Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ / WHO) · Governing Bodies documents

Доклад о состоянии здравоохранения в мире, 1998 г.: жизнь в двадцать первом столетии - что нас ожидает: резюме

31 декабря 1998 г. Всемирная организация здравоохранения

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Полный текст

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!51/3

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!51/3

(a) A@b&4HFb H"80, $@:\T"b B@ FD"&>,>4` F >"FH@bV4< &D,<,>,< B@HD,$>@FH\ & F">4H"D>@< BD@F&,V,>44 4 8@>FJ:\H"P4bN B@ &@BD@F"< >,2*@D@&@6 *4,HZ , >,*@FH"H@R>@6 L424R,F8@6 >"(DJ284 , >,$,2@B"F>ZN L@D< F,8FJ":\>@(@ B@&,*,>4b 4 8JD,>4b , H . , . H@(@ , RH@ BD4&@*4H 8 2"$@:,&">4b< FD,*4 &2D@F:ZN , >@ JN@*4H F&@4<4 8@D>b<4 & $@:,, D">>4, (@*Z . (b) ="JR>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b J8"2Z&"`H >" H@ , RH@ FHD,FF , >,8@<L@DH>"b L424R,F8"b FD,*" 4 >,*@FH"H@R>Z6 JN@* &@ &D,>,(@ *,HFH&" F&b2">Z F >"F4:4,< 4 8D4<4>":\>Z<4 L@D<"<4 B@&,*,>4b & $@:,, B@2*>4, (@*Z . E,(@*>b $@:\T, *,H,6 , R,< D">\T, , D"FHJH 4<,>>@ & H"8@6 @$FH">@&8, . (c) A,D,N@* @H *,HFH&" 8 2D,:@<J &@2D"FHJ *:b <>@(4N & BD,*FH@bV4, (@*Z $J*,H @H<,R,> H"84<4 8D"6>, @B"F>Z<4 " L@D<"<4 B,D,N@*>@(@ B,D4@*" ", 8"8 >"F4:4, , BD"&@>"DJT,>4b , >"D8@H484 , ":8@(@:\ , *@D@0>@ HD">FB@DH>Z, BD@4FT,FH&4b 4 @B"F>Z, L@D<Z F,8FJ":\>@(@ B@&,*,>4b . ):b <>@(4N , 4 @F@$,>>@ H,N , 8H@ BD@04&",H & $,*>ZN (@D@*F84N D"6@>"N , B@*D@FH8@&Z6 &@2D"FH BD,*FH"&:b,H F@$@6 F"<Z6 @B"F>Z6 B,D4@* 042>4 . (d) E,8FJ":\>@FH\ 4 "8H4&>@FH\ & ^H@6 FL,D, 2"R"FHJ` D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb 8"8 8:`R,&Z, ^:,<,>HZ F"<@JH&,D0*,>4b 4 2D,:@FH4 & B@*D@FH8@&@< &@2D"FH, , >@ FH">@&bHFb &F, $@:,, @B"F>Z<4 & F&b24 F %3Q 4 *DJ(4<4 $@:,2>b<4 , D"FBD@FHD">b,<Z<4 B@:@&Z< BJH,< , & H@ &D,@ $,2(D"<@H>Z, BD,*FH"&:,>4b @ F,8FJ":\>@6 042>4 , 4 @F@$,>>@ FD,*4 B@*D@FH8@& <J0F8@(@ B@:" . (e) % 1995 ( . *,&@R84 & &@2D"FH, 15-19 :,H BD@42&,:4 >" F&,H 17 <4::4@>@& *,H,6 . ]H@ R4F:@ , 8"8 BD,*B@:"(",HFb , F@8D"H4HFb :4T\ *@ 16 <4::4@>@& & 2025 ( . #,D,<,>>@FH\ 4 D@0*,>4, D,$,>8" & B@*D@FH8@&@< &@2D"FH, BD,*FH"&:b`H 2>"R4H,:\>@ $@:\TJ` @B"F>@FH\ 8"8 *:b <"H,D4 , H"8 4 *:b D,$,>8" . C">>,, >"R":@ F,8FJ":\>@6 042>4 H"80, J&,:4R4&",H J(D@2J *:b 2*@D@&\b 0,>V4> . %2D@F:@, >"F,:,>4, 20. % <"FTH"$"N &F,(@ <4D" &2D@F:Z, :`*4 04&JH *@:\T, , &@ <>@(@< $:"(@*"Db H@<J , RH@ >" BD@Hb0,>44 B@F:,*>4N BbH4*,FbH4 :,H , H@(*" , 8@(*" @>4 $Z:4 ,V, *,H\<4 , J*":@F\ @FJV,FH&4H\ $@:,, ^LL,8H4&>Z, <,D@BD4bH4b B@ $@D\$, F 4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4 , H"84<4 8"8 HJ$,D8J:,2 4 D,FB4D"H@D>Z, 2"$@:,&">4b . 3<,`V4,Fb *@FH40,>4b & @H>@T,>44 &Z04&",<@FH4 *,H,6 (DJ*>@(@ &@2D"FH" 4 *,H,6 <:"*T,(@ &@2D"FH" @2>"R"`H , RH@ BD@4FN@*4H D@FH 8@>H4>(,>H" &2D@F:@(@ >"D@*@>"F,:,>4b . (a) % >"FH@bV,, &D,Z >"D@*@>"F,:,>4b F@FH"&:b`H :`*4 D"$@H@FB@F@$>@(@ &@2D"FH" 20-64 :,H ; 8 2025 ( . ^H@H B@8"2"H,:\ F@FH"&4H 58%. (b) Q4F:@ B@04:ZN , 8@H@DZ< >,@$N@*4<" B@**,D08" :`*,6 D"$@H@FB@F@$>@(@ &@2D"FH" , J&,:4R4:@F\ F 10,5% & 1955 ( . 4 12,3% & 1995 ( . 4 F@FH"&4H 17,2% & 2025 ( .

