain- free breast nodule (often singular) with a smooth surface and a clear margin that changes with emotions or menstrual cycle. Contributing factors may include emotional disturbance and disharmony between the Chong and Ren meridians. These factors may cause phlegm stasis in the breast. 乳核 rǔ hé 1786 Gynecomastia Characterized by oval or round, tender lumps on one or both sides of the sub-areolar region in children or male adults. Contributing factors may include congenital kidney qi deficiency, postnatal deficiency of the liver and kidney, disharmony between the Chong and Ren meridian, malnourishment of the liver, and phlegm qi stagnation. 乳疬 rǔ lì 1787 Nipple eczema Characterized by sharp pain, followed by bleeding, oozing and crusting. Painful fissuring or abscess may be present. It is commonly seen in breast- feeding women. If often occurs when liver fire or damp heat accumulates in the nipples, areolae, or the surrounding skin. 乳头风 rǔ tóu fēng 乳头破碎 1788 Nipple discharge Characterized by discharge of bloody fluids from the nipple of the breast or palpable, soft, mobile and painless lumps. Contributing factors may include anger or worries damaging the liver and spleen or stagnant fire in liver meridian affecting the spleen’s function in controlling blood within the small vessels. 乳衄 rǔ nǜ 250 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1789 GaIactorrhoea Characterized by spontaneous flow of milk from the breast that is not associated with childbirth or nursing. Often occurs when qi fails to hold milk (fluids) or when liver qi stagnation transforms into fire to move the milk (fluids). 乳泣 rǔ qì 1790 Sagging breasts Characterized by the breast or nipple falling down, drooping, or downward to the front of the abdomen, coupled with intolerable pain. Contributing factors may include sudden rage damaging qi or blood dryness due to stomach deficiency. 乳悬 rǔ xuán 1791 Hernia Characterized by an abnormal protrusion of abdominal cavity contents into the scrotum or inguinal canal. Contributing factors include maldevelopment, ageing, spleen qi deficiency or stagnation of qi and blood. It may also result from increased negative abdominal pressure due to crying, coughing, emotions or straining due to constipation or problems with urination. 疝气 shàn qì 疝气 1792 Inguinal hernia Characterized by a protrusion of abdominal cavity contents through the inguinal canal. It may cause pain and distension that is aggravated when standing and alleviated when lying down. Contributing factors may include failure of the liver to maintain free flow of qi, qi deficiency in infants or the elderly, or increased intra- abdominal pressure. 狐疝 hú shàn 1793 Hydrocele testis Characterized by a painless enlargement in the scrotum on one or both sides, accompanied by a bearing-down sensation, impalpable testis, absence of redness or pain and positive transillumination test. Often results from an accumulation of water dampness inside the scrotum. 水疝 shuǐ shàn 1794 Haematocele Characterized by enlargement of the scrotum with a dark purple skin discolouration. Often occurs when traumatic injuries or surgery cause stagnation of qi and blood in the scrotum. 血疝 xuè shàn 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 251 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1795 Varicocele Characterized by an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum (that resemble earthworms), coupled with a bearing-down sensation. Often results from stagnation of qi and blood within the scrotum. 筋疝 jīn shàn 1796 Bi-impediment disorders Impediment disorders Joint impediment disorders Bi-impediment disease/pattern A group of disorders characterized by joint pain, numbness and impaired movement due to wind, cold and dampness or heat attacking the meridians. 痹证类病 bì zhèng lèi bìng 痹病；痹证 1797 Wind-cold-dampness impediment Characterized by migratory muscle or joint soreness, heaviness and pain. Often occurs when wind, cold and dampness affect the joints and muscles and causes qi and blood to stagnate. 风寒湿痹 fēng hán shī bì 1798 Migratory impediment Wind impediment disorder Moving impediment disorder Migrating painful movement disorder Migratory impediment Wind hindrance disorder Wind impediment Characterized by migratory joint or muscle pain. Often occurs when wind affects the joints or muscles. 行痹 xíng bì 风痹 252 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1799 Painful impediment Cold impediment disorder Painful impediment disorder Cold hindrance disorder Cold impediment Characterized by joint pain with a fixed position that is exacerbated by cold and alleviated by warmth. Often occurs when cold affects the joints. 痛痹 tòng bì 寒痹 1800 Fixed impediment Dampness impediment disorder Fixed impediment disorder Dampness hindrance disorder Dampness impediment Characterized by joint or muscle soreness, pain in a fixed position. Alternatively, joint swelling may be present. Often occurs when dampness affects the joints. 着痹 zhuó bì 湿痹 1801 Heat impediment Characterized by joint redness, swelling, pain, hotness and impaired movement that is alleviated with cold. Associated symptoms may include fever, thirst and scanty, dark yellow urine. Often occurs when toxic heat or damp heat flows into the joints or when combined internal heat and exogenous pathogenic heat affect the joints. 热痹 rè bì 1802 Joint impediment Rheumatoid arthritis Characterized by morning (joint) stiffness, multiple symmetrical pain of smaller joints, restricted movement or joint deformity. Often occurs when wind, cold, dampness or heat remain in the sinews, bones or joints, and over time, damages the yin blood of the liver and kidney. 尪痹 wāng bì 1803 Skin impediment Characterized by progressive local or systemic skin swelling, hardness or atrophy. In severe cases, the zang–fu organs may be affected. Often occurs when wind, cold, dampness or heat remain in the skin or reside in the zang–fu organs. 皮痹 pí bì 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 253 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1804 Muscle impediment Characterized by weakness, pain, numbness or atrophy in the proximal musculature, coupled with dark red maculae on the eyelids. Often occurs when toxic heat and phlegm dampness remain in the skin. 肉痹 ròu bì 肌痹 1805 Sinew impediment Characterized by swelling and pain of the tendons, muscles and joints with a dark red skin discolouration and impaired joint movement. Often results from over-exertion, tendon injury or cold-induced stagnation of qi and blood. 筋痹 jīn bì 1806 Vessel impediment Characterized by a deep pulse in the radial or anterior tibial arteries, asymmetrical blood pressure, and weakness, numbness or pain of the affected limb, coupled with intermittent claudication and skin discolouration. Often occurs when wind, cold and dampness affect the blood vessels. 脉痹 mài bì 1807 Bone impediment Characterized by bone pain, joint stiffness, deformity or impaired movement, and limb numbness and weakness. In severe cases, kyphosis of the lumbar spine, impaired extension of the leg, leg weakness or lower back pain may be present. Often results from retention of wind, cold and dampness. It may also result from age-related malnourishment of the bones. 骨痹 gǔ bì 1808 Blood impediment Raynaud’s syndrome Characterized by paroxysmal paleness, dark purple or reddish extremities (fingers/toes). Red patches, sensation of finger cold and/or numbness may be present. Often occurs when wind cold affects the blood vessels. Emotional stress may also disturb the harmony between Ying nutrients and blood. 血痹 xuè bì 1809 Sciatica Characterized by pain radiating along the back or outside of one leg from the lower back, accompanied by numbness or pain that aggravates with increased intra-abdominal pressure, and restricted movement. Contributing factors may include acute lumbar sprain, chronic lumbar strain, or cold dampness obstructing the meridians. 偏痹 piān bì 254 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1810 Generalized impediment Characterized by recurrent, migratory and asymmetrical joint pain. Associated symptoms may include limb heaviness, numbness, joint redness and swelling, and neck stiffness. Often occurs in patients with a weakened immune system when wind, cold, dampness or heat affect the blood flow. 周痹 zhōu bì 1811 Intractable impediment Characterized by recurrent joint pain, numbness, deformity and impaired movement that aggravate upon exposure to wind cold. Contributing factors may include a history of wind-cold-dampness bi-impediment, over-exertion, or age-related malnourishment of the joints. 顽痹 wán bì 1812 Joint wind Characterized by severe, migratory joint pain, swelling, redness and hotness, coupled with impaired movement. The symptoms are aggravated at night and alleviate during the day. Often occurs when wind, cold or dampness affect the meridians or, over time, transform into heat to affect the joints. 历节风 lì jié fēng 1813 Low back impediment Lower back pain disorder Lumbago disorder Characterized by chronic or recurrent lower back pain that aggravates upon bending, exposure to cold or fatigue. In severe cases, impaired movement may be present. Often results from trauma, strain or exposure to cold dampness. 腰痹 yāo bì 1814 Lower back pain due to cold dampness Characterized by lower back pain and heaviness with a cold sensation and difficulty turning over. Often occurs when cold dampness obstructs the meridians in the low back. 肾着 shèn zhuó 寒湿腰痛 1815 Ankylosing spondylitis Characterized by pain in the lower back or gluteal region, stiffness of the lower back, and impaired movement. Over time, individuals may present with loss of spinal mobility, and limitation of anterior flexion, lateral flexion, and extension of the lumbar spine. Leg weakness, migratory joint pain that aggravates upon cold and feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest may also be present. Often results from kidney deficiency or exposure to wind, cold and damp heat. 大偻 dà lǚ 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 255 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1816 Knee impediment Characterized by knee pain (in a fixed position), swelling, joint stiffness and impaired movement, coupled with bony crepitus. Contributing factors may include age-related malnourishment of the knee joints, impaired meridian qi, or long-term standing and/or weight bearing. 膝痹 xī bì 1817 Restless legs pattern Characterized by intolerable soreness, numbness and a burning pain felt deep in the calf muscle. Individuals may experience a crawling feeling, itching, pricking pain that may occasionally affect the arms. The symptoms are alleviated by moving the affected leg, change of body position, walking or tapping the affected area. However, the symptoms recur after relaxation and can severely disturb the sleep. Often occurs when pathogenic wind retains in the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence and causes meridian qi and blood to stagnate. 腿风 tuǐ fēng 1818 Heel pain Characterized by heel pain or numbness that is aggravated on walking. It is often caused by wear and tear of bone, delayed healing of trauma, age- related deficiency of the liver and kidney, bone deformation or bone spurs. 足跟痹 zú gēn bì 1819 Leg cramp Muscle cramp disorder Muscle spasm disorder Characterized by a sudden, uncontrolled muscle contraction in the lower leg, coupled with stiffness and impaired flexion and extension. The symptoms can be alleviated by pulling, twisting or hot compression on the affected limb. Often results from ageing or exposure to cold. 转筋 zhuàn jīn （腓腨）转筋 1820 Gout Characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot and swollen joint, coupled with joint deformity and trophi formation. It most commonly affects the metatarsal-phalangeal joint at the base of the big toe. Other joints, such as the heels, ankles, knees, wrists, and fingers, may also be affected. Often occurs with phlegm stasis and trophi deposits in joints due to an improper diet, exposure to pathogenic factors, or damp heat accumulation within the body. 痛风 tòng fēng 256 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1821 Dryness-related impediment Characterized by dry mouth, eyes, nose and throat, scanty or absent saliva/nasal discharge/ tears, dryness or mild pain of the eyes, dry skin, scanty or absent sweating, bone/joint pain, joint rigidity/deformation, and impaired joint flexion and extension. In severe cases, withered, scaly skin and damage to multiple organs and systems. Often results from exposure to dry heat or internal cold dampness transforming into dryness to consume yin fluids. As a result, qi and blood fail to nourish the zang–fu organs, orifices, tissues, skins, bones and sinews. 燥痹 zào bì 1822 Wei-flaccidity disorders Flaccidity disorder Wilting disorder Wei-flaccidity pattern A group of disorders characterized by limb weakness and muscle atrophy caused by malnourishment of the muscles or sinews, resulting from damp heat, emotions, congenital weakness, age-related deficiency of the liver and kidney, or qi deficiency of the lung and spleen. 痿证类病 wěi zhèng lèi bìng 痿证 1823 Lower limb weakness and flaccidity Characterized by progressive lower leg paralysis, weakness, atrophy and absence of voluntary movement. Often results from malnourishment of the leg muscles due to congenital weakness, postnatal malnutrition, or retention of damp heat and turbid phlegm. 痿躄 wěi bì 1824 Muscle flaccidity Characterized by muscular atrophy, numbness, weakness and disuse. Often occurs when the spleen fails to nourish muscles or turbid dampness affects the meridians or muscles. 肌痿 jī wěi 肉痿；脾痿 1825 Wei-flaccidity Limb flaccidity Characterized by symmetric sensory and motor disorders, muscular atrophy, dry, thin and delicate skin and abnormal sweating. Often occurs upon exposure to cold, dampness, toxic heat or poisons. It may also result from an improper diet, phlegm stasis obstructing the meridians or malnourishment of muscles or sinews due to essence-blood deficiency. 痿痹 wěi bì 肢痿 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 257 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1826 Limb flaccidity Peripheral neuropathy Characterized by limb contracture, impaired extension and gradual disuse. Often results from essence-qi deficiency and malnourishment of muscles or sinews due to bed-ridden rheumatoid arthritis or prolonged bone impediment. 筋痿 jīn wěi 1827 Bone flaccidity Characterized by low back soreness, difficulty in maintaining a standing position, bowed legs, muscular atrophy in the lower legs, and inability to walk. A dark complexion and withered gum may also be present. It is often caused by pathogenic heat damaging yin, long-term over-exertion, and hyperactivity of fire due to kidney essence deficiency. 骨痿 gǔ wěi 1828 Heart vessel flaccidity Characterized by muscular atrophy in the lower legs, foot weakness, inability to stand and impaired lifting and flexion of the knee and ankle joints. It is often caused by ascending of heart blood/qi or blood failing to nourish the vessels upon heavy loss of blood. 脉痿 mài wěi 心痿 1829 Bone lesion Characterized by bone pain, muscular atrophy, limping and shortening of the affected leg without suppuration. It is often caused by pathogenic factors penetrating the bone or traumatic injuries to sinews or bones. 骨蚀 gǔ shí 1830 Beriberi Characterized by leg weakness, painful calf muscles, poor coordination, tingling, a burning sensation and muscle tenderness, spasm and swelling. Muscle wasting and foot/toe drop may also be present. Often results from spleen deficiency or downward flowing of damp heat (due to improper diet with vitamin B1 deficiency). 脚气病 jiǎo qì bìng 1831 Dry beriberi Characterized by tingling or pain in legs and feet, and muscular atrophy and contracture. Associated symptoms may include mental confusion, delirium, foot/toe drop, abnormal gait and absence of knee reflex. 干脚气 gān jiǎo qì 258 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1832 Wet beriberi Characterized by swelling, soreness and weakness of lower legs. Associated symptoms include palpitations, cyanosis, oedema and cardiac dilatation. 湿脚气 shī jiǎo qì 1833 Cardiac beriberi Characterized by leg weakness, palpitations, orthopnoea, face and lips cyanosis, mental confusion, nausea, vomiting and oedema due to long-term beriberi. It is often caused by weakened body after long-term illness, leading to damp toxins attacking the heart. 脚气冲心 jiǎo qì chōng xīn 1834 Xerosis Characterized by dryness in mouth, nose or eyes. It can be accompanied by no sweating, dry skin and bone joint pain. It is often caused by yin deficiency or toxin infection, leading to yin consumption and thus malnourishment of skin, orifices and joints. 干燥病 gān zào bìng 干燥症 1835 Short stature Characterized by unusually short limbs/torso, lack of secondary sexual characteristics, and normal intelligence. It is often caused by intracranial tumour or growth hormone deficiency. 侏儒 zhū rú 1836 Obesity Characterized by evenly distributed excess body fat and body weight exceeding the standard weight of the same sex, age and height by more than 20%. Individuals may experience fatigue and slow movement. It is often caused by ingestion of oily, fatty food, physical inactivity, spleen deficiency and subsequently, accumulation of phlegm dampness. 肥胖病 féi pàng bìng 1837 Rough skin condition Pellagra Characterized by inflamed skin that may progress into skin lesion(s) and desquamation. Associated symptoms may include mouth/ tongue ulceration, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and hypoesthesia of the extremities. In severe cases, restlessness, depression, dementia, delirium or unconsciousness may be present. It is often caused by dietary lack of niacin, weakness of the spleen and stomach and subsequently, malnourishment of the skin and zang–fu organs. 糙皮病 cāo pí bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 259 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1838 Elephant skin-like leg Lymphatic filariasis Characterized by tight, shiny and swollen skin in the lower leg, followed by thickening and darkening of the skin that resembles elephant skin. It is often caused by wind, dampness and heat obstructing the flow of qi and blood due to filariasis or recurrent erysipelas. 大脚风 dà jiǎo fēng 象皮腿 1839 Disorders of the skin and mucous membrane Skin and mucosa system disorders A group of disorders caused by six exogenous pathogens, strain, improper diet, phlegm fluid and stagnant blood. 皮肤粘膜病类 pí fū nián mó bìng lèi 1840 Skin conditions A group of acute or chronic skin conditions caused by exposure to sunlight, rain, wind cold, wind heat, summer heat and dampness and water dampness, insect bites/stings, allergic reactions to pollen, dust or drugs, or fetal toxin retention. 皮肤类病 pí fū lèi bìng 1841 Snake-shaped sore Shingles Herpes zoster Characterized by severely painful, bean-sized skin rash with a single stripe (snake-shaped) of blisters that wraps around one side of the torso. Often results from liver qi stagnation transforming into fire, damp heat retention in the spleen meridian or stagnation of damp heat and toxic fire in the skin. 蛇串疮 shé chuàn chuāng 蛇丹；缠腰火 丹；带状疱疹 1842 Yellow-water sore Impetigo disorder Characterized by itchy or painful small vesicles that may develop into scab-like, yellowish crust. Often occurs when exogenous summer heat and dampness obstructs the flow of qi and fumigates the skin. 黄水疮 huáng shuǐ chuāng 浸淫疮；滴脓 疮；脓窝疮 1843 Warts Characterized by small (soybean-sized), rough and hard growths that commonly affect the hands, feet and scalp. They are often caused by liver blood failing to nourish the skin coupled with exposure to toxins. 疣目 yóu mù 千日疣；枯筋箭 1844 Flat warts Characterized by small, smooth flattened and slightly raised warts on the face or dorsum of the hands. They are often caused by damp heat affecting the skin, coupled with exposure to toxins. 扁瘊 biǎn hóu 260 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1845 Infectious warts Characterized by small (millet/mung bean-sized), raised warts that commonly affect the torso and limbs. These warts have a black centre with wax- like lustre and may discharge white, milky fluids. They are often caused by wind affecting the skin, coupled with exposure to toxins. 鼠乳 shǔ rǔ 水瘊 1846 Thread-like warts Characterized by filiform or finger-like warts that commonly affect the eyelids, neck and chin. They do not cause pain or itching. They are often caused by wind affecting the skin, coupled with exposure to toxins. 线瘊 xiàn hóu 1847 Condyloma Characterized by infectious, cauliflower-like warts that commonly affect the external genitalia and perianal area. They have a moist surface and tend to bleed. These warts are often caused by internal retention of damp heat and exposure to toxins. 臊疣 sào yóu 瘙瘊 1848 Perianal condyloma Characterized by infectious cauliflower-like warts that commonly affect the perianal area. They have a moist surface and tend to bleed. These warts are often caused by internal retention of damp heat and exposure to toxins. 肛门臊疣 gāng mén sào yóu 1849 Genital condyloma Characterized by infectious cauliflower-like warts that commonly affect the genitalia. They have a moist surface and tend to bleed. These warts are often caused by internal retention of damp heat and exposure to toxins. 外阴臊疣 wài yīn sào yóu 1850 Tinea Ringworm Characterized by skin thickening coupled with scaling and exudation. 癣 xuǎn 癣病 1851 White ringworm Characterized by the presence of dandruff on the scalp. Over time, lustreless, broken hair with itching may occur. It is often caused by wind heat retention after infection during hair cutting. 白秃疮 bái tū chuāng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 261 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1852 Scalp ringworm Characterized by itchy (painless) red papules with yellowish discharge and a hair projecting in the centre. A shining bare patch (scar) lacking any hair may occur after the scab and scutulum have dropped off. It is often caused by ascending damp heat in the spleen and stomach or getting an infection as a result of a hair cut. 肥疮 féi chuāng 癞头疮 1853 Tinea manuum Characterized by blisters on the palm with scaling, roughness, thickening and cracking. Often results from external contraction of damp heat or get from others who have the infection. 鹅掌风 é zhǎng fēng 1854 Tinea pedis Athlete’s foot Characterized by intensely itchy blisters with ulceration, oozing and scaling on the feet. Often results from downward flow of damp heat or living in humid places. 脚湿气 jiǎo shī qì 臭田螺 1855 Tinea pedis Characterized by excess sweating, blisters and oozing on the feet. In severe cases, local swelling and pain may be present. It is often caused by damp heat, sweating and exposure to cold. 田螺疱 tián luó pào 1856 Keratotic tinea pedis Characterized by plantar keratinization, dryness and patchy skin peeling, coupled with intense itching and susceptibility to painful rhagadia in winter. It is often caused by internal damp heat coupled with exposure to wind. 脚蚓 jiǎo yǐn 1857 Ringworm of the leg Characterized by symmetrical itchy skin lesions with thickened skin on the leg. It commonly affects the anterior or lateral aspects of the shin. Often results from retention of wind, damp and heat in the leg. 脚气疮 jiǎo qì chuāng 1858 Tinea corporis Tinea corporis disorder Coin-shaped tinea Characterized by itchy, red rashes, blisters, crusting and scaling with a ring, especially on glabrous (hairless) skin. Often results from internal build up of damp heat and contraction of exogenous pathogens. 圆癣 yuán xuǎn 钱癣；金钱癣 262 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1859 Tinea cruris Characterized by itchy skin papules, blisters and crusting on the groin, buttocks and medial aspects of the thigh. Often results from damp heat affecting the groin area. 阴癣 yīn xuǎn 1860 Tinea versicolour Sweat stains Characterized by scattered or merged hypopigmentation macules on the neck, shoulder, chest, back and upper arms, coupled with chaff- like scaling. Often results from excess sweating. 紫白癜风 zǐ bái diàn fēng 汗斑 1861 Collar sore Oxhide lichen Characterized by severe painful or itchy, symmetric scaly plaques. The itch-scratch cycle causes the skin to become thick and leathery, typically on the neck, elbow, arms, legs and lumbosacral region. Often results from wind dampness affecting the skin, liver hyperactivity due to blood deficiency or malnourishment of the skin due to fluids consumption. 摄领疮 shè lǐng chuāng 牛皮癣；顽癣 1862 Eyebrow sore Characterized by itchy, persistent skin lesion, oozing, scab and skin peeling. It is often seen in infants and caused by fetal infection. 眉疮 méi chuāng 恋眉疮；眉lian 疮 1863 Ear sore Characterized by skin redness, oozing, ulceration and discharge of bloody pus. In severe cases, it may cause breaking of the ear crease with sharp pain. It is often caused by otitis media or ascending of damp heat along the pathways of the liver, gallbladder and spleen meridians. 旋耳疮 xuán ěr chuāng 月蚀疮 1864 Urticaria Hives Characterized by rashes with red, raised, itchy bumps that may also burn or sting. These rashes come and go, and do not leave any skin changes. Often results from contraction of exogenous wind, non-acclimatization, or an allergic reaction. 瘾疹 yǐn zhěn 风疹块 1865 Snake skin-like tinea Ichthyosis disorder Characterized by dry, thickened, scaly skin that resembles snake skin. Often results from genetic factors or malnourishment of the skin due to blood deficiency and invasion of wind dryness. 蛇皮癣 shé pí xuǎn 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 263 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1866 White scaling skin Plaque psoriasis Characterized by red, scaling plaques on the skin, often covered with loose, silver-coloured scales. These lesions have clear boundaries and commonly affect the scalp, back and the extensor surface of the arms and legs. They sometimes crack and bleed. Often results from congenital weakness or malnourishment of the skin due to blood deficiency, invasion of wind dryness, dampness retention or blood stasis. 白疕 bái bǐ 白壳疮 1867 Acne comedo A skin condition characterized by noticeable expansion of the pores on the face, chest and back, coupled with blackheads. Often results from wind heat affecting the lung meridian, damp heat in the stomach and intestines or spleen deficiency. 痤疮 cuó chuāng 黑头粉刺；粉刺 1868 Allergic purpura Characterized by itchy, flat purple red rashes that can occur in any body parts, including the oral cavity. Often results from internal heat due to yin deficiency or retention of damp heat, coupled with contraction of exogenous wind. 紫癜风 zǐ diàn fēng 1869 Pemphigus Pustules Commonly affects children in summer or autumn. Characterized by initial skin blisters that contain pus and have an inflamed base, which often begin on the scalp and torso. Some individuals may also experience skin lesions that do not cause itch or pain. Often results from summer heat and dampness that affects the lung meridian and scorches the skin. 天疱疮 tiān pào chuāng 脓疱疮 1870 Fire red sore Dermatitis herpetiformis Characterized by intolerably itchy blisters filled with a watery fluid. Often results from exuberant heart fire or internal dampness due to spleen deficiency. 火赤疮 huǒ chì chuāng 1871 Loose skin tinea Psoriasis Characterized by itchy, thickened and solid papules or nodules with a dark, brown colour that resemble the bark of a pine tree. Often results from damp heat retained in the skin. 松皮癣 sōng pí xuǎn 264 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1872 Cat’s eye-shaped sore Erythema multiforme Characterized by red, cat’s eye-shaped skin rash with rings. It commonly affects the hands and feet. Some individuals may also get it on the lips and genital area. This skin condition often occurs when wind, cold, dampness or heat enters the Ying nutrients and blood phases. 猫眼疮 māo yǎn chuāng 雁疮 1873 Melon vine-like nodules Erythema nodosum Characterized by tender, red (broad bean-sized) nodules or lumps on both shins that resemble fruits growing on vines. Often results from downward flow of damp heat or chronic stasis transforming into heat. 瓜藤缠 guā téng chán 1874 Red butterfly-like sore Discoid lupus erythematosus Characterized by red rashes on the face or hands with scaling and atrophy that resemble a butterfly. Individuals may also experience joint pain. Often results from qi stagnation and blood stasis due to yin–yang disorder or wind heat accumulating in the skin. 红蝴蝶疮 hóng hú dié chuāng 蝶斑疮 1875 White plaques Vitiligo Characterized by pale plaques of depigmented skin that do not cause itch or pain. Often results from disharmony between qi and blood, coupled with contraction of exogenous wind. 白驳风 bái bó fēng 1876 Hu Huo Behcet’s disease Characterized by mind wandering, drowsiness, a poor appetite, restlessness, red eyes and sores on the throat and sex organs. Often results from retained damp heat. 狐惑 hú huò 1877 Chicken eye-shaped skin bump Corn Characterized by thick, hardened and elevated skin bump that develop in response to repetitive friction and pressure. Corns can be painful when pressed and often develop on the feet and toes (occasionally on the hands and fingers). 鸡眼 jī yǎn 肉刺 1878 Callus Characterized by a relatively thick and hard skin area due to repeated friction or pressure. Calluses are most often found on feet or hands. 胼胝 pián zhī 脚垫；牛程蹇 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 265 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1879 Armpit odour Smelly armpit Characterized by unpleasant smell due to stale perspiration under the arms (or other body parts such as areola, umbilicus or external genitalia). It can be hereditary or acquired due to disharmony between qi and blood and internal retention of damp heat. 狐臭 hú chòu 1880 Lacquer sore Lacquer dermatitis Characterized by skin redness, swelling, itching, a burning sensation and blisters after contact to various lacquers. It is often caused by congenital weakness coupled with exposure to lacquers. 漆疮 qī chuāng 漆毒 1881 Drug-induced dermatitis Drug eruption Characterized by an adverse drug reaction of the skin and mucous membranes. With a latent period, drug eruption may cause extensive, symmetrical itchy maculae or blisters. Some may also have fever. It is often caused by oral administration, injection or topical application of medications. 药毒 yào dú 药疹 1882 Plaster contact dermatitis Characterized by itchy red spots and blisters with a sharply demarcated edge under adhesive plaster. 膏药风 gāo yào fēng 1883 Scabies A condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It initially causes tiny, red papules, blisters, pustules or burrows on the wrist, armpit, umbilicus or medial side of the thigh. Scratching-related secondary infection may cause eczematous rash or lichenification. Individuals may experience mild itching during the day but severe itch at night. There are five types of scabies: dry, dampness, mites, sand and suppuration. 疥疮 jiè chuāng 疥疮病 1884 Erysipelas Erysipelas disorder Characterized by sudden onset of bright red, swollen and warm skin lesions that enlarge rapidly. Individuals may also experience chills and high fever. Often occurs when toxic fire and blood heat affects the skin. 丹毒 dān dú 火丹；丹熛 266 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1885 Erysipelas on the chest, back/low back and hip Characterized by red, swollen, warm and painful skin lesions on the chest, back/low back and hip, with a sharply demarcated edge and discolouration upon pressure. Individuals may experience chills and high fever. Often results from liver fire and extreme heat in the liver and spleen meridians. 内发丹毒 nèi fā dān dú 1886 Erysipelas on the head Characterized by facial redness, warmth, swelling and pain. In severe cases, blisters and eyelid swelling may be present. Often results from wind heat transforming into fire. 抱头火丹 bào tóu huǒ dān 1887 Erysipelas of the leg Characterized by red, swelling, warmth and pain in the lower leg, with a demarcated edge and discolouration upon pressure. Individuals may experience chills and high fever. Often results from downward flow of damp heat. 流火 liú huǒ 腿游风 1888 Sores and ulcers A collective term for acute or chronic suppurative skin conditions caused by pathogenic fire heat scorching the blood or wind, cold and dampness obstructing the flow of qi and blood. These include furuncles, deep-rooted boils, abscesses, effusion, gangrene, deep abscesses, chalazion, scrofula, shank sores, fistulas and ulcerations. 疮疡类病 chuāng yáng lèi bìng 1889 Furuncles Furuncle disorders Boil disorders Boils Characterized by an acute onset of red, swollen area on the skin. Often results from wind fire and summer heat affecting the skin. Furuncles may resolve when pus is drained. 疖 jiē 疖肿 1890 Heat boils Boils on the head and face due to toxic summer heat affecting the skin. 暑疖 shǔ jiē 热疖 1891 Headed boils Hard boils caused by internal build up of toxic heat or contraction of summer heat. 石疖 shí jiē 有头疖 1892 Headless boils Soft boils caused by prolonged retention of toxic heat. 软疖 ruǎn jiē 无头疖 1893 Multiple boils Characterized by recurrent, multiple boils in specific or multiple sites. They often occur when wind fire and damp heat accumulate in the skin. 疖病 jiē bìng 多发性疖 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 267 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1894 Hairline sore Small, raised, swollen sores that occur at the back of the neck close to the hairline. They may cause severe pain or itching. These sores are often caused by internal retention of damp heat coupled with external contraction of wind fire. 发际疮 fà jì chuāng 1895 Seat sore Sores on the buttock. They are often caused by retention of summer heat and dampness in the skin. 坐板疮 zuò bǎn chuāng 1896 Facial boils Characterized by rapid occurrence of solid, deep- rooted boils on the face that are shaped like nails and the same size as millets. They often result from exposure to toxic fire heat, insect bites, skin lesion or localized stagnation of qi and blood. Squeezing a boil may cause serious complications. 颜面部疔疮 yán miàn bù dīng chuāng 1897 Boils on the hand/foot Red, swollen boils on the hands/feet that may cause intense pain or damage the bones or sinews. They often result from localized injury coupled with contraction of toxic fire. 手足部疔疮 shǒu zú bù dīng chuāng 1898 Snake head-like whitlow Whitlow Characterized by a swollen fingertip that resembles the head of a snake. It is known as digital pyogenic inflammation in Western medicine. 蛇头疔 shé tóu dīng 瘭疽 1899 Snake segment-like boils Characterized by boils on the middle segment of the fingers that may cause swelling of the whole finger. 蛇节疔 shé jié dīng 1900 Boils on the knuckle Characterized by furuncles on the knuckles of the hand. 蛀节疔 zhù jié dīng 1901 Hegu boil Boil around Hegu (LI 4) Characterized by boils on the arc formed by the thumb and index finger of the hand. 合谷疔 hé gǔ dīng 虎口疔 1902 Palmar boil Characterized by bright, yellow blisters on the palmar aspect of the hand. They can be cured by piercing to allow the pus to drain. 水白疔 shuǐ bái dīng 1903 Boils on the sole Characterized by boils on the sole of the foot. 足底疔 zú dǐ dīng 268 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1904 Red thread-like boil Acute lymphangitis Characterized by warm, painful red streaks below the skin surface on the arms or lower legs. Often results from skin lesion on the hands/feet or pathogenic fire heat affecting the meridians. 红丝疔 hóng sī dīng 1905 Necrotic boil Gas gangrene Characterized by boils that can cause necrotic damage to muscle tissues, discharge of strong- odoured pus and blood. In severe cases, they may rapidly progress to toxaemia and shock. Often results from skin lesion coupled with exposure to toxins. 烂疔 làn dīng 1906 Boil toxins entering the zang–fu organs Characterized by swollen sores or ulcers that rapidly spread over the surrounding area. The sores/ulcers appear black on the top and contain no pus. Systemic symptoms include chills, high fever, restlessness, unconsciousness and delirium. Often results from delayed treatment of boils or toxins entering the blood and zang–fu organs upon squeezing. 疔疮走黄 dīng chuāng zǒu huáng 癀走 1907 Cutaneous anthrax Characterized by skin blisters with eschar (a black centre), surrounding swelling and necrotic tissues. It may also cause systemic symptoms involving the lung, intestines and brain. Contributing factors may include handling contaminated hair products of infected animals and ingestion of undercooked meat of infected animals. 疫疔 yì dīng 1908 Abscess Abscess disorders Characterized by localized red, swollen, warm and painful sores/ulcers that are soft and headless. They may form pus that is easy to rupture and easy to heal. Often occurs when toxic heat affects qi and blood. A large abscess is known as an effusion. 痈 yōng 痈病 1909 Umbilical abscess Characterized by abscess formation in the umbilical region. Often occurs when damp heat and toxic fire remain in the umbilicus. It may also be secondary to infection upon scratch. 脐痈 qí yōng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 269 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1910 Perineal abscess Characterized by abscess formation in the perineum. Often results from deficiency of the liver, kidney and spleen, coupled with damp heat retention. 悬痈 xuán yōng 1911 Thigh abscess Characterized by abscess formation in the lateral sides of the thigh. Often results from stagnation of toxins and emotional disturbances. 股疽 gǔ jū 1912 Abscess around Futu (ST 32) Characterized by abscess formation the point Futu on the front side of the thigh. Often results from stomach fire. 伏兔疽 fú tù jū 1913 Knee abscess Characterized by abscess formation around the knees. Often occurs when toxins affect the liver, spleen and kidney meridians. 膝痈 xī yōng 1914 Abscess around Weizhong (BL40) Characterized by abscess formation around the point Weizhong (BL 40). Often results from downward flow of damp heat or infection on abrasion. 膝弯痈 xī wān yōng 委中毒；腘窝毒 1915 Paravertebral abscess Characterized by abscess formation on bilateral sides of the spine. Often results from spleen fire and toxin accumulation. 黄瓜痈 huáng guā yōng 1916 Cervical abscess Characterized by warm, swollen and painful abscesses on both sides of the neck with clear boundaries and no skin colour changes. Often results from contraction of wind warmth and retention of toxic phlegm in the skin. 颈痈 jǐng yōng 夹喉痈 1917 Axillary abscess Characterized by red, swollen, warm and painful abscess in the axillary region. Individuals may also experience chills and high fever. Often results from retained heat in the liver and spleen or infection by traumatic injuries. 腋痈 yè yōng 1918 Inguinal abscess Characterized by abscess formation in the inguinal region. It is often caused by internal retention of damp heat, phlegm qi stagnation, or infection on abrasion. 胯腹痈 kuà fù yōng 270 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1919 Acute suppurative lymphadenitis Characterized by painful lumps on the neck, armpit and groin with no skin colour changes at first but later become reddish and cause yellow, thick pus. Often results from external contraction of wind, heat and dampness or in combination with phlegm dampness. 痰毒 tán dú 1920 Effusion Characterized by a sudden onset of large abscesses. Contributing factors may include exogenous fire heat, traumatic wound, internal retention of damp heat and toxic fire. It includes cervical abscess, gluteal abscess, abscess of the calf and effusions on the back of the hands/feet. 发 fā 1921 Abscess in the tonsil Characterized by sudden, fulminant abscess formation in the laryngeal prominence. In severe cases, acute laryngeal obstruction may occur. It is often caused by exposure to wind warmth or toxin retention of carbuncles/ulcers in the local area. 锁喉痈 suǒ hóu yōng 1922 Gluteal abscess Characterized by a sudden onset, deep location and large area of abscess formation in the gluteal region. It tends to form pus and takes a long period of time to heal. This condition often results from damp heat accumulating in the bladder meridian or infection by intramuscular injection. 臀痈 tún yōng 1923 Deep-rooted ulcer A collective term for ulcers in bones or joints due to exogenous pathogens or stagnation of qi and blood. They may develop into inward collapse of toxins or fistulas. Deep-rooted ulcers include headed or headless carbuncles and abscesses. 疽 jū 疽病 1924 Carbuncle Characterized by a cluster of red, swollen, warm and painful boils filled with purulent exudate. They may spread to deeper and surrounding areas that resemble a honeycomb (>9cm or even >30cm in diameter). In severe cases, it may cause inward collapse of abscess toxins. Carbuncles often result from stagnation of qi and blood in the skin due to external contraction of wind heat, damp heat and toxic fire. 有头疽 yǒu tóu jū 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 271 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1925 Inward collapse of abscess toxins Characterized by flat, dark purple ulcerations. Alternatively, individuals may have retracted ulcers with no pus or with grey, greenish pus. Systemic symptoms may include chills, high fever, restlessness, unconsciousness and delirium. Often occurs when retained toxins of chronic sores or ulcers affect the Ying nutrients, blood and zang–fu organs. 疽毒内陷 jū dú nèi xiàn 1926 Headless abscess Yin abscess Characterized by severe, persistent pain and diffuse swelling, with no skin colour changes. They may rupture and take a long period time to heal. Often result from retained toxins or traumatic injuries. 无头疽 wú tóu jū 阴疽 1927 Suppurative osteomyelitis Characterized by pain in the long bones of the arms and legs with diffuse swelling and pus discharge that may form fistulas or damage the tendons and bones. Often results from deeply located toxins damaging the tendons or bones or localized blood stagnation. 附骨疽 fù gǔ jū 多骨疽；咬骨 疽；朽骨疽 1928 Deep multiple abscess Characterized by multiple, deeply located and painful abscesses with diffuse swelling but no skin colour changes. 流注 liú zhù 1929 Subcutaneous nodules Characterized by soft, mobile and painless subcutaneous nodules on the neck, arms, legs and back. They vary in size and may not cause skin colour changes. These nodules often result from turbid phlegm retention in the skin due to spleen deficiency. 痰核 tán hé 1930 Scrofula Characterized by localized smooth, bead-like lumps that are neither reddish nor painful. These lumps may cause discharge of thin, clear pus and form sinuses or fistulas. Often results from yin deficiency of the lung and kidney, liver qi stagnation transforming into fire, or retention of turbid phlegm. Alternatively, it may also occur as a result of fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency, tuberculosis and phlegm fire retention in the neck, armpit and hip. 瘰疬 luǒ lì 272 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1931 Shank sore Characterized by chronic, recurrent sores or ulcers on the lower leg. They often result from infection via skin lesions, downward flow of damp heat, or stagnation of qi and blood transforming into heat. 臁疮 lián chuāng 1932 Digital gangrene Characterized by limb coldness, numbness and sudden pain during walking, followed by intermittent claudication, severe pain, a change in skin colour to red or black, and eventually toe/ finger necrosis. Often results from deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi, cold retention and blood stasis due to yang deficiency, toxic heat retention due to yin deficiency, or stagnation of qi and blood. 脱疽 tuō jū 1933 Varicose veins of the leg Characterized by enlarged and twisted (like an earthworm) veins when standing. Often results from standing for an extended period of time, blood stasis due to qi deficiency, or stagnation of qi and blood due to external contraction of cold dampness. 青筋腿 qīng jīn tuǐ 1934 Fistula disorders Fistula disorder A group of disorders characterized by delayed wound healing, dribbling of pus or recurrent ulcerations. They often result from deficiency of qi and blood. 瘘病 lòu bìng 1935 Fistula Characterized by an abnormal ulcerative opening that forms from a deep abscess to the surface of the body. Often results from a deficiency of qi and blood, coupled with retention of toxins. 瘘管 lòu guǎn 1936 Sinus Characterized by a deep, complicated ulcerative channel that connects with an abscess or suppurating area due to delayed healing of thoracic/abdominal surgical wounds. Often results from a deficiency of qi and blood, coupled with retention of toxins. 窦道 dòu dào 1937 Bedsores Bed sore disorder Pressure ulcer Characterized by localized, superficial and persistent skin lesion or necrosis that usually occurs on the sacrum, elbows, ankles, or the hips. Often results from malnourishment of the skin due to obstructed flow of qi and blood, or an extended period of friction. 褥疮 rù chuāng 席疮 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 273 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1938 Anorectal diseases A group of anorectal disorders caused by wind, dampness, heat, dryness, qi deficiency, blood deficiency, or blood stasis. 肛肠类病 gāng cháng lèi bìng 肛肠病 1939 Haemorrhoid A collective term for swollen veins in the anal canal caused by stagnation of qi and blood around the anus due to deficiency of the zang–fu organs, contraction of external wind dampness and internal build up of toxic heat. 痔疮 zhì chuāng 痔病 1940 Internal haemorrhoids Interior haemorroid disorder Characterized by varicose dilatation of a vein above the dentate line, bloody stools and prolapsed haemorrhoids. Internal haemorrhoids often result from deficiency of the zang–fu organs, an improper diet, sitting or standing for an extended period of time, weight-bearing or constipation. 内痔 nèi zhì 里痔 1941 External haemorrhoids Characterized by varicose dilatation of a vein below the dentate line, a weight-bearing sensation, pain and a foreign body sensation within the anus. External haemorrhoids often results from downward flow of damp heat or skin friction or tear around the anus. 外痔 wài zhì 1942 Mixed haemorrhoids Characterized by varicose dilatation of a vein both above and below the dentate line. Often results from downward flow of damp heat to the anus, deficiency of the zang–fu organs, defaecation, weight-bearing, or straining during childbirth. 混合痔 hùn hé zhì 1943 Anal fissure Characterized by a break or tear in the skin of the anal canal. It may cause pain during or after defaecation and bleeding. Often results from heat in the intestine, insufficiency of yin fluids or downward flow of damp heat. 肛裂 gāng liè 裂肛 1944 Anorectal abscess Characterized by fever, chills, redness, swelling, hotness and pain around the anus. In some cases, it can result in painful anal fistulas upon pus rupture. Often results from overeating of oily, sweet, hot and spicy food, excessive alcohol drinking, anal tears, deficiency of the lung and spleen, or downward flow of damp heat to affect the anus. 肛痈 gāng yōng 274 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1945 Anal abscess Anal abscess disorder Characterized by pain, hot and a weight-bearing sensation within the anus that radiates toward the perineum or buttocks after bowel movements, red, swollen anal sinus, and purulent discharge. Often results from dry faeces, diarrhoea, retained faeces in the anal sinus, or downward flow of damp heat. 脏毒 zàng dú 1946 Anal fistula Characterized by discharge of pus, serous fluid or faeces around the anus, a subcutaneous cord-like structure and a palpable narrow tunnel with its internal opening in the anal canal and its external opening in the skin near the anus. Often forms when anal abscesses do not heal properly due to retention of toxins or deficiency of the lung and spleen. 肛漏 gāng lòu 肛瘘 1947 Reproductive system diseases A collective term for male and female reproductive system diseases caused by congenital underdevelopment, contraction of exogenous pathogens, or consumption of qi, blood, yin and yang due to chronic conditions. 生殖病类 shēng zhí bìng lèi 1948 Male genital disorders A group of male reproductive dysfunctions due to congenital development, postnatal malnutrition, sexual indulgence or consumption of qi, blood, yin and yang due to chronic conditions. These include disorders of the male external genitalia, sterility, and sperm disorders. 男性生殖病 nán xìng shēng zhí bìng 1949 Disorders of the male external genitalia A group of disorders of the male external genitalia caused by congenital underdevelopment, trauma, damp heat affecting the testis or scrotum or the liver meridian, or toxic phlegm accumulating in the external genitalia. 男性前阴类病 nán xìng qián yīn lèi bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 275 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1950 Inflammatory infection of the testis and epididymis Characterized by testicle swelling and tenderness. Alternatively, individuals may experience dull pain in the scrotum of the affected side that radiates to the groin, coupled with a weight-bearing sensation or fever. Often occurs when damp heat, phlegm and stagnant blood retain in the testis or epididymis. Contributing factors may include damp heat or cold dampness affecting the testicle, improper diet (e.g. overeating of hot, spicy or oily food), sexual indulgence, liver qi stagnation transforming into fire or trauma. 子痈 zǐ yōng 1951 Tuberculosis of the testicle Characterized by slowly progressive and painless lumps on the testicle. Over time, pus discharge upon rupture may be present. Often results from deficiency of healthy qi, insufficiency of the liver and kidney and retention of turbid phlegm in the testicle. 子痰 zǐ tán 1952 Undescended testis A condition that testis on one or both sides is/are not palpable. Often occurs as a result of congenital anomaly. 