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الصحة المهنية دليل العاملين في الرعاية الصحية الأولية

31 декабря 2002 г. Всемирная организация здравоохранения

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Полный текст

WHO-EM/OCH/85/A/L

‫ ﻤﺤـﺩود‬:‫اﻟﺘﻭزﻴــﻊ‬

‫א‬

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª ©UjùA

“ŒùB®ªA “ZvªA “¿§ƒø °mÃNùA ∂jrª œ¿Œº≥‚A KN∏ùA —j«B¥ªA 2002

‫‪©World Health Organization 2001‬‬

‫ﻫﺫه اﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ إﺼﺩارﻫﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس وﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻭق ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ )‪ .(WHO‬ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭز‬ ‫ﺎ ﺒﺩون إذن ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭي‬ ‫ﺎ أو ﺠﺯﺌﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺭاﺠﻌﺔ ﻫﺫه اﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ أو ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ أو اﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎس ﻤﻨﻬﺎ أو ﻨﺴﺨﻬﺎ أو ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻴﺠﻭز ﺤﻔﻅ أي ﺠﺯء ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫه اﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎم اﺴﺘﺭﺠﺎع أو ﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﺒﺄﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺴﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺴﻭاء إﻟﻜﺘﺭوﻨﻴﺔ أم ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ أو أﺨﺭى‪ ،‬ﺒﺩون إذن ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭي ﻤﺴﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ا‪.‬‬ ‫اﻵراء اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﻭن ﺘﻡ ذﻜﺭ أﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺅوﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺅﻻء اﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻴﻥ ﺤﺼﺭً‬ ‫‪EDR/EMRO‬‬

‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺠﻭن ﺸﻴﻤﻭﻴل‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ‬

‫‪WHO-EM/OCH/085/A/L/04.01/2000‬‬

7 ....................................................................................... jÕfvM 9 ....................................................................................... “øf¥ø 13 .......................................................................................fŒ»ó 19 .............................................................................. L ifùA ΩŒªe



‫א‬

٢٣

‫ﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤل‬

23 ............................................................................. ≤Af«ﬁA -1 23 .......................................................... “ŒmBmﬁA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2 24 .............................................................. “ŒZvªA j BbùA ≤Ì j®M -3 31 ............................................................... “ŒZvªA j BbùA ¡ŒŒ¥M -4 33 ............................................................... j BbùA ”ºß —jÒŒnªA -5 34 ....................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6

‫א‬

٣٩‫اﻷﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ واﻷﻤﺭاض اﻷﺨﺭى اﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل‬ 39 ............................................................................. ≤Af«ﬁA -1 39 .......................................................... “ŒmBmﬁA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2 40 ...................................................................... “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA -3 60 .............................................................Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ~AjøﬁA -4 64 ....................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -5

‫א‬

٦٧

‫اﻟﻜﺸﻑ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﻟﻸﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬

67 ............................................................................. ≤Af«ﬁA -1 67 .......................................................... “ŒmBmﬁA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2 68 .......................“Œ÷BÕlŒ∞ªA ΩøAÃ®ªA ≈ß “öBƒªA “Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA -3 69 ..................... “ŒUÃªÃŒJªA ΩøAÃ®ªA ≈ß “öBƒªA “Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA -4 70 ........................ “Œ÷BŒ¿Œ∏ªA eAÃùA ≈ß “öBƒªA “Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA -5 76 ....................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6

‫א‬

٧٧

‫اﻹرﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎت )اﻟﻤﻼءﻤﺔ( اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬

77 ............................................................................. ≤Af«ﬁA -1 77 .......................................................... “ŒmBmﬁA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2 79 ....................................... W«BƒùA ef®Nø ¡ºß :(“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√Ã´i‚A -3 84 ....................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -4

‫א‬

٨٧

‫اﻟﻜﺭب واﻟﻌﻭاﻤل اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﺌﺭة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤل‬

87 ............................................................................. ≤Af«ﬁA -1 87 .......................................................... “ŒmBmﬁA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2 90 ..............................................................…NZØB∏øÀ Lj∏ªA ’B¥MA -3 91 .............................................................. æB¿ßﬁA ¡Œ¿vM ŸeBJø -4 92 ....................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -5

‫א‬

٩٣

‫ﹼﻘﺎء اﻟﺤﻭادث‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ واﺘ‬

93 ............................................................................. ≤Af«ﬁA -1 93 .......................................................... “ŒmBmﬁA ¡Œ«B∞ùAÀ fŒ»¿NªA -2 96 .......................................................... B»ŒÈ v¥MÀ TeAÃáA ΩŒVnM -3 97 ....................................................................TeAÃáA P‹È f®ø -4 98 ......................................... B»Œºß —jÒŒnªAÀ “Œƒ»ùA TeAÃáA ≈ø “ÕB≥ÃªA -5 98 ....................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6