!51/3

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!51/3

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!51/3

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!51/3

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!51/3

32. ?8@:@ 585 000 0,>V4> J<4D"`H 8"0*Z6 (@* & F&b24 F $,D,<,>>@FH\` . E:JR"4 <>@(@8D"H>ZN $,D,<,>>@FH,6 , @B"F>@FH\ F<,DH4 , F&b2">>@6 F ^H4< , &@2D"FH"`H <>@(@8D"H>@ >" BD@Hb0,>44 &F,6 042>4 . % H@ &D, F:JR"6 >" 1400, & !244 - @*4> F:JR"6 >" 65, & !LD48, - @*4> F:JR"6 >" 16 0,>V4> . 33. AD4$:424H,:\>@ 50 <4::4@>@& &2D@F:ZN 0,>V4> & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N FHD"*"`H & Hb0,:@6 L@D<, >,*@FH"H@R>Z< &,F@< 4 @8@:@ 450 <4::4@>@& $@:\>Z 2@$@< . 34. / , >V4>Z FH"DT,(@ &@2D"FH" . ;>@(4, <4::4@>Z 0,>V4> FH"D,`H D">\T, B@:@0,>>@(@ &@2D"FH" 42 - 2" HDJ*>@FH,6 4 >,D"&,>FH&" , 8@H@DZ, @>4 4FBZH":4 & F&@,6 042>4 D">\T, , >"R4>"b F *,HFH&" . ?>4 FHD"*":4 @H B:@N@(@ B4H">4b , B:@N@(@ D,BD@*J8H4&>@(@ 2*@D@&\b , @B"F>ZN JF:@&46 >" D"$@R4N <,FH"N , @H >"F4:4b 4 $@:,2>,6 , F&b2">>ZN F @$D"2@< 042>4 , - F@FH@b>46 , 8@H@DZ, & 2>"R4H,:\>@6 <,D, JF4:4&"`H &,D@bH>@FH\ &@2>48>@&,>4b D"8" <@:@R>@6 0,:,2Z 4 T,684 <"H84 , @FH,@B@D@2" 4 *DJ(4N ND@>4R,F84N $@:,2>,6 B@F:, <,>@B"J2Z . ?$ZR>Z< & FH"D@FH4 b&:b,HFb RJ&FH&@ @*4>@R,FH&" 4 @HRJ0*,>4b . CI7?%?)3G[ 3 )+5EG%?%!G[ %?1 , 1948-1998 (( . 35. % *@8:"*, D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb &@BD@FZ , F&b2">>Z, F &@2>48>@&,>4,< ?D(">42"P44 , &8:`R"b &@BD@F @ ,, BD,*T,FH&,>>48"N & *,&bH>"*P"H@< 4 *&"*P"H@< FH@:,H4bN . % >,< JB@<4>"`HFb H"80, *,$"HZ , F@FH@b&T4,Fb & 8@>P, %H@D@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z , @ >,@$N@*4<@FH4 F@2*"H\ >@&J` <,0*J>"D@*>J` @D(">42"P4` B@ &@BD@F"< 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4 JRD,0*,>4, %?1 & 1948 ( . % *@8:"*, F@*,D04HFb @B4F">4, H@(@ , 8"84< @$D"2@< ?D(">42"P4b D,T":" BD@$:,<Z 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b H@(@ &D,<,>4 , " H"80, 8"8 @>" @F@2>":" >,@$N@*4<@FH\ *,P,>HD":42"P44 F&@,6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 JRD,0*,>4b T,FH4 D,(4@>@& %?1 , @BD,*,:4& <,H@*Z F&@,6 D"$@HZ . 36. )@ >"R":" 1960- N 4 >" BD@Hb0,>44 1960- N (@*@& @F@$Z6 "8P,>H *,:":Fb >" D,T,>44 BD@$:,<Z @B"F>ZN 4>L,8P4@>>ZN 2"$@:,&">46 . % 1970- , (@*Z $@:\T46 "8P,>H $Z: F*,:"> >" @P,>8J N@*" D"$@H , F&b2">>ZN F D"2&4H4,< & P,:@< , 4 F@P4":\>Z6 BD@(D,FF & @F@$,>>@FH4 , &8:`R"b 8@>P,BP4` D"2&4H4b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b , & @H:4R4, @H 8@>P,BP44 BD,*@FH"&:,>4b <,*48@ F">4H"D>ZN JF:J( . A@&@D@H>Z< <@<,>H@< & @BD,*,:,>44 B@:4H484 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b FH":" ;,0*J>"D@*>"b 8@>L,D,>P4b B@ B,D&4R>@6 <,*48@ F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 , 8@H@D"b F@FH@b:"F\ & 1978 ( . & !:<" - !H, , B@F:, R,(@ B@&F,<,FH>@ $Z:@ BD42>">@ , RH@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4, b&:b,HFb <@V>Z< DZR"(@< F@P4":\>@ - ^8@>@<4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b 4 <4D" . % 1981 ( . !FF"<$:,b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD4>b:" ':@$":\>J` FHD"H,(4` B@ *@FH40,>4` 2*@D@&\b *:b &F,N 8 2000 ( ., 8@H@D@6 F H,N F"<ZN B@D 4 DJ8@&@*FH&@&":4F\ 8"8 ?D(">42"P4b , H"8 4 ,, (@FJ*"DFH&" - R:,>Z . 37. A,D4@* , >"R4>"b F 8@>P" 1980- N (@*@& , @8"2":Fb 8D"6>, >,FB@8@6>Z< F B@:4H4R,F8@6 4 ^8@>@<4R,F8@6 H@R,8 2D,>4b ; @> $Z: &D,<,>,< (D"0*">F84N $,FB@Db*8@& >" <,FH"N , &@@DJ0,>>ZN 8@>L:48H@& , $@:\T,(@ "8P,>H" >" DZ>@R>@6 ^8@>@<48, 4 *,<@8D"H4R,F84N D,L@D<"N , " H"80, F@8D"V,>4b D,FJDF@& , &Z*,:b,<ZN >" <,0*J>"D@*>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\ B@ D"2&4H4` , *:b >"P4@>":\>@(@ L4>">F4D@&">4b F,8H@D" 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b 4 F@P4":\>@(@ F,8H@D" . ]H4 (:@$":\>Z, B,D,<,>Z F@BD@&@0*":4F\ *DJ(4<4 42<,>,>4b<4

!51/3

( & @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*, , *,<@(D"L4R,F84<4 ), 8@H@DZ, & 2>"R4H,:\>@6 <,D, F8"2":4F\ >" 2*D"&@@ND">,>44 . 7"8 D"$@H",H 4 RH@ *,:",H ?D(">42"P4b 38. % *@8:"*, *",HFb @B4F">4, H@(@ , 8"8 D"$@H",H ?D(">42"P4b , F H,< RH@$Z &ZB@:>4H\ F&@6 <">*"H , @BD,*,:,>>Z6 IFH"&@< . G"8 , >"BD4<,D , ?D(">42"P4b &ZB@:>b,H P,:Z6 Db* >@D<"H4&>ZN LJ>8P46 , @BD,*,:bb FH">*"DHZ . AD4<,D"<4 <@(JH F:J04H\ ;,0*J>"D@*>"b 8:"FF4L48"P4b $@:,2>,6 4 ;,0*J>"D@*>Z, F">4H"D>Z, BD"&4:" , ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 B,D,R,>\ >,B"H,>H@&">>ZN >"4<,>@&">46 *:b L"D<"P,&H4R,F84N BD,B"D"H@& , CJ8@&@*FH&@ B@ 8"R,FH&J B4H\,&@6 &@*Z , Codex Alimentarius, E&@* <,0*J>"D@*>ZN BD"&4: B@ F$ZHJ 2"<,>4H,:,6 (DJ*>@(@ <@:@8" , 4 D"$@H" ?D(">42"P44 & @$:"FH4 $4@:@(4R,F8@6 FH">*"DH42"P44 . 39. ?$V4, BD@(D"<<Z D"$@HZ >"<,R"`H FD,*>,FD@R>J` B,DFB,8H4&J & @H>@T,>44 8@>8D,H>ZN B,D4@*@& (4-6 :,H ), & H@ &D,Z6 $`*0,H @BD,*,:b,H >,B@FD,*FH&,>>Z, 2"*"R4 *:b <,D@BD4bH46 , 8@H@DZ, *@:0>Z $ZH\ @FJV,FH&:,>Z >" BD@Hb0,>44 *&JN :,H . C"2:4R>Z6 "8P,>H & F&@, &D," &@BD@F, @ D@:4 4 LJ>8P4bN %?1 & F&b24 F F4HJ"P4,6 & @$:"FH4 <4D@&@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b . GD"*4P4@>>@ LJ>8P44 D"FBD,*,:b:4F\ B@ *&J< 8"H,(@D4b< : DJ8@&@*FH&@ 4 8@@D*4>"P4b <,0*J>"D@*>@6 D"$@HZ B@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4` 4 H,N>4R,F8@, F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ F@ FHD">"<4 . % D"<8"N ^H4N @$b2">>@FH,6 <,D@BD4bH4b %?1 $Z:4 >"P,:,>Z >" B@:JR,>4, D,2J:\H"H@& , 8@H@DZ, $Z:4 $Z J$,*4H,:\>Z<4 *:b BD"&4H,:\FH& @H*,:\>ZN FHD"> . E JR,H@< ^H@(@ <,D@BD4bH4b H"8@(@ D@*" @FJV,FH&:b:4F\ B@F:, HV"H,:\>@(@ ">":42" F@&<,FH>@ F@ FHD">"<4 4N B@HD,$>@FH,6 & B@**,D08, D"2D"$@H">>ZN FHD"H,(46 . ?D4,>H"P4b BD@(D"<< 4 2"*"R4 &8:`R":4 &@BD@FZ J8D,B:,>4b >"P4@>":\>ZN F:J0$ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b , @ND">J 4 J8D,B:,>4, 2*@D@&\b , &@BD@FZ BD@L4:"8H484 4 $@D\$J F @BD,*,:,>>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4 , " H"80, F@*,6FH&4, <,*4P4>F84< >"JR>Z< 4FF:,*@&">4b< 4 4FF:,*@&">4b< & FL,D, 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b . 40. %"0>@6 2"*"R,6 ?D(">42"P44 $Z: F$@D >,@$N@*4<@6 4>L@D<"P44 . AD4<,D"<4 ^H@(@ <@(JH F:J04H\ FH"H4FH4R,F84, F:J0$Z , " H"80, ^B4*>"*2@D 2" 2"$@:,&">4b<4 . E@$D">>"b 4>L@D<"P4b @$D"$"HZ&":"F\ 4 2"H,< D"FBD@FHD">b:"F\ . ):b D"FBD@FHD">,>4b 4>L@D<"P44 %?1 D"FB@:"(",H F:J0$"<4 @$V,FH&,>>@6 4>L@D<"P44 , $4$:4@H,8@6 4 F:J0$@6 BJ$:48"P46 , 8@H@DZ, , 4FB@:\2Jb P,:Z6 Db* <,H@*@& , &ZB@:>b`H B@FH"&:,>>J` 2"*"RJ F 4FB@:\2@&">4,< >"4$@:,, F@&D,<,>>ZN 8@<<J>48"P4@>>ZN H,N>@:@(46 . A!C!;+GCY 1)?C?%[a 41. E JR,H@< 2>"R4H,:\>ZN @(D">4R,>46 , >":"(",<ZN @HFJHFH&4,< F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N B@8"2"H,:,6 , 8@H@DZ, @HD"0":4 $Z H@ H@:8@&">4, 2*@D@&\b , 8@H@D@, &@FN@*4H 8 IFH"&J %?1 , @P,>8" H,>*,>P46 & FL,D, 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b , BD4&@*4<"b & >"FH@bV,< *@8:"*, , 4FB@:\2J,H HD"*4P4@>>Z, B@8"2"H,:4 , H"84, 8"8 @04*",<"b BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH\ 042>4 , 2"$@:,&",<@FH\ 4 F<,DH>@FH\ . % >"FH@bV,, &D,, <,>,, , BD,*BD4>4<"`HFb JF4:4b B@ D"2D"$@H8, B@8"2"H,:,6 B@:@04H,:\>ZN 8@<B@>,>H@& 2*@D@&\b , H"84N 8"8 BD,*B@:"(",<"b BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH\ 042>4 4 ,, &"D4">HZ , >@ BD@$:,<Z , F&b2">>Z, F@ FH">*"DH42"P4,6 @BD,*,:,>46 4 F@B@FH"&4<@FH\` F@FH"&:b`V4N , BD,BbHFH&J`H @P,>8, H,>*,>P46 >" *">>@< ^H"B, .