子隐 zǐ yǐn 1953 Scrotal eczema Characterized by severe itching (sometimes pain), erythema, scaling, skin lesions with sometimes oozing rash on the scrotum. Often results from downward flow of damp heat along the liver meridian or wind affecting the scrotal region. 肾囊风 shèn náng fēng 阴囊风；绣球风 1954 Sterility disorders Male Sterility disorder Male sterility A group of disorders involving the inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female after two years or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse due to genetic defects, underdeveloped sex organ, other diseases or trauma. 不育类病 bú yù lèi bìng 男性不育 1955 Sperm disorders A group of disorders involving abnormal changes in quality or quantity of sperm due to downward flow of damp heat, hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency, age-related kidney deficiency, or mental over-exertion. 精液类病 jīng yè lèi bìng 276 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1956 Cold semen Characterized by a subjective feeling of ejaculating clear, thin semen. This condition may affect the chance of conception. Often results from cold retention in the essence chamber due to kidney yang deficiency. 精冷 jīng lěng 1957 Turbid semen Characterized by white discharge after urination, hesitant urination, and weight-bearing sensation of the lower abdomen. Alternatively, individuals may experience itchy or painful penis but have no cloudy urine. Often results from downward flow of damp heat, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency or blood stasis in the essence chamber. 精浊 jīng zhuó 1958 Nocturnal emissions Characterized by more than four times of involuntary ejaculations experienced during sleep in one month. Often results from fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency, mental over-exertion, downward flow of damp heat, kidney qi failing to secure the essence gate. 遗精 yí jīng 1959 Spermatorrhoea Involuntary ejaculation disorder (TM1) Characterized by more than four times of involuntary discharge of semen in one month. Often results from kidney qi failing to secure the essence gate due to sexual indulgence. 滑精 huá jīng 1960 Female genital disorders A group of disorders that affect the female reproductive system. 女性生殖病 nǚ xìng shēng zhí bìng 1961 Disorders of the female external genitalia A group of disorders of the vulvae and female external genitalia not related to menstruation, leucorrhoea, pregnancy and childbirth. 女性前阴类病 nǚ xìng qián yīn lèi bìng 1962 Sleep sex Sexosomnia Characterized by sexual intercourse during dreams. Individuals may have creamy, white vaginal discharges. Often results from emotional stagnation transforming into fire or hyperactivity of ministerial fire due to yin blood deficiency. 梦交 mèng jiāo 1963 Prolapsed uterus Uterine prolapse Characterized by uterus slipping out of place, or sometimes protruding down through the vagina. Often results from qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 阴挺 yīn tǐng 子宫脱垂 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 277 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1964 Vaginal flatulence Characterized by an emission or expulsion of air from the vagina. The sound is somewhat comparable to flatulence from the anus. Often results from qi disorder of the fu organs or qi stagnation and phlegm affecting the uterus. 阴吹 yīn chuī 1965 Uterine cold Cold uterus Characterized by a subjective feeling of cold in the external genitalia. Individuals may also have low sexual desire. Often results from retained cold qi in the uterus due to kidney deficiency. 阴冷 yīn lěng 阴寒 1966 Vulvar ulceration Vulvar swelling Vulvar erosion Characterized by painful, swollen ulcerations on the female external genital region. In severe cases, individuals may experience pus discharge or small, elevated lumps. Often occurs when toxic heat or cold dampness remains in the vulva. 阴疮 yīn chuāng 阴肿；阴蚀； 阴茧 1967 Menstrual disorders Menstruation associated disorders Menstrual diseases A group of disorders characterized by abnormal changes in menstrual cycle, duration, volume, colour, and quality of menses, coupled with menstrual complaints. They often result from disharmony between the Chong and Ren meridians. 月经类病 yuè jīng lèi bìng 月经病；月经不 调；月经周期病 1968 Early menstrual period Advanced menstruation disorder A menstrual cycle that begins at least one week early for three consecutive months, with a normal menstrual duration. Often results from insecurity of Chong and Ren meridians (due to qi deficiency) or heat disturbing the Chong and Ren meridians. 月经先期 yuè jīng xiān qī 1969 Delayed menstrual period Delayed menstruation disorder A menstrual cycle that begins at least one week or up to three months late for three consecutive cycles, with a normal menstrual duration. Often results from insufficiency of the Chong and Ren meridians (due to kidney deficiency and blood deficiency) or phlegm dampness obstructing the Chong and Ren meridians (due to blood cold and qi stagnation). 月经后期 yuè jīng hòu qī 1970 Irregular menstrual period Irregular menstruation disorders A menstrual cycle that begins more than one week early or late for three consecutive months. Often results from liver qi stagnation, kidney deficiency or disharmony between the Chong and Ren meridians. 月经先后无 定期 yuè jīng xiān hòu wú dìng qī 278 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1971 Heavy menstruation An abnormally heavy menstrual volume (>80 ml), with a normal menstrual cycle and duration. Often results from insecurity of Chong and Ren meridians (due to qi deficiency) or heat forcing the blood to move recklessly. 月经过多 yuè jīng guò duō 1972 Scanty menstruation Scanty menstruation disorder An abnormally scanty menstrual volume (less than 1/2 of the normal menstrual volume, <20 ml, less than two days of menstrual duration, or just drops of menstrual blood). Often results from essence/ blood deficiency or blood stagnation. 月经过少 yuè jīng guò shǎo 1973 Prolonged menstruation Prolonged menstruation disorder A menstrual duration that lasts more than a week or up to two weeks long, with a normal menstrual cycle. Often results from internal heat due to yin deficiency, qi failing to keep blood within the vessels, or stagnant blood obstructing the Chong and Ren meridians. 经期延长 jīng qī yán cháng 1974 Metrorrhagia and metrostaxis Characterized by a sudden onset of excessive uterine bleeding or small but continuous uterine bleeding. It includes metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, often resulting from insecurity of the Chong and Ren meridians. Contributing factors may include kidney deficiency, blood heat, damp heat, qi deficiency, blood stasis, or trauma, etc. 崩漏 bēng lòu 1975 Metrorrhagia Metrorrhagia disorder Characterized by irregular menstrual cycle and sudden, profuse uterine bleeding. Often occurs when heat forces the blood to move recklessly. Alternatively, it may occur as a result of stagnant blood or qi failing to secure the Chong and Ren meridians. 崩中 bēng zhōng 血崩 1976 Metrostaxis Characterized by irregular menstrual cycle and small but continuous uterine bleeding. Often occurs as a result of kidney deficiency, blood stasis and insecurity of the Chong and Ren meridians. 漏下 lòu xià 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 279 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1977 Bleeding between periods Characterized by bleeding between the two menstrual periods (ovulatory phase), with a normal menstrual cycle. Often results from blood heat due to yin deficiency, liver qi stagnation transforming into fire or damp heat disturbing the Chong and Ren meridians. 经间期出血 jīng jiān qī chū xiě 1978 Amenorrhoea Amenorrhoea disorder No periods disorder An absence of menarche by the age of 16 with normal secondary sexual characteristics, absence of menarche or secondary sexual characteristics by the age of 14, an abnormal stoppage of the menses for more than six months after an established menstruation, or a stoppage of menses for three consecutive cycles. Contributing factors may include deficiency of the liver and kidney, deficiency of qi and blood, blood dryness due to yin deficiency, tuberculosis, qi stagnation and blood stasis, or phlegm dampness. These factors may affect the normal functioning of the Chong and Ren meridians. 闭经 bì jīng 经闭 1979 Perimenstrual disorders A group of menstrual disorders that occurs days before or during menstruation. 月经前后诸症 yuè jīng qián hòu zhū zhèng 月经前后诸证； 经行前后诸证 1980 Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea disorder Painful periods disorder Menstrual cramp disorder Characterized by lower abdominal cramps or weight-bearing sensation before or during menstruation. The pain may radiate to the lumbosacral region. In severe cases, individuals may faint from severe pain. Often occurs when emotional disturbance or six exogenous pathogens obstruct the Chong and Ren meridians. Alternatively, it may also result from the failure of essence and blood to nourish the uterus. 痛经 tòng jīng 1981 Vomiting of blood or nosebleed during menstruation Reversed menstruation Characterized by vomiting of blood or nosebleed before or during menstruation. Individuals may experience decreased or little menstrual volume. Often occurs when heat forces the blood to ascend along the pathway of Chong meridian. 经行吐衄 jīng xíng tù nǜ 倒经 1982 Fever during menstruation Characterized by fever before or during menstruation. Often results from disorder of qi and blood and disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. 经行发热 jīng xíng fā rè 280 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1983 Dizziness during menstruation Characterized by dizziness and blurred vision before or during menstruation. Often results from hyperactivity of liver yang due to yin blood deficiency or phlegm dampness obstructing the clean yang. 经行眩晕 jīng xíng xuàn yūn 1984 Headache during menstruation Characterized by headache before or during menstruation. Often results from deficiency of qi and blood, stagnation of qi and blood, or hyperactivity of liver fire due to yin deficiency. 经行头痛 jīng xíng tóu tòng 1985 Breast distension/pain during menstruation Characterized by breast distension or nipple itch/pain before or during menstruation. Often occurs as a result of liver qi stagnation or phlegm dampness obstructing the meridians. 经行乳房胀痛 jīng xíng rǔ fáng zhàng tòng 经前乳胀 1986 Generalized pain during menstruation Characterized by generalized pain before or during menstruation. Often occurs when blood fails to nourish the meridians or cold causes the qi and blood to stagnate. 经行身痛 jīng xíng shēn tòng 1987 Insomnia during menstruation Characterized by insomnia or sleepless throughout the night before or during menstruation but stops spontaneously after menstruation. Contributing factors may include excessive worries, over-exertion, blood deficiency, liver qi stagnation transforming into fire, or fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 经行失眠 jīng xíng shī mián 1988 Oral ulceration during menstruation Characterized by congestion, oedema and ulceration on the oral mucosa before or during menstruation but heals spontaneously after menstruation. Often occurs as a result of stomach heat or fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 经行口糜 jīng xíng kǒu mí 1989 Wind wheals during menstruation Characterized by sudden occurrence of intensely itchy red skin rashes or wind wheals before or during menstruation but stops spontaneously after menstruation. Often occurs as a result of yin deficiency or blood dryness generating wind. 经行风疹块 jīng xíng fēng zhěn kuài 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 281 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1990 Diarrhoea during menstruation Characterized by diarrhoea before or during menstruation but stops spontaneously after menstruation. Often occurs as a result of yang qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 经行泄泻 jīng xíng xiè xiè 1991 Puffiness and swelling during menstruation Characterized by facial puffiness and generalized oedema before or during menstruation. Often occurs as a result of yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney or qi stagnation and dampness retention. 经行浮肿 jīng xíng fú zhǒng 1992 Moodiness during menstruation Characterized by restlessness, irritability, sadness or weeping before or during menstruation. Alternatively, depression and sleepless throughout the night may be present. Often occurs as a result of liver qi stagnation or ascending of phlegm fire. 经行情志异常 jīng xíng qíng zhì yì cháng 1993 Perimenopausal disorders Menopausal disorder Menopausal pattern A group of disorders involving irregular menstruation and gradual menopause. Individuals may experience tidal fever, hot flashes, feverish sensations in the palms, soles and chest, flushed face, sweating, restlessness, palpitations, insomnia, poor memory, dizziness, tinnitus, and low back soreness. These conditions often result from kidney qi failure and imbalance between yin and yang. 绝经前后诸症 jué jīng qián hòu zhū zhèng 更年期综合征 1994 Disorders of pregnancy and childbirth A group of disorders involving pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. 胎孕类病 tāi yùn lèi bìng 1995 Infertility Female infertility disorder Female sterility disorder Infertility disorder Characterized by the inability of women of childbearing age to become pregnant after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex. Often results from dysfunctions of the uterus and Chong and Ren meridian. Contributing factors may include kidney deficiency, liver qi stagnation, phlegm dampness, and blood stasis. 不孕 bú yùn 282 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 1996 Morning sickness Morning sickness disorder Vomiting during pregnancy disorder Pregnancy vomiting Characterized by nausea, vomiting and aversion to food and smelling of oily food after one to two months of pregnancy. In severe cases, individuals may vomit immediately after eating. Often results from ascending of foetal qi and failure of stomach qi to descend. 恶阻 è zǔ 妊娠呕吐 1997 Abdominal pain in pregnancy Characterized by lower abdominal pain during pregnancy. Often results from stagnation of qi and blood in the uterus. 胞阻 bāo zǔ 妊娠腹痛 1998 Habitual miscarriage Characterized by spontaneous death of an embryo or fetus for three or more consecutive pregnancies. Often results from kidney deficiency and insecurity of the Chong and Ren meridians. 滑胎 huá tāi 1999 Slow foetal growth Characterized by a baby growing slowly than a normal baby in the uterus during pregnancy. Often results from deficiency of qi and blood, deficiency of the spleen and kidney or malnutrition after conception. 胎萎不长 tāi wěi bù cháng 2000 Post-term pregnancy Characterized by pregnancy extended more than two weeks beyond the expected date of delivery. Alternatively, it refers to pregnancy extended to 42 weeks calculated to the first day of the last menstrual period. 过期不产 guò qī bù chǎn 2001 Hydramnios during pregnancy Characterized by the build up of too much amniotic fluid during pregnancy that causes abnormally enlarged abdomen, sensation of fullness and dyspnoea. Often results from yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, coupled with internal retention of water dampness. 子满 zǐ mǎn 2002 Oedema during pregnancy Pregnancy swelling Characterized by facial puffiness and swollen feet and ankles during the middle or late stages of pregnancy. Often results from water damp retention due to qi stagnation or yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 子肿 zǐ zhǒng 妊娠肿胀 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 283 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2003 Dizziness during pregnancy Characterized by dizziness, blurred vision, facial puffiness and limb oedema in middle or late stages of pregnancy. Often results from hyperactivity of liver yang, deficiency of qi and blood, or exuberance of phlegm turbidity. 子眩 zǐ xuàn 子晕；妊娠眩晕 2004 Eclampsia of pregnancy Eclampsia disorder Characterized by sudden vertigo, fainting, loss of consciousness, eyes fixed upward, trismus, vomiting white foam, convulsions of the limbs, and rigidity during the late pregnancy or before, during or after delivery. Individuals may return to normal after a while; however, some may develop into coma. Often results from internal stirring of liver wind or ascending of phlegm fire due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney or consumption of yin blood. 子痫 zǐ xián 子冒 2005 Ascending of fetal qi Characterized by a feeling of distension and fullness in the chest. Often results from disharmony between qi and blood due to liver qi stagnation or spleen deficiency. 子悬 zǐ xuán 胎气上逆 2006 Vexation during pregnancy Characterized by vexation or feeling depressed during pregnancy. Alternatively, restlessness and irritability may be present. Often results from yin deficiency, phlegm fire or liver qi stagnation. 子烦 zǐ fán 妊娠心烦 2007 Loss of voice during pregnancy Characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice during pregnancy. Often results from failure of kidney yin to ascend to nourish the throat. 子喑 zǐ yīn 子瘖；妊娠失音 2008 Cough during pregnancy Characterized by persistent cough during pregnancy. Often occurs when lung qi fails to descend. Contributing factors may include lung dryness due to yin deficiency, exposure to wind cold, or phlegm-fluid retention due to spleen deficiency. 子嗽 zǐ sòu 妊娠咳嗽 2009 Stranguria during pregnancy Characterized by frequent, urgent, hesitant and painful urination during pregnancy. Often results from damp heat or deficiency fire impairing the qi transformation of the urinary bladder. 子淋 zǐ lín 妊娠小便淋痛 284 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2010 Urine retention in pregnancy Characterized by urine retention and, in severe cases, sudden onset of lower abdominal distension and pain. Often occurs when downbearing fetal qi compresses the urinary bladder due to kidney deficiency or qi deficiency. 妊娠转胞 rèn shēn zhuǎn bāo 转胞；妊娠小便 不通 2011 Skin itching during pregnancy Characterized by itchy skin or in severe cases, generalized itching all over the body during pregnancy. Often results from stagnant heat in the liver and gallbladder. 妊娠瘙痒症 rèn shēn sào yǎng zhèng 2012 Acute appendicitis during pregnancy Characterized by acute intestinal abscess (appendicitis) during pregnancy. Often results from accumulation of toxic heat. 孕痈 yùn yōng 2013 Leg cramps during pregnancy Characterized by painful spasms during pregnancy that radiate through the calves, especially at night. Often results from the failure of liver blood to nourish the muscles and sinews. 妊娠下肢抽筋 rèn shēn xià zhī chōu jīn 2014 Rubella during pregnancy Characterized by red skin rashes, maculae or papules during pregnancy, coupled with fever and headache. They often result from infection of rubella virus. 妊娠风疹 rèn shēn fēng zhěn 2015 Herpes simplex during pregnancy Characterized by red, raised, and swollen or painful herpes zoster on the external genitalia, around the anus or in the vagina during pregnancy. Associated symptoms include increased vaginal discharge, painful urination, fatigue, low fever and tender, enlarged inguinal lymph node. Often results from infection of herpes virus. 妊娠疱疹 rèn shēn pào zhěn 2016 Migraine during pregnancy Characterized by paroxysmal or persistent episodes of headache on one or both sides during pregnancy. Associated symptoms include nausea and vomiting. They often result from liver blood deficiency or yang hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 妊娠偏头痛 rèn shēn piān tóu tòng 2017 Diabetes during pregnancy Characterized by pre-existing diabetes or progression of latent diabetes upon pregnancy. 妊娠消渴 rèn shēn xiāo kě 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 285 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2018 Obstetric disorders A group of disorders before or during the childbirth. 产科类病 chǎn kē lèi bìng 产病 2019 Difficult delivery A condition that a baby has difficulty passing through the birth canal in a vaginal delivery. Contributing factors may include pelvic abnormalities, large baby, abnormal position and presentation of the fetus, or uterine/vulvar diseases. 难产 nán chǎn 2020 Retained placenta Characterized by a failure of placental expulsion within 30 minutes of the baby’s birth. Often results from severe deficiency of qi and blood or stagnation of qi and blood upon contraction of exogenous pathogens. 胞衣不下 bāo yī bú xià 2021 Postpartum disorders Postpartum diseases A group of disorders occurring during or after childbirth. 产后类病 chǎn hòu lèi bìng 产后病 2022 Postpartum fever Characterized by high-grade fever and chills in the postpartum period. In some cases, individuals may experience persistent high fever and other systemic symptoms. Often results from postpartum infection, blood deficiency, blood stasis or contraction of exogenous pathogens. 产后发热 chǎn hòu fā rè 2023 Postpartum fainting Characterized by sudden onset of dizziness, blurred vision, an inability to sit up, chest fullness and stuffiness, nausea, vomiting, and profuse phlegm. In severe cases, unconsciousness and lockjaw may be present. Often results from qi collapse due to heavy blood loss or stasis obstructing the flow of qi. 产后血晕 chǎn hòu xuè yūn 2024 Postpartum bleeding Characterized by excessive vaginal bleeding following the birth of a baby. Often results from damage to the Chong and Ren meridians, retained placental or sex following childbirth. 产后血崩 chǎn hòu xuè bēng 2025 Retention of the lochia Caharaterized by retained vaginal discharge during the postpartum period. Lower abdominal pain may also be present. Often results from build up of lochia in the uterus. 产后恶露不下 chǎn hòu è lù bú xià 286 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2026 Persistent lochia discharge Characterized by abnormally prolonged discharge of lochia for more than 10 days after childbirth. Often results from blood heat, blood stasis, qi deficiency, or contraction of external pathogens. 产后恶露不绝 chǎn hòu è lù bù jué 2027 Lochia disturbing the heart mind Characterized by restlessness, insomnia, mental confusion and incoherent speech after childbirth. In severe cases, loss of consciousness may be present. Often results from deficiency of anti- pathogenic qi and retained lochia disturbing the heart mind. 产后恶血冲心 chǎn hòu è xuè chōng xīn 恶血冲心；败血 冲心；产后败血 冲心；产后血气 冲心；产后恶血 入心 2028 Lochia affecting the stomach Characterized by colicky abdominal pain that radiates to the waist, coupled with nausea, vomiting, abdominal stuffiness and a poor appetite after childbirth. Often results from deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi and retained lochia affecting the stomach. 产后恶血冲胃 chǎn hòu è xuè chōng wèi 2029 Lochia affecting the lung Characterized by cough, rapid breathing, chest tightness, restlessness, a red or dark complexion and nosebleed after childbirth. In severe cases, panting or a feeling of impending death may be present. Often occurs when retained lochia affects the lung. 产后恶血冲肺 chǎn hòu è xuè chōng fèi 2030 Postpartum tetanus Characterized by muscle contractions, body rigidity, lockjaw or opisthotonos after childbirth. Often results from blood deficiency, yin deficiency or obstetric wound infection. 产后痉病 chǎn hòu jìng bìng 2031 Postpartum abdominal pain Postpartum abdominal pain disorder Puerperal abdominal pain disorder Characterized by lower abdominal pain after childbirth. Often results from uterine contraction due to obstructed flow of qi and blood. 产后腹痛 chǎn hòu fù tòng 儿枕痛 2032 Postpartum sweating Characterized by spontaneous sweating or night sweats after childbirth. 产后汗病 chǎn hòu hàn bìng 产后汗症 2033 Postpartum oligogalactia Inadequate lactation Characterized by insufficient or absent breastmilk during the lactation period. Often results from deficiency of qi and blood or liver qi stagnation. 产后缺乳 chǎn hòu quē rǔ 乳汁不行 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 287 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2034 Postpartum body ache Characterized by joint pain, numbness and heaviness after childbirth. Often results from blood deficiency, kidney deficiency, malnourishment of the tendons and joints, or obstructed flow of qi and blood due to contraction of external pathogens. 产后身痛 chǎn hòu shēn tòng 2035 Obstetric (rectovaginal) fistula Characterized by the passing of urine through the anus or passing of faeces through the urethra. It is often caused by a trauma-induced fistula or abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina during childbirth. 交肠病 jiāo cháng bìng 产后交肠病；阴 道直肠瘘 2036 Postpartum exhaustion Characterized by weight loss, tidal fever, flushed cheeks, night sweats and unproductive coughing. Often results from yin deficiency due to puerperal malnutrition coupled with contraction of external pathogens. 血风劳 xuè fēng láo 产褥劳；产后劳 2037 Leucorrhoea Characterized by abnormal vaginal discharges in amount, colour, quality and odour. It may appear whitish, yellowish or reddish. In some cases, individuals may have mixed-colour vaginal discharge or persistent, profuse and whitish vaginal discharges. This condition often results from downward flow of damp heat or damp toxin, unsafe sex, or deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 带下病类 dài xià bìng lèi 2038 Profuse, whitish vaginal discharge Vaginal discharge disorder Characterized by persistent, profuse and whitish vaginal discharges that resemble rice-washed water or transparent mucus. Often results from yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, unsafe sex, or contraction of cold dampness or damp heat. This condition is commonly seen in the elderly women or women with a weakened immune system. 白崩 bái bēng 2039 Sexual disorders A collective term of sexual dysfunctions caused by decline of the vital gate. Contributing factors may include emotions, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency and sexual indulgence. 房事类病 fáng shì lèi bìng 288 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2040 Premature ejaculation Premature ejaculation disorder A condition that ejaculation always or nearly always occurs prior to sexual intercourse or within about one minute. Often results from fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency or deficiency of the heart and kidney. 早泄 zǎo xiè 早泄 2041 Impotence Impotence disorder Characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity. Often results from decline of the vital gate, deficiency of the liver and kidney, fear/fright or depression. 阳痿 yáng wěi 阳痿 2042 Paediatric disorders Childhood and adolescence associated disorders Child related diseases A collective term of paediatric conditions caused by congenital weakness, abnormal childbirth, external contraction of pathogenic factors, improper feeding, fear/fright or deficiencies of the zang–fu organs. 小儿相关病类 xiǎo ér xiāng guān bìng lèi 2043 Neonatal jaundice Characterized by yellowish colouration of the skin, mucosa, and sclera of a newborn baby which lasts more than two weeks after birth. Often results from contraction of damp heat during pregnancy, biliary track deformation, or gall bile blockage. 胎黄 tāi huáng 2044 Umbilical wind (neonatal tetanus) Characterized by cyanotic lips, lockjaw, and facial expression with an unnatural smile. In severe cases, tetanic convulsions and opisthotonus may be present. Often results from infection of the unhealed umbilical stump from wind-related pathogen. 脐风 qí fēng 2045 Epidemic diseases in children A collective term of epidemic or seasonal paediatric conditions, including common cold, summer non-acclimatization, summer fever or chicken pox. 小儿时令类病 xiǎo ér shí lìng lèi bìng 2046 Contagious diseases in children A collective term of contagious paediatric diseases due to contraction of warm epidemic or pestilence. 小儿温疫类病 xiǎo ér wēn yì lèi bìng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 289 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2047 Roseola infantum Pseudorubella Characterized by a sudden high fever and sometime with convulsion. Red skin rashes will appear all over the body after the fever disappeared in 3 to 5 days. Subsequently, rashes will resolve after 1 to 2 days. This condition often results from contraction of epidemic toxins. 奶麻 nǎi má 假麻 2048 Infantile paralysis Polio An infectious condition that starts with fever, sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. The fever may subdue after a few days and reappear, accompanied by neck stiffness, bulging fontanelle, hyperesthesia, refusing to be touched or hugged, and restlessness or drowsiness. Over time, the muscles become weak, steps floppy and poorly controlled, and can even end with physical handicap. Often occurs when epidemic summer heat and dampness enters the gastrointestinal tract thereafter affecting muscles or obstructing meridians. Alternatively, it may occur due to lack of yin fluids after a long period of illness and malnourishment of sinews. 小儿软脚瘟 xiǎo ér ruǎn jiǎo wēn 疫痿 2049 Paediatric bacillary dysentery An epidemic condition characterized by sudden high fever, restlessness, intense abdominal pain, and stools containing pus and blood. In severe cases, convulsions, shock and cold limbs may be present. Often occurs when epidemic damp heat damages the intestines or enters the pericardium and triggers liver wind. 小儿疫毒痢 xiǎo ér yì dú lì 2050 Paediatric diphtheria An epidemic condition characterized by fever, sore throat, white film (pseudo-membrane) build up in the throat or nose. The layer of pseudo-film coating is hard to crack, and can cause bleeding after peeling off. In severe cases, difficulty in swallowing, breathing or shock may be present. The condition often begins with lung and stomach bacterial infection spreading to the throat area. 小儿白喉 xiǎo ér bái hóu 290 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2051 Paediatric smallpox An epidemic condition characterized by fever, cough, yawning, a red face, cold hands/feet/ears, followed by skin rashes. It usually lasts through six stages: fever, early rash, pustular rash, pustules, scabs, and resolving scabs. It is often caused by exposure to the smallpox virus. 小儿天花 xiǎo ér tiān huā 小儿痘疹；天行 痘；百岁疮 2052 Neonatal cough Characterized by cough with profuse sputum and rapid breathing. Often occurs in a newborn within one hundred days after birth. This condition often occurs when wind attacks the lung, causing heat and phlegm to obstruct the free flow of lung qi. 百晬嗽 bǎi zuì sòu 乳嗽；胎嗽；百 晬咳；百晬内嗽 2053 Paediatric pneumonia Characterized by fever, cough, panting, nasal flaring and profuse phlegm. In severe cases, consistent high fever, unconsciousness, convulsions and seizures might occur. Often occurs when wind cold or warmth affects the descending and dispersing of lung qi. 小儿肺风痰喘 xiǎo ér fèi fēng tán chuǎn 肺风痰喘；肺炎 喘嗽 2054 Infantile convulsions A collective term of infantile unconsciousness, convulsions or seizures due to external contraction or internal dysfunctions. It includes acute infantile convulsion, chronic infantile convulsion and chronic spleen wind. 小儿惊风 xiǎo ér jīng fēng 小儿惊厥 2055 Acute infantile convulsion Acute convulsion disorder Characterized by a sudden onset of fever, loss of consciousness, blank staring, trismus, neck stiffness and convulsions of the limbs. Often results from seasonal pathogens, heat or indigestion in the stomach, fear/fright and phlegm accumulation that affects the heart and liver. 急惊风 jí jīng fēng 2056 Chronic infantile convulsion Recurrent convulsion disorder Characterized by repeated twitching of hands and feet, intermittent convulsions, fatigue, a pale face, sleepiness with eyes unclosed, vomiting and diarrhoea of bluish stools. Often results from healthy qi deficiency, damage to spleen yang or internal stirring of liver wind. It may also develop from acute infantile convulsion. 慢惊风 màn jīng fēng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 291 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2057 Chronic spleen wind A critical condition characterized by head shaking with closed eyes, dark bluish face and lips, sweats on the forehead, drowsiness, cold limbs, twitching or convulsion of the limbs, and vomiting of clear water. Often results from excessive or chronic vomiting or diarrhoea damaging spleen yang or surge of internal liver wind. 慢脾风 màn pí fēng 2058 Fright seizure Fright seizure disorder Infantile fright seizure Characterized by sudden screaming or crying, vomiting, facial colour change, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Often results from fright upon exposure to strangers or unknown events. 客忤 kè wǔ 小儿客忤 2059 Night crying Night crying disorder A condition that often occurs in babies under the age of one year. Characterized by continuous crying during or even through the night but appearing normal at daytime. Often results from spleen cold, heart heat and fear or fright that disturb the heart mind. 夜啼 yè tí 2060 Paediatric dementia Characterized by delayed movement or language development, dull expression, and learning disability. Vacant look, head shaking or tongue wagging may be present. It is often caused by genetic deficiency, malnutrition, brain injury, high fever and/or drug poisoning affecting brain development. 小儿痴呆 xiǎo ér chī dāi 2061 Drooling in babies Dribbling disorder Characterized by saliva flowing outside of the mouth unintentionally that may wet the cheeks and chest. Often results from deficiency cold of the spleen or heat accumulating in the spleen and stomach. 滞颐 zhì yí 2062 Infantile malnutrition Infantile malnutrition disorder Malnutrition pattern Characterized by a sallow complexion, muscle wasting and bulging abdomen. Often results from improper feeding, congenital weakness or deficiency of the spleen and stomach. These factors may cause the failure of qi, blood and nutrients to nourish the zang–fu organs, hence delaying the growth and development of babies. 疳病 gān bìng 疳证 292 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2063 Mild infantile malnutrition Characterized by a sallow complexion, emaciation, a poor appetite, alternating constipation and diarrhoea, poor spirit and irritability. It is often caused by inappropriate feeding or spleen deficiency. 疳气 gān qì 2064 Mild malnutrition with food stagnation An intermediate stage of infantile malnutrition characterized by emaciation, a sallow complexion, bulging abdomen, veins showing through the skin, poor spirit, and restlessness. Often results from improper feeding or food stagnation in the stomach and intestines. 疳积 gān jī 2065 Severe infantile malnutrition Characterized by withered skin, dry, thin and brittle hair, emaciation, oedema, purpura, nosebleed or gum bleeding. It is often caused by exhaustion of qi and blood due to extreme deficiency of the spleen and stomach. 干疳 gān gān 2066 Paediatric indigestion Characterized by abdominal distension, fullness and pain, accompanied by vomiting, acid reflux, diarrhoea or constipation. Some children may also present with disturbed sleep, teeth grinding and finger-sucking. Over time, indigestion may develop into malnutrition. It is often caused by milk stagnation due to inappropriate feeding or food stagnation in the spleen and stomach due to improper diet. 积滞 jī zhì 2067 Milk accumulation Characterized by frequent foul breath or vomiting of undigested milk. Associated symptoms may include abdominal distension, diarrhoea, crying for no reason, poor sleep, hot breath and dry stools. Often results from improper breast feeding that damages the spleen and stomach and causes milk to stagnate in the stomach and intestines. 乳积 rǔ jī 2068 Food stagnation Characterized by abdominal distension and fullness, belching, acid reflux, decreased appetite, and strong-odoured stools. Associated symptoms may include abdominal pain, crying and irregular bowel movements. Often occurs when improper diet damages the spleen and stomach and food is retained in the stomach and intestines. 食积 shí jī 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 293 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2069 Paediatric poor appetite Characterized by persistent poor appetite, aversion to food, and significant weight loss, but with normal spirit and physical activities. Alternatively, abdominal distension, belching, and irregular bowel movements may be present. It is often caused by spleen deficiency or damage to stomach yin due to inappropriate feeding or fright. 小儿厌食 xiǎo ér yàn shí 2070 Paediatric parorexia An abnormal craving for objects not normally considered food, including fingernails, paintings on toys, mud, paper, hair, dirt, soil block, coal cinder or rocks. Ingestion of these objects may damage the body. It is often caused by spleen- related malnutrition or intestinal parasites. 小儿异食 xiǎo ér yì shí 异食癖 2071 Paediatric vomiting Characterized by vomiting of breast milk or food after feeding. It is often caused by overfeeding or damage to stomach qi. 小儿呕吐 xiǎo ér ǒu tù 2072 Paediatric flaccidity Infant flaccid disorder Infant flaccidity disorder Infant limpness disorder Characterized by muscle flaccidity and impaired voluntary movement control. In severe cases, muscular atrophy or paralysis may be present. This condition is often caused by damp heat, emotional disturbance, genetic deficiency or qi deficiency of the lung and spleen that result in malnourishment of the bones, tendons and muscles. 小儿痿病 xiǎo ér wěi bìng 2073 Paediatric frequent urination Characterized by increased urination frequency with small amount of urine volume. Urgent, painful urination may also occur. It is often caused by impaired qi transformation of the urinary bladder due to retention of damp heat in the lower jiao, pinworm, stones or emotional disturbance. 小儿尿频 xiǎo ér niào pín 2074 Paediatric enuresis Characterized by an inability to control urination during sleep after the age of five years. It is often caused by incomplete development of kidney qi resulting in bladder function failure. 小儿遗尿 xiǎo ér yí niào 294 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2075 Canker sores Characterized by small, aphthous sores or erosions on the mouth corners in children. They often result from contraction of exogenous pathogens, heat accumulation in the heart and spleen, or ascending of internal fire due to yin deficiency. 燕口疮 yàn kǒu chuāng 口吻疮 2076 Paediatric tonsillitis Characterized by red, swollen tonsil with yellow and white pus-filled spots. Over time, the tonsil may become enlarged and hard on palpation. High fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes (glands) in the neck, difficulty swallowing and body aches may be present. It is often caused by pathogenic factors affecting the tonsil, ascending of toxic heat in the lung and stomach, fire (due to yin deficiency of the lung and kidney) scorching the tonsil, malnourishment of the tonsil due to weakness of the spleen and stomach, or retention of phlegm stasis in the throat. 小儿乳蛾 xiǎo ér rǔ é 2077 Nappy/diaper rash Nappy/diaper dermatitis disorder Red skin around the nappy/diaper Characterized by sore, red and irritated skin on the convex surfaces of the buttocks and the bulge of the groin. Often occurs when the baby’s skin become exposed to urine and faeces in a nappy/ diaper. 小儿湮尻疮 xiǎo ér yān kāo chuāng 臀红 2078 Paediatric erysipelas Characterized by rapidly enlarged erythematous skin lesion, accompanied by fever and chills. In severe cases, high fever, unconsciousness and convulsions may be present. It is often caused by inappropriate care of skin injury or fetal toxin affecting the skin. 小儿赤游丹 xiǎo ér chì yóu dān 赤游丹 2079 Paediatric eczema A condition that commonly affects infants or young children. It is characterized by dry or wet skin rashes on the face, torso, and hands and feet, coupled with exudation, skin tearing due to scratching, restlessness, and night crying. Often results from food or drug allergies or wind, damp or heat affecting the skin. 奶癣 nǎi xuǎn 胎癣；胎疮 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 295 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2080 Hydrocephalus Characterized by an enlargement of the head and retarded closure of the cranial sutures. Often results from congenital defect or retention of excess fluid within the skull due to accumulated toxic heat. 解颅 jiě lú 囟解 2081 Five retardations Characterized by retarded growth and development in standing, walking, hair growth, tooth eruption and speaking. Often results from congenital kidney deficiency or deficiency of qi and blood due to postnatal malnutrition. 五迟 wǔ chí 2082 Five flaccidities Characterized by flaccidity of the neck, mouth, hands, feet and muscles in infants. Often results from congenital qi deficiency or postnatal malnutrition. 五软 wǔ ruǎn 2083 Eye diseases A group of disorders of the eye tissue or visual impairment caused by invasion of exogenous pathogens, ascending of wind, fire and phlegm dampness due to dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs or eye injuries. 眼病类 yǎn bìng lèi 2084 Eye disorders involving the eyelid, inner/outer canthus, sclera and iris. Conditions of the eyelids, inner/outer canthus, sclera and iris caused by six exogenous pathogens, fire heat in the five zang organs, phlegm dampness due to spleen deficiency, ascending of deficiency fire due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney, or eye injuries. 外障类病 wài zhàng lèi bìng 2085 Stye Characterized by red, tender bump at the edge of the eyelid that may contain pus formation and appear in the shape and size of a wheat grain. Often results from invasion of wind heat, heat accumulating in the spleen and stomach, or retained toxic heat coupled with contraction of wind. 针眼 zhēn yǎn 2086 Blepharitis Characterized by redness, swelling and tenderness of the eyelid. Individuals may also experience fever and headache. Often results from accumulated heat in the spleen and stomach, coupled with contraction of exogenous wind fire. 眼丹 yǎn dān 296 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2087 Phlegm node of the eyelid Characterized by hard lumps in the eyelid that are neither reddish nor painful. Often results from phlegm dampness due to spleen deficiency or damp heat in the spleen and stomach, hence causing blockage in the associated meridians. 胞生痰核 bāo shēng tán hé 胞睑痰核 2088 Pricklyash-like sores on the eyelid Trachoma Characterized by red, solid granulations in the undersurface of the upper eyelid that resemble wild pepper. Individuals may experience a feeling of pain and itching, sensitivity to bright lights, and watery discharge. Often results from stagnation of qi and blood in the local area due to exogenous wind heat and heat accumulated in the spleen and stomach. 椒疮 jiāo chuāng 沙眼 2089 Millet-like sores on the eyelid Follicular conjunctivitis Characterized by yellow, soft granulations in the undersurface of the upper eyelid that resemble millet. Individuals may experience a feeling of itching and discomfort. Often results from damp heat in the spleen and stomach, coupled with attack from exogenous wind in the eyelid. 粟疮 sù chuāng 2090 Red, wet and ulcerative eyelid Marginal blepharitis Characterized by red, wet and ulcers on the eyelid. Individuals may experience itching and a burning pain. Often results from water/dampness retention in the eyelid due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, or due to qi deficiency of the heart and lung. 睑弦赤烂 jiǎn xián chì làn 风弦赤烂 2091 Inflammatory swelling of the eyelid Inflammatory eyelid disorder Characterized by severe pain, swelling and redness of the eyelid that resembles a ripe peach. Often results from exuberant heat obstructing the flow of qi and blood. 胞肿如桃 bāo zhǒng rú táo 2092 Non-inflammatory oedema of the eyelid Non-inflammatory eyelid disorder Characterized by non-painful swelling of the eyelid that feels soft and hollow, with no change in the local skin colour. Often results from water/ dampness retention in the eyelid due to yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, or due to qi deficiency of the heart and lung. 胞虚如球 bāo xū rú qiú 睥虚如球 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 297 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2093 Cold tears Characterized by excess clear, thin tears, especially when exposed to wind. Individuals do not have eye redness, swelling or pain. Often results from deficiency of the liver and kidney, deficiency of qi and blood, or invasion by wind. 冷泪 lěng lèi 2094 Pterygium Characterized by triangular tissue growth on the cornea of the eye that may slowly grow and affect the pupil. Often results from wind heat affecting the heart and lung meridians, qi stagnation and blood stasis, excess heat in the spleen and stomach, or fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 胬肉攀睛 nǔ ròu pān jīng 2095 Sudden attack of wind heat on the eye A condition characterized by sudden onset of redness, swelling and pain of the white of the eye, sensitivity to bright lights, and watery discharge. Often results from exuberant fire of the lung and stomach or exogenous wind heat affecting the eye. 暴风客热 bào fēng kè rè 2096 Epidemic conjunctivitis A highly contagious condition characterized by sudden onset of redness of the white of the eye, watery discharge, and sensitivity to bright lights. It can rapidly spread among the community and often results from exogenous wind heat, pestilence or coupled with heat accumulated in the lung and stomach. 天行赤眼 tiān xíng chì yǎn 2097 Superficial punctate keratitis Characterized by presence of multiple fine drops of opacity on the cornea. Individuals may experience pain, red, watery and sensitivity to bright lights. Often results from contraction of exogenous wind fire/heat, internal retention of damp heat, or ascending of fire due to yin deficiency of the liver and kidney. 聚星障 jù xīng zhàng 2098 Interstitial keratitis Characterized by corneal opacity and vision blurring. Individuals may experience eye pain and sensitivity to light. Often results from local stagnation of qi and blood due to wind heat in the liver meridian or toxic heat in the liver and gallbladder. 混睛障 hún jīng zhàng 气翳 298 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2099 Eye disorders involving the pupil, eyeball, retina or other eye tissues Conditions of the pupil, eyeball, retina, vitreous humour or other eye tissues caused by deficiency of the liver and kidney, deficiency of qi and blood, emotional stress, or ascending of wind fire that carries phlegm dampness. 内障类病 nèi zhàng lèi bìng 2100 Glaucoma Characterized by increased pressure in the eye, headache, eye distension/pain, blurred vision, red eyes and dilation of the pupil. Often results from emotional stress, qi stagnation and blood stasis, and exuberant fire in the liver and gallbladder. 五风内障 wǔ fēng nèi zhàng 2101 Bluish glaucoma Characterized by mild dilation of the pupil with a bluish colour, increased pressure in the eye, gradual visual field constriction and, eventually vision loss. Often results from liver qi stagnation, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency or ascending of phlegm fire. 青风内障 qīng fēng nèi zhàng 2102 Yellowish glaucoma Characterized by dilation of the pupil with a pale, yellowish colour, and vision loss. Often results from ascending of liver fire that carries phlegm. It may also occur as a result of untreated greenish glaucoma, bluish glaucoma or black glaucoma. 黄风内障 huáng fēng nèi zhàng 2103 Greenish glaucoma Characterized by hardening of the eyeball, dilation of the pupil with greenish colour, and drastic impairment of vision. Splitting headache, eye distension and pain, nausea and vomiting may also be present. Often results from liver qi stagnation transforming into fire, ascending of phlegm fire due to spleen deficiency, or disharmony between qi and blood due to yin deficiency and yang hyperactivity. 绿风内障 lǜ fēng nèi zhàng 2104 Dark glaucoma Characterized by distension and pain of the eyeball, blurred vision, appearance of opaque specks in the lens, occasional headache, and gradually progressive vision loss. Often results from ascending of hyperactive deficiency fire that carries phlegm. 乌风内障 wū fēng nèi zhàng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 299 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2105 Black glaucoma Characterized by headache, eye distension and pain, blurred vision, dilated pupil with a black colour, and visual impairment. Often results from liver wind that carries phlegm or disharmony between qi and blood due to kidney deficiency. 黑风内障 hēi fēng nèi zhàng 2106 Cataract Characterized by clouding of the lens in the eye leading to a decrease in vision. Often results from ageing, deficiency of the liver and kidney due to diabetes, spleen deficiency or retained heat in the liver meridian. 圆翳内障 yuán yì nèi zhàng 如银内障 2107 Retinopathy pigmentosa A progressive degenerative eye condition characterized by night blindness, gradual visual field constriction, and eventual blindness. Often results from congenital deficiency or insufficiency of liver blood and kidney essence. 高风内障 gāo fēng nèi zhàng 高风雀目 2108 Bluish blindness A condition characterized by gradually progressive visual impairment to complete vision loss. Often results from deficiency of liver blood and kidney essence, yang deficiency of the spleen and kidney, liver qi stagnation, eye injuries or eye tumour. 青盲 qīng máng 2109 Sudden blindness Characterized by sudden visual impairment or vision loss of one or both eyes. Often results from blockage of eye tissues, blood heat (due to yang hyperactivity) damaging eye collaterals, or retinal detachment. 暴盲 bào máng 2110 Unclassified eye disorders Eye disorders that do not fall under the above categories. These include (nutritional) keratomalacia, paralytic strabismus, sudden protrusion of the eyeball, night blindness, myopia and hyperopia. 眼科杂病类 yǎn kē zá bìng lèi 2111 Night blindness Night blindness disorder Night blindness due to liver deficiency Characterized by difficult or impossible vision/ sight in relatively low light. Individuals may experience sensitivity to light. Often results from insufficient generation of qi and blood (due to spleen deficiency) or liver blood failing to nourish the eyes. It also occurs at the early stage of keratomalacia. 