‫א‬

١٠١

‫اﻹﺴﻌﺎف اﻷوﻟﻲ وﻤﻤﺎرﺴﺘﻪ‬

101 ........................................................................... ≤Af«ﬁA -1 101 ............................................................. ÀﬁA ≤B®m‚A “Œ¿«C -2 101 .......................................................................... PBIBu‚A -3 104 ............................................................................ iÃn∏ªA -4 105 ................................................................. “ÕiAjáA PBIBu‚A -5 106 ............................................................................. ¡¿nNªA -6 107 .............................................................................. ≤lƒªA -7 107 .............................................................................“øfvªA -8 107 .................................................................. o∞ƒNªA LAjÒyA -9 107 ...................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -10

‫א‬

١٠٩

‫اﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻑ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬

109 ........................................................................... ≤Af«ﬁA -1 109 .................................................................... “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA -2 110 .................................................................... “Œƒ»ùA TeAÃáA -3 111 .................................... Ω¿®ªA ∆B∏ø ü —jÒŒnªA PBŒº¿ßÀ Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI -4 113 ............................................. “Œƒ»ùA TeAÃáAÀ ~AjøﬁA ≈ø “ÕB≥ÃªA -5 114 ............................................................................ ©ÕjrNªA -6 114 .....................................“ZvªA ”ºß ∫ÃºnªAÀ —BŒáA LÃºmC PA QDM -7 115 .................................................. Ω¿®ªA ∆B∏ø ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA -8 117 .................................................. …º÷BmÀÀ œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA µ÷Aj -9 118 ........................................... œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA ü ΩuAÃNªA PAiB»ø -10 120 ...................................................................îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -11

‫א‬

١٢١ ‫اﻟﻭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺎت واﻹﺤﺼﺎء اﻟﺤﻴﻭي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ 121 ........................................................................... ≤Af«ﬁA -1 121 ............................................................................. ±ÕiB®M -2 122 ........................................................ “ÕÃŒáA “Œ÷BvY‚A PB√BŒJªA -3 123 ........................................................... “Œ÷BIÃªA PBmAifªA ¢BòC -4 124 .................................................... ~jùA iAj∏Nª “®÷BrªA oŒÕB¥ùA -5 125 ..................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -6

١٠

‫א‬

١٢٧

‫ﺤﻔﻅ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬

127 ........................................................................... ≤Af«ﬁA -1 127 ...................................................... B» BòCÀ P›VnªA ≈ø “ÕB¨ªA -2 129 ................................................................... P›VnªA •∞Y -3 130 ..................................................................... îIifN¿ºª ¬B»ø -4

١١

‫א‬

١٣١

‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬

131 ............................................................................. ≈Õf®NªA -1 133 ................................................................ ‘j¨vªA PBßBƒvªA -2 136 ........................................................... “Œ∞ÕjªAÀ “ŒßAilªA µ BƒùA -3

١٢

‫א‬

١٤١

‫اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺌﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬

141 ................................................................... P›øB®ªA ’BnƒªA -1 146 ..................................................................... æB∞ ﬁA “ªB¿ß -2 152 .......................................................................... “ŒØByG PA’Aj≥

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‫‪jÕfvM‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

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‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬א א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א ‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫)‪ ،(ILO/NAMAT‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪. .‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫‪،‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬

‫‪§BOKºA ßÆB M |kBtK{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶Re{A ZiBU}{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪fŒ»ó‬‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫‪™{BiI{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫אא‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ " :(١٩٩٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪™Re{A `¶`lK |}A•k XRC £KteI |}l{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

fŒ»ó

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١

.( ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، : . ‫א‬

) . ‫א‬ ،١٩٨٦ ، ،

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، . ٢

…

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ …

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬indices

‫א‬

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ . ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ : ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫ א‬. ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،

‫א‬ ™¶ i•{A LB}•yR{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ©ZAX¬A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

. ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

Early detection of health impairment in occupational exposure to health hazards. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1975 (WHO Technical Report Series No. 571). 2 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, Canada, 17-21 November 1986.