!51/3

G,>*,>P44 F<,DH>@FH4 42. ?$V"b H,>*,>P4b , F&b2">>"b F B@8"2"H,:b<4 F<,DH>@FH4 & D"2>ZN &@2D"FH>ZN (DJBB"N , 4*,H >" FB"* ( 8"8 *:b FHD"> F D"2&4H@6 DZ>@R>@6 ^8@>@<48@6 , H"8 4 *:b >"4<,>,, D"2&4HZN FHD"> ), 2" 4F8:`R,>4,< &@2D"FH>@6 (DJBBZ 65 :,H 4 FH"DT, . % P,:@< 8@:4R,FH&@ F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& & <4D, & 1995 ( . F@FH"&:b:@ H@ 0, R4F:@ , RH@ 4 & 1955 ( ., F JR,H@< F@8D"V,>4b F<,DH>@FH4 BD4$:424H,:\>@ >" 50% FD,*4 *,H,6 & &@2D"FH, *@ 5 :,H 4 BD4$:424H,:\>@ >" 30% & &@2D"FH>@6 (DJBB, 5-19 :,H . C"$@H"`V,, >"F,:,>4, & &@2D"FH, 20-64 :,H J&,:4R4:@F\ BD4$:424H,:\>@ >" 5%, & H@ &D,V4> & D,BD@*J8H4&>@6 &@2D"FH>@6 (DJBB, 15-49 :,H F@8D"H4:@F\ >" BD4$:424H,:\>@ 18%. 43. % >"4<,>,, D"2&4HZN FHD">"N , H,< >, <,>,, , b&>@ BD@b&:b,H F,$b H,>*,>P4b F@8D"V,>4b F<,DH>@FH4 FD,*4 *,H,6 4 $ZFHD@, J&,:4R,>4, B@8"2"H,:,6 F<,DH>@FH4 FD,*4 :`*,6 FH"DT,(@ &@2D"FH" . A@8"2"H,:\ F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& FD,*4 &2D@F:@(@ D"$@H@FB@F@$>@(@ &@2D"FH" J&,:4R4:Fb F 25% & 1975 ( . *@ 29% & 1995 ( . 4 F@FH"&4H , 8"8 BD,*B@:"(",HFb , & 2025 ( . B@RH4 36%. G,>*,>P44 2"$@:,&",<@FH4 44. 32 BD,&ZT"`V,(@ 50 <4::4@>@& F<,DH,6 & (:@$":\>ZN <"FTH"$"N B@8"2"H,:b 2" 1997 ( . BD4$:424H,:\>@ @*>" HD,H\ :,H":\>ZN 4FN@*@& $Z:" F&b2">" F 4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 4 B"D"24H"D>Z<4 2"$@:,&">4b<4 , H"84<4 8"8 @FHDZ, D,FB4D"H@D>Z, 4>L,8P44 >40>4N *ZN"H,:\>ZN BJH,6 , HJ$,D8J:,2 , *4"D,b , %3Q / EA3) 4 <":bD4b ; @8@:@ 30% F<,DH>@FH4 $Z:4 F&b2">Z F $@:,2>b<4 @D(">@& 8D@&@@$D"V,>4b , H"84<4 8"8 8@D@>"D>"b $@:,2>\ F,D*P" 4 P,D,$D@&"F8J:bD>Z, $@:,2>4 ; BD4$:424H,:\>@ 12% F&b2">Z F D"8@&Z<4 2"$@:,&">4b<4 . M@Hb 8@:4R,FH&@ F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& , F&b2">>ZN F 2"$@:,&">4b<4 @D(">@& 8D@&@@$D"V,>4b , F@8D"H4:@F\ F 52% *@ 45% @H @$V,(@ R4F:" F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& & D"2&4H@< <4D, >" BD@Hb0,>44 1985-1997 (( ., ^H@H B@8"2"H,:\ J&,:4R4:Fb F 16% *@ 25% &F,N F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& & FHD">"N D"2&4&"`V,(@Fb <4D" . Q4F:@ F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& & D,2J:\H"H, D"8@&ZN 2"$@:,&">46 J&,:4R4:@F\ F 6% *@ 9% @H @$V,(@ R4F:" :,H":\>ZN 4FN@*@& & D"2&4&"`V,<Fb <4D, , @>4 B@ - BD,0>,<J F@FH"&:b`H 21% @H @$V,6 F<,DH>@FH4 & FHD">"N D"2&4H@(@ <4D" . 3>L,8P4@>>Z, 4 B"D"24H"D>Z, 2"$@:,&">4b 8"8 BD4R4>" F<,DH>@FH4 F@8D"H4:4F\ F 5% *@ 1% @H @$V,(@ R4F:" F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& & D"2&4HZN FHD">"N 4 F 45% *@ 43% @H @$V,(@ R4F:" F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& - & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N . 45. =" BD@Hb0,>44 B@F:,*>4N *,FbH4:,H46 2>"R4H,:\>Z6 BD@(D,FF $Z: *@FH4(>JH & @$:"FH4 $@D\$Z F @F>@&>Z<4 4>L,8P4@>>Z<4 2"$@:,&">4b<4 . =,8@H@DZ, 42 >4N $Z:4 :48&4*4D@&">Z 4:4 B@RH4 :48&4*4D@&">Z 8"8 BD@$:,<" @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b , >@ *DJ(4, B@ - BD,0>,<J J(D@0"`H :`*b< . 46. ? B@:>@6 (:@$":\>@6 :48&4*"P44 @FBZ $Z:@ 2"b&:,>@ & 1980 ( . B@ 2"&,DT,>44 8"<B">44 :48&4*"P44 ^H@(@ 2"$@:,&">4b , 8@H@D"b $Z:" >"R"H" & 1967 ( . 47. AD"8H4R,F84 :48&4*4D@&">" H"8"b HD@B4R,F8"b $@:,2>\ , 8"8 LD"<$,24b , 8@H@D"b B@D"0",H 8@0>Z, B@8D@&Z 4 8@FH>Z, H8">4 .