雀目 què mù 肝虚雀目 300 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2112 Ear disorders A group of ear disorders caused by exogenous pathogenic heat, phlegm dampness, ascending of toxic fire, foreign bodies obstructing the ear canal, malnourishment of the ear due to deficiency of the zang–fu organs, or eardrum injuries. 耳病类 ěr bìng lèi 2113 Ear block Progressive hearing loss Characterized by a feeling of ear distension, stuffiness and obstruction, tinnitus, hearing impairment (conductive hearing loss), and retracted eardrum with pus discharge. Often results from obstructed flow of qi and blood within the ear. 耳闭 ěr bì 2114 Sudden deafness Sudden deafness disorder Characterized by sudden onset of hearing impairment in one or both ears. Individuals may also experience vertigo and tinnitus. Often results from stagnation of qi and blood due to dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs, or pathogenic factors affecting the ear. 暴聋 bào lóng 2115 Nasal diseases A group of nasal disorders caused by wind, cold, dampness or heat affecting the nose, accumulation of damp heat and turbid phlegm, ascending of toxic fire, heat accumulated in the zang–fu organs, malnourishment of the nose due to deficiency of qi and blood, nasal trauma, or foreign body trapped in the nasal cavity. 鼻病类 bí bìng lèi 2116 Nasal sore Characterized by recurrent red, swollen, itchy and painful sores on the nose. Often occurs when wind, heat or dampness steam the nasal cavity. 鼻疳 bí gān 鼻疮 2117 Acute rhinitis Characterized by stuffy nose, runny nose (clear or thick nasal discharges), sneezing or other common cold symptoms. It is often caused by wind cold or wind heat affecting the lung and obstructing the nasal cavity. 伤风鼻塞 shāng fēng bí sāi 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 301 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2118 Rhinitis sicca Characterized by dryness inside the nose, turbinate hypertrophy, atrophy of the mucous membrane, foul-smelling crusts, and decreased sensitivity to smell. Often results from malnourishment of the nose due to deficiency of the zang–fu organs. 鼻槁 bí gǎo 2119 Allergic rhinitis Allergic rhinitis disorder Characterized by sudden or recurrent nasal itching, sneezing, and runny or stuffy nose. Often results from genetic factors, deficiency of the zang–fu organs coupled with contraction of exogenous pathogens, or exposure to pollen, dust or polluted air. 鼻鼽 bí qiú 2120 Profuse nasal discharge Nasal sinusitis disorder Characterized by thick nasal mucus, nasal obstruction, decreased sensitivity to smell. Individuals may also experience pus discharge, dizziness and head distension. If often results from contraction of exogenous pathogens, retained heat in the zang–fu organs, or deficiency of the zang–fu organs. 鼻渊 bí yuān 2121 Sinusitis Characterized by stuffy nose, poor sense of smell, drowsiness, and thick nasal discharge that is usually green in colour (like egg white). Alternatively, local distension, pain or discomfort may be present. It is often caused by turbid phlegm and damp heat affecting the head, face and nose. 鼻窦痰包 bí dòu tán bāo 2122 Throat diseases Tonsillitis disorder A group of throat disorders caused by wind, cold, dampness or heat affecting the throat; wind, heat or phlegm fire affecting the throat or tonsil; smoking or alcohol drinking consuming yin fluids; phlegm qi stagnation in the throat; foreign bodies trapped in the throat; heat accumulated in the zang–fu organs or malnourishment of the throat due to deficiency of the zang–fu organs. 咽喉病类 yān hóu bìng lèi 302 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2123 Tonsillitis Characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlargement of the tonsils that resembles a nipple or silkworm moth. Individuals may also present with white pus-filled spots on the surface of the tonsil or swollen, hard and dark red tonsil. Often results from exogenous pathogens affecting the tonsil, ascending of deficiency fire, or stagnation of qi and blood. 乳蛾 rǔ é 2124 Acute tonsillitis Characterized by fever and red, swollen and painful tonsil that resembles silkworm moth. It is often caused by wind heat affecting the tonsil. 急乳蛾 jí rǔ é 2125 Chronic tonsillitis Characterized by frequent discharge of pus from the tonsil with mild redness, swelling and throat discomfort. It is often caused by dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs and ascending of deficiency fire due to persistent tonsillitis. 慢乳蛾 màn rǔ é 2126 Stony tonsillitis Characterized by a hard enlarged tonsil. It is often seen in children and caused by stagnant qi and blood due to weakness of the zang–fu organs. 石蛾 shí é 2127 Throat impediment Pharyngitis Characterized by throat redness, swelling and pain. Alternatively, individuals may experience a dry throat, a foreign body sensation or an unpleasant, scratchy throat. Often results from exogenous pathogens affecting the throat, malnourishment of the throat due to deficiency of the zang–fu organs, or localized stagnation of qi and blood due to ascending of deficiency fire. 喉痹 hóu bì 2128 Acute pharyngitis Characterized by red, swollen and sore throat. It is often caused by pathogenic factors affecting the lung, stomach and throat. 急喉痹 jí hóu bì 2129 Chronic pharyngitis Characterized by dry, sore throat, a foreign body sensation and discomfort in the throat. It is often caused by malnourishment of the throat, ascending of deficiency fire to the throat or retention of pathogenic factors in the throat. 慢喉痹 màn hóu bì 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 303 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2130 Peritonsillar abscess Characterized by high fever, red, swollen throat with intense pain and difficulty swallowing. It is often caused by retention of toxic heat coupled with contraction of exogenous pathogens, causing slough and sepsis in the throat area. 喉痈 hóu yōng 2131 Epiglottic abscess Characterized by intense sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing and red, swollen epiglottis. It is often caused by retention of pathogenic toxin in the epiglottis. 喉关痈 hóu guān yōng 2132 Posterior pharyngeal abscess Characterized by intense sore throat, high fever, impaired neck movement and redness and swelling of the posterior pharyngeal wall. It is often caused by retention of pathogenic toxins in the base of the throat. 里喉痈 lǐ hóu yōng 2133 Submandibular abscess Characterized by intense sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, red, swollen jaw and the tonsil and pharyngeal wall being pulled to the opposite side. It is often caused by pathogenic toxin affecting the submandibular region. 颌下痈 hé xià yōng 2134 Mandibular abscess Characterized by intense sore throat, difficulty swallowing and red, swollen palate. It is often caused by exuberant toxin affecting the palate. 上腭痈 shàng è yōng 2135 Sudden hoarseness Characterized by acute hoarseness or loss of voice and sore throat. It is often caused by pathogenic factors affecting the throat. 暴瘖 bào yīn 急喉喑 2136 Chronic hoarseness Characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice with persistent throat discomfort. It is often caused by malnourishment of the throat or lingering of the pathogenic factors in the throat area. 久瘖 jiǔ yīn 慢喉喑 2137 Acute laryngeal obstruction Characterized by red, swollen and sore throat, followed by profuse sputum and difficulty swallowing and breathing. It is often caused by ascending of wind heat and phlegm fire to the throat. 急喉风 jí hóu fēng 喉风；锁喉风 304 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2138 Uvula haematoma Characterized by sudden blood blisters in the palate that have a purple colour, thin wall and tend to rupture. It is often caused by internal heat or rupture to the oral cavity during eating. 飞扬喉 fēi yáng hóu 2139 Laryngitis Characterized by sudden or recurrent dry, scratchy throat, cough with scanty or no sputum, hoarse voice, and mild congestion and swelling of the throat. It is often caused by exposure to pathogenic factors, fume or odour stimuli, chronic cough, or malnourishment of the throat due to yin deficiency of the lung and kidney. 喉咳 hóu ké 喉源性咳嗽 2140 Plum pit qi Globus hystericus A sensation of a foreign body trapped in the throat that can neither be swallowed nor expectorated. Often occurs when phlegm and qi stagnate in the throat due to emotional disturbance. 梅核气 méi hé qì 2141 Tuberculosis of the throat Characterized by dry, sore throat with a burning sensation, localized ulceration with surrounding redness and lichen-like indentation. Hot flush, night sweats and hoarse voice may also be present. It is often caused by infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis or malnourishment of the throat due to yin deficiency. 喉癣 hóu xuǎn 喉痨 2142 Throat cancer Characterized by sore throat, dysphagia, a foreign body sensation in the throat, presence of lumps in the throat with a rough surface. It is often caused by qi stagnation, blood stasis and retention of turbid phlegm in the throat for a long period of time. 咽喉菌 yān hóu jūn 咽菌；喉菌； 喉岩 2143 Tooth and mouth diseases A group of mouth and tongue disorders caused by damp heat in the spleen and stomach, ascending of deficiency fire, exuberance of stomach fire, ascending of wind heat and phlegm fire, dental caries, or phlegm dampness due to dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs. 口齿病类 kǒu chǐ bìng lèi 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 305 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2144 Dental caries Characterized by erosions of the surface of the tooth or a breakdown of teeth. It is often caused by exposure to pathogenic factors, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency or poor dental hygiene. 龋齿 qǔ chǐ 2145 Periodontal abscess Characterized by persistent intense toothache, red swollen gum and alveolar mucosa, discharge of pus, loose teeth and aggravated pain on chewing. Often occurs when internal fire heat ascends to the gum. 牙痈 yá yōng 2146 Pericoronitis of wisdom tooth Characterized by fever, foul breath, swollen gum tissue, pain, and pus formation. In severe cases, swollen cheeks, difficulty opening mouth and discharge of pus after rupture. It is often caused by retention of toxic heat in the wisdom teeth. 牙咬痈 yá yǎo yōng 2147 Gingival recession Characterized by the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a loss of gum tissue and/or retraction of the gingival margin from the crown of the teeth. Individuals may also experience loose teeth and gum bleeding. Often occurs when stomach fire ascends to scorch the gum or malnourishment of the gum due to deficiency of the zang–fu organs. 牙宣 yá xuān 2148 Dental fistula Characterized by an abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva. Often results from retained toxins affecting the alveolar periosteum, gum or adjacent skin due to untreated or inappropriately treated tooth problems. 牙漏 yá lòu 齿漏；漏疳 2149 Dental abscess Osteomyelitis of the maxilla Characterized by pain of the alveolar bone, coupled with pus formation and discharge of dead bones. Often results from exuberant phlegm fire. 齿槽风 chǐ cáo fēng 骨槽风；穿腮毒 2150 Ulcerative gingivitis Characterized by gingival redness, ulceration and bleeding with a foetid odour. Often results from wind heat or cold dampness affecting the gum. 牙疳 yá gān 306 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2151 Acute ulcerative gingivitis Characterized by sudden onset of gum or buccal mucosa necrosis, bleeding (dark, purple blood), and a foul breath. In severe cases, individuals may experience paresthesia of the lips, infection of the mandible, or loose teeth. Often results from contraction of seasonal pathogens or retained toxins of smallpox. 走马牙疳 zǒu mǎ yá gān 2152 Mouth ulcer Characterized by single/multiple red, painful ulcers that occur on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Often results from emotional stagnation transforming into fire, heat accumulated in the heart and spleen, or hyperactive fire (due to yin deficiency) scorching the oral mucosa. 口疳 kǒu gān 口疮 2153 Oral erosion Characterized by multiple spots of erosion, congestion, oedema and pseudomembrane on the buccal mucosa, and foul breath. Often results from internal build up of damp heat or deficiency fire scorching the oral cavity. 口糜 kǒu mí 2154 Wet lips Cheilitis Characterized by lip skin peeling, dryness and rhagadia. It is often caused by damp heat in the spleen and stomach, coupled with exposure to wind. 唇湿 chún shī 2155 Lip wind Exfoliative cheilitis Characterized by red, swollen, itchy and painful lips with cracks and exudation. Individuals may also experience peeling lips and twitching of lips. Often results from contraction of exogenous wind heat and dampness or ascending of accumulated damp heat in the spleen and stomach. 唇风 chún fēng 驴嘴风 2156 Lip ulcer Characterized by presence of outgrowths, oozing, scabbing and thickening in the lips. Over time, everted lower lip, skin peeling and distending pain may occur. Often occurs when damp heat of the spleen and stomach ascends to the lips. 茧唇 jiǎn chún 唇癌 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 307 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2157 Tongue ulceration Characterized by localized redness, swelling and pain with a burning sensation. Alternatively, discharge of pus, fever, thirst and constipation may be present. It is often caused by ascending of heart fire or stomach fire, or deficiency fire scorching the tongue. 舌痈 shé yōng 2158 Lotus tongue Sublinguitis Characterized by sublingual swelling in red or purple colour (resemble the shape of a lotus). It is often caused by heat accumulating in the heart and spleen, deficiency fire scorching the tongue or retention of damp heat and blood stasis in the tongue. 重舌 chóng shé 莲花舌 2159 Tongue-tie Ankyloglossia Characterized by tongue stiffness that affects eating or speaking. Often occurs when an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum decreases the mobility of the tongue tip. 结舌 jié shé 连舌；绊舌 2160 Sublingual cysts Characterized by presence of round, smooth and flexible cysts inside the oral cavity or under the tongue. They are often caused by retained phlegm dampness. 口舌痰包 kǒu shé tán bāo 舌下痰包 2161 Neoplasms and carcinomas A group of disorders involving abnormal retention of qi, blood and toxic phlegm within the zang–fu organs or other parts of the body that cause gradual debility. They include benign and malignant tumours. 瘤癌病类 liú ái bìng lèi 2162 Abdominal masses Tangible or intangible abdominal masses that can cause abdominal distension and pain. Contributing factors include emotional disturbance, stagnation of qi and blood, food retention, or qi deficiency coupled with external contraction of pathogenic factors. 积聚类病 jī jù lèi bìng 癥瘕；积聚； 痃癖 2163 Tangible masses Zheng masses Masses that are immobile and can cause abdominal distension and pain in fixed positions. They often result from blood stasis. Contributing factors may include parasitic worms, food retention, dry faeces or phlegm retention. 积病 jī bìng 癥积 308 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2164 Intangible masses Jia masses Masses that are mobile and can cause migratory pain. They often result from qi stagnation. Contributing factors may include emotional disturbance, an improper diet or irregular lifestyle. 聚病 jù bìng 瘕病 2165 Masses in the upper abdomen Masses accumulating below the cardiac region (Crohn’s disease or regional enteritis) Masses in the upper abdomen can cause abdominal pain and diarrhoea with stools containing pus and blood. They often result from accumulation of foul turbidity and stagnant qi and blood. 伏梁 fú liáng 伏梁气；伏梁积 气；心积伏梁 2166 Masses in the liver Masses in the liver (right subcostal region) can cause abdominal distension, bulging and bleeding. They often result from accumulation of stagnant blood due to malaria, schistosomiasis, etc. 肥气 féi qì 肝积 2167 Masses in the spleen Masses in the spleen manifest as raised lumps in the gastric region. They often result from spleen deficiency coupled with qi stagnation. 痞气 pǐ qì 脾积气；脾积 痞气 2168 Stomach masses due to food retention Characterized by palpable lumps in the gastric region, abdominal pain and vomiting. Often results from food retention and failure of stomach qi to descend. Contributing factors may include general weakness, over-exertion, abdominal surgery, binge eating or abdominal masses. 食瘕 shí jiǎ 2169 Masses in the lung Rushing respiration Characterized by rapid, rushing breathing and masses in the right subcostal region. Associated symptoms may include fever, chills, chest tightness, hiccups and coughing with expectoration of pus and blood. They often result from dysfunctions of the zang–fu organs or stagnation of qi and blood. They can also be triggered by exogenous pathogenic factors. 肺积 fèi jī 息贲 2170 Running piglet Running piglet qi; ascending of yin cold qi from the kidney Characterized by qi rushing up from the lower abdomen to the chest and throat. Panic, abdominal pain or alternating chills and fever may also be present. Often results from ascending of yin cold qi from the kidney, fear/fright or ascending of liver qi along the meridian pathway. 奔豚 bēn tún 贲豚；贲豚气； 肾积气 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 309 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2171 Neoplasms Any abnormal growths of tissue on the surface of the body or within internal organs. These include polyps, cysts or tumours and often result from stagnant blood, phlegm and turbid qi. 瘤类病 liú lèi bìng 2172 Qi tumour Characterized by single or multiple raised soft tumours that are indented upon pressure but bulging again when the pressure is released. The skin is either normal or with brown spots. They are often caused by over-exertion consuming lung qi or phlegm qi stagnation due to exposure to pathogenic factors. 气瘤 qì liú 2173 Blood tumour Paediatric haemangioma Characterized by a rubbery, bright red or dark purple soft nodule of extra blood vessels in the skin in neonates. It is often caused by hyperactivity of fetal fire and disordered blood flow. 血瘤 xuè liú 2174 Vascular naevi Blood moles Characterized by enlarged superficial blood vessels in bright red or dark red colour that do not blanch on applying pressure. They are of variable size and have a smooth surface. Naevi are often caused by prolonged liver qi stagnation or blood heat. 血痣 xuè zhì 2175 Fleshy tumour Characterized by soft subcutaneous lumps with no skin discolouration or tenderness. Often caused by phlegm and qi retention due to improper diet damaging the spleen. 肉瘤 ròu liú 2176 Sinew tumour Characterized by varicose veins that resemble earthworms, usually in the lower leg. The dilated veins often occur when standing for a long period of time causes qi and blood to stagnate or when anger damages the liver and liver fire consumes blood. 筋瘤 jīn liú 2177 Joint tumour A condition characterized by round, smooth, hard cysts around the finger/wrist joints or tendons. They are often caused by phlegm and fluid retention. 胶瘤 jiāo liú 310 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2178 Skin tumour A condition characterized by round, soft tumours on the skin that may discharge powder-like stuff upon rupture. They are often caused by retention of phlegm and qi in the skin. 脂瘤 zhī liú 粉瘤 2179 Cystic tumour Characterized by cystic tumours in the skin that may contain powder-like stuff or hair growth. They are often caused by fetal heat and retention of stagnant blood or turbid phlegm in the skin. 发瘤 fā liú 2180 Nasal cavity haemangioma Characterized by red, flat haemangioma inside the nasal cavity that may cause recurrent bleeding from the nose. It can be congenital or acquired through damage to the nasal cavity. 鼻血瘤 bí xuè liú 2181 Stony masses Uterine fibroids A condition that may cause earlier period, prolonged period, and heavy menstrual volume. In severe cases, individual may have solid, bulky masses that can enlarge the uterus. They often occur as a result of stagnation of qi and blood. 石瘕 shí jiǎ 2182 Ovarian cysts Soft, round and smooth lumps that generally do not affect menstruation. They often result from retention of stagnant blood and turbid phlegm. 肠覃 cháng tán 2183 Rocky mass Carcinoma Cancer Any solid lumps on the body surface, internal organs and tissues that look and feel like rocks, coupled with obstruction, pain, bleeding, rapid weight loss as well as positive findings of tumour markers, gene detection or biopsy. Contributing factors may include irregular lifestyle, emotional stagnation, family history, contaminated food or environment or chronic inflammation. These factors may cause qi and blood to stagnate and intertwine with toxic phlegm. 岩类病 yán lèi bìng 癌症；岩病 2184 Squamous cell carcinoma Characterized by rapid growth of pterygium and persistent bleeding upon rupture. It is often caused by liver deficiency and blood dryness, and over time, build up of toxins under the skin. 翻花疮 fān huā chuāng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 311 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2185 Stony gangrene Characterized by solid, persistent lumps on the skin with presence or absence of dull pain. Often results from chronic accumulation of phlegm and damp heat as well as stagnation of qi and blood. 石疽 shí jū 2186 Upper hard nodules Characterized by solid, painless, and smooth- surfaced nodules behind the ear or in the neck. 上石疽 shàng shí jū 2187 Middle hard nodules Characterized by solid nodules on one side of the groin. Pain occurs on hip flexion. 中石疽 zhōng shí jū 2188 Lower hard nodules Characterized by nodules in the knee that causes dull pain and delayed pus formation. 下石疽 xià shí jū 2189 Malignant nodule Characterized by painless scrofula lumps, coupled with fever and weight loss. Often results from qi stagnation, essential qi deficiency or retention of cancer toxin and phlegm stasis in the surface of the body. 恶核 è hé 2190 Cervical malignancy with cachexia This refers to advanced malignant tumour of the cervical lymph node, either primary or metastatic. During the early stage, individuals may present with deep-rooted, solid, immobile nodules in the cervical area or behind the ear, without skin discolouration. Over time, the nodules increased with mild pain and dark purple skin discolouration, flat or sunken lesion with a rough surface resembling a cauliflower, coupled with pain and discharge of strong-odoured pus and blood. Associated symptoms may include restlessness, weight loss and haggardness. Often occurs when phlegm fire stagnates in the cervical area. The phlegm results from worry or anxiety damaging the spleen. The fire is transformed from liver qi stagnation. 失荣 shī róng 2191 Stony goitre (thyroid cancer) Characterized by solid, rock-like, immobile and irregular lumps in front of the neck. Often results from qi stagnation of the liver and spleen and intertwined stasis and phlegm over a long period of time. 石瘿 shí yǐng 312 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2192 Eczematous carcinoma of nipple Characterized by nipple ulceration or oozing. Alternatively, necrosis of the nipple with intolerable pain may occur. It is often caused by liver qi stagnation transforming into fire and accumulation of damp heat. The symptoms usually affect the nipple and then spread to the areola and then the breast. It is common for the symptoms to wax and wane. 乳疳 rǔ gān 2193 Rocky mass in the breast Breast cancer Characterized by solid, immobile breast lumps, coupled with skin changes on the breast with quality resembling the peel of an orange, followed by discharge of pus and blood, increased pain and weight loss. Often results from emotional disturbance, disharmony between the Chong and Ren meridians and qi stagnation intertwined with phlegm stasis. 乳岩 rǔ yán 乳癌 2194 Testicular cancer Characterized by solid, rough-surfaced lumps in the testicle, which may or may not cause pain. The lump may grow rapidly and become attached to the scrotum. It is often caused by undescended testis, inflammation or retention of stagnant blood or turbid phlegm in the testicle. 子岩 zǐ yán 子癌 2195 Penile cancer Characterized by papulae or solid nodules on the skin or in the tissues of the penis, accompanied by foul smelling discharge from the penis. It is often caused by constitutional deficiency of the liver and kidney, exuberant ministerial fire due to worry or anger, blood dryness in liver meridian and stagnant pathogenic fire. 肾岩翻花 shèn yán fān huā 肾癌翻花；阴 茎癌 2196 Symptoms for provisional diagnosis Common signs and symptoms that can be used for provisional diagnosis. 临时诊断用症 候术语 lín shí zhěn duàn yòng zhèng hòu shù yǔ 2197 Fever Having a temperature above the normal range or a subjective feverish sensation. Contributing factors may include exogenous pathogenic factors, pestilence, emotions or over-exertion. It is often seen in externally contracted conditions, sores/ ulcers, consumptive conditions, or heat in the zang–fu organs. 发热 fā rè 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 313 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2198 Convulsion Uncontrolled shaking of the limbs, mouth corner or head. Contributing factors may include internal exuberance of toxic heat, stirring of wind yang, toxic wind affecting the meridians, or consumption of yin blood. It is often seen in late-stage exogenous diseases, exhaustion of Yuan-primordial qi, epileptic seizures, infantile convulsions, poisoning or accidental injuries. 抽搐 chōu chù 2199 Headache A subjective feeling of pain in the region of the head. Contributing factors may include contraction of wind, cold, damp or heat, emotions, ascending of wind yang and toxic heat, turbid phlegm or stagnant blood impairing the flow of meridian qi and blood, or malnourishment of the brain due to deficiency of qi, blood, Ying nutrients and essence. It is often seen in head wind, migraine, hemilateral head wind, facial wind and pain, cerebral arteriosclerosis, brain tumour, ear, nose and throat problems, exogenous diseases or other systemic conditions. 头痛 tóu tòng 2200 Vertigo Subjective dizziness, blurred vision and feeling like a spinning or swaying movement. Contributing factors may include failure of qi, blood and essence to nourish the head, wind phlegm or fire heat disturbing the head or stagnant blood obstructing clear yang. It is commonly seen in wind dizziness, cerebral arteriosclerosis, deficiency dizziness, aural vertigo, pregnancy dizziness, eclampsia, postpartum blood dizziness, motion sickness, cerebral atrophy or mental over- exertion. It may also be secondary to head trauma, neck pain, drug poisoning, brain tumour or ear, nose and throat conditions. 眩晕 xuàn yūn 314 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2201 Unconsciousness Loss of consciousness An inability to maintain an awareness of self and environment coupled with a complete (or near- complete) lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli. Contributing factors may include phlegm turbidity, toxic heat, traumatic injuries, disorder of qi and blood, exhaustion of yin and yang, or other intense stimuli. It is often seen in terminal stage of exogenous diseases or late- stage endogenous diseases. 昏迷 hūn mí 神昏 2202 Insomnia Prolonged inability to get sufficient sleep. Contributing factors may include over-thinking, deficiency of qi and blood, liver qi stagnation, internal fire heat, or retention of turbid phlegm. These factors may cause disharmony between yin and yang and subsequently, mental restlessness. It is often seen in sleeplessness, neurasthenia, depression, mania, hysteria and/or some systemic conditions. 失眠 shī mián 2203 Forgetfulness A noticeable memory decrease that does not conform to age-related effects. Often results from deficiency of the heart and spleen, disharmony between the heart and kidney, ageing, or phlegm stasis affecting the heart mind. It is commonly seen in mental over-exertion, cerebral atrophy, insomnia, emotional disorder, dementia, head trauma or poisoning. 健忘 jiàn wàng 2204 Somnolence Prolonged night time sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness. Contributing factors may include yang qi deficiency or internal retention of phlegm dampness/stagnant blood. It is often a warning sign of unconsciousness in exogenous diseases and commonly seen in hypersomnia, dementia, obesity, head injuries, poisoning, or consumptive conditions. 嗜睡 shì shuì 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 315 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2205 Eye blindness Severe impairment or loss of eyesight. Contributing factors may include stagnation of qi and blood, ascending of phlegm heat, hyperactivity of liver fire, or malnourishment of the eyes due to yin blood deficiency of the liver and kidney. It is often seen in cataract or emotional disturbance. 目盲 mù máng 2206 Tinnitus The perception of sound/noise when no external sound is present. Often results from yin blood deficiency, kidney essence insufficiency, spleen qi sinking or wind phlegm/phlegm fire disturbing the ear. It is commonly seen in ear problems or other systemic conditions that may affect the hearing. 耳鸣 ěr míng 2207 Deafness Hearing loss in one or both ears (also known as severe hearing impairment). Often results from internal phlegm fire, deficiency of qi and blood, trauma or drug side-effects/poisoning. It is commonly seen in ear problems or other systemic conditions that may affect the hearing. 耳聋 ěr lóng 2208 Nosebleed The occurrence of bleeding from the nose. Contributing factors may include nasal problems, trauma, ascending of fire heat along the lung, stomach and liver meridians, or spleen deficiency. It is often seen in nasal trauma, bleeding disorders, measles, erysipelas, scarlet fever, flu, dizziness, aplastic anaemia, tympanites or severe headache due to ascending of kidney qi. 鼻衄 bí nǜ 2209 Toothache Pain in the teeth and/or gum. Contributing factors may include exogenous wind, ascending of stomach fire, deficiency fire due to kidney deficiency, spleen qi deficiency, or tooth erosion. It is often seen in dental caries, gingival abscess, pericoronitis of wisdom tooth, or maxillary osteomyelitis. 牙痛 yá tòng 316 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2210 Gum bleeding The occurrence of bleeding from the gum. Contributing factors may include heat accumulating in the stomach meridian, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency, or deficiency of the heart and spleen. It is often seen in periodontal atrophy, purpura, aplastic anaemia, liver masses, bleeding disorders, or epidemic haemorrhagic fever. 齿衄 chǐ nǜ 牙衄 2211 Loss of voice The occurrence of hoarseness or an inability to make sounds. Contributing factors may include wind cold or wind heat (toxic fire) affecting the throat, dry heat consuming the lung fluids, internal phlegm heat due to over-eating of oily, sweet food, essential qi deficiency due to chronic diseases, or liver qi stagnation. It is often seen in hoarseness, tuberculosis of the throat, qi exhaustion, throat polyps, diphtheria, or loss of voice in pregnancy. 失音 shī yīn 2212 Expectoration of blood The expectoration of blood from the throat or along the respiratory tract below the throat. Contributing factors may include fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency, ascending of heart fire, or pathogenic heat accumulating in the lung. It is often seen in pharyngitis or lung diseases. 咯血 kǎ xiě 2213 Cough The noisy expulsion of “cough” sound from the lungs. Contributing factors may include six exogenous pathogenic factors six exogenous pathogenic factors affecting the lung, exposure to irritant gas, phlegm fluid retention in the lung, or deficiency of qi and yin. These factors may cause lung qi to ascend. It is often seen in early-stage exogenous diseases, lung diseases, or conditions of other zang–fu organs that affect the lung. 咳嗽 ké sou 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 317 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2214 Panting Rapid breathing The occurrence of difficulty or rapid breathing. Contributing factors may include exogenous wind cold or wind heat affecting the lung, exuberant pathogenic heat affecting the lung, phlegm-fluid retention in the lung, or qi deficiency of the lung and kidney. It is often seen in exogenous diseases, lung diseases, heart diseases, disorders of the throat or thoracic cage, debilitation, qi collapse, or abdominal tumour/fluid. 气喘 qì chuǎn 喘促 2215 Haemoptysis The coughing up of blood from the bronchi or lungs. Contributing factors may include traumatic injuries, exogenous pathogenic factors affecting the lung, liver fire affecting the lung, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency, or qi failing to keep blood with the vessels. It is often seen in pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer or emphysema. It may also occur as a result of bleeding disorders, epidemic haemorrhagic fever or heart failure. 咳血 ké xiě 2216 Chest pain A subjective feeling of pain in the chest area, including cardiac/chest pain or pain in the subcostal region. Contributing factors may include chest injury, internal fire heat, phlegm-fluid retention, or stagnation of qi and blood. It is often seen in chest injury, pneumothorax, lung abscess, lung heat, pleural effusion, whooping cough, lung cancer or cardiac pain in chest bi-impediment. 胸痛 xiōng tòng 2217 Palpitations Unpleasant, involuntary sensations of rapid, irregular and/or forceful beating of the heart. Often results from failure of qi and blood to nourish the heart, emotions, exogenous pathogens affecting the heart or phlegm stasis obstructing the heart vessels. It is commonly seen in heart impediment, heart heat, lung conditions, emotional disorders, chronic debility, or thyroid problems. 心悸 xīn jì 318 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2218 Cardiac pain A subjective feeling of pain around the Danzhong point (Ren 17) and on the left side of the chest. Contributing factors may include internal phlegm turbidity and stagnant blood, cold retention due to yang deficiency, or yin blood deficiency. It is often seen in cardiac pain in chest bi-impediment, angina pectoris, heart bi-impediment, or heart heat. 心痛 xīn tòng 2219 Vomiting The involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth. Contributing factors may include exogenous/ endogenous diseases, head injury, pregnancy and drug poisoning. These factors may affect the descending of stomach qi. It is often seen in gastrointestinal diseases, disorders of the liver, gallbladder and pancreas, motion sickness, morning sickness, intracranial lesion, qi exhaustion, or drug poisoning. 呕吐 ǒu tù 2220 Retching The reverse movement of the stomach and oesophagus without vomiting of food. Often results from failure of stomach qi to descend due to stomach deficiency or liver qi stagnation. 干呕 gān ǒu 2221 Projectile vomiting The occurrence of sudden, severe involuntary expulsion of food, phlegm or bile through the mouth. Contributing factors may include binge eating, pestilence or food/drug poisoning. These factors may cause fulminant ascending of stomach qi. 暴吐 bào tù 2222 Vomiting of blood haematemesis The bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (stomach or oesophagus) out of the mouth. Contributing factors may include heat accumulating in the liver and stomach, spleen qi deficiency or stagnant blood. These factors may affect the descending of stomach qi. It is often seen in stomach heat, stomach ulcer, tympanites, bleeding disorders, epidemic haemorrhagic fever, kidney failure, stomach or liver cancer. 呕血 ǒu xuè 吐血 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 319 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2223 Stomach ache Gastric pain A subjective pain in the upper abdominal below the xiphoid process. Often results from failure to stomach qi to descend due to cold/heat, improper diet, deficiency of qi, blood, yin and yang, and stagnation of qi and blood. It is commonly seen in stomach problems or problems of the intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver and spleen. It may also be seen in severe cardiac pain. 胃痛 wèi tòng 胃脘痛；脘痛 2224 Gastric upset A subjective feeling of stomach emptiness, the sensation of fullness after a very small amount of food, abdominal distension or unexplained discomfort. Often results from an improper diet, stomach cold, stomach heat, yin blood deficiency or disharmony between the liver and stomach. It is commonly seen in problems of stomach, oesophagus, gallbladder or pancreas. 嘈杂 cáo zá 2225 Pain in the subcostal region Pain on one or both sides of the subcostal region often results from qi stagnation or bile accumulation. It is commonly seen in liver cancer, liver abscess, liver heat, liver distension, ascites, gallbladder heat, gallbladder distension, pleural effusion, masses below the left subcostal region or fibrinous pleurisy. 胁痛 xié tòng 胁肋痛 2226 Acid regurgitation Acid reflux The swallowing of acid contents regurgitated from the stomach to the throat or vomiting out of the mouth. It is often accompanied by stomach discomfort and belching. Contributing factors may include liver qi stagnation, stomach qi disharmony, liver fire affecting the stomach, food stagnation in the spleen and stomach, or ascending of fluid due to deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach. It is often seen in improper diet, oesophageal heat, stomach ulcer or stomach distension. 吐酸 tǔ suān 吞酸；泛酸； 噫酸 2227 Abdominal pain Pain that occurs between the chest and pelvic regions. It can be acute or chronic, often resulting from external contraction of six pathogenic factors, parasitic worms, improper diet, stones obstructing the flow of qi and blood or deficiency of qi and blood. 腹痛 fù tòng 320 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2228 Ascites Abnormal build up of fluid in the abdomen. Contributing factors may include qi stagnation, blood stasis, spleen deficiency, or internal accumulation of damp heat. It is often seen in tympanites, masses or tuberculosis. 腹水 fù shuǐ 2229 Constipation Less than two bowel movements per week or difficulty passing hard stools. Often results from heat accumulating in the stomach and intestines, cold retention due to yang deficiency, deficiency of qi, blood and yin fluids or abdominal masses. It is commonly seen in intestinal disorders, anal lesions, muscle flaccidity, post-stroke hemiplegia, Parkinson’s disease, parenteral lump compression, overuse of dry, warm or astringent medicines, abdominal surgery, the aged or general debilitation. 便秘 biàn mì 2230 Bloody stools Haematochezia The passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools. Alternatively, individuals may have black “tarry” faeces or expulsion of fresh bright red blood without stools. Contributing factors may include qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach, damp heat accumulating in the stomach and intestines, or stagnation of qi and blood in the stomach and intestines. It is often seen in anal disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, epidemic haemorrhagic fever, bleeding disorders, ancylostomiasis, schistosomiasis or food/drug poisoning. 便血 biàn xiě 2231 Lower back pain Pain on one or both sides of the lumbar vertebrae. Often results from kidney problems, low back trauma/strain or cold damp/damp heat affecting the lumbar region. It is commonly seen in kidney diseases, impediment, strangury, gynaecological conditions, acute lumbar sprain or sciatica. 腰痛 yāo tòng 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 321 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2232 Bloody urine Haematuria The brown or red discolouration of the urine. Contributing factors may include damp heat in the urinary bladder, fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency, exuberance of heart fire, pestilence or toxic drug damaging the kidney and urinary bladder. It is often seen in stony stranguria, heat stranguria, pregnancy strangury, kidney heat, renal tuberculosis, kidney/bladder cancer, blood disorders, or contagious diseases. 尿血 niào xiě 2233 Cloudy urine Turbid, white urine (like rice-washed water). Often results from downward flow of damp heat or deficiency of the spleen and kidney. It is commonly seen in filariasis, renal tuberculosis, chronic prostatitis, kidney cancer, and chest or abdominal trauma or surgeries. It may also be seen in children with external contraction of pathogenic factors or internal dysfunctions. 尿浊 niào zhuó 2234 Joint pain A subjective feeling of pain in the joints. Contributing factors may include traumatic injuries or wind, cold, damp or heat impairing the flow of meridian qi. It is often seen in joint subluxation, bone injury, bi-impediment, or osteoarticular tuberculosis. 关节痛 guān jié tòng 2235 Paralysis Muscle flaccidity or disuse of the limbs. Contributing factors may include cold, dampness, toxic heat or stasis obstructing the meridians, malnourishment of the muscles or sinews due to essence-blood deficiency, intracranial lesion or impaired flow of meridian qi. It is often seen in stroke, hemiplegia, qi collapse, brain tumour, polio, muscular atrophy, athlete’s foot, foot weakness, limb weakness, cranial or spinal injury, or surgical wound. 瘫痪 tān huàn 322 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2236 Tremor Involuntary shaking of the hand, feet or head. Contributing factors may include malnourishment of the muscles or sinews due to insufficiency of liver blood and kidney essence and deficiency of qi and yin, internal stirring of deficiency wind, or wind phlegm obstructing the meridians. It is often seen in Parkinson’s disease, brain atrophy, or qi collapse. 震颤 zhèn chàn 2237 Skin eruptions Raised red or white spots on the skin. It is often caused by wind heat, wind dampness or pestilence. It can be seen in urticaria, measles, roseola infantum, eczema, dermatitis medicamentosa, sweat rash, scabies, pigmented purpuric lichenoid dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, skin rashes during menstruation/pregnancy, or scarlet fever. 出疹 chū zhěn 2238 Pruritus Skin itch A sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch. It is often caused by exposure to pathogenic wind, blood heat or blood deficiency. It can be seen in disorders of the skin and mucous membrane or food/drug allergy 瘙痒 sào yǎng 皮肤瘙痒 2239 2.6 Body constitution Relatively stable structural, physiological and psychological characteristics of a human individual. 2.6 体质 2240 Taiyang personality According to the classification of yin and yang personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a Taiyang personality shows more yang characteristics. 太阳人 tài yáng rén 2241 Shaoyang personality According to the classification of yin and yang personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a Shaoyang personality shows less yang characteristics. 少阳人 shào yáng rén 2242 Taiyin personality According to the classification of yin and yang personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a Taiyin personality shows more yin characteristics. 太阴人 tài yīn rén 2 Terminologies on diagnosis, patterns and constitution 二、诊断、病证和体质术语 323 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2243 Shaoyin personality According to the classification of yin and yang personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a Shaoyin personality shows less yin characteristics. 少阴人 shào yīn rén 2244 Yin-yang harmony personality According to the classification of yin and yang personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a yin-yang harmony personality shows balanced yin and yang. 阴阳平和人 yīn yáng píng hé rén 2245 Wood personality According to the classification of five-element personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a wood personality shows more characteristics of wood. 木形人 mù xíng rén 2246 Fire personality According to the classification of five-element personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a fire personality shows more characteristics of fire. 火形人 huǒ xíng rén 2247 Metal personality According to the classification of five-element personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a metal personality shows more characteristics of metal. 金形人 jīn xíng rén 2248 Earth personality According to the classification of five-element personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with an earth personality shows more characteristics of earth. 土形人 tǔ xíng rén 2249 Water personality According to the classification of five-element personality in Huangdi Neijing, an individual with a water personality shows more characteristics of water. 水形人 shuǐ xíng rén 324 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine 325 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2250 3 Treatment principles/ methods and therapies 三、治则、治法 与疗法 2251 3.1 Treatment principles 3.1 治则 2252 Treat the tip first in acute conditions A principle to address symptoms in acute conditions, for example, it is important to stop bleeding for heavy blood loss, to arrest diarrhoea for fulminant diarrhoea, alleviate pain for severe, intense pain and promote urination for urine retention. 急则治标 jí zé zhì biāo 2253 Treat the root in remissive stages A principle to regulate and reinforce the body to address the root cause when medical conditions become stable. 缓则治本 huǎn zé zhì běn 2254 Treat both the tip and root A principle to address both symptoms and root cause simultaneously when needed. 标本兼治 biāo běn jiān zhì 标本同治 2255 Treat according to time A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to seasonal climate changes. 因时制宜 yīn shí zhì yí 2256 Treat according to place A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to geographic features. 因地制宜 yīn dì zhì yí 2257 Treat according to person A principle to use an appropriate method and medicine according to individual gender, age and constitution. 因人制宜 yīn rén zhì yí 2258 Reinforce healthy qi to eliminate pathogenic factors A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi to drive out the invading pathogenic factors. It is indicated for deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi coupled with exposure to pathogenic factors. 扶正祛邪 fú zhèng qū xié 扶正达邪 326 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2259 Reinforce healthy qi to strengthen the body A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi to speed up recovery. It is indicated for deficiency of anti-pathogenic qi. 扶正固本 fú zhèng gù běn 扶正培本 2260 Eliminate pathogenic factors and reinforce healthy qi A principle to drive out the invading pathogenic factors, supplemented by reinforcing anti- pathogenic qi. It is indicated for excessive pathogenic factors with insufficiency of anti- pathogenic qi. 祛邪扶正 qū xié fú zhèng 祛邪安正 2261 Reinforce healthy qi and remove pathogenic factors simultaneously A principle to reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and, at the same time, remove pathogenic factors. It is indicated for excessive pathogenic factors coupled with deficiency of healthy qi. 攻补兼施 gōng bǔ jiān shī 2262 Remove pathogenic factors before reinforcing healthy qi A principle to remove the invading pathogenic factors, followed by reinforcing anti-pathogenic qi. It is indicated for deficiency of healthy qi coupled with acute conditions that require immediate removal of pathogenic factors. 先攻后补 xiān gōng hòu bǔ 2263 Reinforce healthy qi before removing pathogenic factors A principle to reinforce healthy qi, followed by removing the invading pathogenic factors. It is indicated for acute conditions that require immediate removal of pathogneic factors coupled with deficiency of healthy qi. 先补后攻 xiān bǔ hòu gōng 2264 Routine treatment Standard treatment A principle to use medicines opposite in nature to the disease, for example, to treat heat pattern with medicines cold in nature, treat cold pattern with medicine hot in nature, treat excess pattern with purgative/reducing medicines and treat deficiency pattern with tonic medicines. 正治法 zhèng zhì fǎ 逆治法 2265 Treat cold with heat Cold treated with warm A principle to treat cold conditions with medicines or formulas that are warm or hot in nature. 寒者热之 hán zhě rè zhī 2266 Treat heat with cold Heat treated with cold A principle to treat heat conditions with medicines or formulas that are cool or cold in nature. 热者寒之 rè zhě hán zhī 2267 Treat deficiency with reinforcement A principle to treat deficiency conditions with tonic medicines or formulas. 虚则补之 xū zé bǔ zhī 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 327 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2268 Treat excess with purgation/reduction A principle to treat excess conditions with medicines or formulas that are purgative or reducing in nature. 实则泻之 shí zé xiè zhī 2269 Paradoxical treatment Contrary treatment A principle to address false signs or symptoms in extreme conditions such as extreme cold or heat. Under such conditions, it is necessary to use medicines similar in nature to the disease (i.e. follow the false symptoms), for example, to treat false heat with heat or treat false cold with cold. 反治法 fǎn zhì fǎ 从治法 2270 Treat false cold with cold Cold treated with cold A principle to treat false cold (true heat) symptoms with medicines cool or cold in nature. 寒因寒用 hán yīn hán yòng 2271 Treat false heat with heat Heat treated with warm A principle to treat false heat (true cold) symptoms with medicines warm or hot in nature. 热因热用 rè yīn rè yòng 2272 Treat uncontrolled discharge by unblocking Uncontrolled discharge treated with purgation A principle to treat food stagnation-related vomiting and diarrhoea or uterine bleeding due to blood stasis with purgative or stasis-unblocking medicines or formulas. 