‫‪17‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪|B}l{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫}}‪~¢KAXBRKA• |B}l{A •{M‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪LBl}KO}{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶ ¢}{A ™Re{A •¶eBeKUA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ﱢب‬ ‫دﻟﻴل اﻟﻤﺩر‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫؟‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪ifùA ΩŒªe‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‪−٣‬‬

‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪".‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" " א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ":‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−١‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫‪ −٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٦‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪ifùA ΩŒªe‬‬

‫‪22‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‬

‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ واﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪occupational hygiene‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ −١−٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ occupational/industrial hygienists‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬

‫‪24‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛ א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٢−٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫}‪|BM‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ﱡف اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺘﻌﺭ‬ ‫‪ −١−٣‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−٣‬א‬

‫}{•‪≠A•¢{A LBM‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:dusts‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:fumes‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:mists‬‬ ‫‪:aerosols‬‬ ‫‪:fibres‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:vapours‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א ‪:gases‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪™¶ÆB¶}¶y{A ZiBU}{A‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪(™¶•¶R{A) ™¶O•{•¶I{A ZiBU}{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶ÆB¶`¶t{A ZiBU}{A‬‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬

‫‪26‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™¶}• •oZ¬A ZBiUæA‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א )‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪27‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪NXA•R{A |}A•k‬‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪™¶kB}KOºA ™¶at {A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٣−٣‬א א א‬ ‫‪XA•}{A XZO ™}ÆBv‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪LB¶{}l{A XZO ™}ÆBv‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א ‪،‬‬

‫‪ labelling‬א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪29‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪(ß{A•OK{A) |Õ‬‬ ‫}‪•OK{A |ºU ·} ß ¢}{A SReK{A Sa‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.(١−١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫)א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −‬א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪(٢−١‬‬

‫א‬

‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫א‬

‫אא א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:compliance‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪≠A•¢{A ·B¶KkA P}AZI‬‬

‫؛‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪31‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫‪reproducible‬‬

‫‪ −١−٤‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪B¢KZ¶Bl}• LA•XæA ≠BwK A‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א )‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪ uptake‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™IaB }{A |¶{RK{A xÆAZi b¶aDK‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪/‬א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬

‫‪32‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(ISO‬‬ ‫)‪(EC‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫)‪(WHO‬‬

‫)‪(AHIA‬‬ ‫)‪(NIOSH‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪(APHA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)‪(OSHA‬‬ ‫)‪(ACGIH‬‬

‫)‪.(ANSI‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬

‫‪bB¶w{A• ·B¶KkºA ™¶O¶KAZKaA‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫؟‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)‬

‫‪−٢−٤‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ (BEIs‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪respirable‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٣−٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫)‪(TLVs‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬

‫)‪.(ACGIH‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‪:(STEL‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫)‪:(TWA8‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:C‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪ inhalable‬א‬ ‫)‪(PNOC‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫)‪(BEI‬‬

‫‪:‬א א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١−٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬

‫‪34‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫אא א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−٥‬א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٣−٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(؛ א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫‪36‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ‪ ١-١‬اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت ذات اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ وﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎت اﻟﻬﻭاء اﻟﻤﺭاﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫–‪N‬‬ ‫}‪•{}{A i‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎزات )غ(‬ ‫َﻴﻤﺎت )ج(‬ ‫ﺠﺴ‬ ‫ُﺏ(‬ ‫ﺴﺤ‬ ‫)أﻏﺒﺭة‪ ،‬دﺨﺎﺌﻥ‪ُ ،‬‬

‫–‪N‬‬ ‫‪•{}{A ´{k ™{M}C‬‬ ‫ﻜﺭوﻤﺎت )ج(‬ ‫اﻟﺯﻨﻙ وﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ )ج(‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺯ وﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ )ج(‬

‫‪LB¶{}l{A iB} C‬‬ ‫‪™ UBa{A LB¶{}l{A‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎم )ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ أو ﻏﺎزي(‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻜﺭة‬ ‫ﺼﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﹶﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﻭﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺤﺭق‬ ‫‪™{ÆBa{A LB¶{}l{A‬‬ ‫دﻫﺎن‬ ‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺤﻭم‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺱ ‪dipping‬‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ‫ﺒﹼ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺭﻴﺵ‬ ‫ﻁﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺵ )ﺤﻔﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺩن(‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺎﺸﻑ‬ ‫ّﺎم ﺤﻤﻀﻲ )ﺘﺨﻠﻴل ‪(pickling‬‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻤ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻁ اﻟﻁﻼءات‬ ‫ﹶﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪™I{e{A LB¶{}l{A‬‬ ‫ﺴﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﺼل‬ ‫اﺴﺘﺨﻼص‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﺸﺤﻥ )ﺘﺤﻤﻴل(‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫‪ipg{BI VI{A‬‬ ‫ﹶﻊ‬ ‫ﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ اﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ اﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩات‬ ‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺸﺤﻭم‬ ‫ّﺎر اﻟﺭﻤل‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻑ ﺒﺘﻴ‬ ‫دﻫﺎن‬