!51/3

48. A@F:,*>bb & F,D44 B">*,<46 N@:,D" 2"b&4:" @ F,$, & 2>"R4H,:\>@6 R"FH4 D"6@>@& <4D" >"R4>"b F 1960- N (@*@& 4 @FH",HFb ^>*,<4R,F8@6 BD4$:424H,:\>@ & 80 FHD">"N . 49. ':@$":\>"b J(D@2" RJ<Z FH":" 2>"R4H,:\>@ <,>\T, & B@F:,*>4, R,HZD, *,FbH4:,H4b , & @F>@&>@< & F&b24 F BD4<,>,>4,< ">H4$4@H48@& , 4>F,8H4P4*@& 4 *DJ(4N <,D B@ $@D\$, , >@ P48:4R,F84, ^B4*,<44 &F, ,V, &@2>48"`H &D,4 . 50. E"<"b 8DJB>"b ^B4*,<4b 0,:H@6 :4N@D"*84 , 8@(*" - :4$@ 2"D,(4FHD4D@&">>"b , 4<,:" <,FH@ & ]L4@B44 & 1960-1962 (( . 4 B@&:,8:" 2" F@$@6 BD4$:424H,:\>@ 30 000 F<,DH>ZN F:JR",& . % (@* @H >,, B@(4$",H BD4$:424H,:\>@ 30 000 R,:@&,8 @H @$V,(@ R4F:" & 200 000 2"$@:,&T4N ; RH@ &@ <>@(@ @$XbF>b,HFb BD@&,*,>>@6 4<<J>42"P4,6 . %<,FH, F H,< , >"R4>"b F 8@>P" 1980- N (@*@& , *D"<"H4R,F8@, B@ F&@4< <"FTH"$"< B@&H@D>@, &@2>48>@&,>4, 0,:H@6 :4N@D"*84 4<,:@ <,FH@ & FHD">"N !LD484 4 !<,D484 . 51. I:JRT,>4, FH">*"DH@& F">4H"D44 4 (4(4,>Z >" BD@Hb0,>44 B@F:,*>4N *,FbH4:,H46 F*,:":@ &FBZT84 &@2&D"H>@6 :4N@D"*84 , B,D,*"&",<@6 &T"<4 , 8D"6>, D,*84<4 ; J8"2">>@, 2"$@:,&">4, R"V, &F,(@ &@2>48",H BD4 @HFJHFH&44 (4(4,>4R,F84N JF:@&46 4 & B,D,>"F,:,>>ZN JF:@&4bN , 8@H@DZ, "FF@P44DJ`HFb R"V, &F,(@ F &@6>"<4 4:4 BD4D@*>Z<4 8"H"FHD@L"<4 . 52. AD@42@T,*T4, >,*"&>@ B,D,<,>Z & @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*, , F&b2">>Z, F D"2&4H4,< 4 ^8FB:J"H"P4,6 &@*>ZN D,FJDF@& 4 J&,:4R,>4,< B:@H>@FH4 >"F,:,>4b , BD4&,:4 8 D"FBD@FHD">,>4` T4FH@F@<@2" & $Z&T4N D">,, >,^>*,<4R>Z<4 D"6@>"N 4:4 D"6@>"N F >428@6 ^>*,<4R>@FH\` ; 2"$@:,&">4, @FH",HFb ^>*,<4R,F84< & 74 D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N , & @F>@&>@< >" !LD48">F8@< 8@>H4>,>H, . 53. AD@(D"<<" $@D\$Z F @>N@P,D8@2@< , 8@H@D"b >"R":"F\ & 1"B"*>@6 !LD48, & 1974 ( ., FJ<,:" 2"V4H4H\ @H ^H@6 $@:,2>4 BD4$:424H,:\>@ 36 <4::4@>@& R,:@&,8 . !LD48">F8"b BD@(D"<<" B@ $@D\$, F @>N@P,D8@2@< , >"R"H"b & b>&"D, 1996 ( ., @N&"HZ&",H *@B@:>4H,:\>@ 19 FHD"> . AD@(D"<<" R"FH4R>@6 :48&4*"P44 @>N@P,D8@2" & FHD">"N !<,D484 $Z:" >"R"H" & 1991 ( . & T,FH4 :"H4>@"<,D48">F84N FHD">"N 4 FH"&4H F&@,6 P,:\` :48&4*"P4` Hb0,:ZN B"H@:@(4R,F84N BD@b&:,>46 ^H@(@ 2"$@:,&">4b 4 F>40,>4, 2"$@:,&",<@FH4 & FHD">"N !<,D484 F B@<@V\` 4>&,D<,8H4>" . AD,*B@:"(",HFb , RH@ (:@$":\>"b R"FH4R>"b :48&4*"P4b @>N@P,D8@2" 8"8 BD@$:,<Z @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD@42@6*,H *@ 2008 ( . 54. # @ : ,2>\ S"("F" 4<,,H D"FBD@FHD">,>4, :4T\ & FHD">"N !<,D484 - @H ;,8F484 *@ !D(,>H4>Z . I8"2">>@, 2"$@:,&">4, >"<,R,>@ *:b R"FH4R>@6 :48&4*"P44 B,D,*"R4 & FHD">"N 9"H4>F8@6 !<,D484 , D"FB@:@0,>>ZN 8 `(J @H _0>@(@ C@(" , 8 2003 ( . 55. % FHD">"N O,>HD":\>@6 !LD484 4<,:@ <,FH@ 2>"R4H,:\>@, R4F:@ F:JR",& F@>>@6 $@:,2>4 ( "LD48">F846 HD4B">@F@<@2 ), (*, 8@:4R,FH&@ 2"D,(4FHD4D@&">>ZN F:JR",& J&,:4R4:@F\ $@:,, R,< &*&@, >" BD@Hb0,>44 B@F:,*>4N >,F8@:\84N :,H . % 1997 ( . !FF"<$:,b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b J8"2":" >" &@2<@0>@FH\ &@2>48>@&,>4b ^B4*,<44 & Db*, "LD48">F84N FHD"> . 56. E B@b&:,>4,< B,D&ZN ^LL,8H4&>ZN 4>X,P4DJ,<ZN &"8P4> BD@H4& B@:4@<4,:4H" & 1955 ( . J*":@F\ *@$4H\Fb R"FH4R>@6 :48&4*"P44 ^H@6 $@:,2>4 &@ <>@(4N D"6@>"N <4D" F @$V4< F@8D"V,>4,< R4F:" F:JR",&

!51/3

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!51/3

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!51/3

BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH4 042>4 . % :`$@6 FHD">, J&,:4R,>4, BD,*B@:"(",<@6 BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH4 042>4 >, @$b2"H,:\>@ &2"4<@F&b2">@ F J&,:4R,>4,< B,D4@*" 042>4 F Hb0,:@6 L@D<@6 4>&":4*>@FH4 . C,2J:\H"HZ 4FF:,*@&">46 J8"2Z&"`H >" H@ , RH@ D,R\ <@0,H 4*H4 & F"<@< NJ*T,< F:JR", @ B">*,<44 :4T\ :,(84N 4 J<,D,>>ZN L@D< , " >, Hb0,:@6 4>&":4*>@FH4 . 1)?C?%[+ =! AC?Ga/+=33 /31=3 79. ?F>@&>Z, &Z&@*Z *@8:"*" & F&@*>@< &4*, BD,*FH"&:,>Z &@ &&,*,>44 8 >,<J . ?H&,H>Z, *,6FH&4b %?1 *:b D,T,>4b BD@$:,< B,D,R4F:b`HFb >40, . ),H4 (DJ*>@(@ 4 <:"*T,(@ &@2D"FH" 80. =" BD@Hb0,>44 BD@T,*T4N 50 :,H %?1 BD4>4<":" JR"FH4, & D"$@H, B@ J:JRT,>4` 2*@D@&\b *,H,6 . 1>"R4H,:\>Z, JFB,N4 $Z:4 *@FH4(>JHZ & R"FH4R>@6 :48&4*"P44 >,@>"H":\>@(@ FH@:$>b8" F B@<@V\` 4<<J>42"P44 <"H,D,6 4 & B@@VD,>44 (DJ*>@(@ &F8"D<:4&">4b , " H"80, FH"P4@>"D@& " $:"(@0,:"H,:\>@(@ @H>@T,>4b 8 D,$,>8J ". %?1 BD@*,<@>FHD4D@&":" , RH@ B,D4>"H":\>"b 4 >,@>"H":\>"b F<,DH>@FH\ <@0,H $ZH\ F@8D"V,>" >" 30% 2" FR,H 4FB@:\2@&">4b P,:@(@ >"$@D" B@*N@*@& *:b >"$:`*,>4b 2" <"H,D\` &@ &D,>@FH4 4 D@*@& , " H"80, & @H>@T,>44 >@&@D@0*,>>ZN FD"2J B@F:, D@0*,>4b . 81. IF4:4b %?1 , >"BD"&:,>>Z, >" F>40,>4, *,HF8@6 F<,DH>@FH4 , 4FN@*bH 42 @FJV,FH&:b&T4NFb & 1970- , (@*Z BD@(D"<< , @D4,>H4D@&">>ZN >" $@D\$J F " @*>@6 $@:,2>\` ". % >"FH@bV,, &D,4 F<,>4:4F\ FHD"H,(4,6 8@<B:,8F>@(@ :,R,>4b *,HF84N $@:,2>,6 . E P,:\` F>40,>4b F<,DH>@FH4 @H @FHD@6 *4"D,4 & F@R,H">44 F >,*@FH"H@R>Z< B4H">4,< %?1 F@*,6FH&@&":" T4D@8@<J &>,*D,>4` <,H@*" @D":\>@6 D,(4*D"H"P4@>>@6 H,D"B44 . % 8@>P, 1980- N (@*@& $Z:@ B@8"2">@ , RH@ @F>@&>Z<4 BD4R4>"<4 F<,DH4 *,H,6 & &@2D"FH, *@ 5 :,H F:J0"H @FHDZ, D,FB4D"H@D>Z, 4>L,8P44 , BD,4<JV,FH&,>>@ B>,&<@>4b . IBD@V,>>"b FH">*"DH>"b <,H@*48" :,R,>4b B>,&<@>44 FH":" @F>@&@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 %?1 , >"BD"&:,>>@6 >" F>40,>4, F<,DH>@FH4 @H ^H@6 $@:,2>4 . % 1990 ( . BD@(D"<<Z $@D\$Z F *4"D,6>Z<4 $@:,2>b<4 4 @FHDZ<4 D,FB4D"H@D>Z<4 4>L,8P4b<4 $Z:4 @$X,*4>,>Z . 7 ^H@<J &D,<,>4 FH":@ bF>@ , RH@ $@:\T4>FH&@ F:JR",& F<,DH4 FD,*4 *,H,6 &Z2&">Z BD4R4>"<4 , R4F:@ 8@H@DZN >,&,:48@ , " 4<,>>@ : *4"D,,6 , B>,&<@>4,6 , 8@D\` , <":bD4,6 4 >,*@FH"H@R>Z< B4H">4,< . % 1992 ( . %?1 4 _=3E+K D"2D"$@H":4 8:4>4R,F84, D,8@<,>*"P44 B@ 8@<B:,8F>@<J B@*N@*J & @H>@T,>44 &F,N BbH4 J8"2">>ZN F@FH@b>46 . C"2D"$@H">>"b & D,2J:\H"H, ^H@(@ FHD"H,(4b $Z:" >"2&">" 8@<B:,8F>Z< :,R,>4,< *,HF84N $@:,2>,6 . 82. % 1992 ( . $Z:" BD4>bH" %F,<4D>"b *,8:"D"P4b 4 A:"> *,6FH&46 B@ &@BD@F"< B4H">4b , &8:`R"b *,&bH\ P,:,6 , >"<,R,>>ZN 8 *@FH40,>4` & 2000 ( ., 4 *,&bH\ BD"8H4R,F84N FHD"H,(46 J:JRT,>4b B4H">4b . 7 1997 ( . $@:,, 160 FHD"> B@:JR4:4 H,N>4R,F8J` 4 / 4:4 L4>">F@&J` B@<@V\ F@ FH@D@>Z %?1 F P,:\` D"2&4H4b 4 @FJV,FH&:,>4b >"P4@>":\>@6 B@:4H484 4 B:">@& & @$:"FH4 B4V,&ZN BD@*J8H@& 4 B4H">4b . % >"FH@bV,, &D,"b $"2" *">>ZN %?1 B@ >,*@FH"H@R>@FH4 B4H">4b 4 D"2&4H4` D,$,>8" @N&"HZ&",H $@:,, 90% &F,N *,H,6 & <4D, & &@2D"FH, *@ 5 :,H , " $">8 *">>ZN B@ (DJ*>@<J &F8"D<:4&">4` F@*,D04H *">>Z, B@ 65 FHD">"< . 3>4P4"H4&" B@ F@2*">4` $@:\>4P " *@$D@0,:"H,:\>@(@ @H>@T,>4b 8 D,$,>8J " @FJV,FH&:b,HFb $@:,, R,< & 170 FHD">"N .