通因通用 tōng yīn tōng yòng 2273 Regulate and balance yin and yang A principle to restore yin-yang equilibrium through medicines, food, emotions or reinforcing/ reducing needling techniques. 调理阴阳 tiáo lǐ yīn yáng 调平阴阳；调整 阴阳 2274 Seeking yang from yin This is originally a needling method to puncture yin meridians for problems of yang meridians. Later, this method has been developed into a treatment principle based on interdependence between yin and yang: to add some yin-nourishing medicines to yang-reinforcing formulas to assist the transformation of yang qi. 从阴引阳 cóng yīn yǐn yáng 阴中求阳 2275 Seeking yin from yang This is originally a needling method to puncture yang meridians for problems of yin meridians. Later, this method has been developed into a principle based on interdependence between yin and yang: to add some yang-reinforcing medicines to yin-nourishing formulas to assist the generation of yin qi. 从阳引阴 cóng yáng yǐn yīn 阳中求阴 328 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2276 Reinforce the mother (element) for deficiency pattern A principle to treat deficiency of zang–fu organs based on the five-element theory. For example, since (spleen) earth promotes (lung) metal, lung deficiency can be treated by reinforcing the spleen and stomach. 虚者补其母 xū zhě bǔ qí mǔ 虚则补其母 2277 Reduce the son (element) for excess pattern A principle to treat excess of zang–fu organs based on the five-element theory. For example, since (heart) fire promotes (spleen earth), hyperactivity of heart fire can be treated by reducing the spleen and stomach. 实者泻其子 shí zhě xiè qí zǐ 实则泻其子 2278 Same treatment for different diseases A principle to use same treatment for different diseases that share the same pathogenesis. 异病同治 yì bìng tóng zhì 2279 Different treatments for same disease A principle to use different treatments for the same disease caused by different etiological factors; or a principle to treat the same disease according to differences in individuality, time, geographic features, disease severity, differentiated patterns, and ongoing struggle between anti-pathogenic qi and pathogenic factors. 同病异治 tóng bìng yì zhì 2280 Treat the exterior before the interior A principle to treat an exterior pattern before an interior pattern. It applies to a severe exterior pattern but mild interior pattern in concurrent exterior and interior pattern. This principle aims to prevent pathogenic factors in the exterior from entering the interior. 先表后里 xiān biǎo hòu lǐ 2281 3.2 Treatment methods 3.2 治法 2282 Exterior-releasing methods Methods to release the exterior 解表法 jiě biǎo fǎ 发表法 2283 Release the exterior with pungent-warm Promote sweating with pungent-warm Release the exterior and dissipate cold A treatment method to remove wind and dissipate cold with pungent, warm medicines or formulas. It is indicated for wind cold exterior pattern. 辛温解表 xīn wēn jiě biǎo 辛温发汗；发表 散寒 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 329 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2284 Release the exterior with pungent-cool Remove wind and clear heat A treatment method to remove wind and clear heat with pungent, cool medicines or formulas. It is indicated for wind heat exterior pattern. 辛凉解表 xīn liáng jiě biǎo 辛凉透表；疏散 风热 2285 Clear heat with pungent-cool Release the exterior and clear heat A treatment method to clear heat in the exterior. It is indicated for patterns involving both the Wei- defence and qi phases. 辛凉清热 xīn liáng qīng rè 解表清热 2286 Remove pathogenic factors and release the exterior Remove pathogenic factors in the exterior A method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior. It is indicated for excess exterior pattern. 疏邪解表 shū xié jiě biǎo 疏邪透表 2287 Remove wind and promote skin eruption Release the exterior and promote skin eruption A treatment method to remove wind and promote skin eruption through formulas or external therapies. It is often indicated for measles or rubella. 疏风透疹 shū fēng tòu zhěn 解表透疹 2288 Release the exterior and unblock meridians A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and unblock meridian qi through formulas, tuina or external therapies. It is indicated for external pathogenic factors impairing the meridian qi. 解表通经 jiě biǎo tōng jīng 2289 Release the exterior and disperse the lung A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for wind warmth or wind cold attacking the lung. 解表宣肺 jiě biǎo xuān fèi 2290 Regulate and harmonize the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence A treatment method to coordinate between Ying nutrients and Wei-defence through removing wind and nourishing yin. It is indicated for disorders due to disharmony between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. 调和营卫 tiáo hé yíng wèi 2291 Eliminate dampness and release the exterior A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors in the exterior and resolve dampness with aroma. It is indicated for wind dampness affecting the exterior. 祛湿解表 qū shī jiě biǎo 2292 Regulate qi and release the exterior A treatment method to release the exterior and regulate qi. It is indicated for pathogenic factors affecting the exterior coupled with qi stagnation. 理气解表 lǐ qì jiě biǎo 330 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2293 Reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior A treatment method to release the exterior and reinforce the healthy qi. It is indicated for deficiency of qi, blood, yin and yang coupled with external pathogenic factors affecting the exterior. 扶正解表 fú zhèng jiě biǎo 2294 Supplement qi and release the exterior A treatment method to release the exterior and tonifyqi. It is indicated for exterior pattern coupled with qi deficiency. 益气解表 yì qì jiě biǎo 补气解表 2295 Emetic methods Treatment methods to irritate the throat with medicine or tools to induce vomiting. The purpose is to expel harmful substances out of the body. 涌吐法 yǒng tù fǎ 2296 Induce vomiting to eliminate phlegm and salivation A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate phlegm. It is indicated for exuberant, turbid phlegm affecting the upper or middle jiao. 涌吐痰涎 yǒng tù tán xián 2297 Induce vomiting to eliminate wind phlegm A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate wind phlegm. It is indicated for wind phlegm affecting the upper part of the body. 涌吐风痰 yǒng tù fēng tán 2298 Induce sweating to eliminate retained phlegm and food A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate stagnant phlegm and food. It is indicated for phlegm intertwined with undigested food. 涌吐痰食 yǒng tù tán shí 2299 Induce vomiting to eliminate food retention A treatment method to induce vomiting to eliminate undigested food. It is indicated for food retention in the stomach. 涌吐宿食 yǒng tù sù shí 2300 Induce vomiting to refresh the mind A treatment method to induce vomiting to unblock and resuscitate. It is indicated for exuberant, turbid phlegm disturbing the heart mind. 开关涌吐 kāi guān yǒng tù 涌吐开关 2301 Purgative methods Interior purgation methods Treatment methods to clear interior heat, retained water or stagnant blood. 攻下法 gōng xià fǎ 攻里法 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 331 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2302 Clear heat and promote bowel movements Fire-clearing purgation Purgation with bitter-cold Drastic purgation A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and unblock the bowel. It is indicated for heat accumulating in the large intestine. 清热攻下 qīng rè gōng xià 泻火攻下；泻火 通腑；泻火通 便；清热通腑； 清热通便；苦寒 攻下；峻下热结 2303 Promote bowel movements and circulate qi Congestion- clearing and qi-circulating purgation A treatment method to combine purgative and qi-circulating medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to constipation due to heat and qi stagnation. 泻结行滞 xiè jié xíng zhì 2304 Warm yang and dissipate cold A treatment method to combine purgative, yang- warming and cold-dissipating medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to excessive cold retention. 温下实寒 wēn xià shí hán 2305 Moisten dryness and promote bowel movements Yin-nourishing purgation A treatment method to combine purgative, fluid- generating and dryness-moistening medicines. It is indicated for constipation due to intestinal dryness or yin deficiency. 润燥通便 rùn zào tōng biàn 润肠通便；增液 通下；滋阴通下 2306 Benefit qi and promote bowel movements Supplement qi and promote bowel movements A treatment method to supplement qi to promote bowel movements. It is indicated for constipation due to qi deficiency. 益气通下 yì qì tōng xià 益气通便 2307 Warm yang and promote bowel movements Yang-warming purgation A treatment method to combine purgative, yang- warming and cold-dissipating medicines. It is indicated for constipation due to (yang) deficiency cold. 温阳通便 wēn yáng tōng biàn 温阳通下 2308 Moisten the intestine and clear heat A treatment method to combine purgative, ying- nourishing, dryness-moistening and heat-clearing medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to heat retention and intestinal dryness. 润肠泄热 rùn cháng xiè rè 2309 Soften hardness and moisten dryness A treatment method to use medicines to soften hardness and moisten dryness. It is indicated for conditions due to dryness resulting from fluid insufficiency. 软坚润燥 ruǎn jiān rùn zào 2310 Promote bowel movements and expel water A treatment method to use purgative medicines to resolve water retention. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of water fluid. 泻下逐水 xiè xià zhú shuǐ 攻下逐水； 332 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2311 Urgent purgation to preserve yin A treatment method to conduct urgent purgation to preserve yin fluids. It is indicated for febrile disease with dry heat consuming yin fluids. 急下存阴 jí xià cún yīn 2312 Methods to release both the exterior and interior Methods to concurrently release both exterior and interior Treatment methods to remove pathogenic factors in both the exterior and interior. 表里双解法 biǎo lǐ shuāng jiě fǎ 2313 Release the exterior and purge the interior A treatment method to combine purgative and exterior-releasing medicines. It is indicated for excess pattern involving both the exterior and interior. 解表攻里 jiě biǎo gōng lǐ 发表攻里；发表 攻下；解表攻下 2314 Release the exterior and clear the interior A treatment method to combine exterior-releasing and interior-clearing medicines. It is indicated for exterior–interior heat pattern or exterior cold with interior heat pattern. 解表清里 jiě biǎo qīng lǐ 2315 Release the exterior and warm the interior Induce sweating and warm the interior A treatment method to use medicines to induce sweating, release the exterior, warm the interior and dissipate cold. It is indicated for exterior- interior cold pattern or exterior heat with interior cold pattern. 解表温里 jiě biǎo wēn lǐ 发汗温里 2316 Methods to harmonize and release Treatment methods to harmonize and release pathogenic factors affecting Shaoyang or coordinate functions of the zang–fu organs. 和解法 hé jiě fǎ 2317 Harmonize and release the exterior and interior A treatment method to use medicines that are neutral in property to harmonize between the exterior and interior. It is indicated for mild conditions involving both the exterior and interior. 和解表里 hé jiě biǎo lǐ 2318 Regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen Harmonize between the liver and spleen A treatment method to soothe the liver, fortify the spleen and regulate qi activity to harmonize between the liver and spleen. It is indicated or liver qi stagnation with spleen deficiency or liver hyperactivity with spleen deficiency. 调和肝脾 tiáo hé gān pí 调理肝脾 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 333 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2319 Soothe the liver and harmonize the stomach A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the liver and stomach to harmonize between the liver and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the liver and stomach or disharmony between the liver and stomach. 疏肝和胃 shū gān hé wèi 2320 Regulate and harmonize the stomach and intestines Harmonize between the stomach and intestines A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the stomach and intestines to harmonize between the stomach and intestines. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the stomach and intestines. 调理肠胃 tiáo lǐ cháng wèi 调和肠胃 2321 Regulate and harmonize the spleen and stomach Harmonize between the spleen and stomach A treatment method to regulate qi activity of the spleen and stomach to harmonize between the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the spleen and stomach. 调理脾胃 tiáo lǐ pí wèi 调和脾胃 2322 Regulate and harmonize qi and blood Regulate qi and harmonize blood A treatment method to use qi-regulating and blood-circulating formulas. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between qi and blood. 调和气血 tiáo hé qì xuè 调理气血；理气 和血 2323 Regulate qi and harmonize the Ying nutrients A treatment method to use medicines to regulate qi and harmonize the Ying nutrients. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between qi and Ying nutrients. 调气和营 tiáo qì hé yíng 2324 Balance and regulate cold and heat Mediate cold and heat A treatment method to use neutral-property medicines to clear heat and remove cold. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between (yin) cold and (yang) heat. 平调寒热 píng tiáo hán rè 调和寒热 2325 Induce urination and promote bowel movements A treatment method to induce urination and promote bowel movements to eliminate pathogenic factors. 分消走泄 fēn xiāo zǒu xiè 2326 Induce vomiting and promoting bladder/ bowel movements A treatment method to use medicines to induce vomiting, eliminate phlegm and promote bladder or bowel movements to separately eliminate pathogenic factors. 分消上下 fēn xiāo shàng xià 334 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2327 Release the exterior and clear interior excess A treatment method to use medicines to release the exterior and clear interior excess to separately eliminate pathogenic factors from the exterior and interior. 表里分消 biǎo lǐ fēn xiāo 2328 Regulate the Chong and Ren Regulate and nourish the Chong and Ren A treatment method to use formulas to regulate qi and blood of the Chong and Ren. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the Chong and Ren. 调理冲任 tiáo lǐ chōng rèn 调摄冲任 2329 Heat-clearing methods Treatment methods to clear excess or deficiency heat 清热法 qīng rè fǎ 2330 Clear heat and reduce fire Clear heat with bitter cold A treatment method to use formulas that are cold in property and bitter in taste to clear heat and reduce fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberant fire-heat. 清热泻火 qīng rè xiè huǒ 清热降火；苦寒 清热 2331 Clear heat with pungent cold Clear qi with pungent cold A treatment method to use formulas that are pungent cold in taste and cold in property to clear and disperse heat. It is indicated for qi phase pattern, pattern of both Wei-defence and qi phases or interior heat moving out to the exterior. 辛寒清热 xīn hán qīng rè 辛寒清气 2332 Clear heat and remove toxins Clear heat to detoxify A treatment method to clear heat and reduce fire to remove toxins. It is indicated for toxic fire, migratory toxic fire or toxic fire entering the collaterals. 清热解毒 qīng rè jiě dú 泄热解毒；泄热 败毒；清热败 毒；清火解毒； 清泻火毒 2333 Clear heat and cool blood Clear qi and cool blood A treatment method to use formulas to clear heat and cool blood. It is indicated for blazing of both qi and blood and blood phase pattern. 清热凉血 qīng rè liáng xuè 清气凉血 2334 Clear heat in the Ying nutrients and cool blood A treatment method to clear heat in the Ying nutrients and cool blood. It is indicated for conditions due to heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood. 清营凉血 qīng yíng liáng xiě 2335 Clear and reduce stagnant heat Clear stagnant fire Clear and disperse fire Clear heat and alleviate vexation A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and alleviate vexation. It is indicated for qi stagnation transforming into fire or heat disturbing the heart mind. 清宣郁热 qīng xuān yù rè 清泄郁热；清泄 郁火；清宣郁 火；解郁泄热； 清热除烦；清心 除烦 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 335 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2336 Clear and reduce deficiency heat A treatment method to clear heat and nourish yin. It is indicated for internal heat due to yin deficiency. 清泻虚热 qīng xiè xū rè 清泻虚火 2337 Clear and reduce interior heat Clear the zang–fu organs A treatment method to clear heat of the zang–fu organs. It is indicated for excess heat in the zang– fu organs. 清泄里热 qīng xiè lǐ rè 清泄脏腑 2338 Clear and reduce heart fire Clear the heart and reduce fire A treatment method to clear the heart and reduce fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of heart fire. 清心泻火 qīng xīn xiè huǒ 清心泄热 2339 Clear and reduce lung heat A treatment method to clear lung heat. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of lung heat. 清热泻肺 qīng rè xiè fèi 2340 Clear and reduce stomach heat Clear the stomach and reduce fire A treatment method to clear stomach fire. It is indicated for conditions due to exuberance of stomach fire. 清胃泄热 qīng wèi xiè rè 清胃降火；清胃 降热；清胃泄火 2341 Clear and reduce spleen heat Clear the spleen and reduce fire A treatment method to clear fire heat of the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for excess heat in the spleen and stomach. 清脾泄热 qīng pí xiè rè 清脾泻火；清泄 脾胃伏火 2342 Clear and reduce liver fire Clear the liver and reduce fire A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver meridian. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity along the liver meridian, exuberance of liver fire and upward flaming of liver fire. 清肝泄火 qīng gān xiè huǒ 清肝泻火；清肝 泻热；清肝泄热 2343 Clear and reduce gallbladder heat Clear gallbladder fire A treatment method to clear fire heat in the gallbladder meridian. It is indicated for stagnant heat in the gallbladder meridian. 清泄胆热 qīng xiè dǎn rè 清泄胆火 2344 Clear heat in the liver and gallbladder A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and gallbladder. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity of the liver and gallbladder. 清泻肝胆 qīng xiè gān dǎn 清泄肝胆 2345 Clear heat in the heart and spleen A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and spleen. It is indicated for heat accumulating in the heart and spleen. 清心泻脾 qīng xīn xiè pí 2346 Clear heat in the heart and liver A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and liver. It is indicated for fire hyperactivity of the heart and liver. 清心泻肝 qīng xīn xiè gān 336 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2347 Clear heat in the heart and lung A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and lung. It is indicated for exuberant heat in the heart and lung. 清心泻肺 qīng xīn xiè fèi 2348 Clear heat in the heart and kidney A treatment method to clear fire heat in the heart and kidney. It is indicated for fire heat in the heart and kidney. 清心泻肾 qīng xīn xiè shèn 2349 Clear heat in the liver and lung A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and lung. It is indicated for liver fire attacking the lung or exuberant heat in the liver and lung. 泻肝清肺 xiè gān qīng fèi 2350 Clear heat in the liver and stomach A treatment method to clear fire heat in the liver and stomach. It is indicated for liver fire attacking the stomach or exuberant heat in the liver and stomach. 泻肝清胃 xiè gān qīng wèi 2351 Clear heat in the lung and stomach A treatment method to clear fire heat in the lung and stomach. It is indicated for exuberant heat in the lung and stomach. 清泻肺胃 qīng xiè fèi wèi 2352 Clear and reduce diaphragm heat A treatment method to clear heat and cool the diaphragm. It is indicated for heat disturbing the diaphragm. 清泄膈热 qīng xiè gé rè 2353 Clear and reduce intestine heat A treatment method to clear intestinal fire heat. It is indicated for conditions due to excess heat in the intestines. 清泻肠热 qīng xiè cháng rè 2354 Clear and reduce ministerial fire A treatment method to clear heat and reduce ministerial fire. It is indicated for hyperactivity and stirring of ministerial fire. 清泄相火 qīng xiè xiàng huǒ 2355 Clear heat and relieve strangury Reduce fire and relieve strangury A treatment method to clear fire heat in the urinary bladder. It is indicated for heat strangury or retained heat in the urinary bladder. 清热通淋 qīng rè tōng lín 泻火通淋 2356 Clear heat and quiet the fetus A treatment method to clear fire heat to quiet the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to heat disturbing the uterus. 清热安胎 qīng rè ān tāi 2357 Clear heat and generate fluids Clear heat with sweet-cold A treatment method to use heat-clearing and fluid-generating medicines. It is indicated for fire heat consuming fluids or internal heat due to yin deficiency. 清热生津 qīng rè shēng jīn 泄热生津；泄热 存津；清热存 津；甘凉清热 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 337 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2358 Clear heat and relieve bone-steaming sensation A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire and eliminate bone-steaming sensation. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency fire or bone- steaming sensation. 清热除蒸 qīng rè chú zhēng 2359 Qi-regulating methods Treatment methods to regulate qi activity 理气法 lǐ qì fǎ 2360 Regulate qi and resolve stagnation Regulate qi and unblock stagnation A treatment method to regulate qi and unblock stagnation. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation. 理气行滞 lǐ qì xíng zhì 理气导滞 2361 Soothe the liver and regulate qi Soothe the liver and relieve depression A treatment method to soothe the liver, regulate qi, unblock stagnation and resolve depression. It is indicated for conditions due to liver qi stagnation. 疏肝理气 shū gān lǐ qì 疏肝解郁 2362 Soothe the liver and promote bile flow A treatment method to soothe liver qi and promote the flow of bile. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation of the liver and gallbladder. 疏肝利胆 shū gān lì dǎn 2363 Disperse lung qi A treatment method to disperse lung qi. It is indicated for conditions due to pathogenic factors affecting the dispersing of lung qi. 宣肺通气 xuān fèi tōng qì 2364 Circulate qi and harmonize the stomach Regulate qi and strengthen the stomach A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation, harmonize the stomach and soothe the middle jiao. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach qi failing to descend or stomach qi stagnation. 行气和胃 xíng qì hé wèi 理气和胃；理气 健胃；行气健 胃；行气宽中 2365 Regulate qi and strengthen the spleen A treatment method to regulate and supplement qi, unblock stagnation, and strengthen the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen failing to transport and transform, spleen deficiency with qi stagnation or worries damaging the spleen. 理气健脾 lǐ qì jiàn pí 2366 Circulate and down- regulate qi A treatment method to circulate and down- regulate qi. It is indicated for conditions due to adverse ascending of qi. 行气降逆 xíng qì jiàng nì 顺气降逆 2367 Regulate qi and resolve masses Circulate qi and resolve nodules A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and thus resolve masses/nodules. It is indicated for conditions due to chronic qi stagnation. 理气消痞 lǐ qì xiāo pǐ 行气消痞；行气 散结；理气散结 338 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2368 Methods to regulate blood Treatment methods to regulate blood and restore normal blood circulation 理血法 lǐ xuè fǎ 2369 Circulate blood and transform stasis Circulate blood and eliminate stasis Circulate blood and dissipate stasis A treatment method to circulate blood and transform stasis. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis. 活血化瘀 huó xuè huà yū 活血祛瘀；活血 散瘀； 2370 Transform stasis and clear heat A treatment method to transform stasis and clear heat. It is indicated for blood stasis transforming into heat or heat-induced blood stagnation. 化瘀清热 huà yū qīng rè 2371 Circulate blood and resolve stagnation Move blood and circulate qi A treatment method to circulate blood, resolve stasis, regulate qi and eliminate stagnation. It is indicated for blood stasis due to qi stagnation or qi stagnation due to blood stasis. 活血行滞 huó xuè xíng zhì 活血行气 2372 Circulate blood and resolve masses A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and resolve masses. It is indicated for masses due to blood stagnation. 活血消积 huó xuè xiāo jī 活血消癥 2373 Eliminate stasis and regenerate blood A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and regenerate new blood. It is indicated for blood stasis coupled with blood deficiency. 祛瘀生新 qū yū shēng xīn 化瘀生新 2374 Circulate and nourish blood Harmonize and nourish blood Resolve stasis and nourish blood A treatment method to circulate and nourish blood. It is indicated for conditions due to blood deficiency coupled with stasis. 活血养血 huó xuè yǎng xiě 和血养血；祛瘀 养血 2375 Transform stasis and unblock collaterals A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis obstructing the meridians. 祛瘀通络 qū yū tōng luò 化瘀通络；行瘀 通络 2376 Transform stasis and drain water retention A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, resolve water retention and drain dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis and water retention. 化瘀利水 huà yū lì shuǐ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 339 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2377 Transform stasis and resolve swelling Dissipate stasis and eliminate swelling Break stasis and resolve swelling A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and resolve swelling. It is indicated for haematoma. 化瘀消肿 huà yū xiāo zhǒng 祛瘀消肿；散瘀 消肿；破瘀消肿 2378 Circulate blood and relax tendons A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, relax tendons and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis affecting the tendons and meridians. 活血舒筋 huó xuè shū jīn 祛瘀舒筋 2379 Circulate blood and eliminate wind A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, eliminate wind and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis with wind dryness or blood stasis with wind bi-impediment. 活血祛风 huó xuè qū fēng 活血搜风 2380 Circulate blood and alleviate pain Circulate blood, unblock meridians and alleviate pain A treatment method to circulate blood, unblock meridians and alleviate pain. It is indicated for pain due to blood stasis obstructing the meridians. 活血止痛 huó xuè zhǐ tòng 活血通络止痛 2381 Transform stasis and stop bleeding A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and stop bleeding. It is indicated for bleeding due to blood stasis. 化瘀止血 huà yū zhǐ xiě 祛瘀止血 2382 Unblock meridians and increase lactation A treatment method to unblock meridians to increase lactation. It is indicated for insufficient lactation due to meridian obstruction. 通络下乳 tōng luò xià rǔ 2383 Harmonize meridians Unblock meridians A treatment method to harmonize meridians using acupuncture, tuina, external therapies or herbal formulas. It is indicated for conditions caused by meridian obstruction. 和络 hé luò 通络；活络 2384 Unblock meridians and relieve itch A treatment method to unblock meridians, harmonize blood and stop itching using herbal formulas or other therapies. It is indicated for itching due to obstruction of meridian qi. 通经止痒 tōng jīng zhǐ yǎng 2385 Circulate blood and regulate menstruation Harmonize blood and regulate menstruation A treatment method to circulate blood, regulate qi and benefit menstruation. It is indicated for irregular menstruation due to disharmony between qi and blood. 活血调经 huó xuè tiáo jīng 和血调经 340 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2386 Harmonize blood and quiet fetus A treatment method to circulate blood, regulate qi and quiet the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to disharmony between qi and blood. 和血安胎 hé xuè ān tāi 2387 Transform stasis and induce labour A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and induce labour. It is indicated for difficult labour due to blood stasis and qi stagnation. 祛瘀下胎 qū yū xià tāi 化瘀下胎；化瘀 催产；祛瘀催产 2388 Transform stasis and unblock brain collaterals. A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock brain collaterals. It is indicated for conditions due to stasis obstructing the brain collaterals. 化瘀通脑 huà yū tōng nǎo 2389 Transform stasis and disperse the lung A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for conditions due to stasis obstructing the lung collaterals. 化瘀宣肺 huà yū xuān fèi 2390 Transform stasis and soothe the chest A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, and soothe the chest and diaphragm. It is indicated for stasis obstructing the chest, diaphragm or subcostal region. 化瘀宽胸 huà yū kuān xiōng 2391 Transform blood stasis and soothe the heart A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis and unblock heart vessels. It is indicated for conditions due to heart blood stasis. 化瘀宽心 huà yū kuān xīn 2392 Transform stasis and harmonize the stomach A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, harmonize the stomach, and soothe the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for stasis obstructing the stomach collaterals. 化瘀和胃 huà yū hé wèi 2393 Transform stasis and nourish the stomach A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, nourish the stomach and harmonize the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach deficiency with blood stasis. 化瘀养胃 huà yū yǎng wèi 2394 Transform stasis and soothe the liver A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, soothe the liver and harmonize collaterals. It is indicated for conditions due to liver blood stasis. 化瘀疏肝 huà yū shū gān 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 341 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2395 Transform stasis and nourish the liver A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, tonify blood and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver deficiency with blood stasis. 化瘀养肝 huà yū yǎng gān 2396 Transform stasis and regulate the spleen A treatment method to circulate blood, transform stasis, strengthen the spleen and harmonize the spleen and stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to blood stasis affecting the spleen meridian. 化瘀理脾 huà yū lǐ pí 2397 Dampness-eliminating methods Methods to disperse and transform dampness with aromatic medicines 祛湿法 qū shī fǎ 2398 Repel filth and transform turbidity Transform turbidity with aroma A treatment method to transform turbidity and repel filth with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to filth, turbidity and dampness. 辟秽化浊 pì huì huà zhuó 芳香化浊；辟秽 泄浊；芳香泄浊 2399 Drain dampness and transform turbidity A treatment method to induce urination to transform turbid dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness. 利湿化浊 lì shī huà zhuó 祛湿化浊 2400 Disperse dampness A treatment method to disperse turbid dampness with aromatic, pungent medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness binding the exterior. 宣散湿邪 xuān sàn shī xié 宣散湿浊 2401 Circulate qi and transform dampnes Regulate qi and transform dampness A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and transform dampness with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness obstructing the flow of qi. 行气化湿 xíng qì huà shī 理气化湿 2402 Transform dampness and harmonize the Ying nutrients Dry dampness and harmonize the Ying nutrients A treatment method to transform dampness with aromatic medicines and harmonize between the Ying nutrients and Wei-defence. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness affecting the surface of the body. 化湿和营 huà shī hé yíng 燥湿和营 342 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2403 Transform dampness and harmonize the middle jiao Transform dampness and awaken the spleen Transform dampness and strengthen the spleen A treatment method to transform turbid dampness to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness affecting the spleen and stomach or spleen deficiency coupled with dampness. 化湿和中 huà shī hé zhōng 化湿醒脾；化湿 健脾；化湿运脾 2404 Strengthen the spleen and transform dampness Supplement the spleen and resolve dampness A treatment method to tonify spleen qi to transform turbid phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen deficiency coupled with dampness. 健脾化湿 jiàn pí huà shī 扶脾化湿；扶脾 祛湿；健脾祛湿 2405 Induce urination and drain dampness A treatment method to resolve dampness by inducing urination with medicines that are bland in taste. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of water dampness. 淡渗分利 dàn shèn fēn lì 淡渗祛湿 2406 Soothe the middle jiao and drain dampness A treatment method to transform turbid dampness to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen deficiency coupled with dampness. 宽中利湿 kuān zhōng lì shī 宽中化湿 2407 Clear heart fire and drain dampness Clear the heart and induce urination A treatment method to induce urination and clear heart fire. It is indicated for exuberance of heart fire coupled with water dampness. 清心利湿 qīng xīn lì shī 清心利水 2408 Clear gallbladder heat and drain dampness A treatment method to clear gallbladder heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for damp heat in the gallbladder. 清胆利湿 qīng dǎn lì shī 2409 Dry dampness and circulate qi Dry dampness and unblock stagnation A treatment method to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and dry dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation coupled with dampness retention. 燥湿行气 zào shī xíng qì 燥湿行滞 2410 Dry dampness and harmonize the stomach Dry dampness and harmonize the middle jiao A treatment method to dry dampness with pungent, dry medicines and harmonize the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to dampness obstructing the spleen and stomach. 燥湿和胃 zào shī hé wèi 燥湿和中 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 343 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2411 Remove wind and dry dampness Remove wind and transform dampness A treatment method to remove wind and dry dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to wind dampness affecting the body. 祛风燥湿 qū fēng zào shī 疏风燥湿；疏风 化湿；祛风化湿 2412 Dissipate cold and eliminate dampness Dissipate cold and dry dampness A treatment method to remove cold and eliminate dampness with pungent, warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to cold dampness affecting the body. 散寒除湿 sàn hán chú shī 散寒祛湿；散寒 燥湿； 2413 Clear heat and eliminate dampness A treatment method to clear heat and eliminate dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to damp heat accumulation. 清热祛湿 qīng rè qū shī 清热除湿 2414 Clear heat and transform dampness in three jiao Clear heat and transform dampness in triple energizer A treatment method to combine heat-clearing and dampness-resolving medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to damp heat diffusing over the three jiao. 清利三焦 qīng lì sān jiāo 清化三焦；清化 三焦湿热；清理 三焦湿热 2415 Clear heat, dry dampness and remove toxins A treatment method to clear heat, transform dampness and remove toxins. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic damp heat accumulation. 清热燥湿解毒 qīng rè zào shī jiě dú 泄热燥湿解毒； 泄热化湿解毒； 清热化湿解毒 2416 Induce urination and resolve oedema A treatment method or formula to induce urination to resolve oedema. It is indicated for oedema. 利水消肿 lì shuǐ xiāo zhǒng 2417 Remove dampness and unblock collaterals A treatment method to transform dampness and unblock collaterals. It is indicated for dampness obstructing the collaterals. 除湿通络 chú shī tōng luò 化湿通络 2418 Moistening methods Treatment methods to increase fluids to moisten dryness 润燥法 rùn zào fǎ 2419 Moisten by mild dispersing Disperse qi and moisten external dryness A treatment method to disperse lung qi, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for external dryness affecting the exterior. 轻宣润燥 qīng xuān rùn zào 轻宣外燥 2420 Clear heat and moisten dryness A treatment method to clear heat, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for conditions due to warm dryness damaging yin. 清热润燥 qīng rè rùn zào 2421 Clear lung heat and moisten dryness Clear dryness and moisten the lung A treatment method to clear heat, disperse lung qi and moisten dryness. It is indicated for dryness affecting the lung, lung heat due to yin deficiency or lung dryness with stagnant heat. 清肺润燥 qīng fèi rùn zào 清燥润肺 344 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2422 Nourish yin and moisten dryness A treatment method to nourish yin, clear heat, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for internal dryness due to yin deficiency. 滋阴润燥 zī yīn rùn zào 养阴润燥 2423 Nourish blood and moisten dryness Tonify blood and moisten dryness A treatment method to tonify blood, increase fluids and moisten dryness. It is indicated for blood dryness due to yin deficiency or blood deficiency with wind dryness. 养血润燥 yǎng xuè rùn zào 补血润燥 2424 Moisten dryness and alleviate thirst A treatment method to nourish yin, increase fluids and alleviate thirst. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of yin fluids. 润燥止渴 rùn zào zhǐ kě 2425 Moisten dryness and stop coughing Moisten the lung and relieve cough A treatment method to nourish yin, moisten dryness and stop coughing. It is indicated for cough due to yin deficiency and lung dryness. 润燥止咳 rùn zào zhǐ ké 润肺止咳 2426 Moisten dryness and remove toxins A treatment method to nourish yin, moisten dryness and remove toxins. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic dryness. 润燥解毒 rùn zào jiě dú 2427 Increase fluids and promote bowel movements Increase water to float the boat A treatment method to nourish fluids, moisten the intestines and promote bowel movements. It is indicated for constipation due to large intestine dryness. 增液通便 zēng yè tōng biàn 增水行舟 2428 Reinforcing methods Treatment methods to tonify yin, yang, qi, blood and bodily fluids and reinforce the functions of the zang–fu organs. 补益法 bǔ yì fǎ 2429 Tonify qi Supplement qi Supplement anti- pathogenic qi A treatment method to tonify healthy qi. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency. 补气 bǔ qì 益气；扶正益 气；扶正补气 2430 Tonify heart qi Reinforce heart qi A treatment method to tonify qi and nourish the heart. It is indicated for conditions due to heart qi deficiency. 补益心气 bǔ yì xīn qì 补心益气 2431 Tonify lung qi Reinforce lung qi A treatment method to tonify qi and benefit the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung qi deficiency. 补益肺气 bǔ yì fèi qì 补肺益气 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 345 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2432 Tonify qi of the spleen and stomach Reinforce the spleen and tonify the stomach A treatment method to tonify qi, strengthen the spleen and benefit the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and stomach. 补益中气 bǔ yì zhōng qì 补脾健胃；补中 益气 2433 Tonify liver qi Reinforce liver qi A treatment method to tonify qi and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver qi deficiency. 补益肝气 bǔ yì gān qì 补肝益气 2434 Tonify kidney qi Reinforce kidney qi A treatment method to tonify the kidney and supplement qi. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney qi deficiency. 补益肾气 bǔ yì shèn qì 补肾益气 2435 Tonify the heart and lung Reinforce the heart and benefit the lung A treatment method to tonify qi of the heart and lung. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the heart and lung. 补益心肺 bǔ yì xīn fèi 补心益肺 2436 Tonify the spleen and benefit the lung Cultivate the earth to generate metal A treatment method to tonify qi of the spleen and lung. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and lung. 补脾益肺 bǔ pí yì fèi 培土生金 2437 Tonify the spleen and kidney Reinforce the spleen and benefit the kidney A treatment method to tonify qi of the spleen and kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to qi deficiency of the spleen and kidney. 补益脾肾 bǔ yì pí shèn 补脾益肾 2438 Tonify qi to prevent collapse Supplement qi to prevent collapse A treatment method to greatly supplement vital qi. It is indicated for conditions due to collapse of vital qi. 补气固脱 bǔ qì gù tuō 益气固脱 2439 Tonify blood A treatment method to supplement blood. It is indicated for conditions due to blood deficiency. 补血 bǔ xuè 2440 Tonify blood and nourish the heart A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the heart. It is indicated for conditions due to heart blood deficiency. 补血养心 bǔ xuè yǎng xīn 2441 Tonify blood and nourish the liver A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver blood deficiency. 补血养肝 bǔ xuè yǎng gān 2442 Tonify blood and prevent collapse A treatment method to tonify blood and prevent collapse. It is indicated for conditions due to blood loss. 补血固脱 bǔ xuè gù tuō 346 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2443 Nourish yin Nourish and supplement yin fluids A treatment method to nourish yin and supplement yin fluids with sweet, tonic food or medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yin deficiency. 滋阴 zī yīn 滋补阴液 2444 Nourish and supplement heart yin Nourish heart yin A treatment method to nourish heart yin. It is indicated for conditions due to heart yin deficiency. 滋补心阴 zī bǔ xīn yīn 滋养心阴 2445 Nourish and supplement lung yin Nourish lung yin A treatment method to nourish yin and tonify the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung yin deficiency. 滋补肺阴 zī bǔ fèi yīn 滋养肺阴 2446 Nourish yin and benefit the stomach Nourish yin and harmonize the stomach Benefit the stomach and generate fluids A treatment method to nourish yin, generate fluids, supplement qi and benefit the stomach. It is indicated for stomach yin deficiency, qi and yin deficiency of the stomach or stomach dryness. 滋阴益胃 zī yīn yì wèi 养阴益胃；养阴 和胃；滋阴和 胃；益胃生津 2447 Nourish and supplement spleen yin Nourish spleen yin A treatment method to nourish yin and fortify the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen yin deficiency. 滋补脾阴 zī bǔ pí yīn 滋养脾阴 2448 Nourish and supplement liver yin Nourish liver yin A treatment method to nourish liver yin. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yin deficiency. 滋补肝阴 zī bǔ gān yīn 滋养肝阴 2449 Nourish and supplement kidney yin Nourish kidney yin A treatment method to nourish kidney yin. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney yin deficiency. 滋补肾阴 zī bǔ shèn yīn 滋养肾阴 2450 Nourish and supplement the heart and lung Nourish the heart and lung A treatment method to nourish and supplement the heart and lung. It is indicated for qi and yin deficiency of the heart and lung. 滋补心肺 zī bǔ xīn fèi 滋养心肺 2451 Nourish yin and clear heat A treatment method to nourish yin and clear heat. It is indicated for conditions due to (yin) deficiency heat. 滋阴清热 zī yīn qīng rè 养阴清热 2452 Tonify yang and supplement qi Warm yang and supplement qi A treatment method to combine yang-warming and qi-tonifying medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yang qi deficiency. 补阳益气 bǔ yáng yì qì 温阳益气 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 347 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2453 Tonify yang Strengthen yang Warm yang A treatment method to warm and tonify yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to yang deficiency. 补阳 bǔ yáng 壮阳；温阳 2454 Warm and tonify heart yang A treatment method to use warm-property medicines to tonify the heart and activate yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to heart yang deficiency. 温补心阳 wēn bǔ xīn yáng 2455 Warm and tonify lung yang A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to lung yang deficiency. 温补肺阳 wēn bǔ fèi yáng 2456 Warm and tonify spleen yang Warm spleen yang A treatment method to warm yang and fortify the spleen. It is indicated for conditions due to spleen yang deficiency. 温补脾阳 wēn bǔ pí yáng 温运脾阳 2457 Warm and tonify stomach yang Warm yang and benefit the stomach A treatment method to warm yang and strengthen the stomach. It is indicated for conditions due to stomach yang deficiency. 温补胃阳 wēn bǔ wèi yáng 温阳益胃 2458 Warm and tonify liver yang A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the liver. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yang deficiency. 温补肝阳 wēn bǔ gān yáng 2459 Warm and tonify kidney yang Warm and tonify kidney qi Warm the kidney and strengthen yang A treatment method to warm yang and tonify the kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to kidney yang deficiency and kidney qi deficiency. 温补肾阳 wēn bǔ shèn yáng 温补肾气；温肾 壮阳 2460 Warm and tonify the heart and lung A treatment method to warm and tonify the heart and lung. It is indicated for yang deficiency of the heart and lung. 温补心肺 wēn bǔ xīn fèi 2461 Warm yang and circulate qi Warm yang and regulate qi A treatment method to warm yang, regulate qi and unblock stagnation. It is indicated for conditions due to yang deficiency and qi stagnation. 温阳行气 wēn yáng xíng qì 温阳理气 2462 Tonify qi and blood Tonify qi and nourish blood A treatment method to tonify qi and blood. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of qi and blood. 补益气血 bǔ yì qì xuè 补气养血 348 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2463 Nourish yin and tonify yang Nourish yin and warm yang A treatment method to nourish yin and tonify yang. It is indicated for conditions due to deficiency of yin and yang. 滋阴补阳 zī yīn bǔ yáng 滋阴温阳 2464 Supplement qi and nourish yin Nourish yin and supplement qi Tonify essence and benefit marrow Tonify the kidney and benefit marrow A treatment method to supplement qi and nourish yin. It is indicated for deficiency of qi and yin. 益气滋阴 yì qì zī yīn 益气养阴；滋阴 益气；补精益 髓；补肾益髓 2465 Tonify essence and marrow A treatment method to supplement essence and marrow with medicines that contain animal flesh and blood. It is indicated for kidney deficiency or essential qi deficiency. 补益精髓 bǔ yì jīng suǐ 2466 Tonify the heart and kidney A treatment method to tonify the heart and benefit the kidney. It is indicated for yin/ yang deficiency of the heart and kidney, qi/ yin deficiency of the heart and kidney, and qi deficiency of the heart and kidney. 补益心肾 bǔ yì xīn shèn 2467 Nourish yin and tonify blood A treatment method to combine yin-nourishing and blood-tonifying medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to yin blood deficiency. 滋阴补血 zī yīn bǔ xuè 2468 Tonify essence to generate qi A treatment method to tonify yin essence to transform into yang qi. It is indicated for conditions resulting from yang qi deficiency due to yin essence deficiency. 生气于精 shēng qì yú jīng 2469 Supplement qi and prevent collapse A treatment method to prevent life-threatening qi collapse following loss of blood/fluids with qi-supplementing and astringent medicines. 益气固脱 yì qì gù tuō 2470 Warming interior methods Treatment methods to warm and unblock the zang–fu organs and meridians, supplement yang and dissipate cold 温里法 wēn lǐ fǎ 2471 Resuscitate yang Resuscitate yang for emergency A treatment method to greatly tonify yang qi. It is indicated for conditions due to yang depletion. 回阳 huí yáng 回阳急救 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 349 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2472 Warm yang and dissipate cold Warm the interior and dissipate cold A treatment method to warm and tonify yang qi and dissipate cold. It is indicated for cold retention due to yang deficiency. 温阳散寒 wēn yáng sàn hán 温里散寒 2473 Warm meridians and dissipate cold A treatment method to warm yang, dissipate cold and unblock meridians. It is indicated for conditions due to cold retention in the meridians. 温经散寒 wēn jīng sàn hán 温经祛寒 2474 Dissipate cold and alleviate pain A treatment method to stop pain by dissipating cold. It is indicated for pain due to cold retention. 散寒止痛 sàn hán zhǐ tòng 2475 Clearing summer heat methods Treatment methods to remove summer heat 祛暑法 qū shǔ fǎ 2476 Eliminate summer heat A treatment method to remove summer heat. It is indicated for conditions due to summer heat. 祛暑清热 qū shǔ qīng rè 涤暑清热 2477 Eliminate summer heat and release the exterior Release the exterior and clear summer heat A treatment method to clear summer heat and release the exterior. It is indicated for summer heat attacking the exterior. 祛暑解表 qū shǔ jiě biǎo 解表清暑 2478 Clear summer heat and remove toxins A treatment method to clear summer heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to accumulation of summer heat and dampness. 清暑解毒 qīng shǔ jiě dú 2479 Clear summer heat and drain dampness A treatment method to clear summer heat and transform dampness. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of summer heat and dampness. 祛暑利湿 qū shǔ lì shī 清暑利湿；清暑 化湿；祛暑化湿 2480 Clear summer heat and supplement qi A treatment method to clear summer heat, tonify qi and generate fluids. It is indicated for conditions due to summer heat damaging bodily fluids. 清暑益气 qīng shǔ yì qì 2481 Clear heart fire and remove summer heat A treatment method to clear the heart and remove summer heat. It is indicated for summer heat blocking the heart mind. 清心涤暑 qīng xīn dí shǔ 2482 Clear summer heat and disperse the lung A treatment method to clear summer heat and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for cough or haemoptysis due to summer heat damaging the lung collaterals. 清暑宣肺 qīng shǔ xuān fèi 350 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2483 Removing wind methods Treatment methods to dispel external wind or calm down the internal wind 治风法 zhì fēng fǎ 2484 Dispel external wind A treatment method to remove wind and release the exterior. It is indicated for conditions due to wind attacking the exterior. 疏散风邪 shū sàn fēng xié 疏散外风 2485 Soothe the liver and extinguish wind Calm the liver and stop wind A treatment method to use formulas that contain heavy medicinal minerals to submerge liver yang and stop wind. It is indicated for conditions due to liver yang transforming into wind or sudden hyperactivity of liver yang. 平肝熄风 píng gān xī fēng 镇肝熄风 2486 Soothe the liver and submerge yang A treatment method to use heavy medicinal minerals to soothe the liver and subdue yang. It is indicated for conditions due to hyperactivity of liver yang. 平肝潜阳 píng gān qián yáng 2487 Stop wind and relieve convulsions A treatment method to stop wind and relieve convulsions. It is indicated for convulsions due to internal stirring of liver wind. 