‫ﺒﻨﺯن )ب(‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻹﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ )ب(‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪-١،١،١‬ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻹﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ )ب(‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻤﺎء )س(‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ اﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ )س(‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻬﻴﺩروﺠﻴﻥ )غ(‬ ‫أﻤﻼح اﻟﺴﻴﺎﻨﻴﺩ )س(‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ اﻟﻜﺭوم )س(‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎﻨﻴﺩ اﻟﻬﻴﺩروﺠﻴﻥ )غ(‬ ‫‪) MDI ،TDI‬س(‬ ‫ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ اﻟﻬﻴﺩروﺠﻴﻥ )غ(‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻲ أﻜﺴﻴﺩ اﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ )غ(‬ ‫راﺒﻊ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭن )ب(‬ ‫إﺴﻤﻨﺕ‬ ‫ّة(‬ ‫ﻜﻭارﺘﺯ )اﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺭ‬ ‫أﻟﻴﺎف زﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ )ﻓﻴﺒﺭﻏﻼس(‬

‫أﺒﺨﺭة )ب(‬ ‫ﻏﺎزات )غ(‬ ‫ُﺏ )س(‬ ‫ﺴﺤ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫أﻏﺒﺭة )ﻏﺏ(‬

‫ﻤﺫﻴﺒﺎت ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ )ب(‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻭردان )س(‬ ‫ﺒﺎراﺜﻴﻭن )س(‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻹﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ )ب(‬ ‫‪-١،١،١‬ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻹﻴﺘﺎن )ب(‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ )ب(‬ ‫ﻜﻭارﺘﺯ )اﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺤﺭة‪ ،‬ﻏﺏ(‬ ‫أﺴﺒﺴﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺭﻴﻠﻴﻭم‬ ‫ﻴﻭراﻨﻴﻭم‬ ‫زﻨﻙ‬ ‫رﺼﺎص‬

‫أﺒﺨﺭة )ب(‬ ‫أﻏﺒﺭة )ﻏﺏ(‬ ‫ُﺏ )س(‬ ‫ﺴﺤ‬ ‫ُ‬

‫أﻏﺒﺭة‬

‫‪|¶ycK{A LB¶{}k‬‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺼﻘل‬ ‫ﺒﺭْد )ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺭد(‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﻁﺤﻥ‬ ‫ﹶﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﻭﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺭ )ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻨﺸﺎر(‬ ‫ﹶﻘﺏ‬ ‫ﺜ‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪Leidel NA, Busch KA, Lynch JR. Occupational exposure sampling strategy manual. Cincinnati, Ohio, US Department of‬‬ ‫‪Health, Education and Welfare, 1997:77-173.‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻕ ‪ ٢-١‬ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﻨﻭد ﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﺢ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.(.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א א א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪:‬‬

‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪1 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA “◊ŒI‬‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫(‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.(.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪(.‬‬ ‫‪(.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א؟‬ ‫א ؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א (‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫) א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٨‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٩‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪٢‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪aggravation‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ /‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫אא א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬

‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ واﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫א‬ ‫…‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١−٢‬א‬ ‫" א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬

‫‪".‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪Identification and control of work-related diseases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee (WHO Technical Report Series‬‬ ‫‪No. 714), Geneva, World Health Organization, 1985.‬‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫؛א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪locomotor disorders‬‬

‫‪−٢−٢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛ א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫א א א א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻷﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪−١−٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ adverse‬א‬ ‫א א ‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧٠ ٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤٠−٣٠‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٢−٣‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ −٣−٣‬א‬ ‫‪™¶{•æA ™¶Bv•{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™¶• BM{A ™¶Bv•{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA

™¶M{BM{A ™¶Bv•{A

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ،

‫א‬ ‫א‬

. ‫א‬

‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬/

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ .

‫א‬ ‫א‬/ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬.chelating medication

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫ א‬−٤−٣ ‫א‬− ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ − ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ indices

thermal stress ®ZAZR{A JZy{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

. ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .

٣٧ ‫א‬ .hypothalamus ، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א א‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬

، ‫א א‬

.(wet-bulb-globe temperature

‫)א א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ .( ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ( ‫א‬

. ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ) ) ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ .( ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .(

، chilblains

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫ א‬: ‫א‬

.shivering

‫א‬ ‫א‬

،hypothermia : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ exhaustion

. heat

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ) heat cramps ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬dehydration ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ )

‫א‬

‫‪43‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)א א (‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א ‪ :heat stroke‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪.(dB‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫א ∴)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪. ٢٠٠٠ – ٥٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‪١٠−٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫‪P¶Og{A‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫) ‪(Hz ،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪.(NIHL‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪١٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫) א ‪٨٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א ‪، ٦٠٠٠−٣٠٠٠‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫( א‬