!51/3

83. % 1974 ( . $Z:@ >"R"H@ @FJV,FH&:,>4, C"FT4D,>>@6 BD@(D"<<Z 4<<J>42"P44 %?1 , & D,2J:\H"H, R,(@ 8 1995 ( . 80% *,H,6 &@ &F,< <4D, $Z:4 4<<J>424D@&">Z BD@H4& *4LH,D44 , FH@:$>b8" , 8@8:`T" , B@:4@<4,:4H" , 8@D4 4 HJ$,D8J:,2" , & H@ &D,42"P4,6 F@FH"&:b: <,>,, 5%. A@F:, JFB,T>@6 B@:>@6 :48&4*"P44 @FBZ B@:4@<4,:4H FH": &H@D@6 $@:,2>\` , >"<,R,>>@6 8 B@:>@6 :48&4*"P44 &@ &F,< <4D, . AD"8H4R,F84 &F, ^>*,<4R>Z, FHD">Z & >"FH@bV,, &D,4` D,8@<,>*@&">>ZN %?1 FHD"H,(46 , >"BD"&:,>>ZN >" B@:>J` :48&4*"P4` B@:4@<4,:4H" . E@(:"F>@ @P,>8"< , 8 1996 ( . 2"$@:,&",<@FH\ 8@D\` 4 F<,DH>@FH\ @H ^H@6 $@:,2>4 &@ &F,< <4D, J<,>\T4:4F\ F@@H&,HFH&,>>@ >" 78% 4 88% B@ FD"&>,>4` F B,D4@*@< *@ BD4<,>,>4b &"8P4>"P44 . ),H4 $@:,, FH"DT,(@ &@2D"FH" 4 B@*D@FH84 84. A@*D@FH8@&Z6 &@2D"FH 2">4<",H @R,>\ &"0>@, <,FH@ & P48:, D"2&4H4b R,:@&,8" , @8"2Z&"b &:4b>4, >" F@FH@b>4, 2*@D@&\b 8"8 @H*,:\>ZN :`*,6 , H"8 4 @$V,FH&" & P,:@< . ?F>@&>@6 P,:\` *,bH,:\>@FH4 %?1 b&:b,HFb D"FT4D,>4, $"2Z 2>">46 B@ &@BD@F"< 2*@D@&\b 4 D"2&4H4b & B@*D@FH8@&@< &@2D"FH, , B@>4<">4, 2>"R,>4b , B@8"2"H,:,6 4 F@FH@b>4b L424R,F8@(@ , BF4N@:@(4R,F8@(@ 4 F@P4":\>@(@ 2*@D@&\b B@*D@FH8@& , " H"80, D"2D"$@H8" 8@>8D,H>ZN <,D , 8@H@DZ, $J*JH FB@F@$FH&@&"H\ J8D,B:,>4` 2*@D@&\b 4 D"2&4H4` <@:@*ZN :`*,6 &@ &F,N FHD">"N . ?F>@&>Z< D,2J:\H"H@< ^H@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 b&4:@F\ D"FBD@FHD">,>4, >"4$@:,, &"0>@6 4>L@D<"P44 4 T4D@8@, @B@&,V,>4, @ B,D&@@R,D,*>ZN B@HD,$>@FHbN . 85. % 1989 ( . !FF"<$:,b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD42&":" (@FJ*"DFH&" - R:,>Z BD,*@FH"&4H\ D,FJDFZ 4 D"2D"$@H"H\ BD@(D"<<Z F P,:\` J*@&:,H&@D,>4b B@HD,$>@FH,6 <@:@*ZN :`*,6 & @$:"FH4 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b . #Z:4 F@2*">Z $"2Z *">>ZN B@ @F>@&>Z< &@BD@F"< @ND">Z 2*@D@&\b <@:@*ZN :`*,6 , &8:`R"b D,BD@*J8H4&>@, 2*@D@&\, . 86. ?F>@&@6 *:b J8D,B:,>4b 2*@D@&\b *,H,6 T8@:\>@(@ &@2D"FH" 4 B@*D@FH8@& b&:b,HFb <,*48@ - F">4H"D>@, BD@F&,V,>4, & T8@:"N . % D"<8"N ':@$":\>@6 4>4P4"H4&Z %?1 B@ J8D,B:,>4` 2*@D@&\b & T8@:"N D,8@<,>*J,HFb , RH@$Z T8@:Z $Z:4 @$,FB,R,>Z $,2@B"F>Z< &@*@F>"$0,>4,< 4 F">4H"D>Z< @$@DJ*@&">4,< ; @$,FB,R,>Z <,D"<4 2"V4HZ @H 4>L,8P4@>>ZN $@:,2>,6 ; 2"V4V":4 @H *4F8D4<4>"P44 , BD4H,F>,>46 , 0,FH@8@(@ @$D"V,>4b 4 >"F4:4b ; 4 >, *@BJF8":4 4FB@:\2@&">4b H"$"8" , ":8@(@:b 4 2"BD,V,>>ZN :,8"DFH&,>>ZN FD,*FH& . %F, T8@:Z *@:0>Z BD,*@FH"&:bH\ &@2<@0>@FH\ *,Hb< 4 B@*D@FH8"< >" &F,N JD@&>bN BD4@$D,H"H\ >,@$N@*4<Z, 042>,>>Z, >"&Z84 & @$:"FH4 @ND">Z 2*@D@&\b , F H,< RH@$Z @>4 <@(:4 *,:"H\ BD"&4:\>Z6 &Z$@D 4 F:,*@&"H\ 2*@D@&Z< L@D<"< B@&,*,>4b >" BD@Hb0,>44 &F,6 042>4 . %2D@F:@, >"F,:,>4, 87. ="R4>"b F 1971 ( . %?1 @F@$@ B@*R,D84&":" 2>"R,>4, F,<\4 8"8 @F>@&>@(@ ^:,<,>H" <,*48@ - F">4H"D>@(@ @$F:J04&">4b , & D,2J:\H"H, R,(@ $Z:" &ZD"$@H">" 8@>P,BP4b @ND">Z 2*@D@&\b F,<\4 . ?ND">bb 2*@D@&\, <"H,D,6 4 D"$@H"`V,(@ >"F,:,>4b , F,<\b FB@F@$>" @$,FB,R4H\ @ND">J 2*@D@&\b F&@4N 40*4&,>P,& - *,H,6 4 BD,FH"D,:ZN . 88. 7 8@>PJ 1980- N 4 >"R":J 1990- N (@*@& FH":@ bF>@ , RH@ F D@FH@< R4F:" F@BJHFH&J`V4N %3Q - 4>L,8P46 4 D"FBD@FHD">,>4,< TH"<<@& , B@:4D,24FH,>H>ZN 8 :,8"DFH&,>>Z< FD,*FH&"< , D"FT4D4:4F\ <"FTH"$Z