熄风解痉 xī fēng jiě jìng 熄风定痉；镇痉 熄风 2488 Resolving phlegm methods Treatment methods to resolve phlegm fluids or nodules in the zang–fu organs, meridians, cutaneous membrane and limbs/joints 祛痰法 qū tán fǎ 2489 Disperse the lung and transform phlegm Transform phlegm and disperse the lung A treatment method to combine medicines to disperse lung qi and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to turbid phlegm obstructing the lung. 宣肺化痰 xuān fèi huà tán 宣肺祛痰；豁痰 宣肺 2490 Dry dampness and transform phlegm Eliminate dampness and transform phlegm Transform phlegm and eliminate dampness Transform phlegm and dry dampness A treatment method to dry dampness and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm dampness. 燥湿化痰 zào shī huà tán 祛湿化痰；化痰 除湿；豁痰燥湿 2491 Clear heat and transform phlegm A treatment method to combine medicines that clear heat and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to heat phlegm. 清热化痰 qīng rè huà tán 清热祛痰；清化 热痰 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 351 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2492 Moisten dryness and transform phlegm Moisten the lung and transform phlegm Moisten and transform dry phlegm A treatment method to generate fluids, moisten dryness and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to dry phlegm. 润燥化痰 rùn zào huà tán 润肺化痰；润化 燥痰 2493 Warm and transform cold phlegm Warm yang and transform phlegm A treatment method to warm yang, remove cold and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to cold phlegm. 温化寒痰 wēn huà hán tán 温阳化痰 2494 Remove wind and transform phlegm A treatment method to combine medicines to remove wind and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to wind phlegm. 祛风化痰 qū fēng huà tán 治风化痰 2495 Regulate qi and transform phlegm Circulate qi and transform phlegm A treatment method to combine medicines to regulate qi, unblock stagnation and transform phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to qi stagnation with phlegm retention or phlegm qi stagnation. 理气化痰 lǐ qì huà tán 行气化痰；行气 祛痰；理气祛痰 2496 Dissipate cold and transform fluid retention A treatment method to dissipate cold and transform water retention using pungent warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions due to internal retention of cold fluid. 散寒化饮 sàn hán huà yǐn 2497 Drain the lung and expel water retention A treatment method to combine medicines to transform fluid retention and drain the lung. It is indicated for conditions due to fluid retention affecting the lung. 泻肺逐饮 xiè fèi zhú yǐn 2498 Warm yang and transform water retention Warm and transform cold fluid retention Warm and transform phlegm fluid retention A treatment method to warm yang, transform phlegm and eliminate fluid retention using pungent warm medicines. It is indicated for conditions resulting from fluid retention due to yang deficiency. 温阳化饮 wēn yáng huà yǐn 温化寒饮；温化 痰饮 2499 Transform phlegm and promote digestion A treatment method to combine medicines to transform phlegm and promote digestion. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm-food stagnation. 化痰消食 huà tán xiāo shí 352 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2500 Eliminate phlegm and transform stasis A treatment method to combine medicines to eliminate phlegm and transform stasis. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm combined with stasis. 祛痰化瘀 qū tán huà yū 2501 Transform phlegm and dissipate nodules Transform phlegm and break nodules Transform phlegm and soften hardness A treatment method to combine medicines to transform phlegm, eliminate masses and soften hardness. It is indicated for phlegm nodules. 化痰散结 huà tán sàn jiē 化痰破结；涤痰 破结；涤痰散 结；祛痰软坚； 豁痰软坚 2502 Transform phlegm and resolve goitre A treatment method to transform phlegm, resolve goitre and disperse nodules. It is indicated for goitre due to phlegm nodules. 化痰消瘿 huà tán xiāo yǐng 化痰消瘤 2503 Eliminate phlegm and unblock bi-impediment A treatment method to unblock bi-impediment by eliminating turbid phlegm. It is indicated for conditions due to turbid phlegm retention. 祛痰宣痹 qū tán xuān bì 2504 Clear heat, eliminate phlegm and transform stasis A treatment method to clear heat, eliminate phlegm and transform stasis. It is indicated for phlegm heat intertwined with stasis or phlegm stasis transforming into heat. 清热祛痰化瘀 qīng rè qū tán huà yū 2505 Eliminate phlegm and kill parasites A treatment method to combine medicines to eliminate phlegm and kill parasites. It is indicated for conditions due to phlegm mixed with parasites. 祛痰杀虫 qū tán shā chóng 2506 Eliminate phlegm, regulate qi and remove toxins A treatment method to eliminate stasis, regulate qi and remove toxins. It is indicated for toxic phlegm retention. 祛痰理气解毒 qū tán lǐ qì jiě dú 2507 Orifice-opening methods Treatment methods to open the orifice and refresh the mind 开窍法 kāi qiào fǎ 2508 Open the orifices and unblock impediments A treatment method to open the orifices, refresh the mind and unblock impediments. It is indicated for conditions due to pathogenic factors misting the heart mind. 开窍通闭 kāi qiào tōng bì 通窍开闭 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 353 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2509 Clear heat and open the orifices A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire, open the orifices and refresh the mind. It is indicated for conditions due to heat blocking the heart mind. 清热开窍 qīng rè kāi qiào 泄热开窍 2510 Calm the heart and open the orifices Calm the mind and open the orifices A treatment method to nourish the heart and settle the mind. It is indicated for cardiac shock, shock from heavy blood loss or unconsciousness due to fear/fright damaging the heart mind. 宁心开窍 níng xīn kāi qiào 宁神开窍 2511 Open the orifices with aroma Repel foulness and open the orifices A treatment method to unblock impediment and open the orifices with aromatic medicines. It is indicated for unconsciousness due to turbidity blocking the pericardium. 芳香开窍 fāng xiāng kāi qiào 芳香通窍；辟秽 开窍；辟秽通窍 2512 Dissipate cold and open the orifices Open the orifices with pungent warm A treatment method to warm yang, dissipate cold and open the orifices with pungent, warm medicines. It is indicated for cold-induced shock or unconsciousness due to cold retention and qi stagnation. 散寒开窍 sàn hán kāi qiào 散寒通窍；散寒 通闭；散寒开 闭；辛温开窍； 辛温通窍 2513 Drain dampness and open the orifices A treatment method to transform dampness and open the orifices. It is indicated for turbid phlegm misting the heart mind. 利湿开窍 lì shī kāi qiào 利湿通窍；化湿 开窍；化湿通窍 2514 Transform phlegm and open the orifices A treatment method to transform turbid phlegm and open the orifices. It is indicated for phlegm- induced shock or phlegm misting the heart mind. 化痰开窍 huà tán kāi qiào 祛痰开窍；涤痰 开窍；豁痰开窍 2515 Eliminate phlegm, transform dampness and open the orifices A treatment method to eliminate phlegm, transform dampness and open the orifices. It is indicated for phlegm dampness disturbing the heart mind. 祛痰化湿开窍 qū tán huà shī kāi qiào 2516 Remove wind, eliminate phlegm and open the orifices A treatment method to remove wind, eliminate phlegm and open the orifices. It is indicated for wind phlegm disturbing the heart mind. 搜风祛痰开窍 sōu fēng qū tán kāi qiào 2517 Eliminate heat and open the orifices A treatment method to clear summer heat, circulate qi and open the orifices. It is indicated for summer heat blocking the flow of qi. 祛热开窍 qū rè kāi qiào 2518 Resolve stones and circulate qi Dissolve stones and open blockages A treatment method to resolve stones and circulate qi. It is indicated for stones blocking the flow of qi. 消石开闭 xiāo shí kāi bì 354 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2519 Remove toxins and circulate qi A treatment method to use medicines or formulas that remove toxins. It is indicated for epidemic toxins blocking the heart mind. 解毒开闭 jiě dú kāi bì 2520 Remove toxins and disperse the lung A treatment method to remove toxins and disperse lung qi. It is indicated for toxic heat blocking the lung or measles virus blocking the lung. 解毒开肺 jiě dú kāi fèi 2521 Repelling parasites methods Treatment methods to kill or repel intestinal parasites 驱虫法 qū chóng fǎ 2522 Repel roundworms and kill parasites A treatment method to repel and kill roundworms. It is indicated for conditions due to intestinal worms. 驱蛔杀虫 qū huí shā chóng 2523 Strengthen the spleen and repel parasitic worms Fortify the spleen and repel parasitic worms A treatment method to combine medicines to reinforce the spleen and repel parasitic worms. It is indicated for spleen deficiency coupled with retention of parasitic worms. 健脾驱虫 jiàn pí qū chóng 补脾驱虫 2524 Kill parasitic worms and alleviate malnutrition A treatment method to kill parasitic worms and improve malnutrition. It is indicated for malnutrition due to retention of parasitic worms. 杀虫消疳 shā chóng xiāo gān 杀虫消积 2525 Eliminate wind and kill parasitic worms A treatment method to remove wind and kill parasitic worms. It is indicated for conditions due to toxic worms or wind affecting the skin. 祛风杀虫 qū fēng shā chóng 2526 Kill parasitic worms and calm the mind A treatment method to kill worms, calm the mind, alleviate pain and stop seizures. It is indicated for pork tapeworm affecting the brain. 杀虫宁神 shā chóng níng shén 2527 Mind-calming methods Treatment methods to calm/settle the mind and alleviate palpitations 安神法 ān shén fǎ 2528 Calm the mind with heavy medicinal minerals A treatment method to use heavy medicinal minerals to submerge yang and settle the mind. It is indicated for insomnia due to yang hyperactivity. 重镇安神 zhòng zhèn ān shén 潜镇安神 2529 Calm and settle the mind Calm the mind and alleviate palpitations A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors and nourish the heart. It is indicated for severe palpitations, insomnia, poor memory and panic. 安神定志 ān shén dìng zhì 安神定悸；宁心 定志；宁心定悸 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 355 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2530 Nourish the heart and calm the mind Reinforce the heart and calm the mind A treatment method to reinforce the heart and nourish blood. It is indicated for palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory and panic due to heart deficiency. 养心安神 yǎng xīn ān shén 补心安神 2531 Nourish blood and calm the mind A treatment method to tonify blood and nourish the heart. It is indicated for palpitations, insomnia, dream-disturbed sleep, poor memory and panic due to heart blood deficiency. 养血安神 yǎng xuè ān shén 2532 Benefit the kidney and calm the mind A treatment method to tonify kidney essence. It is indicated for palpitations or insomnia due to fear disturbing the mind qi or disharmony between the heart and kidney. 益肾宁神 yì shèn níng shén 2533 Supplement qi and calm the mind A treatment method to tonify qi, nourish the heart and calm the mind. It is indicated for restlessness due to heart qi deficiency. 益气安神 yì qì ān shén 益气定神 2534 Nourish yin and calm the mind A treatment method to nourish heart yin and calm the mind. It is indicated for restlessness due to heart yin deficiency. 滋阴安神 zī yīn ān shén 养阴安神 2535 Harmonize the middle jiao and calm the mind Harmonize the stomach and calm the mind A treatment method to promote digestion, harmonize the stomach and calm the mind. It is indicated for insomnia due to stomach discomfort. 和中安神 hé zhōng ān shén 和胃安神 2536 Remove toxins and calm the mind A treatment method to remove toxins, transform turbidity and calm the mind. It is indicated for toxic turbidity disturbing the mind. 解毒安神 jiě dú ān shén 2537 Relieve stagnation and calm the mind A treatment method to relieve stagnation, regulate qi and calm the mind. It is indicated for grief affecting the mind due to depression. 解郁安神 jiě yù ān shén 2538 Calm the mind and relieve itch A treatment method to nourish blood and calm the mind. It is indicated for itching or restlessness due to yin blood failing to nourish the skin. 安神止痒 ān shén zhǐ yǎng 2539 Tranquillize and calm the mind A treatment method to calm the mind with heavy medicinal minerals. It is indicated for fear/fright disturbing the mind. 镇惊安神 zhèn jīng ān shén 镇心安神 356 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2540 Digestion-promoting methods Treatment methods to promote digestion to eliminate stagnation, disperse masses and soften hardness 消导法 xiao dǎo fǎ 2541 Promote digestion and eliminate stagnation A treatment method to promote digestion and resolve stagnation. It is indicated for food retention in the stomach and intestines. 消食导滞 xiāo shí dǎo zhì 消食化滞 2542 Clear heat and eliminate stagnation A treatment method to combine medicines to promote digestion, resolve stagnation and clear heat. It is indicated for stomach heat due to food retention or food retention in the stomach and intestines. 清热导滞 qīng rè dǎo zhì 泄热导滞 2543 Resolve stagnation and transform indigestion A treatment method to promote digestion and transform stagnation. It is indicated for masses or distension due to food retention and qi stagnation. 消痞化积 xiāo pǐ huà jī 2544 Soften hardness and dissipate masses A treatment method to circulate qi, move blood, soften hardness and dissipate masses. It is indicated for goitre or masses due to qi stagnation and blood stasis. 软坚散结 ruǎn jiān sàn jiē 软坚消结；软坚 消瘿；软坚消 癥；软坚消肿 2545 Resolve stones and promote bowel movements A treatment method to resolve stones, circulate qi and promote bowel movements. It is indicated for stones obstructing the flow of qi. 消石导滞 xiāo shí dǎo zhì 2546 Securing and astringent methods Treatment methods to secure qi, blood, fluids and essence from consumption 固涩法 gù sè fǎ 2547 Secure the exterior and stop sweating Astringe sweating and secure the exterior A treatment method to secure the exterior to stop sweating. It is indicated for spontaneous sweating due to insecure Wei-defensive qi. 固表止汗 gù biǎo zhǐ hàn 固表敛汗；敛汗 固表 2548 Astringe the lung and relieve cough A treatment method to tonify and astringe lung qi to stop coughing. It is indicated for cough due to lung qi deficiency. 敛肺止咳 liǎn fèi zhǐ ké 2549 Astringe the lung and alleviate panting/ tachypnoea A treatment method to tonify and astringe lung qi to alleviate panting. It is indicated for fast breathing due to lung qi deficiency. 敛肺平喘 liǎn fèi píng chuǎn 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 357 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2550 Astringe the intestine and stop diarrhoea Secure the intestine and stop diarrhoea A treatment method to astringe the intestine to stop diarrhoea. It is indicated for chronic diarrhoea. 涩肠止泻 sè cháng zhǐ xiè 固肠止泻 2551 Astringe essence and stop seminal emissions A treatment method to astringe and secure the kidney essence to stop seminal emissions. It is indicated for nocturnal emissions or spermatorrhoea. 涩精止遗 sè jīng zhǐ yí 2552 Secure menses and stop bleeding A treatment method to astringe menses to stop bleeding. It is indicated for heavy menstruation. 固经止血 gù jīng zhǐ xiě 2553 Secure blood and stop bleeding A treatment method to astringe and secure blood to stop bleeding. It is indicated for bleeding due to qi failing to keep blood within the vessels. 固摄止血 gù shè zhǐ xiě 摄血止血 2554 Secure the Chong meridian and stop leucorrhoea Secure the kidney and stop leucorrhoea A treatment method to tonify the kidney and secure Chong and Ren meridians to stop vaginal discharges. It is indicated for vaginal discharges due to kidney deficiency and insecurity of the Chong and Ren meridians. 固冲止带 gù chōng zhǐ dài 固肾止带；固涩 止带 2555 Reinforce the kidney and secure the fetus A treatment method to tonify kidney qi to secure the fetus. It is indicated for threatened abortion due to kidney deficiency. 固肾安胎 gù shèn ān tāi 2556 Stop bleeding and secure the fetus A treatment method to stop bleeding and secure the fetus. 止血安胎 zhǐ xiě ān tāi 2557 Tonify qi and astringe the breast milk A treatment method to tonify qi and astringe breast milk. It is indicated for spontaneous flow of breast milk due to qi deficiency. 固涩敛乳 gù sè liǎn rǔ 固涩摄乳；补气 敛乳；固涩摄 乳；补气摄乳 2558 Tonify qi and astringe tears A treatment method to tonify qi and stop lacrimation. It is indicated for spontaneous flow of tears due to qi deficiency. 固摄敛泪 gù shè liǎn lèi 收敛止泪 2559 Secure the bladder and stop enuresis Tonify qi and secure the bladder A treatment method to tonify kidney qi to secure the urinary bladder. It is indicated for enuresis or urinary incontinence due to kidney qi insecurity. 固脬止遗 gù pāo zhǐ yí 固脬止尿；固脬 止淋；补气固脬 2560 Tonify qi and facilitate its securing function A treatment method to tonify qi to facilitate its securing function. It is indicated for conditions due to qi failing to secure blood, fluids or essence, etc. 补气固摄 bǔ qì gù shè 益气固摄 358 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2561 Secure and astringe yin fluids Astringe yin and prevent collapse A treatment method to astringe and nourish yin fluids. It is indicated for exhaustion of yin fluids. 固护阴液 gù hù yīn yè 敛阴固脱 2562 Warm yang and prevent qi exhaustion A treatment method to warm yang, tonify qi and prevent collapse. It is indicated for yang qi failure. 温阳固脱 wēn yáng gù tuō 温涩固脱 2563 Lift and secure qi A treatment method to combine medicines to supplement, lift and astringe qi. It is indicated for qi failing to secure blood, fluid or essence, etc. 升提固涩 shēng tí gù sè 升清固涩 2564 Tonify the kidney to facilitate its astringent function A treatment method to tonify kidney qi and facilitate its securing function. It is indicated for kidney qi insecurity. 补肾固涩 bǔ shèn gù sè 固摄下元 2565 Sore-/ulcer-resolving methods Treatment methods to resolve superficial or suppurative skin conditions 治痈疡法 zhì yōng yáng fǎ 2566 Remove toxins and resolve sores/ulcers A treatment method to remove toxins and resolve sores or ulcers. 解毒散痈 jiě dú sàn yōng 2567 Remove toxins and resolve swelling Remove toxins and resolve masses A treatment method to remove toxins, resolve sores/ulcers and eliminate swelling. 解毒消肿 jiě dú xiāo zhǒng 化毒消肿；化毒 散结；解毒散结 2568 Clear heat and drain the pus A treatment method to clear heat, remove toxins and drain the pus of sores or ulcers. 清热排脓 qīng rè pái nóng 2569 Eliminate dead tissues and regenerate new tissues A treatment method to eliminate dead tissues, regenerate flesh and speed up wound healing. 祛腐生肌 qū fǔ shēng jī 去腐生肌 2570 Resolve abscesses and dissipate boils A treatment method to resolve swelling, remove toxins and eliminate boils. 消痈散疖 xiāo yōng sàn jiē 2571 Dry dampness and astringe wound A treatment method to dry dampness, regenerate flesh and speed up ulcerative wound healing. 燥湿敛疮 zào shī liǎn chuāng 2572 Clear and remove residual toxins Clear hidden toxins A treatment method to clear heat and remove hidden toxins. 清解余毒 qīng jiě yú dú 清透伏邪 2573 Astringe sores/ulcers and stop pain A treatment method to alleviate pain and speed up ulcerative wound healing. 敛疮止痛 liǎn chuāng zhǐ tòng 2574 Remove toxins with toxins Fight poison with poison A treatment method to remove toxins with poisonous medicines. 以毒攻毒 yǐ dú gōng dú 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 359 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2575 Draw out pus and toxin A treatment method to drain pus through therapies or formulas to draw out pus and toxin. 提脓拔毒 tí nóng bá dú 2576 Draw pus and eliminate putridity A treatment method to drain pus and eliminate dead tissues through therapies or formulas to draw pus and remove putridity. 提脓祛腐 tí nóng qū fǔ 2577 Methods for eyes and ear, nose and throat problems Treatment methods for problems of the eyes, noses lips, tongue and ears 治五官法 zhì wǔ guān fǎ 2578 Brighten the eyes A treatment method to remove wind, clear heat, cool blood, transform stasis, nourish blood, supplement qi, nourish yin, strengthen the spleen and tonify the liver and kidney to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the eyes. It is indicated for blurred vision. 明目 míng mù 2579 Unblock the ears Benefit the ears A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the ears. 通耳 tōng ěr 利耳 2580 Unblock the nose A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the nose. 通鼻 tōng bí 2581 Clear the throat A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and benefit the throat. 利咽 lì yān 2582 Restore the voice A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi and restore the voice. It is indicated for hoarseness. 开音 kāi yīn 2583 Secure the teeth A treatment method to remove pathogenic factors, reinforce anti-pathogenic qi, secure the teeth and moisten the gums. 固齿 gù chǐ 2584 Other treatment methods 其他治法 qí tā zhì fǎ 2585 Nourish yin fluids to submerge yang A treatment method to nourish yin fluids to contain hyperactivity of yang qi. It is indicated for hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency. 壮水制阳 zhuàng shuǐ zhì yáng 滋阴抑阳 360 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2586 Warm yang to dissipate yin cold A treatment method to warm and reinforce yang qi to dissipate yin cold. It is indicated for yin cold due to yang deficiency. 益火消阴 yì huǒ xiāo yīn 壮阳消阴 2587 Guide fire to its origin Guide dragon to the sea A treatment method to reinforce kidney yang and combine medicines that enter meridians to astringe floating yang qi, i.e. to guide kidney yang into kidney yin. It is indicated for decline of vital fire or floating of deficiency yang. 引火归原 yǐn huǒ guī yuán 导龙入海 2588 Harmonize the Ying nutrients and regenerate new tissues A treatment method to harmonize between the Ying nutrients and blood, circulate blood, regenerate new blood and flesh, and speed up wound healing. It is indicated for delayed wound healing due to blood stagnation. 和营生新 hé yíng shēng xīn 2589 Disperse and unblock the three jiao Disperse and unblock triple energizer A treatment method to regulate qi, eliminate pathogenic factors and unblock the three jiao. It is indicated for pathogenic factors impairing the qi flow of the three jiao. 宣通三焦 xuān tōng sān jiāo 2590 Coordinate the heart and kidney A treatment method to nourish kidney yin, astringe kidney yang, reduce heart fire and calm the heart mind to submerge yang and coordinate between the heart and kidney. It is indicated for conditions due to disharmony between the heart fire and kidney water. 交通心肾 jiāo tōng xīn shèn 2591 Clear the head and eyes A treatment method to clear heat, reduce fire, submerge yang and clear the head and eyes. It is indicated for headache, eye pain and dizziness due to upward flaming of fire heat or hyperactivity of yang qi. 清利头目 qīng lì tóu mù 2592 Lubricate the orifices A treatment method to lubricate and unblock orifices. It is indicated for dry orifices due to insufficiency of yin fluids. 滑利窍道 huá lì qiào dào 2593 Open the chest and sooth the diaphragm A treatment method to eliminate pathogenic factors, regulate qi, lift yang, and down-regulate turbidity to soothe the chest and diaphragm. It is indicated for chest stuffiness, distension, fullness and tightness. 宽胸利膈 kuān xiōng lì gé 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 361 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2594 Repair broken sinews and bones A treatment method to use tuina or other therapies to repair the broken sinews or bones. It is indicated for sinew or bone injuries. 续筋接骨 xù jīn jiē gǔ 2595 Strengthen the sinews and bones A treatment method to strengthen the sinews or bones through exercise or taking medicine. It is indicated for weak sinews/bones due to heredity, trauma or chronic diseases. 强筋壮骨 qiáng jīn zhuàng gǔ 2596 Disperse nodules/ masses Soften hardness A treatment method to eliminate phlegm, regulate qi, break stasis and unblock collaterals to soften hardness, disperses nodules and resolve masses. It is indicated for masses, lumps or swelling. 散结 sàn jié 软坚 2597 Reinforce metal and inhibit wood A treatment method to disperse the lung (metal) and inhibit the liver (wood). It is indicated for migratory pain in the subcostal region, cough or panting due to hyperactivity of liver yang and failure of lung qi to disperse and descend. 佐金平木 zuǒ jīn píng mù 2598 Supplement fire to cultivate earth A treatment method to warm and reinforce the vital fire to supplement the transportation and transformation of the spleen (earth). It is indicated for early morning diarrhoea due to decline of the vital fire and spleen yang deficiency. 益火生土 yì huǒ shēng tǔ 2599 Mutual generation between metal and water A treatment method to tonify the kidney and nourish the lung for lung deficiency and kidney deficiency, since the lung (metal) and kidney (water) mutually support physiologically and mutually affect pathologically. 金水相生 jīn shuǐ xiāng shēng 2600 Cultivate earth to restrain water A treatment method to tonify the spleen (earth) to restrain overflow of water dampness. It is indicated for oedema or diarrhoea due to spleen deficiency. 培土制水 péi tǔ zhì shuǐ 2601 Reduce the south to reinforce the north A treatment method to reduce heart fire and reinforce kidney water. The south here refers to heart fire, whereas the north refers to kidney water. 泻南补北 xiè nán bǔ běi 362 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2602 3.3 Chinese medicine treatment 3.3 药物治疗类 2603 The categories of Chinese medicines Knowledge about the concept of Chinese medicines, the basic theories as well as the origin, production, processing, property, actions and indications of medicines 中药类 zhōng yào lèi 2604 Chinese medicines Chinese herbal medicines Medicines to prevent, treat and diagnose diseases under the guidance of Chinese medical theories. 中药 zhōng yào 2605 Theory and practice of Chinese medicines The study of basic theories, origin, production, processing, property, actions, indications and application of Chinese medicines. 中药学 zhōng yào xué 2606 Materia medica An ancient term for Chinese medicine, mainly referring to medicinal plants. 本草 běn cǎo 2607 Folk medicines Regional herbal medicines that may not be recorded in major books on materia medica; however, they are an integral part of Chinese medicine. 草药 cǎo yào 2608 Raw Chinese medicines Raw materials include medicinal plants, animals and minerals that can be prepared into pieces, extracts or Chinese patent medicine. 中药材 zhōng yào cái 2609 Geo-authentic materia medica High-quality Chinese medicines produced in specific geographical areas. 道地药材 dào dì yào cái 2610 Decoction-ready medicines Prepared herbal pieces that can be used directly in clinical use or preparation production. 饮片 yǐn piàn 2611 Medicinal granules A new dosage form with standardized specification, dosage and quality manufactured through extracting, separating, condensing, drying, granulating or packaging. 配方颗粒 pèi fāng kē lì 2612 Processing of medicines A sequence of medicinal processing techniques to make materia medica into prepared pieces or different dosage forms. These techniques are adopted according to theories of Chinese medicine and medicinal properties. 炮制 páo zhì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 363 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2613 Medicinal processing The preliminary processing method of Chinese medicines, including purification, crushing and cutting. 修治 xiū zhì 修制 2614 Cleaning A method to remove dust, impurities and clean medicines by picking, selecting, sieving, scraping and brushing. 纯净处理 chún jìng chǔ lǐ 2615 Crushing A method to grind medicines by pounding, grinding, filing and crushing. 粉碎处理 fěn suì chǔ lǐ 2616 Cutting A method to cut medicines into pieces, blocks, threads or segments for preparation, drying, storage and weighing. 切制处理 qiē zhì chǔ lǐ 2617 Water processing A processing method to use water or other liquid auxiliary materials, including washing, bleaching, soaking, refining with water, etc. 水制 shuǐ zhì 2618 Moistening A method to moisten and soften medicines with water or other liquids before cutting, including water spraying, washing, soaking, infiltrating, drying, etc. 润 rùn 闷；伏 2619 Water-grinding A method to obtain extremely fine medicinal powder in water. 水飞 shuǐ fēi 2620 Flushing A method to soak medicines in static or running water for a period of time and exchange water regularly to remove the fishy smell, salt or toxic ingredients. 漂 piāo 2621 Fire processing A processing method to use heat or fire, including frying, roasting, calcining, etc. 火制 huǒ zhì 2622 Stir-frying A method to stir fry medicines in a pot to a certain temperature degree, including plain frying or frying with adjuvants. 炒 chǎo 2623 Plain stir-frying A method to fry without adjuvants. According to the temperature, plain stir-frying is divided into fried yellow, scorch fry and charcoaled fry. 清炒 qīng chǎo 364 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2624 Adjuvants These include liquid materials such as alcohol, vinegar or honey and non-liquid materials such as starch, sugar or salt. The stir-fry method involves medicines and solid materials. These include stir- frying with bran, rice, soil, sand, talcum powder or clamshell powder. 辅料 fǔ liào 2625 Stir-fry with liquid adjuvants A method to use liquid adjuvants to stir-fry medicines to change the medicinal property, reinforce the efficacy and reduce side-effects. The excipients include wine, vinegar, salt, ginger, honey or oil. 炙 zhì 2626 Calcine A method to calcine medicines directly or indirectly with a strong fire to fully extract the active ingredients and achieve maximal efficacy. 煅 duàn 2627 Roast A method to wrap medicines with water-mixed flour or wet paper, placed in the heat of the ash, or heated with oil-absorbent paper separated from the drug barrier so that the medicine is turned from raw to cooked. 煨 wēi 2628 Processing with both water and fire A processing method to wrap medicines with wet tissue and place into fire or isolate with oil- absorbing sheets. 水火共制 shuǐ huǒ gòng zhì 2629 Boiling A method to heat medicines with water or liquid excipients. 煮 zhǔ 2630 Steaming A method to steam or heat with water. 蒸 zhēng 2631 Blanching A method to blanch in boiling water and take out immediately for drying process. 燀 chǎn 2632 Quenching A method to calcine medicines and place into cold water or liquid excipient quickly for easy crushing and absorption. 淬 cuì 2633 Spoilage of Chinese medicines Physical or chemical changes in Chinese medicines due to inappropriate care in transportation or storage. These changes include mildew, worm-eaten, discolouration, flavour reversion, oiliness or air-slake and can directly affect the medicinal quality, efficacy and safety. 中药变质 zhōng yào biàn zhì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 365 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2634 Adverse reactions to Chinese medicines These include side-effects or toxic reactions. Following the standard dosage, side-effects of Chinese medicines are often mild and can resolve spontaneously without treatment. Toxic reactions are often caused by overdose or prolonged use of poisonous materia medica, and can do substantial damage to the organs and functions. 中药不良反应 zhōng yào bù liáng fǎn yìng 2635 Medicinal peculiarity Peculiar features and actions of medicines. 药物偏性 yào wù piān xìng 2636 Properties of Chinese medicines The core part of essential theories on Chinese medicines. These include four properties, five flavours, ascending/floating, descending/sinking, meridian tropism and toxicity. 中药性能 zhōng yào xìng néng 2637 Characteristics of Chinese medicines Physical or chemical characteristics of Chinese medicines, including their shape, colour, odour, taste and properties. 中药性状 zhōng yào xìng zhuàng 2638 Four qi and and five flavours The basic properties and flavours of Chinese medicines. 四气五味 sì qì wǔ wèi 2639 Four qi The four basic properties of medicines—cold, hot, warmth, and coolness. 四气 sì qì 四性 2640 Warm/heat-property medicines Medicines to remove or alleviate cold-induced disorders. 温热药 wēn rè yào 2641 Cold/cool-property medicines Medicines to remove or alleviate heat-induced disorders. 寒凉药 hán liáng yào 2642 Neutral-property medicines Medicines with no obvious property of cold or heat. 平性药 píng xìng yào 2643 Pungent flavour Medicines with a pungent flavour act to disperse/ circulate qi and move blood. They are indicated for exterior pattern, qi stagnation and blood stasis. 辛味 xīn wèi 2644 Bitter flavour Medicines with a bitter flavour act to unblock, purge the intestine, dry dampness, clear fire and benefit yin. They are indicated for fire heat, dampness, adverse flow of qi and fire hyperactivity due to yin deficiency. 苦味 kǔ wèi 366 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2645 Sweet flavour Medicines with a sweet flavour act to tonify, harmonize the middle jiao and relieve spasm. They are indicated for deficiency pattern, disharmony between the spleen and stomach, spasm, pain, etc. 甘味 gān wèi 2646 Sour flavour Medicines with a sour flavour act to astringe and secure. They are indicated for sweating (due to deficiency), diarrhoea, frequent urination, enuresis, bleeding, etc. Some sour-flavoured medicines can generate fluids, calm worms and stop pain. 酸味 suān wèi 2647 Astringent flavour Medicines with an astringent flavour act to astringe and secure. They are indicated for sweating (due to deficiency), diarrhoea, frequent urination, enuresis, bleeding, etc. 涩味 sè wèi 2648 Salty flavour Medicines with a salty flavour act to purge the intestine, promote bowel movements and soften masses. They are indicated for constipation, goitre, scrofula, phlegm nodules and masses. 咸味 xián wèi 2649 Bland flavour Medicines with a bland flavour act to drain dampness and promote urination. They are indicated for oedema, dysuria and leg swelling. 淡味 dàn wèi 2650 Pungent and sweet transform into yang The combination of a pungent and sweet flavour engenders a dispersing, outward and yang- assisting function. This includes a single medicine with both flavours or combined pungent and sweet medicines. 辛甘化阳 xīn gān huà yáng 2651 Sour and sweet transform into yin The combination of a sour and sweet flavour engenders a fluid-generating, inward and astringing function. This includes a single medicinal with both flavours or combined sour and sweet medicines. 酸甘化阴 suān gān huà yīn 2652 Pungent opening and bitter descending The combination of a pungent and bitter flavour allows for dispersal of obstruction and the descent of qi. This includes a single medicine with both flavours or combined pungent and bitter medicines. 辛开苦降 xīn kāi kǔ jiàng 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 367 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2653 Ascending, descending, floating and sinking The four cardinal directionalities of medicines: ascending, descending, sinking and floating. These four directions are associated with the weight, property, preparation and combination of medicines. 升降浮沉 shēng jiàng fú chén 2654 Ascending and floating medicines Medicines to lift yang, release the exterior, induce vomiting, open the orifices, etc. They tend to go upward and outward. 升浮药 shēng fú yào 2655 Sinking and descending medicines Medicines to purge the intestine, resolve water retention, submerge yang and astringe. They tend to go inward and downward. 沉降药 chén jiàng yào 2656 Meridian affinity Channel affinity The ability of medicines to access a channel/ meridian. Meridian affinity is based on the theories on zang–fu organs and meridians. 归经 guī jīng 2657 Meridian-guiding property A property that medicines have special role for certain zang–fu organs or meridians and can guide other medicines to reach the affected meridians and body parts. 引经报使 yǐn jīng bào shǐ 2658 Meridian guide Channel guide Medicines with the ability to guide other ingredients of a formula to access a particular channel/meridian. 引经药 yǐn jīng yào 2659 Compatibility Combination The combination, according to Chinese medicine theory, of two or more medicines to achieve a pre- determined clinical outcome. 配伍 pèi wǔ 2660 Seven compatibility methods Compatibility methods of Chinese medicines, including the using of a single medicine, mutual reinforcement, mutual assistance, mutual restraint, mutual suppression, mutual inhibition and mutual opposition. 七情和合 qī qíng hé hé 2661 Single medicine Use a single medicine alone to treat a disorder. 单行 dān xíng 2662 Mutual reinforcement Use two medicines sharing similar properties in combination to reinforce each other’s action. 相须 xiāng xū 368 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2663 Mutual assistance Use two or more medicines sharing common efficacies in combination, one being the principal medicine while the others play a subsidiary role to reinforce the action of the principal one. 相使 xiāng shǐ 2664 Mutual restraint When two medicines are used in combination, the toxic or side-effects of one medicine can be reduced or eliminated by the other. 相畏 xiāng wèi 2665 Mutual suppression When two medicines are used in combination, one medicine can reduce or eliminate the toxic or side- effects of the other. 相杀 xiāng shā 2666 Mutual aversion When two medicines are used in combination, the positive effects of one medicine can be reduced or eliminated by the other. 相恶 xiāng wù 2667 Mutual opposition Mutual incompatibility When two medicines are used in combination, their toxic or side-effects can be produced or enhanced. 相反 xiāng fǎn 2668 Contraindicated combination Combination of some medicines can reduce the curative effect, produce or enhance toxic or side- effects and/or affect the safety of medicines. These combinations should be avoided. Specifically, there are eighteen antagonisms and nineteen incompatibilities. 配伍禁忌 pèi wǔ jìn jì 2669 Eighteen incompatibilities One of the contraindicated combinations of Chinese medicines. These include: Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae) is antagonistic to Da Ji (Radix Euphorbiae Pekinensis), Yuan Hua (Flos Genkwa), Gan Sui (Radix Euphorbiae Kansui) and Hai Zao (Sargassum); Wu Tou (Radix Aconiti) is antagonistic to Bei Mu (Bulbus Fritillariae), Gua Lou (Fructus Trichosanthis), Ban Xia (Rhizoma Pinelliae), Bai Lian (Radix Ampelopsis) and Bai Ji (Rhizoma Bletillae); and Li Lu (Radix Veratri Nigri) is antagonistic to Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng), Sha Shen (Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae), Dan Shen (Radix Adenophorae), Ku Shen (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis), Xuan Shen (Radix Scrophulariae), Xi Xin (Herba Asari) and Shao Yao (Radix Paeoniae). 十八反 shí bā fǎn 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 369 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2670 Nineteen incompatibilities One of the contraindicated combinations of Chinese medicines. These include: Liu Huang (sulfur) is incompatible with Pu Xiao (crude sodium sulfate), Shui Yin (mercury) with Pi Shuang (arsenic trioxide),Lang Du (Radix Euphorbiae Ebracteolatae) Mi Tuo Seng (litharge), Ba Dou (Semen Crotonis) with Qian Niu (Semen Pharbitidis), Ding Xiang (Flos Caryophylli) with Yu Jin (Radix Curcumae), Ya Xiao (crystalline sodium sulfate) with San Leng (Rhizoma Sparganii), Chuan Wu (Radix Aconiti) and Cao Wu (Radix Aconiti Kuznezoffi) with Xi Jiao (Cornu Rhinoceri), Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng) with Wu Ling Zhi (with Faeces Trogopterorum), and Guan Gui (Cortex Cinnamomi) with Shi Zhi (Halloysitum Rubrum). 十九畏 shí jiǔ wèi 2671 Medicine contraindications Medicines that may aggravate medical conditions should be avoided. 证候用药禁忌 zhèng hòu yòng yào jìn jì 病证用药禁忌 2672 Contraindicated medicines during pregnancy Medicines that are absolutely contraindicated to use or used with caution during pregnancy. Absolutely contraindicated medicines are toxic, harsh or abortive. Medicines to circulate blood, move qi, and drain downward, and warm, pungent medicines to warm the interior should be used with caution. 妊娠用药禁忌 rèn shēn yòng yào jìn jì 2673 Dietary contraindication during medication Food that should be avoided while taking medication. 服药食忌 fú yào shí jì 2674 Decoction A liquid made by decocting prepared pieces of Chinese medicines in water. 汤液 tāng yè 2675 Decoction method The decoction of Chinese medicine involves the pot, water, heat control, and decocting method. 煎药法 jiān yào fǎ 2676 Heat control in decoction This includes the heat intensity and decocting duration. It includes quick (strong) fire and slow (mild) fire. Generally, a quick fire is used to boil and then reduced to mild fire (a simmering heat) to maintain the temperature. 煎药火候 jiān yào huǒ hòu 370 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2677 Mild fire Slow fire A mild and slow fire to maintain the temperature in decocting Chinese medicine after boiling. 文火 wén huǒ 慢火；微火 2678 Strong fire Intense fire, quick fire A strong and quick fire in decocting Chinese medicine. 武火 wǔ huǒ 急火；紧火 2679 Decoct first A method for insoluble minerals, rocks or shells that require a long time to decoct. These ingredients need to be ground and decocted 30–60 minutes first before placing into the rest of the decoction. Toxic medicines need to decoct first for 60–120 minutes before placing into the rest of the decoction to reduce their toxicity. 先煎 xiān jiān 2680 Decoct separately A method to decoct some medicines separately (2–3 hours), usually precious medicines, to ensure that the ingredients remain active. 另煎 lìng jiān 另炖 2681 Dissolve in water A method to pour the medicine directly into water or other boiling liquid. Valuable medicines need to be ground into fine powder first. 冲服 chōng fú 2682 Taken after being infused in hot water A method to soak medicines in hot water or decoctions for half an hour and then take the medication after removing the dregs. 泡服 pào fú 焗服 2683 Use decoction as water Use decoction instead of water A method to decoct some ingredients separately and then use the decoction instead of water to decoct the rest of the ingredients. This method has two purposes: 1) to prevent the separately decocted ingredients causing the decoction to appear cloudy or muddy; 2) applies to ingredients that are light in weight, big in dosage and volume, and strong in water absorption. 煎汤代水 jiān tāng dài shuǐ 2684 Exterior-releasing medicines Medicines to release the exterior. They are indicated for exterior pattern. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into two types: medicines to remove wind and dissipate cold and medicines to remove wind and clear heat. 解表药 jiě biǎo yào 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 371 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2685 Pungent warm exterior- releasing medicines Wind-cold dissipating medicines Medicines that are pungent in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to remove wind and dissipate cold and are indicated for wind cold exterior pattern. Some medicines can also remove wind, alleviate itching, relieve pain, stop coughing, promote urination to resolve oedema, and heal sores/ulcers. These medicines can be used for wind cold-induced itchy rashes, cough, oedema, sores/ulcers, and bi-impediment due to wind and dampness. 辛温解表药 xīn wēn jiě biǎo yào 发散风寒药 2686 Pungent cool exterior- releasing medicines Wind-heat dissipating medicines Medicines that are pungent in flavour and cool in property. They mainly act to remove wind and clear heat and are indicated for wind heat exterior pattern. Some medicines can also clear the head/ eyes, benefit the throat, promote skin eruption and stop coughing. These medicines can be used for wind heat-induced red, swollen and painful eyes, red, swollen throat, inhibited skin eruption, and cough due to wind heat. 辛凉解表药 xīn liáng jiě biǎo yào 发散风热药 2687 Interior heat-clearing medicines Medicines to clear interior heat. They are indicated for interior heat pattern. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into five types: medicines to clear heat/fire, medicines to clear heat and dry dampness, medicines to clear heat and cool blood, and medicines to clear deficiency heat. 清热药 qīng rè yào 2688 Heat-clearing and fire- draining medicines Medicines that are bitter or sweet in flavour and cold in nature. They are mainly indicated for excess heat in the qi phase and fire heat in the zang–fu organs, including lung heat, stomach fire, heart fire or liver fire. 清热泻火药 qīng rè xiè huǒ yào 2689 Heat-clearing and dampness-drying medicines Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to clear heat and dry dampness and are indicated for damp heat pattern. 清热燥湿药 qīng rè zào shī yào 372 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2690 Heat-clearing and blood-cooling medicines Medicines that are sweet, bitter or salty in flavour and cold in property. They are mainly indicated for excess heat in the Ying nutrients and blood phases. Some medicines can also nourish yin and engender fluids. These medicines can be used for yin deficiency causing damage to fluids. 清热凉血药 qīng rè liáng xuè yào 2691 Heat-clearing and toxin- removing medicines Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to clear heat and remove toxins and are therefore indicated for conditions due to toxic heat. Some medicines can also be used for snake bite or cancer. 清热解毒药 qīng rè jiě dú yào 2692 Deficiency heat-clearing medicines Medicine that are cold/cool in property. They mainly act to clear deficiency heat and alleviate bone-steaming sensation. They are indicated for internal heat due to yin deficiency. 清虚热药 qīng xū rè yào 2693 Purgative medicines Medicines to produce bowel movements. They are indicated for constipation or difficulty passing of stools. Based on the property and actions, these medicines are further categorized into three types: draining purgative medicines, moistening purgative medicines and drastic purgative medicines. 泻下药 xiè xià yào 2694 Draining purgative medicines Attacking purgative medicines Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. They have strong effect in promoting bowel movements and clearing fire/heat. These medicines are indicated for constipation due to excess heat and retention of dry faeces. 攻下药 gōng xià yào 2695 Moistening purgative medicines Medicines that are sweet in flavour and oily in quality. They mainly act to moisten the intestine, soften faeces and promote bowel movements. They are indicated for constipation due to exhaustion of fluids, yin deficiency or blood deficiency resulting from ageing, a weak constitution, chronic disease and childbirth. 润下药 rùn xià yào 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 373 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2696 Drastic water-expelling medicines Medicines that are bitter in flavour and cold in property. These medicines often have a drastic effect and can cause severe diarrhoea and relieve retained water. They are indicated for oedema, pleural effusion, ascites, or panting due to phlegm- fluid retention. 峻下逐水药 jùn xià zhú shuǐ yào 2697 Wind-eliminating and dampness-resolving medicines Medicines to eliminate wind, resolve dampness and alleviate pain. They are indicated for bi-impediment patterns. Based on the bi-impediment category and medicinal property, these medicines are further categorized into three types: medicines to remove wind and resolve dampness; medicines to remove wind, clear heat and resolve dampness; and medicines to remove wind, resolve dampness and strengthen tendons and bones. 祛风湿药 qū fēng shī yào 2698 Dampness-transforming medicines Medicines that are aromatic in smell and dry in property. They mainly act to transform dampness and benefit the spleen. These medicines are indicated for dampness affecting the spleen and stomach. 化湿药 huà shī yào 芳香化湿药 2699 Urination-promoting and dampness-draining medicines Medicines to unblock the water passage and drain water dampness. They are indicated for internal retention of water dampness. 利水渗湿药 lì shuǐ shèn shī yào 2700 Interior-warming medicines Medicines to warm the interior and dissipate cold. They are indicated for interior cold pattern. 温里药 wēn lǐ yào 祛寒药 2701 Qi-regulating medicines Medicines to regulate qi activity. They are indicated for qi stagnation and adverse flow of qi. 理气药 lǐ qì yào 2702 Digestion-promoting medicines Medicines to promote digestion and transform food stagnation. They are indicated for disorders due to food stagnation. 消食药 xiāo shí yào 2703 Parasite-expelling medicines Medicines to expel or kill parasites. They are indicated for intestinal parasites. 驱虫药 qū chóng yào 374 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2704 Haemostatic medicines Medicines to stop bleeding. They are indicated for internal or external bleeding. Based on the property and functions, these medicines are further categorized into four types: medicines to cool blood and stop bleeding, medicines to transform stasis and stop bleeding, medicines to astringe and stop bleeding and medicines to warm meridians and stop bleeding. 止血药 zhǐ xuè yào 2705 Blood–cooling haemostatic medicines Medicines that are sweet and bitter in flavour and cold and cool in property. They mainly act to clear pathogenic heat in the blood phase. These medicines are indicated for bleeding due to heat- induced reckless blood flow. 凉血止血药 liáng xuè zhǐ xuè yào 2706 Blood-circulating haemostatic medicines Stasis- transforming haemostatic medicines Medicines to stop bleeding and circulate blood to transform stasis. They act to stop bleeding but do not cause stasis; and circulate blood but do not cause bleeding. These medicines are indicated for haemorrhagic conditions due to stagnant blood or blood failing to circulate within the vessels. 化瘀止血药 huà yū zhǐ xuè yào 活血止血药 2707 Astringent haemostatic medicines Medicines that are astringent and neutral in property. They mainly act to astringe and stop bleeding. These medicines are widely used for all kinds of bleeding. 收敛止血药 shōu liǎn zhǐ xuè yào 2708 Meridian-warming haemostatic medicines Medicines that are warm/heat in property. They mainly act to warm the interior, dissipate cold, warm meridians and stop bleeding. These medicines are indicated for bleeding due to deficiency cold. 