‫א‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א אא א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪`A`K°ºA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪segmental‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" "א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪nBlc¬A‬‬

‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪™I¶l}{A •C ™t¶lg{A ©≠Bg¬A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪≈‬‬ ‫‪Õ¤ùA ´ ™B®q‚A -C‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫"( א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫) "‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪cataract‬‬

‫؛‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪≈‬‬ ‫‪Õ¤ùA ™B®q‚A -L‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪45‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٤٨−٢٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.alopecia‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫א )‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪ keratosis‬א א א‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ uptake‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪personal monitoring badges‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪46‬‬

‫‪®•O{A ipg{A ßs LAZ¶pK{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬

‫‪–ÃÜA °¨zªA —eBÕk -C‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪chamber‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪the bends‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫)‬

‫( ‪caisson disease‬‬

‫‪ ) decompression sickness‬א א א (‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪compression‬‬

‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ −٥−٣‬א‬

‫‪©ZUIæA• LA`Bp{A‬‬

‫‪PB¥√BàA -C‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪١٢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ .٪١٧‬א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫؛‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫)‪:(CO2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ٢١٠‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫)‪(CO‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‪(HbCO‬‬

‫)‪:(CO‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪(CO2 ٪٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(H2S‬‬

‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ fumigation‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)‪:(HCN‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(SO2‬‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ EDTA‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪HCN‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪“V‬‬ ‫‪Œ»ùA PAkB¨ªA -L‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(HCHO‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪:(HF‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(O3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(Cl2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(NH3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ؛‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪potent‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א (‪.‬‬

‫)א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠−٢‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫)‪:(COCl2‬‬ ‫א א (‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪:(NOX‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪CCl4‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪N2O4 NO2‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬

‫‪“Œ√f®ùA “ÕÃz®ªA PBJ∑jùA -_U‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪uptake‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪:(AsH3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫]‪:[Ni(CO)4‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪“V‬‬ ‫‪ƒJ‬‬ ‫‪‰ù‬‬ ‫‪Û A —jÇﬁA -e‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪·XBl}{A‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪xBujªA -C‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א (‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪µJ÷lªA -L‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪lŒƒ¨ƒùA -_U‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)"א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪cŒ√ilªA -e‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶•gl{A LBI¶Y}{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪51‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫‬‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪−١−١−١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:(C6H6 ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪52‬‬

‫‪™ÆZ{A LAZIpK‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪respirable‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪.(SiO2‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א (‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‪١٠−٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫)‪١٠−٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪53‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫( א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫)א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫( א‬

‫א‬

‫‪LAX¶I}{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א )א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:“ÕÃz®ªA iÃº∏ªA PBJ∑jø -C‬‬ ‫א ‪.grammaxane ،toxafene ،dieldrin ،aldrin ،DDT ،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬

‫א‬

2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

“ÕÃz®ªA PB∞mÃ∞ªA PBJ∑jø -L ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .tetraethyl pyrophosphate ،malathion ،methyl parathion ،parathion ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ . .‫א א‬ . . ‫א‬ .( ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ٪٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬٪٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . . . .oxime ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫) א‬ . ، ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

PBøBIj∑ÃŒNªAÀ PBøBIj∏ªA -_U ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(carbaryl)

fŒ÷À Õ JªA PBJ∑jø -e ‫א‬ ‫א‬ LAX¶I}{A m} ~¶{a{A |}BlK{A

‫א‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫( א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٦−٣‬א‬

‫‪™¶ ¢}{A ™¶Xl}{A hAZ}æA‬‬

‫) א‪ ،‬א (‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪(ß ¢}{A) ®•ÆZ{A |a{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א (‪.‬‬

‫)א‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪56‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ BCG‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫( א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤−٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪C• B XIy{A JB¢K{A‬‬

‫‪(™¶i{B}{A ´}R{A ,`•{¶a•ZI) Lº¶a•ZI{A ≠AX‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨−١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫( ‪٤−٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™M¶IU{A ©Z}O{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.B‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪57‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫}‪(`X¶æA) JaKy}{A ™kB }{A `•k ™}`ºK‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪(٪٣٠−٦‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪) B‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،٪١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٪٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‬ ‫א אא ‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،tattoists‬א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.B‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٧−٣‬א‬ ‫‪™¶ ¢}{A LAXºO{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪58‬‬

‫"(‬

‫א‬

‫‪" −٢−٣ ،١‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫) א‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬

‫א א א‬

‫‪ß ¢}{A ·BiZa{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫(‬

‫א(‬

‫)א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪™¶IBO ¬A LAZ¶MDK{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫( א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

. :

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ß ¢}{A •IZ{A

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ א‬‫ א‬: ( toluene diisocyanate

‫א‬ ‫א‬ -

‫א )א‬ ‫א‬

2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA

‫ اﻷﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل‬-٤ ‫א א‬ : ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ …

‫א‬ ‫"א א‬

−١−٤ ‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .

‫א‬ ،

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، " ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬ :

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬،" ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

. ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ،

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ٥

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ "א‬، ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(

‫א‬

‫)א א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

.locomotor

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ א‬−٢−٤ .‫א‬

™¶ XI{A ™¶at {A• ™¶y•{a{A LBIAZigºA ZBiKUA |}A•k

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫؛א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ( א‬ 5

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫) א‬

‫א‬

‫ א א‬− ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

Identification and control of work-related diseases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee (WHO Technical Report Series No. 714), Geneva, World Health Organization, 1985.

‫‪61‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪JZy{{ ™¶kB}KOºA ™¶at {A• ™¶y•{a{A LBIBOKaºA‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪62‬‬

‫(‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫)א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛ א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٩٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬א‬

‫‪−٣−٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫א‬ ‫"‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ −٤−٤‬א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٥−٤‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ (Helicobacter pylori‬א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪63‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪locomotor disorders‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ −٦−٤‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ atopy‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٥ ٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ −٧−٤‬א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪Z¢j{A |taC ~{C‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)א א (‬

‫א‬

‫‪2 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªBI “ÒJMjùA ‘jaﬁA ~AjøﬁAÀ “Œƒ»ùA ~AjøﬁA‬‬

‫‪64‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א ‪ material handling‬א‬

‫‪™IvZ{A• uKy{A ~{C‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ −٢‬א‬

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

. . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ) .

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

−٧ −٨ ‫ א‬−٩

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪٣‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ واﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫)‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١±٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫" "א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪3 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA‬‬

‫‪68‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א (‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪٥−٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﻜﺸﻑ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﻟﻸﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ اﻟﻌﻭاﻤل اﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ −١−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬

‫‪69‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪ −٢−٣‬א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‪٦٠٠٠−٣٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٣−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٤−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٥−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ −٦−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻜﺸﻑ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﻟﻸﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ اﻟﻌﻭاﻤل اﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Mantoux‬‬

‫‪ −١−٤‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫(א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪C B‬‬

‫)א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−٤‬א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٣−٤‬א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

3 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA

‫ اﻟﻜﺸﻑ اﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ ﻟﻸﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ اﻟﻤﻭاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬-٥ ‫ א‬−١−٥ fBeZ{A

—eBáA PA QDNªA – –Ãzß›ªA xBujªA ( ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

−

“ƒølùA PA QDNªA – –Ãzß›ªA xBujªA

( ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

“ŒºŒ∏ª‡A xBujªA PBJ∑jø ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ) ‫א‬ : ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ، / ‫א א‬ ٣٠ . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ −

æÃJªAÀ ¬fªA ü xBujªA lŒ∑jM fÕfÑ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ / ٨٠ QDNªA PAj®rø ‫א‬

‫( א‬delta-aminolevulinase) ‫ א‬delta-aminolevulinic

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

‫ א‬coproporphyrin ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬zinc protoporphyrin ‫א‬ xIÆ`{A

–Ãzß›ªA µJ÷lªA

‫א‬

−

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ،

‫א‬

(“ŒºŒ∏ª‡A µJ÷lªA PBJ∑jø) –Ãz®ªA µJ÷lªA ‫א א‬ spasticity

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

paraesthesia

( . / . ‫א‬

‫א‬ ٢٠ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ )

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬−

`¶ p }{A

—eBáA PA QDNªA

‫א‬

−

‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ “ƒølùA PA QDNªA ) ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬− ‫א‬/ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

3 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA

V¶ Z`{A

—eBáA PA QDNªA

‫א‬

−

‫א‬ (arsine

‫א‬ ) ‫א‬

‫א‬

(

)

“ƒølùA PA QDNªA ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ . / ، ٣٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬−

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪73‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪hZlK{A ~¶¶wK xZi‬‬ ‫ـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺩاد اﻟﺩوري ﻟﻠﻜﺭﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﻤﺭ واﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻤﺸﻜﻭك ﺒـ‬ ‫أﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﺸﻑ اﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭات اﻟﺒﺎﻜﺭة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ اﻟﺩم‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺯن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺩم )ﺤﺴﺎس وﻨﻭﻋﻲ‪ ،‬أﻓﻀل ﻤﻘﺎرﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭة ﺤﺎﻟﻴﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫ـﻭل )ﻨﻭﻋـﻲ ﺒﺸـﻜل‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ ‪ trans, trans-muconic‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒـ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻘﻭل وﺤﺴﺎس(‪.‬‬ ‫ـﻲ وﺤﺴـﺎس‪،‬‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ ‪ phenylmercapturic‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻭل )ﻨﻭﻋـ‬ ‫اﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﻘﺩة(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺯن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻭل )ﻨﻭﻋﻲ وﺤﺴﺎس‪ ،‬اﻟﺨﺒﺭة ﻤﺤﺩودة(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻴﻨﻭل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻭل )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ وﻏﻴﺭ ﺤﺴﺎس(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺯن ﻓﻲ ﻫﻭاء اﻟﺯﻓﻴﺭ )ﻨﻭﻋﻲ وﺤﺴﺎس‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻤﺤﺩودة(‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−٥‬א‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺯن )اﻟﺒﻨﺯول(‬