!51/3

^B4*,<44 HJ$,D8J:,2" . % 1991 ( . !FF"<$:,b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD42&":" 8 J8D,B:,>4` BD@(D"<< $@D\$Z F HJ$,D8J:,2@< >" D"6@>>@< JD@&>, 4 T4D@8@<"FTH"$>@<J BD@&,*,>4` FH">*"DH424D@&">>@(@ $,FB:"H>@(@ 8D"H8@FD@R>@(@ 8JDF" N4<4@H,D"B44 >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@(@ >"$:`*,>4b ( 7G== ). % 1993 ( . !FF"<$:,b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b @$Xb&4:" HJ$,D8J:,2 RD,2&ZR"6>@6 (:@$":\>@6 BD@$:,<@6 . EHD"H,(4b 7G== 4FB@:\2J,HFb F P,:\` *@8J<,>H4D@&">4b F:JR",& 2"$@:,&">4b HJ$,D8J:,2@< 4 BD@&,*,>4b :,R,>4b $@:\>ZN , RH@ B@2&@:4H F@8D"H4H\ R4F:@ 4FH@R>48@& 4>L,8P44 & @$V,FH&, . 89. % 1980- , (@*Z %?1 &@2(:"&4:" BD@&,*,>4, RD,2&ZR"6>ZN <,D@BD4bH46 & P,:bN BD4&:,R,>4b &>4<">4b 8@<B,H,>H>ZN @D(">@& &@ &F,< <4D, 8 >"P4@>":\>Z< ^B4*,<4b< %3Q / EA3)" . ="R4>"b F 1986 ( . ?D(">42"P4b F@HDJ*>4R":" F (@FJ*"DFH&"<4 - R:,>"<4 , B@<@("b 4< D"2D"$"HZ&"H\ 4 J8D,B:bH\ F&@4 >"P4@>":\>Z, BD@(D"<<Z $@D\$Z F@ EA3)@< ; & 8D"HR"6T4, FD@84 BD@&@*4H\ @P,>8J ; F@&,DT,>FH&@&"H\ *4"(>@FH48J , :"$@D"H@D>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b 4 <,H@*Z F8D4>4>(" 8D@&4 ; " H"80, B:">4D@&"H\ >"P4@>":\>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\ 4 *@:(@FD@R>Z, <,D@BD4bH4b , 4FN@*b 42 D,":\>ZN &@2<@0>@FH,6 . A,D&@@R,D,*>@6 2"*"R,6 @FH",HFb D"2D"$@H8" >,*@D@(@FH@bV,6 , $,2@B"F>@6 4 ^LL,8H4&>@6 &"8P4>Z , N@Hb <":@&,D@bH>@ , RH@ ^H@ J*"FHFb F*,:"H\ & $:40"6T4, *,FbH\ :,H . %?1 & F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, F ??= - EA3) @FJV,FH&:b,H HD4 @F>@&>Z, LJ>8P44 & ^H@6 @$:"FH4 : B@**,D08J 4 8@@D*4>"P4` >"JR>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 ; BD@&,*,>4, B,D,(@&@D@& F BD,*FH"&4H,:b<4 BD@<ZT:,>>ZN BD,*BD4bH46 , F H,< RH@$Z BD@*J8P4b >"JR>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 $Z:" *@FHJB>" *:b H,N , 8H@ & >,6 $@:,, &F,(@ >J0*",HFb ; 4 B@4F8 <,N">42<@& FH4<J:4D@&">4b >"JR>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 & @$:"FH4 &"8P4> , RH@ F 8@<<,DR,F8@6 H@R84 2D,>4b <,>,, BD4&:,8"H,:\>@ , R,< 4FF:,*@&">4b & @$:"FH4 >@&ZN :,8"DFH&,>>ZN FD,*FH& . 90. #@:\T4>FH&@ BD@L,FF4@>":\>ZN $@:,2>,6 <@0>@ BD,*JBD,*4H\ , @FJV,FH&:bb *,bH,:\>@FH\ B@ @2*@D@&:,>4` D"$@R4N <,FH , J:JRT,>4` JF:@&46 HDJ*" 4 F>40,>4` &@2*,6FH&4b &D,*>ZN L"8H@D@& . ),bH,:\>@FH\ %?1 & @$:"FH4 BD@L,FF4@>":\>@6 (4(4,>Z $Z:" >"R"H" & 1950 ( ., 8@(*" & F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, F ;?G $Z: @$D"2@&"> @$X,*4>,>>Z6 8@<4H,H *:b @FJV,FH&:,>4b *,bH,:\>@FH4 & ^H@< >"BD"&:,>44 . % >"R":, 1990- N (@*@& %?1 4>4P44D@&":" >@&J` " B@&,FH8J *>b " & @H>@T,>44 D"$@HZ , D"2&4H4b 4 2*@D@&\b, BD4& ,*TJ` 8 D"2D"$@H 8, ':@$":\ >@6 F H D"H , ( 44 " AD@L,FF4@>":\>"b (4(4,>" *:b &F,N ". '@FJ*"DFH&"< - R:,>"< >"FH@bH,:\>@ D,8@<,>*J,HFb D"2D"$@H"H\ >"P4@>":\>Z, BD@(D"<<Z F @F@$Z< "8P,>H@< >" D"2&4H4, &F,N F:J0$ BD@L,FF4@>":\>@6 (4(4,>Z . %?1 B@**,D04&",H 4*,` " 2*@D@&\b >" D"$@R4N <,FH"N " & $@:,, T4D@8@< F<ZF:, , &Z*&4("b 8@>P,BP4` " 2*@D@&ZN 8@<B">46 " 4:4 " 2*@D@&ZN @D(">42"P46 ". 91. ;>@(4, BD@(D"<<Z %?1 & >"FH@bV,, &D,H4D@&">Z >" J*@&:,H&@D,>4, B@HD,$>@FH,6 0,>V4> & @$:"FH4 @ND">Z 2*@D@&\b , 4 ?D(">42"P4b B:">4DJ,H BD@&,*,>4, H"8@6 B@:4H484 B@ &@BD@F"< B@:" 4 2*@D@&\b , 8@H@D"b *@:0>" @$:,(R4H\ @FJV,FH&:,>4, ^H@6 D"$@HZ . =,F8@:\8@ D,(4@>":\>ZN $`D@ BD@&@*bH F$@D 4>L@D<"P44 F P,:\` B@*(@H@&84 8D"H84N @$2@D@& F@FH@b>4b 2*@D@&\b 0,>V4> B@ FHD">"< . % 1997 ( . %?1 B@*(@H@&4:" 4>L@D<"P4@>>Z, <"H,D4":Z , &8:`R"`V4, F"<Z, B@F:,*>4, *">>Z, @ D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4 $@:,2>,6 , 4 D"$@H":" F BD@L,FF4@>":\>Z<4 "FF@P4"P4b<4 & P,:bN $@:,, (:J$@8@(@ @F@2>">4b BD@$:,< , F&b2">>ZN F @ND">@6 2*@D@&\b 0,>V4> . #Z:@ >"R"H@ 4FF:,*@&">4, B@ &@BD@FJ >"F4:4b & @H>@T,>44 0,>V4> & F,<\bN , P,:\ 8@H@D@(@ F@FH@b:" & ">":42, D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4 ^H@(@ b&:,>4b , ,(@ B@F:,*FH&46 *:b 2*@D@&\b , L"8H@D@&