温经止血药 wēn jīng zhǐ xuè yào 2709 Blood-circulating and blood stasis-resolving medicines Medicines to circulate blood and resolve stasis. They are indicated for blood stasis. Based on the functions and clinical application, these medicines are further categorized into four types: medicines to circulate blood and stop pain; medicines to circulate blood and resolve stasis; medicines to circulate blood and heal the wound; and medicines to break blood and resolve masses. 活血祛瘀药 huó xuè qū yū yào 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 375 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2710 Phlegm-transforming medicines Medicines to transform or eliminate phlegm. Based on the property and functions, they are further categorized into two types: medicines to warm and transform cold phlegm; and medicines to clear heat and transform heat phlegm. 化痰药 huà tán yào 2711 Cold-removing and phlegm-transforming medicines Medicines that warm and transform cold phlegm Medicines that are pungent and bitter in flavour and warm and dry in property. They mainly act to warm the lung, eliminate cold, dry dampness and transform phlegm. These medicines are indicated for disorders due to cold phlegm or damp phlegm. 温化寒痰药 wēn huà hán tán yào 2712 Heat-clearing and phlegm-transforming medicines Medicines that clear heat and transform heaty phlegm Medicines that are cold or cool in property. They mainly act to clear heat and transform phlegm. These medicines are indicated for disorders due to heat phlegm or dry phlegm. 清化热痰药 qīng huà rè tán yào 2713 Cough-stopping and panting-alleviating medicines Medicines to stop coughing and alleviate panting. These medicines enter the lung meridian and are indicated for coughing and panting. 止咳平喘药 zhǐ ké píng chuǎn yào 2714 Tranquillizing medicines Mind-calming medicines Medicines to calm the mind. Based on the property and efficacy, these medicines are further categorized into two types: heavyweight medicines to tranquilize the mind; and medicines to nourish the heart mind. 安神药 ān shén yào 2715 Heavy mind- tranquillizing medicines Medicines (mostly minerals, fossil bones or shells) heavy in weight and downbearing in property. These medicines are indicated for excess mental uneasiness including palpitations, insomnia, convulsions, epilepsy or mania. 重镇安神药 zhòng zhèn ān shén yào 2716 Heart-nourishing and mind-calming medicines Medicines that are sweet in flavour, moist in quality and tonic or neutral in property. They mainly act to nourish the heart and tranquilize the mind. These medicines are indicated for mild or severe palpitations due to malnourishment of heart mind, and insomnia, poor memory and dream-disturbed sleep due to heart yin or heart blood deficiency. 养心安神药 yǎng xīn ān shén yào 376 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2717 Liver-soothing and wind-extinguishing medicines Medicines to soothe the liver and remove wind. They are indicated for hyperactivity of liver yang and internal stirring of liver wind. Based on their functions and indications, these medicines can be further categorized into two subtypes: medicines to soothe liver yang; and medicines to stop liver wind. 平肝息风药 píng gān xī fēng yào 2718 Liver yang-submerging medicines Medicines that are heavy in weight and cold in property. They mainly act to suppress or submerge yang. They are indicated for dizziness, headache or tinnitus due to hyperactivity of liver yang, and a red face and eyes, restlessness, and bitter mouth due to ascending of liver fire. 平降肝阳药 píng jiàng gān yáng yào 2719 Wind-extinguishing and convulsion-resolving medicines Medicines that are cold, cool or neutral in property. They mainly act to soothe the liver, stop wind and resolve spasm/convulsions. They are indicated for dizziness, blurred vision, neck rigidity, tremor of limbs, spasms, epilepsy, convulsions, tetanus or opisthotonus due to internal stirring of liver wind. 息风止痉药 xī fēng zhǐ jìng yào 2720 Orifice-opening medicines Medicines that are aromatic and pungent to open the orifices and refresh the mind. They are indicated for mental unconsciousness in block pattern. 开窍药 kāi qiào yào 2721 Tonic medicines Medicines to reinforce the body and prevent against diseases. They are indicated for deficiency pattern. Based on the property, functions and indications, these medicines are categorized into medicines to tonify qi, medicines to tonify yang, medicines to tonify blood and medicines to nourish yin. 补虚药 bǔ xū yào 2722 Qi-tonifying medicines Medicines that are sweet in flavour and warm or neutral in property. They mainly act to tonify qi and are indicated for qi deficiency. 补气药 bǔ qì yào 2723 Blood-tonifying medicines Medicines that are sweet in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to tonify blood and are indicated for blood deficiency. 补血药 bǔ xuè yào 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 377 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2724 Yang-tonifying medicines Medicines that are sweet and pungent in flavour and warm in property. They mainly act to tonify yang qi and are indicated for yang deficiency. 补阳药 bǔ yáng yào 2725 Yin-nourishing medicines Medicines that are sweet in flavour and cold in property. They mainly act to nourish yin fluids and are indicated for yin deficiency (insufficiency of fluids). 补阴药 bǔ yīn yào 2726 Astringing medicines Medicines to astringe and secure qi, blood, essence and body fluids. They are indicated for spontaneous sweating, night sweats, nocturnal emissions, enuresis, persistent leucorrhoea, uterine bleeding, chronic diarrhoea and chronic dysentery. Based on the property, efficacy and indications, astringent medicines are further divided into medicines to secure the exterior and stop sweating, medicines to astringe the lung and intestine and medicines to secure semen, astringe the urine and stop leucorrhoea. 收涩药 shōu sè yào 固涩药 2727 Exterior-securing and sweat-stopping medicines Medicines that are sweet in flavour and neutral in property. They mainly act to secure the exterior and stop sweating and are indicated for spontaneous sweating or night sweats. 固表止汗药 gù biǎo zhǐ hàn yào 2728 Lung and intestine- astringing medicines Medicines that are sour and puckering in flavour and have astringent properties. They mainly act to astringe the lung and intestine, alleviate coughing/panting, and stop diarrhoea. These medicines are indicated for chronic coughing/ panting and persistent diarrhoea/dysentery. 敛肺涩肠药 liǎn fèi sè cháng yào 2729 Semen-securing, urine-astringing and leucorrhoea-stopping medicines Medicines that are sour and puckering in flavour and astringent in property. They mainly act to secure semen, astringe urination and stop vaginal discharge. These medicines are mainly indicated for nocturnal emissions/spermatorrhoea, enuresis/profuse urine, or persistent vaginal discharge. 固精缩尿止 带药 gù jīng suō niào zhǐ dài yào 378 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2730 Emetic medicines Medicines to produce nausea and vomiting. They are indicated for food poisoning, indigestion and phlegm stagnation in the stomach or above the chest. 涌吐药 yǒng tù yào 催吐法 2731 Externally used medicines Medicines used for topical areas to remove toxins, resolve swelling, drain pus, regenerate tissue, heal wounds, kill insects and stop itching. They are indicated for sores, ulcers, carbuncles, scabies, traumatic injuries, snake bites or problems of the five sense organs. The method includes topical plaster, embrocating, fumigation, blow throat, nose and eye drops. 外用药 wài yòng yào 2732 Formulas of Chinese Medicine 方剂类 fāng jì lèi 2733 Non-classical formulas Formulas by physicians after Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty (220 to 202 BC). 时方 shí fāng 2734 Classical formulas Formulas recorded in medical books before the Han dynasty, represented by Zhang Zhongjing. 经方 jīng fāng 2735 Empirical formulas Effective formulas that have been demonstrated or confirmed by long clinical practice. 验方 yàn fāng 2736 Ancient formulas The formulas before the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). 古方 gǔ fāng 2737 Secret formulas Effective and secret formulas. 秘方 mì fāng 2738 Decoction formulas/ mnemonics Decoction formulas/ mnemonics Oral herbal formulas to be decocted with water. Wang Ang, a Qing dynasty physician compiled a book named Tang Tou Ge Jue (Decoction in Rhymes) to make it easier for learners to memorize. 汤头 tāng tóu 汤方；汤头歌诀 2739 Seven formula types Seven formula types include major formulas, minor formulas, slow-acting formulas, fast-acting formulas, odd-numbered formulas, even- numbered formulas and compound formulas. 七方 qī fāng 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 379 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2740 Major formulas Formulas used for combined patterns upon contraction of excessive pathogenic factors. These include the following five aspects: ① drastic potency; ② many ingredients; ③ large doses; ④ take the large amount in one single dose; ⑤ indicated for major, severe disorders of the lower jiao. 大方 dà fāng 2741 Minor formulas Formulas used for one pattern alone upon contraction of mild pathogenic factors. These include the following three aspects: ① mild medical conditions; ② indicated for disorders of the upper jiao and take in small amount in frequent intervals; ③ fewer ingredients 小方 xiǎo fāng 2742 Slow-acting formulas Demulcent formulas Formulas indicated for chronic conditions with a weak constitution. These include the following six aspects: ① many mutually-counterbalanced ingredients; ② use non-toxic ingredients to alleviate symptoms but do not cause damage to the anti-pathogenic qi; ③ use slow-acting ingredients; ⑤ use pills to remove pathogenic factors gradually; ⑥ use demulcent medicines to boost the immune system to help recovery. 缓方 huǎn fāng 缓剂 2743 Fast-acting formulas Formulas indicated for emergency or critical conditions. These include the following four aspects: ① critical conditions that require immediate care; ② fast purging efficacy; ③ drastic potency; ④ directed at symptoms in acute conditions, such as Kai Guan San (Lockjaw- Relieving Powder) or Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction). 急方 jí fāng 2744 Odd-numbered formulas Formulas with one single ingredient or odd- numbered ingredients. 奇方 jī fāng 2745 Even-numbered formulas Formulas with two or even-numbered ingredients. 偶方 ǒu fāng 2746 Compound formulas Formulas consisting of two or more set formulas. They are often used for complex conditions. 复方 fù fāng 重方 380 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2747 Chinese medicinal formulas Chinese herbal formulas The study of the origin and evolution of formulas, treatment methods, composition principles, compatibility and clinical applications of Chinese herbal formulas. 方剂学 fāng jì xué 2748 Eight methods The eight methods are categorized according to functions of the formulas. They are sweating , vomiting, draining downward , harmonizing , warming , clearing, reducing and tonifying. 八法 bā fǎ 2749 Sweating method A method to induce perspiration, facilitate interaction between the Ying nutrients and Wei- defence, and disperse lung qi. It helps to expel six exogenous pathogenic factors through sweating and thus releases the exterior. 汗法 hàn fǎ 2750 Vomiting method A method to induce vomiting to fast remove phlegm, indigested food and poisons from the throat, thoracic diaphragm or stomach. 吐法 tù fǎ 2751 Draining downward method A method to induce bowel movements to cleanse or eliminate indigested food, dry faeces, cold accumulation, stagnant blood, phlegm, and water retention. It allows for the removal of pathogenic factors out of the body. 下法 xià fǎ 2752 Harmonizing method A method to moderate different parts of the body to expel pathogenic factors and regulate functions of the zang–fu organs. It helps to achieve yin- yang or interior–exterior balance by releasing the Shaoyang pattern when the pathogen lies in between the interior and exterior of the body and by harmonizing zang–fu organs. 和法 hé fǎ 2753 Warming method A method to warm the interior to eliminate pathogenic cold. 温法 wēn fǎ 2754 Reducing method A method to promote digestion, circulate qi, move blood, transform phlegm, drain water retention and kill parasites. 消法 xiāo fǎ 2755 Clearing method A method to clear heat, reduce fire, remove toxins and cool blood to eliminate pathogenic heat in the interior. 清法 qīng fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 381 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2756 Tonifying method A method to reinforce qi, blood, yin and yang of the body. Indicated for deficiency of zang–fu organs, qi, blood, yin and yang. 补法 bǔ fǎ 2757 Ten formula types A categorization method according to functions of the formula. The 10 types are dispersing formula, unblocking/unclogging formula, tonifying formula, purgative formula, formula consisting of light-weighted medicines, formula consisting of heavy-weighted medicines, lubricative formula, astringent formula, dry formula and moistening formula. 十剂 shí jì 2758 Dispersing formula Formulas that disperse congestion and relieve stagnation. 宣剂 xuān jì 2759 Unclogging/unblocking formula Formulas that move qi and circulate blood. 通剂 tōng jì 2760 Tonifying formula Formulas that nourish and tonify qi, blood, yin and yang of the five zang organs. 补剂 bǔ jì 2761 Purging formula Formulas that promote bowel movements and unclog the fu organs. 泄剂 xiè jì 泻剂 2762 Light formula Formulas that remove pathogenic factors out of the exterior. 轻剂 qīng jì 2763 Heavy formula Formulas that tranquilize and calm the mind. 重剂 zhòng jì 2764 Astringent formula Formulas that prevent qi, blood, essence and body fluids from exhaustion and collapse. 涩剂 sè jì 固涩剂 2765 Lubricative formula Formulas that diminish obstruction. 滑剂 huá jì 2766 Drying formula Formulas that dry dampness. 燥剂 zào jì 2767 Moistening formula Formulas that moisten or nourish the body. 湿剂 shī jì 2768 Monarch medicines Principal medicines Ingredient(s) that provide a dominant curative action on the main pattern/disorder or primary symptoms. 君药 jūn yào 主药 TABLE B REAKS HERE @ 2768 TH EN NEW ON E START S 382 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2769 Minister medicines ① Ingredient(s) to help strengthen the action of the monarch medicines on main pattern or primary symptoms; ②ingredient(s) in a formula that provide a principal curative action for associated conditions or patterns. 臣药 chén yào 辅药 2770 Assistant medicines Ingredient(s) to help the monarch and minister medicines treat principal or associated patterns; to counterbalance the toxicity or drastic actions of the monarch or minister medicines; or has/ have the opposite flavour and property with the monarch medicines. They are further categorized into facilitating assistant medicines, counterbalancing assistant medicines and counteracting assistant medicines. 佐药 zuǒ yào 2771 Facilitating assistant medicines Ingredient(s) to help facilitate the action of the monarch and minister medicines on main or associated patterns. 佐助药 zuǒ zhù yào 2772 Counterbalancing assistant medicines Ingredient(s) to eliminate or moderate the toxicity and drastic actions of the monarch and minister medicines. 佐制药 zuǒ zhì yào 2773 Counteracting assistant medicines Ingredient(s) with a property opposite to and a therapeutic effect complementary to the monarch medicine(s). 反佐药 fǎn zuǒ yào 2774 Guide medicines Ingredient(s) to coordinate the rest of the ingredients or direct action to the affected meridians or sites. They are further categorized into coordinating medicines and meridian- directing medicines. 使药 shǐ yào 2775 Coordinating medicines The guide ingredient(s) to coordinate the rest of the ingredients in a formula. 调和药 tiáo hé yào 2776 Dosage form The form of a prepared medicine designed for medical treatment or prevention. 剂型 jì xíng 2777 Decoction A liquid preparation form by boiling or soaking the ingredients in water, and taken after the sediment is removed. 汤剂 tāng jì 煎剂；汤液 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 383 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2778 Pill A solid globular mass made of finely powdered medicines with a suitable excipient or binder. It can be further categorized into honeyed pills, water pills, water-honeyed pills, paste pills, concentration pills, wax-wrapped pills, and mini pills. 丸剂 wán jì 2779 Honeyed pill Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses honey as the excipient. 蜜丸 mì wán 2780 Water pill Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses water (alternatively, alcohol, vinegar, honeyed water or medicinal juice) as excipient. 水丸 shuǐ wán 2781 Paste pill Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses rice paste, flour paste or medicated leaven paste as the excipient. 糊丸 hú wán 2782 Condensed pill Pills made from concentrated paste of medicinal decoction coupled with other medicinal powder through drying, grinding and mixing with water, honey or medicinal juice. 浓缩丸 nóng suō wán 2783 Waxed pill Pills made from fine medicinal powder and uses beeswax as the excipient. 蜡丸 là wán 2784 Mini pill Pills with a diameter of less than 2.5 mm. 微丸 wēi wán 2785 Powder A powder-like preparation made from a mixture of one or more herbs. 散剂 sǎn jì 2786 Medicated paste A medicated paste is made from decocted medicines with water or vegetable oil. It can be further categorized into fluid extract, extractum, ointment and plaster. 膏剂 gāo jì 2787 Condensed decoction Oral thick paste A semi-liquid form made from condensed medicinal decoction and processed honey/sugar. 煎膏 jiān gāo 膏滋；膏方 2788 Fluid extract A semi-liquid medicated preparation containing the active constituents with appropriate solvents. 流浸膏 liú jìn gāo 2789 Solid extract paste A concentrated medicated preparation obtained by extracting the active constituents with appropriate solvents. 浸膏 jìn gāo 384 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2790 Ointment Medicated ointment A viscous, semi-solid preparation for external application. It is made from fine medicinal powder and ointment bases. 软膏 ruǎn gāo 药膏 2791 Plaster Medicated plaster Thin plaster A solid medicated dressing for external application. Often consists of medicines, edible vegetable oil and red lead. 硬膏 yìng gāo 膏药；薄贴 2792 Granules Granulated preparations made by herbal extracts and an excipient or fine medicinal powder. 颗粒剂 kē lì jì 冲剂 2793 Medicated wine/liquor A liquid form of herbal extracts prepared with distilled liquour. 酒剂 jiǔ jì 2794 Medicated tea Preparations made from the infusion or decoction of herbs or herbal extracts. 茶剂 chá jì 2795 Pastille/troche A solid form (shaped like a spindle, cylinder or bar) of fine medicinal powder or coupled with adhesive agents. 锭剂 dìng jì 2796 Medicated roll An external dosage form of fine medicinal powder mixed with mulberry paper. 条剂 tiáo jì 2797 Medicated thread A dried external dosage form of soaked and decocted silk or cotton thread. 线剂 xiàn jì 2798 Moxa products External dosage form of moxa wool or moxa sticks to apply to certain body parts or acupuncture points. 灸剂 jiǔ jì 2799 Suppository/pessary A solid dosage form made from fine medicinal powder and bases. It is inserted into the rectum/ vagina, where it dissolves or melts and exerts local or systemic effects. 栓剂 shuān jì 2800 Take before breakfast To take the medicine in the morning on an empty stomach. 平旦服 píng dàn fú 2801 Take hot A method to take the decoction when it is hot. 热服 rè fú 2802 Take warm A method to take the decoction when it is neither cold nor hot. 温服 wēn fú 2803 Take cold A method to take the decoction when it becomes cold. 冷服 lěng fú 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 385 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2804 Sublingual/buccal administration A method to melt the medicine in the mouth. 噙化 qín huà 含化 2805 Take in one single dose A method to take the decoction all in one single dose. 顿服 dùn fú 2806 Take in multiple times A method to take the medicine in divided times. 分服 fēn fú 2807 Take frequently in small doses A method to take the decoction in small portions at frequent intervals. 频服 pín fú 2808 Formulas that release the exterior Formulas to induce sweating, relieve muscle soreness, and/or promote the eruption of measles. They are indicated for exterior pattern. These formulas are categorized into three types— formulas to release the exterior with pungent, warm medicines, formulas to release the exterior with pungent, cool medicines and formulas to reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior. 解表剂 jiě biǎo jì 2809 Formulas that release the exterior with pungent warm medicines Formulas mainly consisting of pungent, warm and dispersing medicines. They are indicated for wind cold exterior pattern. 辛温解表剂 xīn wēn jiě biǎo jì 2810 Formulas based on meridian differentiation These formulas are often used for common cold, headache, and perspiration. A representative formula is Jiu Wei Qiang Huo Tang (Nine Ingredients Notopterygium Decoction). 分经论治 fēn jīng lùn zhì 2811 Formulas that release the exterior with pungent cool medicines Formulas mainly consisting of pungent, cool and dispersing medicines. They are indicated for exterior wind heat pattern. 辛凉解表剂 xīn liáng jiě biǎo jì 2812 Formulas that reinforce healthy qi and release the exterior Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and reinforce the body. They are indicated for exterior pattern in individuals with a weak constitution. 扶正解表剂 fú zhèng jiě biǎo jì 386 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2813 Formulas that drain downward Purgative formulas Formulas to promote bowel movements, remove food stagnation in the stomach and intestines, or resolve water retention. They are indicated for excessive interior pattern. These formulas are categorized into four types: formulas to drain downward with cold-property medicines; formulas to drain downward with warm-property medicines; formulas to drain downward with moistening medicines; and formulas to drain downward with water-expelling medicines. 泻下剂 xiè xià jì 2814 Cold purgative formulas Formulas mainly consisting of cold-property ingredients. They are indicated for interior excessive heat accumulation pattern. 寒下剂 hán xià jì 2815 Formulas that remove firewood from under the cauldron “Take away firewood from under the cauldron” is a metaphorical expression for the method of discharging heat with purgation. These formulas act to purge excess heat. A representative formula is Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Purgative Decoction). 釜底抽薪 fǔ dǐ chōu xīn 2816 Warm purgative formulas Formulas mainly consisting of warm, pungent medicines to warm yang and dissipate cold, coupled with bitter, cold medicines to purge pathogenic factors. They are indicated for excessive interior cold pattern. 温下剂 wēn xià jì 2817 Moistening purgative formulas Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish yin and purge the intestine. They are indicated for constipation due to intestinal dryness. 润下剂 rùn xià jì 2818 Formulas that expel water Formulas mainly consisting of purgative medicines to resolve water retention. They are indicated for interior water retention. 逐水剂 zhú shuǐ jì 2819 Formulas that purge and tonify Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to purge the intestine and tonify the body. They are indicated for interior excess and deficiency of healthy qi. 攻补兼施剂 gōng bǔ jiān shī jì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 387 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2820 Formulas that generate fluids to promote bowel movements Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish yin and generate fluids. They are indicated for constipation due to heat in Yangming organ. A representative formula is Zeng Ye Tang (Fluid- Increasing Decoction). 增水行舟 zēng shuǐ xíng zhōu 2821 Formulas that harmonize and release Formulas to harmonize and release Shaoyang, coordinate the liver and spleen, and regulate the stomach and intestines. They are used to treat pathogenic factor affecting the Shaoyang, disharmony between the liver and spleen and lack of coordination between the stomach and intestines. These formulas are categorized into three types: formulas to harmonize Shaoyang; formulas to harmonize the liver and spleen; and formulas to harmonize the stomach and intestines. 和解剂 hé jiě jì 2822 Formulas that harmonize and release Shaoyang Formulas that are indicated for cold damage affecting the Shaoyang (combined exterior and interior pattern). 和解少阳剂 hé jiě shào yáng jì 2823 Formulas that regulate and harmonize the liver and spleen Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to soothe and soften the liver, regulate qi, nourish blood and strengthen the spleen. They are indicated for disharmony between the liver and spleen. 调和肝脾剂 tiáo hé gān pí jì 2824 Formulas that regulate and harmonize the stomach and intestines Formulas mainly consisting of pungent warm and bitter, cold medicines to disperse and down- regulate qi. They are indicated for disharmony between the stomach and intestines. 调和肠胃剂 tiáo hé cháng wèi jì 2825 Formulas that clear heat Formulas mainly consisting of heat-clearing medicines. They act to clear fire/heat, cool blood and remove toxins. These formulas are categorized into six types: formulas to clear heat in the qi phase; formulas that clear heat in the Ying nutrients phase and cool blood; formulas to clear heat in both qi and blood; formulas to clear heat and remove toxins; formulas to clear heat in Zang– fu organs; and formulas to clear deficiency heat. 清热剂 qīng rè jì 388 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2826 Formulas that clear heat in the qi phase Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat. They are indicated for heat in the qi phase. 清气分热剂 qīng qì fèn rè jì 2827 Formulas that clear heat with sweet, cold medicines Formulas that are indicated for exuberant heat damaging bodily fluids. They mainly consist of sweet and cold medicines: the sweet ones to nourish yin and regenerate fluids, and the cold/ cool ones to clear heat. A representative formula is Wu Zhi Yin (Five-Juice Beverage). 甘寒清热 gān hán qīng rè 2828 Formulas that clear heat in the Ying nutrients and blood Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and cool blood. They are indicated for heat entering the Ying nutrients and blood phases. 清营凉血剂 qīng yíng liáng xuè jì 2829 Formulas that clear heat in the Ying nutrients phase Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and remove toxins, coupled with medicines to clear heat in the qi phase. They are indicated for the early stage of heat entering the Ying nutrients phase in febrile diseases. A representative formula is Qing Ying Tang (Ying Phase Clearing Decoction). 透热转气 tòu rè zhuǎn qì 2830 Formulas that effuse stagnant fire/heat Formulas to expel stagnant heat/fire through dispersing, ascending and unblocking using light medicines. Representative formulas are Pu Ji Xiao Du Yin (Universal Relief Toxin-Removing Beverage) and Qing Wei San (Stomach-Clearing Powder). 火郁发之 huǒ yù fā zhī 2831 Formulas that purge the interior heat Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and purge the intestine. They are indicated for interior heat. A representative formula is Liang Ge San (Diaphragm-Cooling Powder). 以泻代清 yǐ xiè dài qīng 2832 Formulas that clear heat and remove toxins Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and remove toxins. They are indicated for pestilence, pathogenic warmth and toxic heat pattern. 清热解毒剂 qīng rè jiě dú jì 2833 Formulas that clear exuberant heat with bitter and cold medicines Formulas that are indicated for exuberant interior heat. These formulas mainly consist of bitter, cold medicines: the bitter ones to clear fire and the cold ones to clear heat. A representative formula is Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction). 苦寒直折 kǔ hán zhí zhé 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 389 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2834 Formulas that clear heat in the qi and blood Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat, cool blood and remove toxins. They are indicated for pestilence heat in both qi and blood. 气血两清剂 qì xuè liǎng qīng jì 2835 Formulas that clear heat in the zang-fu organs Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear internal heat. They are indicated for interior heat pattern. 清脏腑热剂 qīng zàng fǔ rè jì 2836 Formulas that clear deficiency heat Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear deficiency heat. They are indicated for deficiency heat. 清虚热剂 qīng xū rè jì 2837 Formulas that enter first and exit next Formulas that are used for later stage of febrile diseases with retention of pathogenic factors in the Yin phase. A representative formula is Qing Hao Bei Jie Tang (Sweet Wormwood and Turtle Shell Decoction). Bie Jia (Carapax Trionycis) guides Qing Hao (Herba Artemisiae Annuae) to the interior and Qing Hao guides Bie Jia out to the exterior. The combination of the two ingredients nourishes yin and clears internal heat. 先入后出 xiān rù hòu chū 2838 Formulas that eliminate summer heat Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat. They are indicated for summer heat- related problems. These formulas are categorized into four types: formulas to clear summer heat; formulas to clear summer heat and release the exterior; formulas to clear summer heat and resolve dampness; and formulas to clear summer heat and benefit qi. 祛暑剂 qū shǔ jì 2839 Formulas that clear summer heat Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat. They are indicated for summer heat pattern. 祛暑清热剂 qū shǔ qīng rè jì 2840 Formulas that clear summer heat and release the exterior Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat, transform dampness or release the exterior. They are indicated for exposure to wind heat and summer heat damaging the spleen and stomach. 祛暑解表剂 qū shǔ jiě biǎo jì 2841 Formulas that clear summer heat and resolve dampness Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat and resolve dampness. They are indicated for summer heat and dampness or downward flow of summer heat and dampness. 祛暑利湿剂 qū shǔ lì shī jì 390 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2842 Formulas that clear summer heat and supplement qi Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear summer heat, supplement qi, and nourish yin. They are indicated for summer heat damaging qi and bodily fluids. 清暑益气剂 qīng shǔ yì qì jì 2843 Formulas that warm the interior Formulas to warm the interior, supplement yang, dispel cold, and unblock blood vessels. They are indicated for interior cold pattern. These formulas are categorized into three types: formulas to warm the middle jiao and remove cold; formulas to resuscitate yang to prevent collapse; and formulas to warm meridians and dispel cold. 温里剂 wēn lǐ jì 2844 Formulas that warm the middle jiao and remove cold Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm the interior and remove cold. They are indicated for deficiency cold of the spleen and stomach. 温中祛寒剂 wēn zhōng qū hán jì 2845 Formulas that resuscitate yang and prevent collapse Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm yang and prevent fainting. They are indicated for approaching collapse of yang qi. 回阳救逆剂 huí yáng jiù nì jì 2846 Formulas that warm meridians and dispel cold Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm and unblock meridians and remove cold. They are indicated for joint pain due to cold retaining in meridians. 温经散寒剂 wēn jīng sàn hán jì 2847 Formulas that release the exterior and interior Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior, warm the interior, and reinforce the body. They are indicated for pattern involving both the exterior and interior. These formulas are further categorized into three subtypes: exterior-releasing and interior-clearing formulas; exterior-releasing and interior-warming formulas; and exterior-releasing and interior- attacking formulas. 表里双解剂 biǎo lǐ shuāng jiě jì 2848 Formulas that release the exterior and purge the interior Formulas mainly consisting of exterior-releasing medicines and purgative medicines. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior excess pattern. 解表攻里剂 jiě biǎo gōng lǐ jì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 391 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2849 Formulas that release the exterior and clear the interior Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and clear heat. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior heat. 解表清里剂 jiě biǎo qīng lǐ jì 2850 Formulas that release the exterior and warm the interior Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to release the exterior and warm the interior. They are indicated for retention of exogenous pathogens coupled with interior cold. 解表温里剂 jiě biǎo wēn lǐ jì 2851 Formulas that tonify or reinforce Formulas mainly consisting of tonic medicines. They are indicated for deficiency of qi, blood and yin and yang. These formulas are further categorized into six types: formulas to tonify qi; formulas to tonify blood; formulas to tonify qi and blood; formulas to nourish yin; formulas to tonify yang; and formulas to tonify yin and yang. 补益剂 bǔ yì jì 2852 Formulas that tonify qi Formulas mainly consisting of qi-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for qi deficiency pattern. 补气剂 bǔ qì jì 2853 Formulas that reduce fever with sweet, warm medicines Formulas consisting of sweet, warm medicines. They are indicated for fever due to qi deficiency or yang deficiency. Representative formulas are Xiao Jian Zhong Tang (Minor Middle Jiao-Fortifying Decoction) and Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang (Middle Jiao- Supplementing and Qi-Boosting Decoction). 甘温除热 gān wēn chú rè 2854 Formulas that tonify blood Formulas mainly consisting of blood-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for blood deficiency pattern. 补血剂 bǔ xuè jì 2855 Formulas that tonify qi and blood Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to tonify qi and blood. They are indicated for deficiency of both qi and blood. 气血双补剂 qì xuè shuāng bǔ jì 2856 Formulas that tonify yin Formulas mainly consisting of yin-nourishing medicines. They are indicated for yin deficiency pattern. 补阴剂 bǔ yīn jì 392 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2857 Formulas that seek yin within yang A method to combine a small amount of yang- tonifying medicines for kidney yin deficiency. This method enhances the effect of nourishing yin. The representative formula is Zuo Gui Wan (Left- Restoring Pill). 阳中求阴 yáng zhōng qiú yīn 2858 Formulas that tonify yang Formulas mainly consisting of yang-tonifying medicines. They are indicated for yang deficiency pattern. 补阳剂 bǔ yáng jì 2859 Formulas that seek yang within yin Formulas to combine a small amount of yin- nourishing medicines for kidney yang deficiency. This method enhances the effect of warming yang. The representative formula is You Gui Wan (Right- Restoring Pill). 阴中求阳 yīn zhōng qiú yáng 2860 Formulas that tonify both yin and yang Formulas consisting of yin-nourishing and yang- tonifying medicines. They are indicated for deficiency of yin and yang. 阴阳并补 yīn yáng bìng bǔ 2861 Formulas that calm the mind Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to calm the mind. Indicated for mental restlessness. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to calm the mind with heavy medicines; and formulas to tranquilize the mind by nourishing yin and blood. 安神剂 ān shén jì 2862 Formulas that calm and settle the mind with heavy medicines Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (heavy in weight) to calm the mind. They are indicated for hyperactivity of heart yang and heat disturbing the heart mind. 重镇安神剂 zhòng zhèn ān shén jì 2863 Formulas that calm and nourish the mind Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to nourish and calm the mind. They are indicated for yin blood failing to nourish the heart mind. 滋养安神剂 zī yǎng ān shén jì 2864 Formulas that open the orifices Formulas containing aromatic medicines. They are indicated for loss of consciousness and blockage of orifices. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to clear heat; and formulas to warm the interior and open the orifices. 开窍剂 kāi qiào jì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 393 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2865 Formulas that open the orifices with cold- property ingredients Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and open the orifices. They are indicated for heat blockage pattern due to toxic heat entering the pericardium in febrile disease. 凉开剂 liáng kāi jì 2866 Formulas that open the orifices with warm- property ingredients Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dispel cold and open the orifices. They are indicated for cold blockage pattern: cold, dampness and turbid phlegm blocking the mind or filthy turbidity obstructing the flow of qi. 温开剂 wēn kāi jì 2867 Formulas that secure and astringe Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe or secure qi, blood, essence and body fluids. They are indicated for loss of or abnormal leakage/discharge of qi, blood, essence and body fluids. These formulas are categorized into five types: formulas to secure the exterior and stop sweating; formulas to astringe the lung and stop coughing; formulas to astringe the large intestine and stop diarrhoea; secure the essence gate and stop nocturnal emissions/urinary emissions; and secure Chong and Ren meridians and stop uterine bleeding/leucorrhoea. 固涩剂 gù sè jì 2868 Formulas that secure the exterior and stop sweating Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe and stop sweating. They are indicated for sweating disorders. 固表止汗剂 gù biǎo zhǐ hàn jì 2869 Formulas that astringe the lung and stop coughing Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe the lung. They are indicated for lung deficiency pattern due to chronic coughing. 敛肺止咳剂 liǎn fèi zhǐ ké jì 2870 Formulas that astringe the intestine and secure collapse Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to astringe the intestines and secure collapse. They are indicated for faecal incontinence or rectal prolapse. 涩肠固脱剂 sè cháng gù tuō jì 2871 Formulas that astringe the semen and stop enuresis Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to secure the semen and astringe urination. They are indicated for nocturnal emissions or enuresis. 涩精止遗剂 sè jīng zhǐ yí jì 394 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2872 Formulas that stop bleeding/leucorrhoea Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to stop bleeding and vaginal discharge. They are indicated for metrorrhagia, metrostaxis or profuse vaginal discharge. 固崩止带剂 gù bēng zhǐ dài jì 2873 Formulas that regulate qi Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to move or down-regulate qi. They are indicated for qi stagnation or adverse ascending of qi. These formulas are categorized into two types: formulas to circulate qi; and formulas to down-regulate qi. 理气剂 lǐ qì jì 2874 Formulas that circulate qi Formulas that act to unblock qi activities and are often indicated for liver or spleen/stomach qi stagnation. 行气剂 xíng qì jì 2875 Formulas that make qi descend Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to make the qi descend. These formulas are indicated for adverse ascending of qi. 降气剂 jiàng qì jì 2876 Formulas that regulate blood Formulas mainly consisting of blood-regulating medicines. They are indicated for blood stasis or haemorrhage. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to circulate blood and resolve stasis; and formulas to stop bleeding. 理血剂 lǐ xuè jì 2877 Formulas that circulate blood and eliminate stasis Formulas mainly consisting of blood-circulating medicines. They are indicated for blood stasis pattern. 活血祛瘀剂 huó xuè qū yū jì 2878 Formulas that combine dry/pungent and sweet/moist medicines Formulas that combined dry, pungent and aromatic medicines with soft, sweet and moistening medicines. A representative formula is Huang Tu Tang (Yellow Earth Decoction). 刚柔相济 gāng róu xiāng jì 2879 Formulas that stop bleeding Formulas mainly consisting of haemostatic drugs. They are indicated for bleeding pattern. 止血剂 zhǐ xuè jì 2880 Formulas that treat wind Formulas mainly consisting of wind-removing or wind-extinguishing medicines. They are indicated for external or internal wind. 治风剂 zhì fēng jì 2881 Formulas that remove external wind Formulas mainly consisting of pungent medicines to remove external wind. They are indicated for external wind pattern. 疏散外风剂 shū sàn wài fēng jì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 395 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2882 Formulas that extinguish internal wind Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to soothe the liver and extinguish wind. They are indicated for internal stirring of liver wind. 平熄内风剂 píng xī nèi fēng jì 2883 Formulas that treat dryness Formulas that act to dispel external dryness with pungent, light-weight ingredients or eliminate internal dryness with sweet, cold and yin-nourishing ingredients. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to dispel external dryness; and formulas to nourish yin and moisten internal dryness. 治燥剂 zhì zào jì 2884 Formulas that moisten dryness with light diffusing medicines Formulas mainly consisting of pungent medicines light in weight and dispersing in function. They are indicated for external dryness pattern. 轻宣润燥剂 qīng xuān rùn zào jì 2885 Formulas that nourish yin and moisten dryness Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (sweet in flavour and cool in property) to moisten dryness. They are indicated for internal dryness pattern. 滋阴润燥剂 zī yīn rùn zào jì 2886 Formulas that eliminate dampness Formulas that act to resolve water retention and relieve stranguria are indicated for water dampness pattern. These formulas are categorized into five types: formulas to dry dampness and harmonize the stomach; formulas to clear heat and eliminate dampness; formulas to promote urination and drain dampness; formulas to warm and transform cold dampness; and formulas to remove wind and transform dampness. 祛湿剂 qū shī jì 2887 Formulas that dry dampness and harmonize the stomach Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dry dampness and harmonize the stomach. They are indicated for dampness affecting the spleen and stomach or disharmony of stomach qi. 燥湿和胃剂 zào shī hé wèi jì 2888 Formulas that clear heat and eliminate dampness Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and resolve dampness. They are indicated for damp heat pattern. 清热祛湿剂 qīng rè qū shī jì 2889 Formulas that promote urination and drain dampness Formulas mainly consisting of medicines (sweet or bland in flavour) to drain dampness through urination. They are indicated for water dampness pattern. 利水渗湿剂 lì shuǐ shèn shī jì 396 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2890 Formulas that warm and transform water-dampness Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm yang and transform water and dampness. They are indicated for cold dampness pattern. 温化水湿剂 wēn huà shuǐ shī jì 2891 Formulas that remove wind and transform dampness Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to remove wind and transform dampness. They are mainly indicated for wind dampness pattern. 祛风胜湿剂 qū fēng shèng shī jì 2892 Formulas that eliminate phlegm Formulas that are indicated for phlegm from all causes. These formulas are subdivided into five types: formulas to dry dampness and transform phlegm; formulas to clear heat and transform phlegm; formulas to moisten dryness and transform phlegm; formulas to warm and transform phlegm; and formulas to stop wind and transform phlegm. 祛痰剂 qū tán jì 2893 Formulas that dry dampness and transform phlegm Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to dry dampness and transform phlegm. They are indicated for damp phlegm pattern. 燥湿化痰剂 zào shī huà tán jì 2894 Formulas that clear heat and transform phlegm Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to clear heat and transform phlegm. They are indicated for heat phlegm pattern. 清热化痰剂 qīng rè huà tán jì 2895 Formulas that moisten dryness and transform phlegm Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to moisten the lung and transform phlegm. They are indicated for dry phlegm pattern. 润燥化痰剂 rùn zào huà tán jì 2896 Formulas that warm and transform cold phlegm Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to warm and transform cold phlegm. They are indicated for cold phlegm pattern. 温化寒痰剂 wēn huà hán tán jì 2897 Formulas that treat wind and transform phlegm Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to remove/extinguish wind and transform phlegm. They are indicated for wind phlegm pattern. 治风化痰剂 zhì fēng huà tán jì 2898 Formulas that promote digestion and transform masses Formulas to promote digestion. They are indicated for food stagnation from different causes. These formulas are subdivided into two types: formulas to promote digestion to resolve stagnation; and formulas to strengthen the spleen to promote digestion. 消导化积剂 xiāo dǎo huà jī jì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 397 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2899 Formulas that promote digestion and unblock stagnation Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to promote digestion. They are indicated for poor digestion due to food stagnation. 消食导滞剂 xiāo shí dǎo zhì jì 2900 Formulas that disperse and transform masses Formulas mainly consisting of medicines to circulate qi, transform stasis, soften hardness and eliminate masses. They are indicated for stuffiness, fullness, stagnation or paediatric malnutrition due to food stagnation damaging the spleen and stomach. 消痞化积剂 xiāo pǐ huà jī jì 2901 Formulas that kill parasites/worms Formulas to kill intestinal parasites/worms. They are indicated for intestinal parasites. 驱虫剂 qū chóng jì 2902 Formulas that induce emesis Emetic formulas Formulas to induce vomiting, expectorate phlegm, undigested food and poison in the stomach. They are indicated for phlegm syncope, food stagnation and food poisoning. 涌吐剂 yǒng tù jì 2903 Formulas that treat sores/ulcers and abscesses Formulas to remove toxins, resolve swelling, expel toxins, regenerate tissues, and heal the wound. 治疡剂 zhì yáng jì 2904 Chinese patent medicine Safe, effective and reliable Chinese medical preparations that have been tested by clinical use and manufactured according to standard technical procedures. 中成药 zhōng chéng yào 2905 3.4 Health cultivation methods Health preservation methods 3.4 养生保健 方法 2906 3.5 Acupuncture and moxibustion (including cupping and guasha) 3.5 针灸类(含 拔罐、刮痧） 2907 Meridians and acupuncture points 经络腧穴类 jīng luò shù xué lèi 2908 Meridians and collaterals Meridians and collaterals are pathways for qi and blood to flow throughout the body. They form a comprehensive network linking the tissues and internal organs into an organic whole. 经络 jīng luò 398 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2909 Twelve meridians Twelve regular meridians The twelve meridians (i.e. the twelve regular meridians) are: the lung meridian; the large intestine meridian; the stomach meridian; the spleen meridian; the heart meridian; the small intestine meridian; the bladder meridian; the kidney meridian; the pericardium meridian; the Sanjiao meridian; the gallbladder meridian; and the liver meridian. 十二经脉 shí èr jīng mài 十二正经 2910 The lung meridian of hand-Taiyin The lung meridian pertains to the lung and connects with the large intestine. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the medial aspect of the arm. 手太阴肺经 shǒu tài yīn fèi jīng 2911 The large intestine meridian of hand-Yangming The large intestine meridian pertains to the large intestine and connects with the lung. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the radial aspect of the arm, passes through the cheeks, enters the lower teeth, and then over the upper lip and terminates beside the opposite nostril. 手阳明大肠经 shǒu yáng míng dà cháng jīng 2912 The stomach meridian of foot-Yangming The stomach meridian pertains to the stomach and connects with the spleen. It starts directly below the pupil between the eyeball and the infraorbital ridge. Running downward along the lateral side of the nose, to the lateral corner of the mouth. Curving posterior to the anterior angle of the mandible. Then it travels to the posterior aspect of the mandible ascending in front of the ear and following the anterior hairline, it reaches the forehead. It then runs along the throat and enters the supraclavicular fossa. The straight line of the meridian separates the supraclavicular fossa and runs downward along the middle mammillary line. It travels to the side of the umbilicus and descends to the inguinal groove. Running downward it travels along the anterior aspect of the thigh and reaches the knee. From there is continues further down along the anterior border of the lateral aspect of the tibia to the dorsum of the foot and reaches the lateral side of the tip of the second toe. 足阳明胃经 zú yáng míng wèi jīng 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 399 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2913 The spleen meridian of foot-Taiyin The spleen meridian pertains to the spleen and connects with the stomach. It mainly travels along the anterior border of the medial aspect of the leg and passes through the chest and abdomen. 足太阴脾经 zú tài yīn pí jīng 2914 The heart meridian of hand-Shaoyin The heart meridian pertains to the heart and connects with the small intestine. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the ulnar palmar aspect of the arm. 手少阴心经 shǒu shào yīn xīn jīng 2915 The small intestine meridian of hand-Taiyang The small intestine meridian pertains to the small intestine and connects with the heart. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the dorsal ulnar aspect of the arm, passes through the shoulder and reaches the face. 