!51/3

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92. ':@$":\>"b 8@<4FF4b B@ @ND">, 2*@D@&\b 0,>V4> "8P,>H4DJ,H &>4<">4, >" HD,N 8:`R,&ZN &@BD@F"N : F">4H"D>@, BD@F&,V,>4, B@ &@BD@F"< @ND">Z 2*@D@&\b *,&@R,8 4 0,>V4> , BD4<,>,>4, >"F4:4b & @H>@T,>44 0,>V4> , " H"80, <"H,D4>F8"b 2"$@:,&",<@FH\ 4 F<,DH>@FH\ . ),bH,:\>@FH\ >" JD@&>, FHD"> 4 D,(4@>@& F8@>P,>HD4D@&">" >" F$@D, 4>L@D<"P44 , @$2@D"N :4H,D"HJDZ 4 JF4:4bN B@ BD@&,*,>4` >"JR>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 & H,N D"6@>"N , (*, 4FBZHZ&",HFb >,*@FH"H@8 4>L@D<"P44 & @H>@T,>44 @ND">Z 2*@D@&\b 0,>V4> . 93. ),bH,:\>@FH\ %?1 & @$:"FH4 @ND">Z D,BD@*J8H4&>@(@ 2*@D@&\b & 1997 ( . &8:`R":" D"FT4D,>4, <"FTH"$@& >"JR>ZN 4FF:,*@&">46 & @H>@T,>44 D@:4 <J0R4>Z & @ND">, D,BD@*J8H4&>@(@ 2*@D@&\b ; BJ$:48"P4` *">>ZN 4FF:,*@&">4b , BD@&@*4<@(@ %?1 F@&<,FH>@ F *DJ(4<4 JRD,0*,>4b<4 , F P,:\` 42JR,>4b F,D*,R>@ - F@FJ*4FHZN $@:,2>,6 4 FH,D@4*>ZN (@D<@>":\>ZN 8@>HD"P,BH4&>ZN FD,*FH& ; 2"&,DT,>4, F$@D" *">>ZN 4 BD@&,*,>4, @8 @ > R " H , : \> @ ( @ ">":42" T4D@8@<"FTH"$>@(@ B@FH<"D8,H4>(@&@(@ 4FF:,*@&">4b D,2J:\H"H@& 4FB@:\2@&">4b 8@>HD"P,BH4&>ZN 4<B:">H">H@& =@DB:">H ; " H"80, &Z*&40,>4, >,F8@:\84N D,(4@>":\>ZN 4>4P4"H4& , 8"F"`V4NFb J&,R46 B@:@&ZN @D(">@& J 0,>V4> , J&,:4R,>4b R4F:" F:JR",& 8,F"D,&@(@ F,R,>4b 4 8"R,FH&" *@D@*@&@6 B@<@V4 . 9`*4 B@04:@(@ &@2D"FH" 94. % 1979 ( . !FF"<$:,b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD4>b:" F&@` B,D&J` D,2@:`P4` , @D4,>H4D@&">>J` >" <,*48@ - F">4H"D>J` B@<@V\ B@04:Z< :`*b< , 8@H@D"b BD4&,:" 8 F@2*">4` (:@$":\>@6 BD@(D"<<Z . %?1 BD@&@*4:" >"JR>Z, F@&,V">4b B@ &@BD@F"< , 4<,`V4< @H>@T,>4, 8 FH"D,>4` , H"84< 8"8 F@FH@b>4, B4H">4b , F,D*,R>@ - F@FJ*4FHZ, $@:,2>4 , @ND">" BF4N4R,F8@(@ 2*@D@&\b , BD@L4:"8H48" D,FB4D"H@D>ZN 4>L,8P46 , F,<,6>"b 042>\ 4 B@**,D08" , BD,*JBD,0*,>4, >,FR"FH>ZN F:JR",& 4 J8D,B:,>4, 2*@D@&\b . %ZT,*T"b & 1984 ( . BJ$:48"P4b The uses of epidemiology in the study of the elderly FH4<J:4D@&":" D"2&4H4, >@&ZN B@*N@*@& 8 >"JR>Z< 4FF:,*@&">4b< & @$:"FH4 FH"D,>4b . ),bH,:\>@FH\ F 8@>P" 1980- N (@*@& *@ F,D,*4>Z 1990- N (@*@& 8"F":"F\ BD,4<JV,FH&,>>@ @F>@&>ZN L"8H@D@& " 2*@D@&@(@ FH"D,>4b ", @FH,@B@D@2" 4 F&b2">>@(@ F &@2D"FH@< F:"$@J<4b . % 1994 ( . BD@(D"<<" $Z:" B,D,@D4,>H4D@&">" >" " FH"D,>4, 4 2*@D@&\, ". 95. AD@(D"<<" %?1 8"F",HFb &@BD@F@& 8"8 FH"D@FH4 , H"8 4 FH"D,>4b . ?>" BD4*",H @F@$@, 2>"R,>4, J8D,B:,>4` 2*@D@&\b F "8P,>H@< >" " 2*@D@&@, FH"D,>4, " 4:4 " *@FH@6>@, FH"D,>4, ". ?>" JR4HZ&",H B@:@&Z, D"2:4R4b , &:4b`V4, 8"8 >" 2*@D@&\, , H"8 4 >" @$D"2 042>4 , " H"80, 8J:\HJD>J` FD,*J , 8@H@D"b H"80, @8"2Z&",H &:4b>4, >" 2*@D@&\, B@04:ZN :`*,6 . ]H" BD@(D"<<" 2"HD"(4&",H H"80, FHD"H,(44 B@ F@ND">,>4` F&b24 <,0*J B@8@:,>4b<4 4 <>@(4, ^H4R,F84, BD@$:,<Z , F&b2">>Z, F@ FH"D,>4,< >"F,:,>4b .

!51/3

;+=a_U35Ea ;3C 96. =" F@FH@b>4, 2*@D@&\b R,:@&,8" @8"2Z&"`H &@2*,6FH&4, HD4 @F>@&>Z, (:@$":\>Z, H,>*,>P44 : ^8@>@<4R,F84, , *,<@(D"L4R,F84, 4 F@P4":\>Z, . 97. % D"2*,:, *@8:"*" , B@F&bV,>>@< ^8@>@<4R,F84< H,>*,>P4b< , D"FF<"HD4&",HFb D@FH ^8@>@<484 >" BD@Hb0,>44 HD,N B,D4@*@& : 19501973 (( . - &,8 >,$Z&":@(@ BD@P&,H">4b ; 1973-1993 (( ., 8@(*" $@:\T"b R"FH\ <4D@&@6 ^8@>@<484 *,6FH&@&":" >40, F&@,(@ B@H,>P4":" ; 4 B,D4@* F 1993 ( ., 8@(*" >"R":@F\ @04&:,>4, ^8@>@<484 . % >,< @$FJ0*"`HFb H"80, &@BD@FZ &@2D"FH"`V,(@ >,D"&,>FH&" 4 (:@$":\>@(@ $D,<,>4 *@:(@& , " H"80, ">":424DJ`HFb 42<,>,>4b , BD@4FN@*bV4, & D"2:4R>ZN @HD"F:bN ^8@>@<484 , 4 @H8DZ&"`V4,Fb &@2<@0>@FH4 . 98. % D"2*,:, , B@F&bV,>>@< H,>*,>P4b< & @$:"FH4 >"D@*@>"F,:,>4b , D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb F:,*J`V4, &@BD@FZ : R4F:,>>@FH\ >"F,:,>4b 4 ,, D@FH ; <,0*J>"D@*>"b <4(D"P4b 4 $,0,>PZ ; &@2D"FH>@6 F@FH"& 4 8@^LL4P4,>HZ 2"&4F4<@FH4 ; 4 D@0*",<@FH\ , &8:`R"b BD@$:,<J D"FBD@FHD">,>>@FH4 8@>HD"P,BH4&@& , L,DH4:\>@FH4 & B@*D@FH8@&@< &@2D"FH, 4 $,FB:@*4b . 99. % D"2*,:, *@8:"*" , 8"F"`V,<Fb F@P4":\>ZN H,>*,>P46 , D"FF<@HD,>Z BD@$:,<Z JD$">42"P44 ( @8@:@ 45% >"F,:,>4b & <4D, & >"FH@bV,, &D,"N ), " H"80, @8DJ0"`V,6 FD,*Z 4 04:4V>ZN JF:@&46 . /4:4V>Z, JF:@&4b 4<,`H D,T"`V,, 2>"R,>4, *:b 8"R,FH&" 042>4 , & F&b24 F R,< D"FF<"HD4&",HFb &@BD@F @ >,J*@&:,H&@D4H,:\>ZN 04:4V>ZN JF:@&4bN . A@RH4 &@ &F,N FHD">"N FJV,FH&J`H :`*4 , FHD"*"`V4, @H (@:@*" 4 >,*@FH"H@R>@FH4 B4H">4b , B@^H@<J & *@8:"*, 2"HD"(4&",HFb BD@$:,<" B4V,&ZN BD@*J8H@& 4 B4H">4b , &8:`R"b $,2@B"F>@FH\ B4V,&ZN BD@*J8H@& , (@D@*F8@, F,:\F8@, N@2b6FH&@ 4 F@FH@b>4, B4H">4b . % F&b24 F H,< , RH@ @$D"2@&">4, @8"2Z&",H >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@, &:4b>4, >" F@FH@b>4, 2*@D@&\b , 8"R,FH&@ 042>4 4 &@2<@0>@FH4 HDJ*@JFHD@6FH&" , & *@8:"*, J*,:b,HFb &>4<">4, BD@&@*4<@6 & >"FH@bV,, &D,@FH4 , >"BD"&:,>>@6 >" D"FT4D,>4, 8@>H4>(,>H" JR"V4NFb T8@: - 8"8 <":\R48@& , H"8 4 *,&@R,8 . A@*D@$>@ D"FF<@HD,>Z H"80, BD@$:,<Z $,2D"$@H4PZ ( &8:`R"b $,2D"$@H4PJ FD,*4 <@:@*,04 4 B@HD,$>@FH4 & 8&":4L4P4D@&">>ZN D"$@R4N 8"*D"N ) 4 $,*>@FH4 ( &8:`R"b >,@$N@*4<@FH\ @FJV,FH&:,>4b BD@(D"<< $@D\$Z F $,*>@FH\` ), 8@H@DZ, H,F>@ F&b2">Z *DJ( F *DJ(@< . )?EG3/+=3+ 1)?C?%[a )9a %E+M 100. % 1997 ( . !FF"<$:,b 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b BD4>b:" D,T,>4, @ H@< , RH@ @F>@&>"b F@P4":\>"b P,:\ BD"&4H,:\FH& 4 %?1 *@:0>" 2"8:`R"H\Fb & *@FH40,>44 &F,<4 :`*\<4 8 2000 ( . H"8@(@ JD@&>b 2*@D@&\b , 8@H@DZ6 B@2&@:4H 4< &,FH4 F@P4":\>@ 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84 BD@*J8H4&>J` 042>\ . 3>Z<4 F:@&"<4 , &F, :`*4 &@ &F,N FHD">"N , 8"8 <4>4<J< , *@:0>Z @$:"*"H\ , B@ 8D"6>,6 <,D, , H"84< JD@&>,< 2*@D@&\b , BD4 8@H@D@< @>4 FB@F@$>Z BD@*J8H4&>@ D"$@H"H\ 4 "8H4&>@ JR"FH&@&"H\ & F@P4":\>@6 042>4 @$V,FH&" , & 8@H@D@< @>4 04&JH . C,2J:\H"HZ HD,H\,6 @P,>84 N@*" D"$@H B@ @FJV,FH&:,>4` ':@$":\>@6 FHD"H,(44 *@FH40,>4b 2*@D@&\b *:b &F,N 8 2000 ( .