手太阳小肠经 shǒu tài yáng xiǎo cháng jīng 2916 The bladder meridian of foot-Taiyang The bladder meridian pertains to the urinary bladder and connects with the kidney. It is mainly distributed over the head, back and along the back of the leg. 足太阳膀胱经 zú tài yáng páng guāng jīng 2917 The kidney meridian of foot-Shaoyin The kidney meridian pertains to the kidney and connects with the urinary bladder. It mainly travels along the posterior border of the medial aspect of the leg and passes through the chest and abdomen, finally terminating at the root of the tongue. 足少阴肾经 zú shào yīn shèn jīng 2918 The pericardium meridian of hand-Jueyin The pericardium meridian pertains to the pericardium and connects with the Sanjiao. It mainly travels along the palmar aspect of the upper arm and moves towards the forearm running between the tendons of the m. palmaris longus and m. flexor carpi radialis. 手厥阴心包经 shǒu jué yīn xīn bāo jīng 2919 The Sanjiao meridian of hand-Shaoyang Triple-burner meridian Triple warmer meridian Triple energizer meridian of hand-Shaoyang The Sanjiao meridian pertains to Sanjiao and connects with the pericardium. It is mainly distributed along the dorsal aspect of the forearm between the radius and ulna and reaches the ears and face. 手少阳三焦经 shǒu shào yáng sān jiāo jīng 400 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2920 The gallbladder meridian of foot-Shaoyang The gallbladder meridian pertains to the gallbladder and connects with the liver. It is mainly distributed over the head, sides of the head, chest, and abdomen and descends down to the lateral aspect of the leg. 足少阳胆经 zú shào yáng dǎn jīng 2921 The liver meridian of foot-Jueyin The liver meridian pertains to the liver and connects with the gallbladder. It mainly travels along the medial aspect of the leg, passes over the chest and abdomen, and its divergent meridian reaches the vertex. 足厥阴肝经 zú jué yīn gān jīng 2922 Three hand-yin meridians The three hand-yin meridians are lung meridian, heart meridian and pericardium meridian. 手三阴经 shǒu sān yīn jīng 2923 Three hand-yang meridians The three hand-yang meridians are large intestine meridian, small intestine meridian and Sanjiao meridian. 手三阳经 shǒu sān yáng jīng 2924 Three foot-yin meridians The three foot-yin meridians are spleen meridian, kidney meridian and liver meridian. 足三阴经 zú sān yīn jīng 2925 Three foot-yang meridians The three foot-yang meridians are stomach meridian, bladder meridian and gallbladder meridian. 足三阳经 zú sān yáng jīng 2926 Eight extraordinary meridians The eight extraordinary meridians are different from the twelve regular meridians with special distributions and functions. They are Du meridian, Ren meridian, Chong meridian, Dai meridian, Yinwei meridian, Yangwei meridian, Yinqiao meridian and Yangqiao meridian. 奇经八脉 qí jīng bā mài 2927 The Du meridian Governor Vessel The Du meridian is mainly distributed over the head, face and along the midline of the back. 督脉 dū mài 2928 The Ren meridian Conception Vessel The Ren meridian is mainly distributed over the neck, face and along the midline of the chest and abdomen. 任脉 rèn mài 2929 The Chong meridian Thoroughfare Vessel The Chong meridian is mainly distributed over the chest and face, inside the spine and along the first lateral line of the abdomen. 冲脉 chōng mài 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 401 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2930 The Dai meridian Belt Vessel The Dai meridian is mainly distributed over the waist, subcostal area and abdomen. It encircles the waist like a girdle. 带脉 dài mài 2931 The Yinqiao meridian The Yinqiao meridian is mainly distributed over the heel, the medial aspect of the leg, perineum, abdomen, chest, head, and eyes. 阴蹻脉 yīn qiāo mài 2932 The Yangqiao meridian The Yangqiao meridian is mainly distributed over the heel, lateral aspect of the leg, thigh, subcostal area, shoulder, head and eyes. 阳蹻脉 yáng qiāo mài 2933 The Yinwei meridian The Yinwei meridian is mainly distributed over the medial aspect of the leg and thigh and ascends along the third lateral line of the abdomen. It reaches the throat and meets with the Ren meridian at Tiantu (Ren 22) and Lianquan (Ren 23). 阴维脉 yīn wéi mài 2934 The Yangwei meridian The Yangwei meridian is mainly distributed below the external malleolus, the lateral aspect of the leg, and over the subcostal area, shoulder and sides of the head. It meets with the Du meridian at Fengfu (Du 16) and Yamen (Du 15). 阳维脉 yáng wéi mài 2935 Collaterals Collaterals are branches of meridians, including minute collaterals, blood collaterals and superficial collaterals. 络脉 luò mài 2936 The fifteen collaterals The fifteen collaterals include the collaterals of the twelve meridians, the collaterals of the Du and Ren meridian as well as the major collateral of the spleen. 十五络脉 shí wǔ luò mài 2937 The sixteen collaterals The sixteen collaterals include the above- mentioned fifteen collaterals plus the major collateral of the stomach. 十六络脉 shí liù luò mài 2938 The great collateral of the spleen The major collateral of the spleen begins from Dabao (SP 21), emerges at 3 cun below Yuanye (GB 22) and spreads over the chest and subcostal area. 脾之大络 pí zhī dà luò 402 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2939 The great collateral of the stomach The major collateral of the stomach begins from Xuli (the pulsation at the apex of the heart), passes through the diaphragm, connects with the lung and emerges from the left breast. 胃之大络 wèi zhī dà luò 2940 Blood collaterals Superficial vessels visible to the naked eye. 血络 xuè luò 2941 Floating collaterals Collaterals on the surface of the body. 浮络 fú luò 2942 Minute collaterals Extremely small collaterals. 孙络 sūn luò 2943 The twelve divergent meridians The twelve divergent meridians branch out from the twelve regular meridians and are deeper in the body. They function to strengthen the connection between internally-externally coupled meridians. 十二经别 shí èr jīng bié 经别 2944 The twelve muscle regions Twelve sinews/ fasica The twelve muscle regions are corresponding sites where the qi and blood of the twelve meridians to nourish the muscles and tendons. Their distributions are almost the same as that of the twelve meridians. 十二经筋 shí èr jīng jīn 经筋 2945 The twelve cutaneous regions The twelve cutaneous regions are corresponding sites where the qi and blood of the twelve meridians to nourish the skin. They are generally known as the outward manifestations of the twelve meridians and collaterals. 十二皮部 shí èr pí bù 皮部 2946 Gen-root and jie-knot The word “Gen” literally means root. It shares the similar meaning with “Ben”. The word “Jie” literally means knot. It shares the similar meaning with “Biao” (see Biao and Ben). 根结 gēn jié 2947 Biao-tip and ben-trunk The word “biao” literally means the tip of tree branches. Here it refers to the head, face and body trunk where meridian qi diffuses. The word “ben” literally means the trunk of a tree. Here it refers to the four limbs where meridian qi gathers. 标本 biāo běn 2948 Qi streets Qi streets are the pathways for meridian qi to flow over the head and body trunk. There is a total of four qi streets, respectively on the head, chest, abdomen and lower leg. 气街 qì jiē 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 403 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2949 Four seas The four seas include the sea of marrow, sea of qi, sea of water and food, and sea of blood (sea of the twelve meridians). 四海 sì hǎi 2950 The sea of marrow The brain is known as “the sea of marrow”. 髓海 suǐ hǎi 2951 The sea of qi The chest is known as “the sea of qi”. 气海 qì hǎi 2952 The sea of water and food The stomach is known as “the sea of water and food”. 水谷之海 shuǐ gǔ zhī hǎi 2953 The sea of blood The Chong meridian is known as “the sea of blood (sea of the twelve meridians)”. 血海 xuè hǎi 2954 The sea of yang meridians The Du meridian governs meridian qi of all yang meridians and is therefore known as “the sea of yang meridians”. 阳脉之海 yáng mài zhī hǎi 2955 The sea of yin meridians The Ren meridian governs meridian qi of all yin meridians and is therefore known as “the sea of yin meridians”. 阴脉之海 yīn mài zhī hǎi 2956 The three branches from one source The three divergences from a single source The Du, Ren and Chong meridians all arise from a common origin: “baozhong” (the lower abdomen where primordial kidney qi gathers), emerge out of the perineum, and then travels along their own pathways. 一源三歧 yì yuán sān qí 2957 Transmission of sensation along meridians Sensations radiating along the pathways of meridians. 循经感传 xún jīng gǎn chuán 2958 The meridian phenomena Specific disturbance of sensation, transmission of sensation and visible changes in skin colour and quality along the pathways of meridians. 经络现象 jīng luò xiàn xiàng 2959 The lung connections The trachea and throat. The word “xi” means connecting tissues or structures. 肺系 fèi xì 2960 The eye connections The posterior intraocular structures connecting with the brain. 目系 mù xì 2961 The heart connections The structures connecting with the heart, such as blood vessels. 心系 xīn xì 404 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2962 The junction between the red and white skin Junction of the change in skin colour The boundary between the palmar aspect and dorsal aspect of the hands and feet. The skin on the palm aspect appears white, whereas the skin on the dorsal aspect appears red or brown. It is often used as an anatomical landmark to locate certain points. 赤白肉际 chì bái ròu jì 2963 Bolt, plank and hinge Three objects of a door are used figuratively to express the functions of the three yang and three yin meridians. Of the three yang meridians, Taiyang is compared to the bolt, Yangming to the plank and Shaoyang to the hinge. Of the three yin meridians, Taiyin is compared to the bolt, Jueyin to the plank and Shaoyin to the hinge. 关阖枢 guān hé shū 2964 Acupuncture points The specific sites where the qi and blood of the zang–fu organs and meridians are transported to the surface of the body. They are pathological reaction points and, at the same time, acupuncture stimulation points. 腧穴 shù xué 2965 Meridian points Acupuncture points of the fourteen meridians (i.e. twelve regular meridians + Du meridian + Ren meridian). 经穴 jīng xué 2966 Extra points The points that are not contained in the above- mentioned fourteen meridians; however, these points have specific names and locations. 经外奇穴 jīng wài qí xué 奇穴 2967 Ashi Points The points of sensitivity or tenderness. They are neither meridians points nor extra points, and they do not have specific names or locations. 阿是穴 ā shì xué 天应穴 2968 The specific points The meridians points that have special names and functions. 特定穴 tè dìng xué 2969 Five-Shu points A collective term of the Jing-well, Ying-spring, Shu-stream, Jing-river and He-sea points. They are all located distal to, or at the elbow and knee joints. 五输穴 wǔ shū xué 2970 Jing-well points The point at which the qi rises is known as the Jing-well. Most Jing-well points are located on the fingers or toes. 井穴 jǐng xué 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 405 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2971 Ying-spring points The point at which the qi glides is known as the Ying-spring. The Ying-spring points are generally located distal to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joints. 荥穴 xíng xué 2972 Shu-stream points The point at which the qi pours through is known as the Shu-stream. The Shu-stream points are generally located proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints or metatarsophalangeal joints. 输穴 shū xué 2973 Jing-river points The point at which the qi flows is known as the Jing-river. The Jing-river points are located around the joints of the wrists or ankles. 经穴 jīng xué 2974 He-sea points The point at which the qi enters inwards is known as the He-sea. The He-sea points are located around the joints of the elbows or knees. 合穴 hé xué 2975 Yuan-primordial points Yuan-source points The points where the Yuan-primordial qi pools. 原穴 yuán xué 2976 Luo-connecting points The points where a meridian exits off from the main flow and connects with the Yin/Yang paired meridian. 络穴 luò xué 2977 Xi-cleft points The points where meridian qi is deeply converged. 郄穴 xì xué 2978 Back-Shu points The points on the back where qi of the respective zang–fu organs is infused. 背俞穴 bèi shù xué 2979 Front-Mu points The points on the chest and abdomen where qi of the respective zang–fu organs is infused. 募穴 mù xué 2980 Eight influential points The points that have particular effects in the treatment of disorders relating to the zang, fu, qi, blood, tendon, vessels, bones and marrow. 八会穴 bā huì xué 2981 Eight confluent points The points where qi of the twelve regular meridians meets the eight extraordinary meridians. 八脉交会穴 bā mài jiāo huì xué 2982 Lower He-sea points The points where qi of the six fu organs is infused into the three foot-yang meridians. 下合穴 xià hé xué 2983 Crossing points The points intersected by two or more meridians. 交会穴 jiāo huì xué 406 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2984 Point combination The selection of different points in acupuncture treatment. 针灸配穴 zhēn jiǔ pèi xué 2985 Selection of local points A method to choose points at or close to the affected body area. 近部取穴 jìn bù qǔ xué 2986 Selection of distal points A method to choose points away from the affected body area. 远部取穴 yuǎn bù qǔ xué 2987 Pattern-oriented point selection A method to choose points according to differentiated pattern. 随证取穴 suí zhèng qǔ xué 2988 Point combination of the affected meridian A method to combine points along the affected meridian. 本经配穴法 běn jīng pèi xué fǎ 2989 Point combination of the coupled meridians A method to combine points from the internally- externally connected meridians. 表里（经）配 穴法 biǎo lǐ（jīng）pèi xué fǎ 2990 Point combination of the same-name meridians A method to combine points from one hand meridian and one foot meridian that share the same name. 同名经配穴法 tóng míng jīng pèi xué fǎ 2991 Upper and lower point combination A method to combine points on the upper and lower body. 上下配穴法 shàng xià pèi xué fǎ 2992 Back and front point combination A method to combine points on the back and front of the body. 前后配穴法 qián hòu pèi xué fǎ 2993 Left and right point combination A method to combine points on the left and right side of the body. 左右配穴法 zuǒ yòu pèi xué fǎ 2994 Yuan and Luo point combination A method to combine the Yuan-source and Luo- connecting points. 原络配穴法 yuán luò pèi xué fǎ 2995 Host–guest combination using Yuan-source and Luo- connecting points A point combination method to use the Yuan- primary point of the affected meridian coupled with the Luo-connecting point of its interiorly- exteriorly connected meridian. This method is often employed to treat problems of the zang–fu organs and meridians. 主客原络配 穴法 zhǔ kè yuán luò pèi xué fǎ 2996 Shu and Mu point combination A method to combine the back-Shu and front-Mu points. 俞募配穴法 shù mù pèi xué fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 407 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 2997 Methods of locating acupuncture points The acupuncture points can be located according to the anatomical landmarks, proportional bone measurement, and finger measurement, etc. 腧穴定位法 shù xué dìng wèi fǎ 2998 Proportional bone measurement A method to use landmarks on the body surface, primarily joints, to measure the length and width of various parts of the body. Then the width or length is divided respectively into definite numbers of equal units as the standards for the proportional measurement. 骨度分寸法 gǔ dù fēn cùn fǎ 2999 Finger-cun measurement A method to locate acupuncture points based on the finger sizes of the patient. 手指同身寸 shǒu zhǐ tóng shēn cùn 3000 Thumb measurement A method to take the width of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb as 1 cun. 拇指同身寸 mǔ zhǐ tóng shēn cùn 3001 Middle finger measurement A method to take the distance between the ends of the two radial creases of the interphalangeal joints of the middle finger as 1 cun when the middle finger is flexed. 中指同身寸 zhōng zhǐ tóng shēn cùn 3002 Four-finger measurement Four-finger breadth measurement A method to take the width of the patients’ four fingers (index, middle, ring and little) close together at the level of the dorsal skin crease of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the middle finger as three cun. It is also known as “Yi Fu Fa” in Chinese. 横指同身寸 héng zhǐ tóng shēn cùn 一夫法 3003 Acupuncture 针刺类 zhēn cì lèi 3004 The tip of a needle The needle tip The sharpest part of a needle. 针尖 zhēn jiān 3005 The handle of a needle The part of the needle held by an acupuncturist. 针柄 zhēn bǐng 3006 The body of a needle The shaft of a needle The part between the tip and the handle. 针体（针身） zhēn tǐ（shēn） 3007 The root of a needle The demarcation line between the handle and the body. 针根 zhēn gēn 3008 Stainless steel needles Acupuncture needles made of stainless steel. It is now commonly used in clinical practice. 不锈钢针 bú xiù gāng zhēn 408 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3009 Silver needles Acupuncture needles made of silver. They are often used in warming needle because of their good thermal and electrical conduction. 银质针 yín zhì zhēn 3010 Gold needles Acupuncture needles made of gold. 金质针 jīn zhì zhēn 3011 Needling methods Acupuncture techniques Basic acupuncture techniques. 针刺方法 zhēn cì fāng fǎ 3012 Filiform needling methods Basic techniques in using filiform needles. 毫针刺法 háo zhēn cì fǎ 3013 The needling hand The hand to hold and insert a needle. 刺手 cì shǒu 3014 The pressing hand The non-dominant hand The hand that presses the puncturing area with one or more fingers, to facilitate needle insertion. 押手 yā shǒu 3015 Needle insertion with both hands Two-hand insertion A method to insert a needle into a point by using both the puncturing hand and pressing hand. 双手进针法 shuāng shǒu jìn zhēn fǎ 3016 Nail-pressing insertion A method to press the skin of puncturing area with the nail of thumb or index finger of the pressing hand and insert the needle against the fingernail with the needling hand. 指切进针法 zhǐ qiē jìn zhēn fǎ 3017 Needle-holding insertion with both hands A method to hold the lower part of the needle body with a piece of sterile cotton or gauze between the thumb and index finger of the pressing hand while inserting a needle. (Press the skin adjacent to the the needling site with the nail of thumb or index finger of the pressing hand, while inserting a needle against the fingernail with the needling hand). 夹持进针法 jiā chí jìn zhēn fǎ 3018 Skin-stretching insertion A method to stretch the skin around the puncturing area with the thumb and index finger (or the index and middle fingers) of the pressing hand while inserting a needle. 舒张进针法 shū zhāng jìn zhēn fǎ 3019 Skin-pinching insertion A method to pinch and lift the skin of the puncturing area with the thumb and index finger of the pressing hand while inserting a needle. 提捏进针法 tí niē jìn zhēn fǎ 3020 Needle insertion with one hand A method to insert a needle into a point by using the puncturing hand alone. 单手进针法 dān shǒu jìn zhēn fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 409 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3021 Guide tube-needle insertion A method to insert a needle using a fine tube as a guide. 管针进针法 guǎn zhēn jìn zhēn fǎ 3022 Scatter-pricking method A needling technique to prick a point and its surrounding area. 散刺法 sàn cì fǎ 3023 Pricking with a three- edged needle A needling technique to gently prick using a three- edged needle and let out a small amount of blood or tissue fluid. 挑刺法（挑治 法） tiǎo cì fǎ（tiǎo zhì fǎ) 3024 Point-pricking method A needling technique to prick superficially and then remove immediately. It is often used for Jing- well points or blood-letting. 点刺法 diǎn cì fǎ 3025 Collateral-pricking method A needling technique to prick superficial collaterals using a three-edged or a (single- use, disposable) seven-star needle to let out appropriate amount of blood. 刺络法 cì luò fǎ 3026 Angle of insertion The angle formed between the needle body and the skin while the needle is being inserted. 针刺角度 zhēn cì jiǎo dù 3027 Perpendicular needle insertion The needle insertion at a 90° angle to the skin. 直刺 zhí cì 3028 Oblique needle insertion The needle insertion at a 45° angle to the skin. 斜刺 xié cì 3029 Subcutaneous needle insertion Needle insertion at a 15° angle to the skin. 平刺 píng cì 横刺，沿皮刺 3030 Point-toward-point needle insertion A method to insert a needle from one point towards another point (or more points). 透刺 tòu cì 3031 Needling manipulation Manipulating the needle after insertion to produce the desired effect. 行针 xíng zhēn 运针 3032 Lifting-thrusting method A needling manipulation to lift and thrust a needle. 提插法 tí chā fǎ 3033 Twirling or rotating method Turning or rotating method A needling manipulation to twirl (turn) or rotate a needle. 捻转法 niǎn zhuǎn fǎ 3034 Probing for qi Meridian-following method A method to gently tap or massage the skin along the pathways of meridians to promote the flow of qi. 循法 xún fǎ 410 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3035 Handle-plucking method Handle-flicking method A needling manipulation to flick the handle of the needle to promote the flow of qi. 弹（柄）法 tán （bǐng） fǎ 3036 Handle-scraping method A needling manipulation to scrape the handle of the needle with fingernails to promote the flow of qi. 刮（柄）法 guā （bǐng） fǎ 3037 Handle-shaking method A needling manipulation to shake the needle handle to promote the flow of qi. 摇（柄）法 yáo （bǐng） fǎ 3038 Flying method A needling manipulation to twist the needle handle with the thumb and index finger for a couple of times and release the fingers. The repeated twisting and releasing resembles a bird spreading its wings. 飞法 fēi fǎ 3039 Vibrating method A needling manipulation to hold the handle of the needle and make a small-amplitude and rapid lifting and thrusting to cause the needle to vibrate up and down to promote the flow of qi. 震颤法 zhèn chàn fǎ 3040 Arrival of qi Deqi The arrival of qi is signalled by particular sensations felt by the patient and the practitioner. For the patient, it typically refers to soreness, numbness, distension and heaviness felt around the needle (but may move up or down along the meridian). For the practitioner, it refers to a gripping sensation or a feeling of pressure underneath the needle. 得气 dé qì 3041 Needling sensation Typical sensations of soreness, numbness, distension and heaviness felt around the needle by the patient. 针感 zhēn gǎn 3042 Waiting for qi A method to leave the needle in place for a while after insertion, without any manipulation. 候气 hòu qì 3043 Moving qi A method to manipulate the needle to stimulate the flow of qi. 催气 cuī qì 3044 Qi reaches the affected area The effect of needling sensation reaching an affected area. 气至病所 qì zhì bìng suǒ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 411 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3045 Reinforcing and reducing manipulation Tonifying and sedating manipulation Needling manipulations to reinforce healthy qi for deficiency pattern and to remove pathogenic factors for excess pattern. 针刺补泻 zhēn cì bǔ xiè 3046 Reinforcing and reducing by twirling or rotating Tonifying and sedating by twirling or rotating Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the twirling/rotating direction, angle, frequency and duration. 捻转补泻 niǎn zhuǎn bǔ xiè 3047 Reinforcing and reducing by lifting and thrusting Tonifying and sedating by lifting and thrusting Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the forcefulness, speed, amplitude and duration of the lifting and thrusting. 提插补泻 tí chā bǔ xiè 3048 Reinforcing and reducing by slowness and rapidness Tonifying and sedating by slowness and rapidness Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce according to the slow or rapid needle insertion and withdrawal. 徐疾补泻 xú jí bǔ xiè 3049 Directional reinforcing and reducing Directional tonifying and sedating Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by going against or following the pathways of meridians. 迎随补泻 yíng suí bǔ xiè 3050 Reinforcing and reducing by breathing Tonifying and sedating by breathing Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by inserting or withdrawing the needle when the patient breathes in or out. 呼吸补泻 hū xī bǔ xiè 3051 Reinforcing and reducing by opening and closing Tonifying and sedating by opening and closing Needling manipulations to reinforce or reduce by opening or closing the needle holes. 开阖补泻 kāi hé bǔ xiè 3052 Balanced reinforcing and reducing Even tonifying and sedating Needling manipulations to lift, thrust, or twirl evenly. 平补平泻 píng bǔ píng xiè 3053 Setting the Mountain on Fire A complex reinforcing manipulation to induce local or general warming sensation. The point to be needled is divided into three levels: shallow (heaven), intermediate (man) and deep (earth). Insert the needle into the shallow level first and then down to the intermediate and deep levels, coupled with rapid thrusting and slow lifting for a total of nine times in each level. Repeat the procedure three times and leave the needle in the deep level. 烧山火 shāo shān huǒ 412 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3054 Penetrating Heaven coolness A complex reducing manipulation to induce local or general cool sensation. The point to be needled is divided into three levels: shallow (heaven), intermediate (man) and deep (earth). Insert the needle to the deep level first and then lift to the intermediate and shallow levels, coupled with rapid lifting and slow thrusting for a total of six times in each level. Repeat the procedure three times and leave the needle in the shallow level. 透天凉 tòu tiān liáng 3055 Reinforcing the mother or reducing the son One of the reinforcing or reducing manipulations. Manipulations of reinforcing the mother or reducing the son are selected according to deficiency or excess of the zang–fu organs or meridian problems. 子母补泻法 zǐ mǔ bǔ xiè fǎ 3056 Midnight-noon ebb-flow Zi Wu Liu Zhu Chronoacu puncture A special theory for point selection. The midnight- noon (Zi Wu) represents the time. The ebb-flow (Liu Zhu) refers to the circulation of qi and blood. This theory believes the meridian qi and blood flows from Zi time (11:00 pm–1:00 am) to Wu time (11:00 am–1:00 pm) and then from the Wu time to the Zi time. The yin qi becomes most abundant at the Zi time and then begins to decline, and the Yang qi starts to increase and becomes most abundant at the Wu time. Based on this theory, the five-Shu points located below the knee and elbow joints should be selected according to the designated hours. 子午流注 zǐ wǔ liú zhù 3057 Needle retaining To retain a needle in place after the presence of needling sensation (arrival of qi). 留针（置针） liú zhēn （zhì zhēn） 3058 Needle withdrawal To remove a needle when the treatment is done. 出针 chū zhēn 3059 Acupuncture-related adverse events Acupuncture-related adverse events include fainting, stuck needle, bent needle and broken needle. These accidents are often caused by a weak constitution, nervousness, hunger, inappropriate body position or medical negligence. 针刺异常情况 zhēn cì yì cháng qíng kuàng 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 413 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3060 Needle shock Fainting during an acupuncture session. An adverse event during an acupuncture session: Patients may present with a pale complexion or experience dizziness, nausea and chest tightness. In severe cases, cold limbs, cold sweats, drop in blood pressure, syncope or shock may be present. 晕针 yūn zhēn 3061 Stuck needle Difficulty or impossible to rotate, lift or thrust a needle. 滞针 zhì zhēn 3062 Bent needle The needle body becomes bent upon insertion or retention. 弯针 wān zhēn 3063 Broken needle The needle body is broken and the broken part is on or below the skin surface. 断针 duàn zhēn 3064 Acupuncture-induced haematoma Localized swelling, distension and pain from bleeding in the tissue after needle withdrawal. 针刺血肿 zhēn cì xuè zhǒng 3065 Acupuncture-induced pneumothorax Pneumothorax induced by inappropriate acupuncture needling that punctures the lung. 针刺性气胸 zhēn cì xìng qì xiōng 3066 Micro-system therapy A collective term for acupuncture in a specific local area, such as ear, scalp, or face, etc. 微针疗法 wēi zhēn liáo fǎ 3067 Scalp acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate specific lines on the scalp with an acupuncture needle. 头针疗法 tóu zhēn liáo fǎ 3068 Ear acupuncture Auriculotherapy A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the ear with an acupuncture needle. 耳针疗法 ěr zhēn liáo fǎ 3069 Ear points Specific stimulation areas distributed on the auricles. 耳穴 ěr xué 3070 Facial acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the face with an acupuncture needle. 面针疗法 miàn zhēn liáo fǎ 3071 Eye acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points around the eye socket with an acupuncture needle. 眼针疗法 yǎn zhēn liáo fǎ 3072 Nose acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the nose with an acupuncture needle. 鼻针疗法 bí zhēn liáo fǎ 3073 Tongue acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the tongue with an acupuncture needle. 舌针疗法 shé zhēn liáo fǎ 414 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3074 Back acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the back with an acupuncture needle. 脊背针疗法 jǐ bèi zhēn liáo fǎ 3075 Hand acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the hand with an acupuncture needle. 手针疗法 shǒu zhēn liáo fǎ 3076 Foot acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the foot with an acupuncture needle. 足针疗法 zú zhēn liáo fǎ 3077 Wrist-ankle acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate points on the wrist and ankle subcutaneously with an acupuncture needle. 腕踝针疗法 wàn huái zhēn liáo fǎ 3078 Abdominal acupuncture A therapeutic method to stimulate specific abdominal points with an acupuncture needle. 腹针疗法 fù zhēn liáo fǎ 3079 The second metacarpal bone acupuncture A method to stimulate the area lateral to the second metacarpal bone with an acupuncture needle. This method is based on micro-system theory that regards the second metacarpal bone as the whole body. 第二掌骨侧 针法 dì èr zhǎng gǔ cè zhēn fǎ 3080 The three-edged needle A thick needle with a round handle, a triangular body and a sharp tip similar to a lancet needle. It derives from the Sharp-edged Needle (one of the nine ancient needles). 三棱针 sān léng zhēn 3081 The dermal needle Needling instrument composed of several short needles used for tapping the points, such as the plum-blossom needle or seven-star needle. These needles cannot be reused without sterilization. 皮肤针 pí fū zhēn 3082 The plum-blossom needle A dermal needle that has a bundle of five short, embedded needles resembling a plum blossom. This needle cannot be reused without sterilization. 梅花针 méi huā zhēn 3083 The seven-star needle The seven-star hammer A dermal needle that has seven short needles attached to the end of a handle in a cluster. This needle cannot be reused without sterilization. 七星针 qī xīng zhēn 3084 The intradermal needle A small needling instrument for embedding at a certain point for an extended period. 皮内针 pí nèi zhēn 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 415 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3085 Thumbtack needle Presstack needle An intradermal needle that is shaped like a thumbtack used for extended auricular therapy, approximately 0.2 mm–1.5 mm in length. 揿针 qìn zhēn 3086 Needle-embedding therapy Intradermal needle therapy A therapy to insert an intradermal needle into the skin of the body surface (an acupuncture point) and fix with tape to retain for a period of time. 埋针疗法 mái zhēn liáo fǎ 皮内针疗法 3087 Electroacupuncture A therapeutic method to connect pulses of electrical current to inserted acupuncture needles. 电针 diàn zhēn 3088 Point injection Hydro-acupuncture A therapeutic method to inject fluid, sometimes medicated, into acupuncture points. 穴位注射 xué wèi zhù shè 水针 3089 Fire needling Cauterized needle A therapeutic method to insert a hot needle to the affected area and remove immediately afterwards. 火针 huǒ zhēn 燔针 3090 Elongated needle Thread needling A therapeutic method to puncture one point towards another one subcutaneously using a long, thready needle like wheat awn. It derives from the Long Needle (one of the nine ancient needles). 芒针 máng zhēn 3091 Laser therapy A therapeutic method to use a low-energy laser beam to stimulate acupuncture points. 激光针 jī guāng zhēn 3092 Bee-sting therapy Bee venom acupuncture A therapy to use the sting from a live bee (mechanical stimulation) and venom (pharmacological action) in the treatment of health conditions. 蜂针疗法 fēng zhēn liáo fǎ 3093 Sham acupuncture Placebo acupuncture A research control method that simulates acupuncture needle insertion without actual insertion, preferably without any penetration that carries physiological response. The tip of a sham needle is blunt to prevent the actual penetration into the body, which effectively trick the patient into thinking they are receiving real acupuncture, such as the “Streitberger” needle. 伪针；假针 wěi zhēn；jiǎ zhēn 3094 Incision therapy A therapeutic method to incise the skin to squeeze out a small amount of fat. 割治 gē zhì 3095 Catgut-embedding therapy A therapeutic method to implant catgut or surgical suture at a selected point. 穴位埋线 xué wèi mái xiàn 416 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3096 Bian-stone needling Pointed or wedge-shaped stones historically used to stimulate the surface of the body, drain pus or let blood out. 砭石 biān shí 3097 Nine ancient needles A collective term for the nine types of needles described in the Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic), namely, shear needle, rounded needle, spoon-like needle, sharp-edged needle, round-sharp needle, sword-like needle, long needle, large needle and filiform needle. 九针 jiǔ zhēn 3098 Shear needle Chan zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It has an arrow- shaped head and often used for superficial insertion in the treatment of heat pattern or skin conditions. 镵针 chán zhēn 3099 Rounded needle Yuan zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It has a cylindrical needle body and oval tip. It is often used for point massage in the treatment of muscle problems. 圆针 yuán zhēn 3100 Spoon-like needle Ti zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It has a big, thick needle body and a slightly sharp round tip. It is often used for blood problems and heat pattern. 鍉针 chí zhēn 3101 Sharp-edged needle (lancing needle) Fen zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It is also known as the three-edged needle. It is often used to prick subcutaneous veins or small vessels in the treatment of abscess, heat pattern, acute gastroenteritis, etc. 锋针 fēng zhēn 3102 Round-sharp needle Yuan Li zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It has a round and sharp needle tip and is often used for abscess, bi-impediment and acute conditions. 员利针 yuán lì zhēn 3103 Sword-like needle Pi zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It has a (double- edged) sword-like needle tip and is often used to cut open the abscesses to drain pus and blood. 铍针 pī zhēn 3104 Long needle Chang zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It has a longer needle body (approximately 20–30 cm or longer) and is often used for deep insertion in the treatment of chronic rheumatism or sciatica. 长针 cháng zhēn 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 417 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3105 Large needle Da zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It has a thick needle body and a slightly round needle tip. It is often used to treat general oedema or abdominal masses. 大针 dà zhēn 3106 Filiform needle Hao zhen One of the nine ancient needles. It is now the most common needle in acupuncture treatment. 毫针 háo zhēn 3107 The five needling techniques A collective term for five ancient needling techniques, namely, half needling, leopard-spot needling, joint needling, Hegu needling, and Shu needling. 五刺 wǔ cì 3108 Half needling Shallow needling A technique characterized by a shallow insertion and swift withdrawal. It is often used for lung- related problems. 半刺 bàn cì 3109 Leopard-spot needling A technique characterized by pricking with a three-edged needle around the point, causing leopard spot-like haemorrhagic spots. It is often used for heart-related problems. 豹文刺 bào wén cì 3110 Joint needling A technique characterized by puncturing the tendon close to the joint without causing bleeding. It is often used for liver-related problems. 关刺 guān cì 3111 Hegu needling Multi-direction needling A technique characterized by puncturing the muscles of the affected region with the needle going obliquely right and left, resembling the claws of a chicken. It is often used for spleen- related problems. 合谷刺 hé gǔ cì 3112 Shu needling (one of the five needling techniques) A technique characterized by deep puncture directly to the bone. It is often used for kidney- related problems. 输刺（五刺） shū cì （wǔ cì） 3113 The nine needling techniques A collective term for nine ancient needling techniques, namely, Shu needling, distant needling, meridian needling, collateral needling, intramuscular needling, great drainage needling, skin needling, cauterized needling and contralateral needling. 九刺 jiǔ cì 418 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3114 Shu needling (one of the nine needling techniques) A technique to puncture the Ying-spring point and Shu-stream point of the meridian involved and the back-Shu points of five zang organs. 输刺（九刺） shū cì （jiǔ cì） 3115 Distal needling A technique to puncture points on the lower body (i.e. the lower He-sea points of the six fu organs) to treat problems of the upper body. 远道刺 yuǎn dào cì 3116 Meridian needling Channel needling A technique to acupuncture stasis/tenderness points along the pathways of meridians. 经刺 jīng cì 3117 Collateral needling A technique to prick small vessels with a three- edged needle for bloodletting. 络刺 luò cì 3118 Intramuscular needling A technique to puncture directly into the muscle. 分刺 fēn cì 3119 Great drainage needling A technique to incise with a sword-shaped needle to drain pus or eliminate stagnant blood, also known as lancing. 大泻刺 dà xiè cì 3120 Skin needling A technique to puncture shallowly into the skin. 毛刺 máo cì 3121 Contralateral needling A technique to puncture points on the left side if the right side is affected, or vice versa. 巨刺 jù cì 3122 Contralateral blood-letting A technique to conduct blood-letting on the left side if the right side is affected, or vice versa. 缪刺 miù cì 3123 Cauterized needling A technique to prick swiftly with a cauterized needle. Indicated for cold bi-impediment pattern. 焠刺 cuì cì 3124 The twelve needling techniques A collective term for twelve ancient needling techniques, namely: coupled needling; successive trigger needling; relaxing needling; triple needling; quintuple needling; straight needling; Shu needling; short needling; superficial needling; yin needling; accompanied needling; and repeated shallow needling. 十二刺 shí èr cì 3125 Coupled needling A technique to puncture the tenderness spots felt on the front (corresponding to the front-Mu point) and back (corresponding to the back-Shu point). 偶刺 ǒu cì 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 419 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3126 Successive trigger needling A technique to puncture migratory Ashi points: while needling directly at the tender point, searching for other tender points over the surrounding area and needling in succession. 报刺 bào cì 3127 Relaxing needling Cramp-relieving A technique to insert the needle from the side of the tendon and then puncture the contracted muscle in different directions to induce relaxation. 恢刺 huī cì 3128 Triple needling A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly, coupled with two more needles by its sides. Used to remove cold in a small, deeper area. 齐刺 qí cì 3129 Quintuple needling A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly in the centre, coupled with four more needles anterior, posterior, right, and left to the perpendicular needle. Used to remove cold in a large, shallow area. 扬刺 yáng cì 3130 Straight needling A technique to pinch the skin and insert the needle subcutaneously (The word “straight” here means towards the affected shallow area). Used to remove cold in the superficial area. 直针刺 zhí zhēn cì 3131 Shu needling (one of the twelve needling techniques) A technique to insert a needle perpendicularly to the deep area to wait for needling sensation and then slowly withdraw the needle when the needling sensation is present. Used to clear pathogenic heat. 输刺（十二刺） shū cì （shí èr cì） 3132 Short needling A technique to insert the needle slowly while gently shaking the needle, followed by mild rotation when the needle is close to the bone. Used to treat bone pain or tenderness. 短刺 duǎn cì 3133 Superficial needling A technique to puncture the superficial area obliquely. Used indicated for muscle pain with a cold sensation. 浮刺 fú cì 3134 Yin needling A technique to puncture bilateral Taixi (KI 3) (the Yuan-primordial point of the kidney meridian) simultaneously. Used to treat cold limbs. 阴刺 yīn cì 420 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3135 Accompanied needling A technique to insert one needle perpendicularly, coupled with another one lateral to its side. Indicated for tenderness or pain with a fixed location. 傍针刺 bàng zhēn cì 3136 Repeated shallow needling A technique to repeatedly puncture the shallow areas to cause bloodletting. Often used for carbuncles or abscesses. 赞刺 zàn cì 3137 Moxibustion therapy 灸法类 jiǔ fǎ lèi 3138 Moxibustion A therapeutic method to apply burning mugwort (moxa) or other substances near or to particular points or areas of the body to relax, warm and tonify. 灸法 jiǔ fǎ 3139 Moxa wool Moxa punk Processed moxa leaves that concentrates the white hairs on the underside of the leaf. 艾绒 ài róng 3140 Moxa cone Cone-shaped mass made of moxa wool 艾炷 ài zhù 3141 Zhuang A dosage unit to count the number of moxa cones. 壮 zhuàng 3142 Moxa stick Moxa roll A cigar-shaped roll of mugwort wrapped in cotton paper. 艾条 ài tiáo 3143 Medicinal moxa stick Moxa sticks containing medicinal powder. 药艾条 yào ài tiáo 3144 Moxa cone moxibustion A method to place a moxa cone directly or indirectly to the selected area and then ignite. 艾炷灸 ài zhù jiǔ 3145 Direct moxibustion A method to place a moxa cone directly on the selected area and then ignite to create a superficial burn. 直接灸 zhí jiē jiǔ 3146 Scarring moxibustion A method to place a small moxa cone directly on the skin, then ignite until the skin blisters and then scars after it heals. 瘢痕灸 bān hén jiǔ 3147 Suppurative moxibustion Please refer to scarring moxibustion. 化脓灸 huà nóng jiǔ 3148 Non-scarring moxibustion A method to place a small moxa cone directly on the skin, then ignite and remove the burning moxa before the skin burns enough to scar. 无瘢痕灸 wú bān hén jiǔ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 421 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3149 Wheat-grain sized cone moxibustion Rice grain moxibustion A direct moxibustion method using a wheat grain size moxa cone. 麦粒灸 mài lì jiǔ 3150 Indirect moxibustion Insulated moxibustion A method to place some insulated materials between the moxa cone and the skin. 间接灸 jiàn jiē jiǔ 间隔灸，隔物灸 3151 Ginger-insulated moxibustion Ginger moxibustion A method to place a fresh ginger slice between the moxa cone and the skin. 隔姜灸 gé jiāng jiǔ 3152 Garlic-insulated moxibustion Garlic moxibustion A method to place a fresh garlic slice or mashed garlic between the moxa cone and the skin. 隔蒜灸 gé suàn jiǔ 3153 Salt-insulated moxibustion Salt moxibustion A method to place some salt (usually at Shenque (Ren 8)) between the moxa cone and the skin. 隔盐灸 gé yán jiǔ 3154 Monkshood cake- insulated moxibustion Monkshood moxibustion A method to place a monkshood cake between the moxa cone and the skin. 隔附子饼灸 gé fù zǐ bǐng jiǔ 3155 Moxa stick moxibustion A method of indirect moxibustion where an ignited moxa stick or roll passes over a selected area without directly touching the surface to warm the area. 艾条灸 ài tiáo jiǔ 3156 Suspended moxibustion An indirect moxibustion method to hold a moxa stick above the skin during the treatment. 悬灸 xuán jiǔ 悬起灸 3157 Gentle moxibustion An indirect moxibustion method to keep the end of an ignited moxa stick at a fixed distance (2–3 cm) from the selected area, enabling a mild warm sensation. 温和灸 wēn hé jiǔ 3158 Sparrow-pecking moxibustion An indirect moxibustion method to place an ignited moxa stick near the selected area and move it up and down like a pecking bird. 雀啄灸 què zhuó jiǔ 3159 Circling moxibustion An indirect moxibustion method to keep the end of an ignited moxa stick at a fixed distance from the selected area and move it back and forth circularly. 回旋灸 huí xuán jiǔ 3160 Mild-warm moxibustion An indirect moxibustion method to place several layers of cloth or cotton paper on the selected area and then press the ignited end of a moxa stick to allow the heat to penetrate the skin. 实按灸 shí àn jiǔ 422 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3161 Taiyi moxa stick An indirect moxibustion method to apply an ignited moxa stick to the selected area. The moxa stick is made of fine powder of Tan Xiang (Lignum Santali Albi), Shan Nai (Rhizoma Kaempferiae), Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii), Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi), Mu Xiang (Radix Aucklandiae), Xiong Huang (Realgar), Bai Zhi (Radix Angelicae Dahuricae) and Xi Xin (Radix et Rhizoma Asari). 太乙神针 tài yǐ shén zhēn 3162 Thunder-fire moxa stick An indirect moxibustion method to apply an ignited moxa stick to the selected area. The moxa stick is made of fine powder of Chen Xiang (Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum), Mu Xiang (Radix Aucklandiae), Ru Xiang (Olibanum), Yin Chen (Herba Artemisiae Scopariae), Qiang Huo (Rhizoma et Radix Notopterygii), Gan Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis), Chuan Shan Jia (Squama Manitis), and She Xiang(Moschus). 雷火神针 léi huǒ shén zhēn 3163 Warming needle Needle-warming moxibustion A method to fix a small section of moxa stick or cone onto the handle of an inserted needle prior to igniting. 温针灸 wēn zhēn jiǔ 3164 Moxibustion with a moxa burner A method to put moxa wool or stick into a metal box or canister, ignite and then place the box or canister over the selected area. 温灸器灸 wēn jiǔ qì jiǔ 3165 Juncus moxibustion A method to apply a quick momentary touch to the selected area with an ignited oiled rush of Juncus. 灯火灸 dēng huǒ jiǔ 3166 Blistering moxibustion Scarring moxibustion A method to apply irritants to the selected area to produce congestion and blistering. 天灸 tiān jiǔ 药物发泡法 3167 Acupoint application A method to apply warm or hot medicinal substances to acupuncture points. 穴位敷贴 xué wèi fū tiē 3168 Cupping therapy 拔罐类 bá guàn lèi 3169 Cupping A therapeutic method to create negative pressure by consuming the air inside the cup with fire or other methods and then place the cup on the skin over the selected area. 拔罐法 bá guàn fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 423 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3170 Fire cupping Fire suction A method to create negative pressure by introducing an ignited material inside the cup to consume the air, thereby enabling the cup to suck itself onto the skin. There are three different approaches: fire twinkling; fire throwing; and cotton sticking. 火罐法 huǒ guàn fǎ 火吸法 3171 Fire twinkling A method to ignite an alcoholic cotton ball held with a forceps, place it inside the cup, quickly turn it around in one to two circles, take it out immediately, and place the cup on the selected area. 闪火法 shǎn huǒ fǎ 3172 Fire throwing A method whereby an ignited paper is quickly flung into a cup to create a negative pressure on the selected area. 投火法 tóu huǒ fǎ 3173 Cotton sticking A method to stick an alcoholic cotton ball on the inner wall (the lower 1/3), ignite the cotton ball and quickly place the cup over the selected area. 贴棉法 tiē mián fǎ 3174 Boiling cup method Water suction A method to boil a cup in water to create negative pressure: to hold the boiled bamboo cup (the mouth facing downwards) with a forceps, cover the cup mouth with a towel to absorb the water in the cup, and then quickly place the cup over the selected area. 水罐法 shuǐ guàn fǎ 水吸法 3175 Cup retention Leave the cup in place after suction. 留罐法 liú guàn fǎ 3176 Sliding cupping Moving cupping A method to lubricate the cup mouth and selected area first and then slide the cup up and down while retaining its suction. 走罐法 zǒu guàn fǎ 3177 Flash cupping A method to rapidly place and remove the cup repeatedly over the selected area until the local skin becomes red. 闪罐法 shǎn guàn fǎ 3178 Blood-letting and cupping Wet cupping A method to prick the area to be treated with a three-edged needle or lancet and then suck out blood with a cup. 刺络拔罐 cì luò bá guàn 3179 Needle-retention cupping A method to apply cupping to the centre of the site where a needle is retained. 留针拔罐 liú zhēn bá guàn 针罐 424 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3180 Medicated cupping A boiling cup method to boil bamboo cups in medicinal liquid and then apply to the body. 药罐 yào guàn 3181 Guasha therapy A method to scrape the skin repeatedly using a soup spoon or other smooth-edged instruments (such as horned animal bones, water buffalo horn or jade). The skin is often lubricated with massage oil or water. 刮痧疗法 guā shā liáo fǎ 3182 Guasha tool Guasha tools are often made from buffalo horn, Bian-stone or jade. 