!51/3

( BD@&,*,>>@6 & 1997 ( .) J8"2Z&"`H >" 2>"R4H,:\>@, J:JRT,>4, 8"8 F@FH@b>4b 2*@D@&\b , H"8 4 *@FHJB" 8 <,*48@ - F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 &@ &F,< <4D, . %F, $@:\T,, R4F:@ (@FJ*"DFH& - R:,>@& BD@&@*bH B,D4@*4R,F846 <@>4H@D4>( 4 @P,>8J >"P4@>":\>ZN FHD"H,(46 *@FH40,>4b 2*@D@&\b *:b &F,N ; & 1985 ( ., 8@(*" BD@&@*4:"F\ B,D&"b @P,>8" , *@8:"*Z , 8"F"`V4,Fb B@ 8D"6>,6 <,D, (:@$":\>ZN B@8"2"H,:,6 , $Z:4 BD,*FH"&:,>Z 147 42 166 (@FJ*"DFH& - R:,>@& . % 1997 ( . *@8:"*Z $Z:4 BD,*FH"&:,>Z 158 42 191 (@FJ*"DFH& - R:,>@& , N@Hb >,8@H@DZ< B@8"2"H,:b< & >4N J*,:b:@F\ $@:\T,, &>4<">4, , R,< *DJ(4< : >"BD4<,D , 90% FHD"> BD,*FH"&4:4 *">>Z, & @H>@T,>44 4<<J>42"P44 , >@ :4T\ 30% - & @H>@T,>44 *@FHJB" 8 <,FH>Z< F:J0$"< 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b . 101. % P,:@< @H<,R",HFb &ZF@846 JD@&,>\ B@:4H4R,F8@6 BD4&,D0,>>@FH4 P,:b< *@FH40,>4b 2*@D@&\b *:b &F,N , 4 >,@$N@*4<Z, *:b ^H@(@ B@:4H4R,F84, D,T,>4b 4 FHD"H,(44 BD4>bHZ & $@:\T4>FH&, FHD"> >" F"<@< &ZF@8@< JD@&>, . % >"FH@bV,, &D,,>4b B,D,@D4,>H4DJ`HFb >" F@2*">4, F4FH,<Z 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b , @F>@&">>@6 >" B,D&4R>@6 <,*48@ - F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 , F JR,H@< D@:4 @H*,:\>@(@ R,:@&,8" , F,<\4 , @$V4>Z , <,FH>ZN >,BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN @D(">42"P46 4 B,DF@>":" F:J0$ 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b . 1>"R4H,:\>@, &>4<">4, J*,:b,HFb @ND">, 2*@D@&\b 0,>V4> 4 4N D@:4 & BD@P,FF, D"2&4H4b . 102. E <@<,>H" BD@&,*,>4b B,D&@6 @P,>84 & 1985 ( . &@ &F,< <4D, @H<,R",HFb 2>"R4H,:\>Z6 D@FH F:,*J`V4N ^:,<,>H@& B,D&4R>@6 <,*48@ - F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 : 4<<J>42"P4b BD@H4& T,FH4 $@:,2>,6 , >" $@D\$J F 8@H@DZ<4 >"BD"&:,>" C"FT4D,>>"b BD@(D"<<" 4<<J>42"P44 ; 8&":4L4P4D@&">>"b B@<@V\ BD4 D@*"N ; <,FH>Z, F:J0$Z 2*D"&@@ND">,>4b ; &@*@F>"$0,>4, 4 8">":42"P4b . C"2DZ& <,0*J D"2&4&"`V4<4Fb 4 D"2&4HZ<4 FHD">"<4 FJV,FH&,>>@ F@8D"H4:Fb , N@Hb JFB,N4 , *@FH4(>JHZ, >"4<,>,, D"2&4HZ<4 FHD">"<4 , <,>,, 2>"R4H,:\>Z . 103. %@2D@F JD@&,>\ @N&"H" D"2:4R>Z<4 ^:,<,>H"<4 B,D&4R>@6 <,*48@ F">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 & D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N , (*, 65% $,D,<,>>ZN 0,>V4> 4<,`H *@FHJB 8 F:J0$"< *@D@*@&@6 B@<@V4 , " 53% - 8 8&":4L4P4D@&">>@6 B@<@V4 BD4 D@*"N . % F,:\F84N D"6@>"N 75% >"F,:,>4b 4<,`H *@FHJB 8 $,2@B"F>@<J &@*@F>"$0,>4` , " @8@:@ 34% - 8 "*,8&"H>Z< F:J0$"< F">4H"D44 . 104. #@:\T@, &:4b>4, >" F@FH@b>4, 2*@D@&\b *,H,6 @8"2": D,2846 D@FH @N&"H" BD@(D"<<"<4 4<<J>42"P44 F 5% & 1970- , (@*Z *@ $@:,, 80% & 1996 ( . ?*>"8@ & >"4<,>,, D"2&4HZN FHD">"N ^H4 JFB,N4 >, FH@:\ 2>"R4H,:\>Z , 8"8 & *DJ(4N D"2&4&"`V4NFb FHD">"N . 105. E@(:"F>@ @P,>8"< , & 1997 ( . & 106 FHD">"N , BD,*FH"&:b`V4N 64% &F,(@ >"F,:,>4b 1,<>@(@ T"D" , FD,*>bb &,D@bH>"b BD@*@:04H,:\>@FH\ 042>4 BD4 D@0*,>44 BD,&ZT",H 60 :,H , 8@^LL4P4,>H F<,DH>@FH4 (DJ*>ZN *,H,6 F@FH"&:b,H <,>,, 50 >" 1000 04&@D@0*,>>ZN , " F<,DH>@FH\ *,H,6 & &@2D"FH, *@ 5 :,H - <,>,, 70 >" 1000 04&@D@0*,>>ZN . % 1975 ( . ^H4 B@8"2"H,:4 $Z:4 *@FH4(>JHZ & 69 FHD">"N , BD,*FH"&:b`V4N 30% >"F,:,>4b &F,(@ <4D" .

!51/3

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!51/3

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Основные сведения

Организация Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ / WHO)

Тип документа Governing Bodies documents

Дата принятия 31 декабря 1998 г.

Источник Всемирная организация здравоохранения