刮痧板 guā shā bǎn 3183 3.6 Tuina 3.6 推拿类 3184 Tuina Anmo, Anqiao, Qiaomo, Anwu, etc. A Chinese medical therapy to apply manipulation to points or body areas for disease treatment and prevention as well as promoting health. Sometimes, patients are educated to exercise in addition to receiving treatment. 推拿 tuī ná 按摩；按跷；乔 摩；案扤 3185 Tuina manipulation Specific, standardized methods and movements to treat/prevent diseases and benefit health. Tuina manipulations are supposed to be lasting, forceful, even, soft and penetrating to the deeper tissue. 推拿手法 tuī ná shǒu fǎ 3186 Rolling manipulation A tuina manipulation to stick to the area to be treated with the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint and conduct back-and-forth rolling using the hypothenar eminence and the ulnar side of the back of the hand. 㨰法 gǔn fǎ 3187 Rolling manipulation with the proximal interphalangeal joints A tuina manipulation to clench a fist to allow the distal phalanx bone of the thumb to be inside the fist, stick to the area to be treated with the proximal interphalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring and little fingers and then apply back- and-forth rolling manipulation. 滚法 gǔn fǎ 3188 Yi Zhi Chan pushing One finger pushing A tuina manipulation to exert constant force on the area to be treated with the tip or the palmar side of the thumb through active swing of the forearm. 一指禅推法 yì zhǐ chán tuī fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 425 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3189 Yi Zhi Chan pushing with the radial side of the thumb A variation of Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation using the radial side of the thumb. 一指禅偏锋 推法 yì zhǐ chán piān fēng tuī fǎ 3190 Fast Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation A fast Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation with a frequency of more than 220 times/min. 缠法 chán fǎ 3191 Yi Zhi Chan pushing with the flexed thumb A variation of Yi Zhi Chan pushing manipulation with the radial or dorsal side of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. 跪推法 guì tuī fǎ 3192 Thenar-kneading manipulation A tuina manipulation to knead and exert force on the area to be treated with the great thenar eminence through rhythmic swing of the forearm. 鱼际揉法 yú jì róu fǎ 3193 Kneading manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with the fingers, palms or elbows. The pressure is supposed to reach subcutaneous tissues. It includes kneading with the finger, kneading with the palm and kneading with the forearm. 揉法 róu fǎ 3194 Circular rubbing manipulation A Tuina manipulation to rub the area to be treated circularly with the fingers or palms. 摩法 mó fǎ 3195 Pushing manipulation A one-way linear pushing manipulation with the fingers, palms, or elbows. 推法 tuī fǎ 3196 Plane pushing manipulation A pushing manipulation with the Hukou area (formed between the thumb and index finger). 刨推法 páo tuī fǎ 3197 Scraping manipulation A tuina manipulation to scrape with the radial side of the index finger, on the back of the interphalangeal joint of the index finger. Alternatively, scraping can be done with tools such as spoons or coins. 刮法 guā fǎ 3198 Linear rubbing manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply linear rubbing with the hypothenar, great thenar, palms or fingers. 擦法 cā fǎ 3199 Wiping manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply top-down, left-right or arch-shaped wiping with the palmar side of the thumbs or the palms. 抹法 mǒ fǎ 426 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3200 Pressing manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with the palmar side of the fingers, palms or elbows. It is also one of the common diagnostic methods in tuina practice. 按法 àn fǎ 3201 Point-pressing manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply perpendicular pressure to the surface of the body with finger tips, interphalangeal joints or elbows. 点法 diǎn fǎ 3202 Forceful pressing manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply continuous, forceful pressure to the surface of the body with the palmar side of the thumbs, palms or elbows. 压法 yā fǎ 3203 Symmetrical pressing manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply symmetrical pressure to the area to be treated with the fingers or palms. 抵法 dǐ fǎ 3204 Rotating pressing manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply rotating pressure to the area to be treated with the palms. 碟转法 dié zhuǎn fǎ 3205 Fist-pressing manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply pressure to the area to be treated with a fist. 拳顶法 quán dǐng fǎ 3206 Stroking manipulation A tuina manipulation to rub the palms and gently place (the warm palms) over the area to be treated. 扪法 mén fǎ 3207 Thumb pressing manipulation A tuina manipulation to press the area to be treated with the palmar side of the thumbs. 押法 yā fǎ 3208 Pinching manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply coordinated pressure to the area to be treated with the thumb and the other four fingers. 捏法 niē fǎ 3209 Slow-shifting manipulation A tuina manipulation to place the palm over the area to be treated, grasp and lift the muscle either using the thumb and the other four fingers or exerting a symmetric force from the base of the palm and fingers, hold for a while and then shift forward to repeat the procedure. 挪法 nuó fǎ 3210 Twisting manipulation Pulling manipulation A tuina manipulation to clamp and release the area to be treated with flexed index finger and middle finger or with the thumb and flexed index finger. 拧法 nǐng fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 427 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3211 Hooking manipulation A tuina manipulation to place the index finger and middle finger together and flex into a hook, stick to the skin with the radial border of the middle phalanx of index finger and then apply continuous pushing and wiping manipulation. 勾法 gōu fǎ 3212 Grasping manipulation A tuina manipulation to pinch and knead the area to be treated with the thumb and the other four fingers. 拿法 ná fǎ 3213 Gripping manipulation A tuina manipulation to grab and pinch the area to be treated with five fingertips. 抓法 zhuā fǎ 3214 Clutching manipulation A tuina manipulation to clutch and release the limb with the palm. 握法 wò fǎ 3215 Palm-twisting manipulation A tuina manipulation to hold the limb with both hands/palms and apply alternating or back-and- forth twisting. 搓法 cuō fǎ 3216 Regulating manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply rhythmic grasping and pinching of the limb. 理法 lǐ fǎ 3217 Finger-twisting manipulation A tuina manipulation to hold the area to be treated with the thumb and index finger and apply back-and-forth twisting. 捻法 niǎn fǎ 3218 Plucking manipulation A tuina manipulation to press the area to be treated with fingers or elbows and then apply perpendicular plucking force to the subcutaneous tissue. 拨法 bō fǎ 3219 Patting manipulation A tuina manipulation to pat the area to be treated with the palms or fingers. 拍法 pāi fǎ 3220 Knocking manipulation A tuina manipulation to knock the surface of the body with the fist, palms, fingers or mulberry sticks. 击法 jī fǎ 3221 Pecking manipulation A tuina manipulation to place the five fingers together and peck the area to be treated. 啄法 zhuó fǎ 3222 Tapping manipulation A tuina manipulation to tap the area to be treated with the ulnar side of the little finger or a hollow fist. 叩法 kòu fǎ 428 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3223 Chopping manipulation A tuina manipulation to chop the area between the fingers with the ulnar side of the palm. 劈法 pī fǎ 3224 Percussing manipulation A tuina manipulation to place one palm over the area to be treated and percuss the dorsum of the hand with a hollow fist made by the other hand. 贯法 guàn fǎ 3225 Flipping manipulation A tuina manipulation to flip the area to be treated with fingernails or palmar sides of the fingers. 弹法 tán fǎ 3226 Shaking manipulation A tuina manipulation to grasp the affected limb and apply small-amplitude radial shakings. 抖法 dǒu fǎ 3227 Vibrating manipulation A tuina manipulation to press acupuncture points or certain body parts with the fingers or palms and apply fast, continuous vibration. 振法 zhèn fǎ 3228 Rotating manipulation A tuina manipulation to conduct passive rotation of the affected joint along the axis of motion. 摇法 yáo fǎ 3229 Pulling-stretching manipulation Traction manipulation A tuina manipulation to immobilize one end of the affected joint or limb and pull the other end along the longitudinal axis. 拔伸法 bá shēn fǎ 牵引法 3230 Tightening manipulation A tuina manipulation to clamp the affected fingers or toes with the fingers and apply rapid pulling. 勒法 lè fǎ 3231 Flexion and extension A tuina manipulation to slowly and repeatedly flex and extend the joints to stretch the surrounding tissues, and increase the joint range of motion. 屈伸法 qū shēn fǎ 3232 Pulling manipulation A tuina manipulation to apply a sudden thrust force to the affected joint to produce passive rotation, flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. 扳法 bān fǎ 3233 Back-carrying manipulation A tuina manipulation to carry the patient on the back and apply traction, shaking, vibration and instant extension to the affected lumbar vertebrae. 背法 bēi fǎ 3234 Combing manipulation A tuina manipulation to place the palmar sides of the fingers over the area to be treated and apply soft, one-way combing. 梳法 shū fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 429 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3235 Brushing manipulation A tuina manipulation to brush or scrub the surface of the body with the fingers. 拂法 fú fǎ 3236 Smoothing manipulation A tuina manipulation to place the palm or fingers over the area to be treated, gradually push from the proximal end to the distal end, and then release the force quickly. 捋法 lǚ fǎ 3237 Covering manipulation A tuina manipulation to gently cover the area to be treated with the hand and remain still. 掩法 yǎn fǎ 3238 Rotating manipulation A tuina manipulation to make a passive rotation of the joints. 捩法 liè fǎ 3239 Holding manipulation A tuina manipulation to hold or lift the affected limb with one or both hands. 端法 duān fǎ 3240 Touching manipulation A tuina manipulation to press the limbs or acupuncture points with fingers to help with diagnosis. 摸法 mō fǎ 3241 Lifting manipulation A tuina manipulation to lift the post-traumatic sunken bones or joints to normal position using one or both hands or with the help of a rope. 提法 tí fǎ 3242 Gathering manipulation A tuina manipulation to clamp and release the skin of the area to be treated with the ulnar aspects of both palms. 拢法 lǒng fǎ 3243 Squeezing manipulation A tuina manipulation to squeeze both sides of the area to be treated with one or both hands. 挤法 jǐ fǎ 挟按法 3244 Drawing manipulation A tuina manipulation to pull or move the limbs of the patient. 挽法 wǎn fǎ 3245 Compound Tuina manipulations 推拿复合手 法类 tuī ná fù hé shǒu fǎ lèi 3246 Pressing-kneading manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of pressing and kneading manipulations. 按揉法 àn róu fǎ 3247 Grasping-kneading manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of grasping and kneading manipulations. 拿揉法 ná róu fǎ 430 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3248 Pushing-rubbing manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of Yi Zhi Chan pushing using the radial side of the thumb and rubbing circularly with the other four fingers. 推摩法 tuī mó fǎ 3249 Pulling-shaking manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of pulling-stretching and shaking manipulations. 牵抖法 qiān dǒu fǎ 3250 Kneading-pinching manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of kneading and pinching manipulations. 揉捏法 róu niē fǎ 3251 Lifting-flicking manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of tendon-flicking and muscle plucking manipulations. 提弹法 tí tán fǎ 3252 Tendon-flicking manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of pinching and lifting manipulations. 弹筋法 tán jīn fǎ 3253 Pushing-kneading manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of Yi Zhi Chan pushing and kneading manipulation. 推揉法 tuī róu fǎ 3254 Plucking-pulling manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of plucking and pulling manipulations. 推扳法 tuī bān fǎ 3255 Hooking-pointing manipulation A compound tuina manipulation composed of hooking and point-pressing manipulations. 勾点法 gōu diǎn fǎ 3256 Sweeping manipulation A tuina manipulation to push and scrub along the Shaoyang meridian in the temporal region using the radial side of the thumb and tips of the other four fingers. 扫散法 sǎo sàn fǎ 3257 Stepping manipulation A tuina manipulation to step with the feet on certain areas of the body. 踩跷法 cǎi qiāo fǎ 3258 Spine-pinching manipulation A tuina manipulation to pinch and lift the skin of the spine symmetrically with the thumb, index finger and middle finger or with the thumb and the other four fingers and release the force immediately. Move forward gradually and repeat the same procedure. 捏脊法 niē jǐ fǎ 3259 Spine-pointing manipulation A tuina manipulation to press the bladder meridian on both sides of the spine. 点脊法 diǎn jǐ fǎ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 431 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3260 Inserting manipulation A tuina manipulation to insert the fingers into the space between the scapula and thoracic wall. It is specifically used for gastroptosis. 插法 chā fǎ 3261 Supporting manipulation A tuina manipulation to lift the affected area with one or both hands. It is commonly used for gastroptosis. 托法 tuō fǎ 3262 Swinging manipulation A tuina manipulation: Place the palms on the lower borders of the subcostal region and extend gradually to the low back, press and knead the soft tissues on both sides of the low back using the palmar sides of the fingers, lift the low back and abdomen and then swing to the left and right gently. 抄法 chāo fǎ 3263 Low back-closing manipulation A tuina manipulation to place the thumbs and the middle fingers over the lumbar triangles on both sides and apply soft, gentle pressure. 封腰法 fēng yāo fǎ 3264 Low back-vibrating manipulation A tuina manipulation to press the low back coupled with traction and stretching. 颤腰法 chàn yāo fǎ 3265 Spinal tuina manipulation Manipulations used on the spine to correct spinal subluxation and regulate the functions of the spine. 脊柱推拿手 法类 jǐ zhù tuī ná shǒu fǎ lèi 3266 Tuina medium Lotions applied to the surface of the body for lubrication or treatment. 推拿介质 tuī ná jiè zhì 3267 Assistant tuina tools Supplementary tools to assist in tuina treatment and health care. 推拿辅助器 具类 tuī ná fǔ zhù qì jù lèi 3268 Mulberry branch stick An assistant tuina tool made of 12 specific mulberry branches based on certain requirements with a strong effect to unblock and circulate qi and blood. It is often used on the top of the head, chest and back, waist, hip and limbs. 桑枝棒 sāng zhī bàng 3269 Tai Ping Che An assistant tuina tool comprising an iron bar with five to six pieces of jade or sandalwood made into a chain of beads. The head and tail of the iron bar are folded. The appliance is connected to a short handle and can be held in the hand and the beads work like a rolling wheel. It is often used on the face, bone joints, etc. 太平车 tài píng chē 432 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3270 Paediatric tuina A type of tuina therapy based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, using specific manipulations on the meridians and collaterals and specific points on the surface of the body. It helps to prevent against diseases and benefit health through harmonizing Zang–Fu organs, yin, yang, qi and blood, strengthen the body and promote the healthy growth and development of children. 小儿推拿 xiǎo ér tuī ná 3271 Shaolin Neigong Shaolin Internal Exercise A main training method in tuina exercise and a key part of Neigong tuina. It is originally a form of martial art to strengthen the body, but now becomes a distinctive method and school of self- exercise plus tuina treatment. 少林内功 shào lín nèi gōng 3272 Yi Jin Jing Sinew- transforming exercise A traditional health-building exercise to stretch the body, strengthen the sinews, bones and ligaments and regulate the meridians and zang–fu organs. 易筋经 yì jīn jīng 3273 Other tuina terminologies 其他推拿术语 qí tā tuī ná shù yǔ 3274 Hot compress A common external therapy in Chinese medicine to treat diseases through heat stimulation. 热敷 rè fū 3275 Tuina combined with herbal ointment A therapeutic method to apply herbal ointment on the surface of the area to be treated, followed by tuina manipulations. 膏摩 gāo mó 3276 Tuina analgesia One of the pain control methods in Chinese medicine by applying Tuina to reduce or control pain according to theories of Chinese medicine. 推拿镇痛 tuī ná zhèn tòng 3277 Healthcare Tuina Healthcare massage A tuina method for healthy people or people with suboptimal health to strengthen the body and help with disease prevention and treatment. 健身推拿 jiàn shēn tuī ná 3278 Cosmetic tuina A type of tuina method to achieve healthier skin and slow down the ageing process of the skin. 美容推拿 měi róng tuī ná 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 433 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3279 3.7 Daoyin/qigong 3.7 导引气功 3280 Daoyin (guiding and stretching) To guide qi to harmonize the body and stretch the body to make it soft. It aims to prevent and cure diseases and promote health through stretching exercise combined with breath and internal qi circulation. 导引 dǎo yǐn 3281 Qigong An exercise method to regulate the body, breath and mind to achieve body-mind, man-society and man-nature harmonization. It cultivates the essence, qi and spirit internally and sinews, bones and body externally according to ancient Chinese philosophy. 气功 qì gōng 3282 Large heavenly circle Originated in Daoism, it refers to the second stage of internal alchemical process (i.e., to refine qi to spirit). This is performed on the basis of the small heavenly circle exercise and is believed that the large heavenly circle can connect spirit with qi, improve health and attain longevity. 大周天 dà zhōu tiān 3283 Three passes Three barriers The three areas in the ascending path along the Du meridian when internal qi circulates along the pathways of the Du and Ren meridians during practicing the “small heavenly circle” (or “microcosmic orbit”) meditation. They are arduous for internal qi to overcome and therefore called “passes” or “barriers”. Alternatively, they refer to the three steps in internal alchemy (Neidan): refining the essence to qi; refining the qi to spirit; and refining the spirit to emptiness. Some also use three passes to represent the ears, eyes and mouth. 三关 sān guān 3284 Harmony of the eyes, ears, nose and tongue A specific state in qigong practice that requires dropping the eyelids, listening to the silence, regulating breathing by focusing the eyes on the tip of the nose and closing the mouth. This state helps to remove distracting thoughts during qigong practice. 和合四象 hé hé sì xiàng 434 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3285 Inner peace and calmness Tian Dan Xu Wu A state of peaceful inner joy and free from ego or desires. This principle on health cultivation was recorded in the Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic) and highly valued by generations of qigong masters. 恬淡虚无 tián dàn xū wú 3286 Dantian breathing A beneficial variation of natural breathing with the Dantian area. Unlike usual abdominal breathing, this breathing method does not need mental focus or external force. 丹田呼吸 dān tián hū xī 3287 3.8 Taiji Taiji is an ancient Chinese philosophical term which represents the state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential; the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang, the basic polarity of the universe, originate. It has later become the highest conceivable principle about the generation, development and changes of all things in the universe. Taiji is often considered as the root and symbol of traditional Chinese culture. It has far-reaching impact on the Yi Jing (the Book of Changes), traditional Chinese medicine and taijiquan. 3.8 太极 3288 Taijiquan An ancient Chinese martial art practiced for both defence training and health benefits. It is a combination of breathing, mental focus, and physical movements, whose intention is to cultivate the practitioner’s internal qi. It is rooted in the philosophies of Confucianism, Daoism and Chinese medicine, and concepts of Taiji, yin-yang and the Five Elements. 太极拳 tài jí quán 3289 Taijiquan styles Major influential taijiquan styles include Chen style, yang style, Wú style, Wǔ style, Sun style and Zhaobao style. 太极拳流派 tài jí quán liú pài 3290 Taijiquan principles The principles of taijiquan are based on its philosophical and medical meaning as well as practice requirements. They include Taiji theories, mnemonics and classics. 太极拳拳理 tài jí quán quán lǐ 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 435 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3291 Taijiquan mnemonics The tips or smart ways in Taiji practice. These include mnemonics for taijiquan, Taiji sword, Taiji spear, Taiji knife and Taiji pushing hands. These mnemonics are often vivid and conversational. 拳决 quán jué 3292 Taijiquan manual A catalogue to record categories or systems. There are three types of Taiji manuals: 1) the names of sequenced Taiji skills and weapons routines/ forms; 2) Inheritance lineage; and 3) books on Taiji skills. 拳谱 quán pǔ 3293 Taijiquan classics Classics/texts which are exclusively focussed on the essential principles that guide the practice of taijiquan. 拳经 quán jīng 3294 Taijiquan structure Intangible frame and rhythm, including physical moves, eye movement and connections or transitions between moves. 拳势 quán shì 3295 Internal martial arts It refers to Wudang martial arts (occupied with spiritual, mental or qi-related aspects), as opposed to Shaolin (external) martial arts (focused on physical aspects). There are three internal martial arts: taijiquan, xingyiquan (form- intention fist) and baguazhang (eight trigram palm). 内家拳 nèi jiā quán 3296 Form A series of movements in Taiji practice. 盘架子 pán jià zi 3297 Eight directions These include four sides and four corners. If we consider taijiquan as a 3-D ball, symmetrical release of forces from eight directions (left, right, up, down and two diagonal angles) is essential to maintain the body equilibrium, known as the “rounded force”. 八面 bā miàn 3298 Eight body parts Vertex, crotch, heart, eyes, ears, hands, feet and waist. 八体 bā tǐ 3299 Eight types of people should be declined to learn Taiji Those with no loyalty or filial piety; those with no humanistic spirit; those with evil intentions; those who are reckless and impulsive; those who are defiant and arrogant; those who are rude and disrespectful; those who are unpredictable; and those who care too much about gains and losses. 八不传 bā bù chuán 436 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3300 Four mistakes Avoid using strength to store qi; avoid expanding the chest or sinking the low back; avoid shrugging the shoulders or sinking the neck; avoid discontinuity in body moves. 四忌 sì jì 3301 Eight requirements Relax the shoulders and sink the elbows; lift the vertex and issue force from the thighs; tap the teeth and touch the palate with the tongue; sink the chest and loosen the waist; move naturally; internal-external unity; yin-yang coordination; and stillness in movement. 八要 bā yào 3302 Wuji (without ridgepole) An ancient philosophical term, referring to the primordial universe prior to the Taiji (supreme ultimate). In Taiji practice, it has three extended meanings: 1) a relatively static state; 2) mental serenity before body moves in Taiji practice; 3) abdomen. 无极 wú jí 3303 Two complementary forces An ancient philosophical term, referring to yin and yang. In Taiji practice, the two forms have three extended meanings: 1) movement and stillness; 2) symmetrical Taiji moves; 3) the two kidneys. 两仪 liǎng yí 3304 Three elements An ancient philosophical term, referring to heaven, earth and man. In Taiji practice, it is used to represent head, hands and feet, further indicating the upper, middle and lower body parts. 三才 sān cái 3305 Four symbols An ancient philosophical term. It has two meanings in Taiji: 1) upper and lower limbs; 2) four directions—front, back, left and right. 四象 sì xiàng 3306 Taiji functions These include health benefits and self-defence training. Health benefits are achieved through practicing taolu (solo hand and weapons routines/ forms). Self-defence training mainly refers to pushing hands sequences, which embody a variety of self-defence techniques. 体用 tǐ yòng 3307 Six harmonies The six closings include three internal harmonies (intent, qi and strength) and three external ones (shoulder-hip, elbow-knee and hands-feet). These harmonies allow the movements to connect seamlessly and the force to be intact. 六合 liù hé 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 437 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3308 Taiji diagram A symbol or diagram in Chinese philosophy representing Taiji and its dualist aspects—yin and yang. 太极图 tài jí tú 3309 Hold the head as if suspended from above Head upright, spirit rising The head is held as if suspended by a thread attached to the crown, at the point Baihui (Du20). This posture aims to avoid tension in the neck. In doing so, do not tilt the head from side to side, or up and down. The whole body is light and nimble when the head is suspended at the crown. 虚领顶劲 xū lǐng dǐng jìn 提顶；顶头悬； 贯顶；悬顶 3310 Relax the shoulders, sink the elbows Relax and drop down the shoulders, especially the acromion, or the point Jianjing (GB 21); at the same time, slightly flex and drop the elbow. 沉肩坠肘 chén jiān zhuì zhǒu 3311 Stomach-protecting technique A technique to protect the stomach in Taiji practice. It produces a similar effect as dropping the elbow. 护肫 hù zhūn 3312 Sunken (sitting) wrist with finger extension Extend and relax the fingers naturally, slightly separating them to form an arc or spiral at the back of the hand. This enables the internal qi to radiate to the fingers and is known as “materializing in the hands and fingers”. 展指坐腕 zhǎn zhǐ zuò wàn 3313 Coordination between the two arms During Taiji practice, the movement of one arm triggers corresponding movement in the other one, as if they are connected to each other by a cord. 两膊相系 liǎng bó xiāng xì 3314 Vertical Fist Keep the wrist and fingers in a vertical position (approximately 90º). However, it is advisable not to use force to bend the wrist. 竖腕 shù wàn 3315 Sunken wrist Drop and relax the wrist to allow the internal energy to reach the fingertips from the arm. 坐腕 zuò wàn 3316 Pumping wrist Pump the wrist to soften and relax the hands. 鼓腕 gǔ wàn 3317 Straight wrist Make the wrist straight and flat. 直腕 zhí wàn 3318 Overlapped wrist Place one wrist over the other. 叠腕 dié wàn 438 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3319 Sink the chest, raise the back Intentionally relax the chest and back muscles and intercostal space. The shoulders should be naturally rounded to allow the chest to be slightly hollowed. To “raise the back” means to stretch the spine longitudinally and horizontally to allow the qi to stick to the back (so that one can use this qi to issue great power). 含胸拔背 hán xiōng bá bèi 3320 Expand the back Expanding the back is closely associated with sinking the chest. By sinking the chest, one will be able to expand the back naturally. 扩背 kuò bèi 3321 Keep the waist relaxed and buttocks tucked under To relax the waist means to lift the coccyx and sink the points Shensu (BL 23) and Mingmen (DU 4). To tuck buttocks under means to slightly tuck in the buttocks. 松腰敛臀 sōng yāo liǎn tún 3322 Keep the waist sunken and buttocks tucked under By sinking the waist in a relaxed sitting position, one will be able to tuck in the buttocks naturally. 弓腰收臀 gōng yāo shōu tún 3323 Keep the coccyx upright During Taiji practice, the coccyx needs to be kept upright at all times. 尾闾中正 wěi lǘ zhōng zhèng 3324 Lifting the anus Suspending the crotch To lift the anus, tuck in the coccyx and keep the body neutral. This helps to maintain balance and feel comfortable. 尾闾收 wěi lǘ shōu 提肛；吊裆； 调裆 3325 Keep the upper and lower connected To make Baihui (DU 20) and Huiyin (REN 1) vertically connected, in order to keep the upper body aligned and upright; and to connect Jianjing (GB 21) with Yongquan (KI 1) to keep the head and feet vertically connected. 上下一线 shàng xià yí xiàn 3326 Keep the body upright To keep the torso perpendicular to the ground and place the bodyweight over the supporting feet. This helps to keep the body stable. 立身中正 lì shēn zhōng zhèng 3327 Lengthen the torso and limbs To lengthen the torso through “holding the head as if suspended from above”. To extend the arms through sinking the shoulders and dropping the elbows. To lengthen the legs through relaxing the waist, opening the hips and flexing the knees. 身肢放长 shēn zhī fàng cháng 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 439 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3328 Five bows in the body The five bows include the torso, both hands and both feet. The body bow uses the waist as the handle and uses Yamen (DU 15) and coccyx as the tips. The hand bow uses the elbow as the handle and uses the wrist and clavicle as the tips. The foot bow uses the knee as the handle and uses the hip and heel as the tips. 一身备五弓 yì shēn bèi wǔ gōng 3329 Float the buttocks To attempt to float the buttocks before issuing internal energy. 泛臀 fàn tún 3330 Drop the buttocks To relax and drop the buttocks when squatting down. 溜臀 liū tún 3331 Tuck in the buttocks To slightly tuck in the buttocks to facilitate the abdomen and relax the crotch. This helps to keep the body neutral and stable. 敛臀 liǎn tún 3332 Round crotch To relax the hip joint, relax hip muscles and tuck in the femoral head. This enables the crotch to become round. 圆裆 yuán dāng 3333 Relax and tuck in the hips To relax and, at the same time, tuck in the hips to enable the perineum to become a semicircle. 缩胯 suō kuà 3334 Wrap the crotch To adduct the knees intentionally to protect the crotch. This helps to distinguish empty from solid, keep the lower body stable and increase the loading ability of the legs. This can also lengthen the legs. 裹裆 guǒ dāng 3335 Slack crotch A common error in Taiji practice. Slack crotch may cause energy to scatter. 荡裆 dàng dāng 3336 Sharp-angled crotch A common error in Taiji practice. A sharp-angled crotch may cause an inability to support the internal energy. 尖裆 jiān dāng 3337 Open crotch A common error in Taiji practice. An open crotch (>90º) may cause an inability to obtain the internal energy. 敞裆 chǎng dāng 3338 Sitting legs To appropriately flex the knee to enable the body weight to be placed on the flexed leg. 坐腿 zuò tuǐ 440 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3339 Opening and closing Movement combination of the body, breathing and energy. The “opening” refers to eccentric movements of the arms, whereas the “closing” refers to concentric movements of the arms. Breathing in and releasing energy act to open, whereas breathing out and storing energy act to close. 开合 kāi hé 3340 Store and release To “store energy” means to relax muscles with mental focus. To “release energy” means to contract muscles and often combine with breathing. 蓄发 xù fà 3341 Seek stillness in movement A dynamic state in Taiji practice. Taiji movements are open, continuous and transitional like a river; however, they can also close and become static like mountains. 动静 dòng jìng 3342 Fast and slow Taiji movements are relatively slower than other martial arts; the speed of movement varies among differing styles. 快慢 kuài màn 3343 Distinguish between fullness (weighted) and emptiness (weightless) In Taiji practice, it is important to distinguish between fullness and emptiness all over the body (i.e. we must know exactly which part of our body is issuing power and which part is receiving it). As for the legs, the “empty” leg is never absolutely weightless, and the “full” leg does not have all the weight placed upon it. 虚实分清 xū shí fēn qīng 虚实分明 3344 Opening, closing, empty and full The principles of Taiji exercise. The “opening” means to stretch, step forward, bend down and drop. The “closing” means to flex, step backward, raise and lift. The “empty” means absence of mental focus, supplementary force, relaxation and closing movements. The “solid” means presence of mental focus, major force point and opening movements. 开合虚实 kāi hé xū shí 3345 Internal-external unity The coordination or harmony between mental intent and physical movement. The “unity” here means a perfect and natural combination between hands, feet and mental intent. 内外相合 nèi wài xiāng hé 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 441 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3346 Upper-lower coordination Coordinated movements of the upper and lower limbs as well as the torso. Hand movements, waist movements, leg movements, and even the eye movements — all are in one unified movement (The root is in the feet, released through the legs, controlled by the waist, and materialized in the hands and fingers). 上下相随 shàng xià xiāng suí 3347 Movement of all joints This refers to successive movement of nine major joints throughout the body: neck, back, low back, hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow and wrist. 节节贯串 jié jié guàn chuàn 3348 Gentle and flexible movements Mindful-qi movement A distinctive feature of taijiquan. Mindfulness or “intent” guides the body movement and breathing; both breathing and internal qi are controlled by the mindfulness of the will. The “gentle” means to guide movements with intent instead of force. The “flexible” means to move the arms or legs with agility. 轻灵 qīng líng 3349 Unity of upper and lower The power is rooted in the feet, controlled by the waist, and manifested through the fingers, integrating the body as one harmonious unit. 一动无有不动 yí dòng wú yǒu bú dòng 3350 Hard and soft Force and changes of taijiquan. The “hard” refers to fast, short release of force in an attack, whereas the “soft” refers to slow, gentle and spiral moves in defence. 刚柔 gāng róu 3351 Square and round The two technical features of Taiji. The “square” refers to the force points, whereas the “round” refers to arc-shaped Taiji movements. The two features are unity of opposites. 方圆 fāng yuán 3352 Mutual generation of square and round The “square” refers to the hard power point that manifests in four sides and four corners. The “round” refers to the soft, circulating qi. The “square” originates from the “round”, and the “round” contains the “square”. There is “square” within the “round” and vice versa. 方圆相生 fāng yuán xiāng shēng 442 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3353 The thirteen postures These include eight force-releasing methods and five footwork methods. The eight force-releasing methods include four straight directions (Peng, Lǚ, Ji and An) and four diagonal directions (Cai, Lie, Zhou and Kao). The five footwork methods are called step forward, step backward, gaze (that is, focus your intention toward and move) to the left, gaze to the right, and central equilibrium. 十三势 shí sān shì 3354 Taiji jin A collective term for a variety of power or energy developed through Taiji practice. 太极劲 tài jí jìn 3355 Keep the central equilibrium The “Zhong” means the centre in direction. The “Tu” means earth in five elements. Together they mean the “centre” or body weight. In Taiji practice, it is important to distinguish empty and full in all body parts as well as the two legs. 中土常守 zhōng tǔ cháng shǒu 3356 Defeat the strong with minimal effort ‘A force of four ounces deflects a thousand pounds’ (i.e. to repel force effortlessly). 四两拨千斤 sì liǎng bō qiān jīn 3357 Energy (Jin) and force (Li) The “Jin” originally means strong and powerful. In Taiji practice, it refers to the cultivated, trained and flexible force that can change in power, direction, force point and force speed, in response to an opponent’s attack. 劲与力 jìn yǔ lì 3358 Sink qi down to Dantian To sink qi to Dantian, you need to keep the coccyx upright, sink the chest, relax the shoulders and suspend the crotch, and thus to guide qi down to the abdomen with intent. 气沉丹田 qì chén dān tián 3359 Opening with breathing out and closing with breathing in An essential principle in coordinated movements and breathing: breathe out when performing opening, solid, stretching, stepping forward, dropping, bending down, moving away, releasing, attacking or striking moves; and breathe in when performing closing, empty, sinking, flexing, stepping backward, lifting, moving back, raising, collecting, and softening moves. 开呼合吸 kāi hū hé xī 3360 Opening with breathing in and closing with breathing out An essential principle in coordinated movements and breathing: breathe in when opening up the rib cage and breathe out when closing the rib cage. 开吸合呼 kāi xī hé hū 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 443 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3361 Intent-qi movement A distinctive feature of taijiquan. The “intent” means to guide the body movement and breathing with mental intent. The “qi” means both breathing and internal qi are controlled by mental intent. 意气运动 yì qì yùn dòng 3362 Shen-qi movement A distinctive feature of taijiquan. The “Shen” includes spirit and eye direction. The “qi” means breathing and internal qi move with body movement. 神气鼓荡 shén qì gǔ dàng 3363 Nine essentials of Taiji The nine essentials in Taiji practice. These include: 1) keep the head upright as if suspended by a thread; 2) keep the coccyx upright as if pillared to the ground; 3) raise the upper back as if carrying a pot on the back ; 4) sink the chest like holding a tree; 5) suspend the crotch as if holding a ball; 6) relax the waist; 7) move the hands as if tearing cotton; 8) move the feet as if sailing a boat; and 9) move the legs as if pulling a string. 太极九如 tài jí jiǔ rú 3364 Relaxation and tension An important feature of Taiji practice. There is a saying that it takes at least 10 years to really understand Taiji. The key part is learning to cultivate internal energy through relaxation and stillness. It is necessary to avoid tension and mental stress before achieving relaxation in Taiji practice. 松紧 sōng jǐn 3365 Issue forces from the four extremities Intentionally projecting internal force through the tips of fingers and toes. 齐四梢 qí sì shāo 3366 Gongfa Basic skills acquired through learning standard Taiji moves and pushing hands. These require continuous practice and include both psychological and physiological abilities. 功法 gōng fǎ 3367 Taiji sword A weaponry (sword) form of Taiji practice, based on ancient fencing technique, coupled with fencing arts from other schools of martial arts. 太极剑 tài jí jiàn 3368 Taiji fan A combination of taijiquan and skills of playing with a fan. It moves or rotates the fan with intent and acts to benefit health, uplift the mood, and entertain yourself and others. 太极扇 tài jí shàn 444 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3369 Taiji spear A weaponry (spear) form of Taiji practice. The spear is long, sharp and easy to use. It is known as the “king of weapons” because of the significant military advantage it provides on battlefields. 太极枪 tài jí qiāng 3370 Taiji cane A Taiji practice, which uses a cane or stick as a weapon. The stick is known as the “head of weapons”. There were no standard Taiji cane forms before 1949, with the exception of the White Ape form in Chen style Taiji. After 1949, martial arts masters including Cui Yishi developed Taiji cane forms. 太极棍 tài jí gùn 3371 Taiji pushing hands Also known as hitting hands, kneading hands or crossing hands, pushing hands is a two-person training routine practiced in Taiji. It works to undo a person’s natural instinct to resist force with force, teaching the body to yield to force and redirect it. There are mainly eight methods in practicing pushing hands: bing-warding off; lǚ-rolling back; ji-pressing; an-pushing; cai- plucking; lie-splitting; zhou- elbow striking; and kao-shoulder striking. 太极推手 tài jí tuī shǒu 3372 (Peng) ward off Rising or expanding internal energy. With this energy, one feels the body is full of qi in all eight directions. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to create a buffer zone that prevents the first shock of an incoming attack and at the same time, enable you to defend, absorb or redirect the opponent’s power. 掤劲 bīng jìn 3373 (Lü) roll back The use of force in a sideways direction, such as where we intercept and move with a forward directed attack, simultaneously diverting it slightly to one side and thus to empty space. 捋劲 lǚ jìn 3374 (Ji) press forward Internal energy that projects forward from its source to prevent your opponent from issuing strength. During pushing hands, this energy radiates along the outside of the forearms and the back of the hands. 挤劲 jǐ jìn 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 445 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3375 (An) push down A forward and downward movement of energy. During pushing hands, this energy enables you to prevent your opponent from raising their arms or legs, and at the same time, allows you to stick to and redirect the opponent’s power. 按劲 àn jìn 3376 (Cai) pluck Internal energy that grasps or pulls the opponent’s wrist or elbow downwards with the fingertips or palm. 采劲 cǎi jìn 3377 (Lie) splitting power Internal energy to push or pluck forward. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to use a spiral motion to split the opponent’s body and destroy the opponent’s balance. 挒劲 liè jìn 3378 (Zhou) elbow striking power Internal energy that projects through the forearm rotation and tip of the elbow. During pushing hands, you can either defend the opponent’s attack with the tip of your elbow. Alternatively, you can use one hand to stick to the opponent’s hand and use flexed elbow of the other arm to spirally press the opponent’s elbow and arm. 肘劲 zhǒu jìn 3379 (Kao) shoulder striking power Internal energy to squeeze forward with your shoulder, back and hip. During pushing hands, this energy allows you to push the opponent with your shoulder, back or hip. 靠劲 kào jìn 3380 Floating hands A wrong move in pushing hands. 双浮 shuāng fú 3381 Resisting hands Rigid, inflexible moves during pushing hands. 双重 shuāng zhòng 3382 Flexible hands Connection and transition between empty and solid moves. 双轻 shuāng qīng 3383 Single weighted stance This is opposed to a stance with equal weight on both feet. Single weighted stance refers to the body weight focusing on one foot. 单重 dān zhòng 3384 (Bing) warding off method One of the eight methods in pushing hands: An upward circular movement, forward or backward, yielding or offsetting usually with the arms to disrupt the opponent’s centre of gravity. 掤法 bīng fǎ 446 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3385 (Lü) rolling back method One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to apply sideways, circular yielding movement to the opponent’s wrist with one hand and stick to the opponent’s elbow with the other hand. 捋法 lǚ fǎ 3386 (Ji) pressing method One of the eight methods in pushing hands: A pressing or squeezing offset in a direction away from the body, usually done with the back of the hand or outside edge of the forearm. 挤法 jǐ fǎ 3387 (Cai) plucking method One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to grasp the opponent’s wrist or elbow downwards with the fingertips or palm. 采法 cǎi fǎ 3388 (Lie) splitting method One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to separate, to twist or to offset with a spiral motion, often while making immobile part of the body (such as a hand or leg) to split an opponent’s body thereby destroying posture and balance. 挒法 liè fǎ 3389 (Zhou) elbow striking method One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to strike or push with the elbow. 肘法 zhǒu fǎ 3390 (Kao) shoulder striking method One of the eight methods in pushing hands: to strike or push with the shoulder, upper back, arm or hip. 靠法 kào fǎ 3391 Adhere and follow Two basic skills in the practice of Taiji pushing hands. To “adhere” means to get your opponent to follow you under your control; whereas to “follow” means to obey your opponent’s intention by letting him think he can apply an application, which leads him to use force. 粘走 zhān zǒu 3392 Taiji broadsword A weaponry (broadsword) form of Taiji practice, which includes the philosophy, training and thirteen standard forms. 太极刀 tài jí dāo 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 447 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3393 3.9 Mental/emotional therapy Methods to treat disordered moods and emotions using Chinese medicine theories on emotions. 3.9 情志疗法 3394 Praying method A psychotherapeutic treatment protocol that combines analysis of causative factors of mental- emotional disorders with prayer. These analyses and prayer treatments are based on emotion theories and psychological principles in Chinese medicine. 祝由法 zhù yóu fǎ 3395 Restraining emotions method A psychotherapeutic method that uses the mutual restraint cycle of five element theory in the treatment of mental-emotional disorders, during which the doctor intentionally arouses certain feelings in the patient that counteract their abnormal emotional state. 情志相胜法 qíng zhì xiāng shèng fǎ 3396 Sadness prevails over anger An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: sadness corresponds to metal; anger corresponds to wood; metal restrains wood; so sad feelings and language will subdue or release anger. 悲胜怒 bēi shèng nù 3397 Anger prevails over excessive thinking An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: anger corresponds to wood; thinking corresponds to earth; and wood restrains earth; so provocation to elicit an angry response will relieve anxiety and over-thinking. 怒胜思 nù shèng sī 3398 Thinking prevails over fear An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: thinking corresponds to earth; fear corresponds to water; earth restrains water; so encouraging mental focus or meditation can help the patient ignore or forget fear. 思胜恐 sī shèng kǒng 3399 Fear prevails over excess joy An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: fear corresponds to water; joy corresponds to fire; water restrains fire; so eliciting a fearful response will restrain excess joy and euphoria. 恐胜喜 kǒng shèng xǐ 448 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3400 Joy prevails over sadness An emotion therapy based on the restraining cycle of the five-element theory: joy corresponds to fire; sadness corresponds to metal; fire restrains metal; and so happiness can overcome melancholy and sorrow. 喜胜悲 xǐ shèng bēi 3401 Flexible methods Flexible psychotherapeutic methods that apply the mutual promotion or mutual restraint relationship among the five phases to different mental-emotional disorders. This idea was first mentioned in the Su Wen and later promulgated by Zhu Danxi. 活套法 huó tào fǎ 3402 Panic calming therapy A method to treat mental-emotional diseases such as anxiety, panic and post-traumatic stress disorders. Under controlled conditions, by repeated exposure to the circumstance that trigger the patient’s anxiety or traumatic response disorder, their adverse reaction is gradually lessened and normalized. 惊者平之法 jīng zhě píng zhī fǎ 3403 Five element music therapy Five phase music therapy A method to use different qualities of the five musical tones (gong, shang, jiao, zheng and yu), related to the five elements in the treatment of mental disorders. 五行音乐 wǔ xíng yīn yuè 3404 Imagery therapy A method to treat mental disorders by communicating with the patient’s self-image. 意疗法 yì liáo fǎ 3405 Five emotions Joy, anger, grief, excess thinking and fear. 五志 wǔ zhì 3406 Excess of the five emotions Pathological conditions that result from excessive mental activity impairing the essential qi of five zang organs and/or disturbing qi movement within zang–fu organs. 五志过极 wǔ zhì guò jí 3407 Fright causes the qi to become chaotic Sudden shock and fright disrupt the qi activity and causes qi movements to become confused and disorderly. 惊则气乱 jīng zé qì luàn 3408 Fear causes the qi to descend Excess fear or an ongoing state of fearfulness causes qi to strongly descend. 恐则气下 kǒng zé qì xià 3409 Joy causes the qi to slack Excess joy and/or euphoria cause qi to move too slowly and the qi movement becomes sluggish. 喜则气缓 xǐ zé qì huǎn 3 Treatment principles/methods and therapies 三、治则、治法与疗法 449 WGM2# English term Synonyms English definition/description Chinese term Pinyin term Chinese synonyms 3410 Sadness consumes the qi Excess sorrow and grief weaken the qi. 悲则气消 bēi zé qì xiāo 3411 Anger causes the qi to rise Rage and persistent anger cause disorderly ascending of the qi. 怒则气上 nù zé qì shàng 3412 3.10 Others 3.10 其他 3413 Dietary therapy The study of essential knowledge and use of diet as part of therapy. 食疗学 shí liáo xué 3414 Medicated diet Food prepared in combination with Chinese herbs to benefit the health, where the selection of the herbs is based on the theories of Chinese medicine. 药膳 yào shàn 3415 Food therapy Dietary therapy A therapeutic approach to harmonize qi and blood, balance yin and yang, prevent disease and benefit health, through the use of specifically tailored diets, where the properties of the food ingredients are guided by the theories of Chinese medicine. 食疗 shí liáo 食治；食养； 食补 450 WHO international standard terminologies on traditional Chinese medicine 451 References 1. 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