‫‪™¶Re{A £KAZ¶MDK• ®•gl{A J¶Y}{A‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ـل‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺩﻴﺭ‪ :‬دوﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺼﺩاع‪ ،‬ﻏﺜﻴﺎن‪ ،‬إﻗﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻨﻌﺎس‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻼم ﻤﺘﺩاﺨـ‬ ‫اﺨﺘﻼل اﻟﺘﻭازن‪ ،‬ﺘﻭﻫﺎن‪ ،‬اﻜﺘﺌﺎب‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ اﻟﻭﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺘﻬﻴﺞ اﻟﻁﺭق اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻷﻨﻑ واﻟﺤﻠﻕ‪ ،‬ﺴﻌﺎل‪.‬‬

‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁ اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻤﻊ ﻓﻌل آﺠل‪ ،‬ﺴﻨﻭات ﻋﺩﻴﺩة ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯوف‬ ‫اﻷﻋﺭاض واﻟﻌﻼﻤﺎت اﻟﺒﺎﻜﺭة ﻤﺒﻬﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻﺤﻘﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺤﺩث ﺘﻌﺏ وﻨـ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ زﻴﺎدة وﺨﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻘﺭ اﻟﺩم وﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺭﻴﺎت اﻟﺸــﺎﻤﻠﺔ و‪/‬أو ﻗﻠـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪hB__g¶IºA• ßO__a Kº{A ~X___{A Z_ws ß_° ™_ }`}{A LAZ¶MD_K{A Z_iUC‬‬ ‫‪.®ZAZ}RºA ~X{A hBg¶IA• XBR{A ®•w {A‬‬

‫ـﺔ اﻟﻌﻤـل‬ ‫ﺤﻤﺽ اﻟﻬﻴﺒﻭرﻴﻙ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻭل اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭع ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ دورﻴـ‬ ‫)ﻻﺤﻅ أن ﺤﻤﺽ اﻟﻬﻴﺒﻭرﻴﻙ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻟﻭﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺒــل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ أن ﻴﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺎدر ﻗﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻷﻏﺫﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺔ ﺒﺤﻤــﺽ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺯوﻴﻙ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺘﻭﻟﻭﻴﻥ )ﻤﻴﺘﻴل اﻟﺒﻨﺯن(‬ ‫ـﺭض‬ ‫ﻨﺎدرا ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭن اﻟﺘﻌﺭض ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻟﻭﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻜﺜﻴﺭا ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻤل اﻟﺘﻌـ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺯن ﻤﻊ اﻟﻜﺴﻴﻠﻴﻥ )اﻟﺯاﻴﻠﻴﻥ( أو ﺒﺩوﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺩر‬ ‫ﺘﻬﻴﺞ اﻟﻤﻠﺘﺤﻤﺔ وﺘﻘﺭﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻨﻅﻤﻴﺎت ﻗﻠﺒﻴﺔ )ﺴﺒﺒﺕ وﻓﻴﺎت ﻋﻨﺩ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺸﻘﻴﻥ(‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺩ واﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﻨﻘﻲ )رﺒﻤﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺯن ﻜﻤﻠﻭث(‬

‫‪3 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA‬‬

‫‪74‬‬ ‫ﻜﺴﻴﻠﻴﻥ )زاﻴﻠﻴﻥ(‬

‫ﻤﻴﺘﻴل ﺤﻤﺽ اﻟﻬﻴﺒﻭرﻴﻙ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻭل‪.‬‬

‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﺘﻬﻴﺞ اﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺩر‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻡ ﺤﺩوث ﻓﻘﺭ اﻟﺩم اﻟﻼﺘﻨﺴﺠﻲ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭن ﻨﺎﺠﻤﺎ ﻋــﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻭث اﻟﺒﻨﺯن )ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﻟﻭﻴﻥ(‬

‫أﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﺒﻨﺯن )أﻨﻴﻠﻴﻥ(‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺘﻬﻴﻤﻭﻏﻠﻭﺒﻴﻥ اﻟﺩم‪.‬‬ ‫ﺒﺎرا أﻤﻴﻨﻭ ﻓﻴﻨﻭل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻴﺞ ﺠﻠﺩي ﻁﻔﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ اﻟﺘﻌﺭض اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩل إﻻ زراﻗﺎ ﻁﻔﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ـﺄﺠل‬ ‫ﻴﺅدي اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻡ اﻟﻭﺨﻴﻡ إﻟﻰ ﻨﻘﺹ اﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ واﻟﻤﻭت‪ ،‬وﻫﺫا ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘـ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻋﺩة ﺴﺎﻋﺎت ﺒﻌﺩ اﻟﺘﻌﺭض‪.‬‬

‫راﺒﻊ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭن‬ ‫راﺒﻊ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭن )‪ (CCl4‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﻭاء اﻟﺯﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺩم ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻤﺤﺩودة‪.‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻏﺜﻴﺎن‪ ،‬إﻗﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻨﻌﺎس‪ ،‬دوﺨﺔ‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﺠﻠﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺠﻔﺎف وﺘﺤﺴﻑ )ﺘﻭﺴﻑ(‬ ‫ﻨﺨﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ اﻟﻔﺼﻴﺹ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻨﻜﺱ اﻟﻜﺒﺩ اﻟﺩﻫﻨﻲ أو ﺒﺩوﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻭر ﻜﻠﻭي ﺤﺎد ﻗﻠﻴل اﻟﺒﻭل‬

‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻔﻴﻨﻴل ﻤﺘﻌﺩدة اﻟﻜﻠﻭر‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﻔﻴﻨﻴل ﻤﺘﻌﺩدة اﻟﻜﻠﻭر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺩم‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻁﻔﺢ ﺠﻠﺩي )ﻋﺩ ﻜﻠﻭري اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ(‬ ‫ﺘﻬﻴﺞ اﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﺜﻴﺎن‪ ،‬إﻗﻴﺎء‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ اﻟﻭزن‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﻔﺢ ﺠﻠﺩي )ﻋﺩ ﻜﻠﻭري اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ(‬ ‫ﻨﻤل وﻨﺨﺯ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻁﺭاف‬ ‫ارﺘﻔﺎع ﺘﺭﻴﻐﻠﻴﺴﺭﻴﺩ اﻟﺩم‬ ‫ارﺘﻔﺎع إﻨﺯﻴﻤﺎت )ﺨﻤﺎﺌﺭ( اﻟﻜﺒﺩ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻤﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ )ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﻤﻴﺘﺎن(‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭى ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻫﻴﻤﻭﻏﻠﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺩم وأول أﻜﺴﻴﺩ اﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻭاء اﻟﺯﻓﻴﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ اﻟﺘﺩﺨﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻟﺭﺼﺩ اﻟﺤﻴﻭي‪.‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻴﺞ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺩ واﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺤﺎد ﻤﻊ ذﻫﻭل وﻨﻤل وﻨﺨﺯ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻁﺭاف ﺒﻌﺩ اﻻﺴﺘﻨﺸﺎق‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﺠﻠﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺠﻔﺎف وﺘﺤﺴﻑ )ﺘﻭﺴﻑ(‬ ‫ﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺠل ﻗﺼﻭر اﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ زﻴﺎدة ﻜﺭﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻫﻴﻤﻭﻏﻠﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻭروﻓﻭرم‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻭروﻓﻭرم ﻓﻲ ﻫﻭاء اﻟﺯﻓﻴﺭ واﻟﺩم‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻴﺞ ﺠﻠﺩي‪ ،‬ﻤﺒﻨﺞ ﻓﻌﻭل‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ـﺎ ﻜﺒﺩﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺨﻡ اﻟﻜﺒﺩ وﺘﻀﺭره ﻴﺸﺘﺩ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﻗﺭة اﻟﻜﺤﻭل )ﻴﺴﺒﺏ أوراﻤـ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ اﻟﻘﻭارض(‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻭر ﻜﻠﻭي ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻭل‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﺠﻠﺩ ﻤﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺠﻔﺎف وﺘﺤﺴﻑ )ﺘﻭﺴﻑ(‬

‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻷﻴﺘﺎن‬

‫‪75‬‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر أﻴﺘﺎن وﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر أﻴﺘﺎﻨﻭل وﺤﻤﺽ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﺨـ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﻭاء اﻟﺯﻓﻴﺭ واﻟﺩم واﻟﺒﻭل‪.‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻴﺞ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺩ واﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺩر‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ أن ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻀل اﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻟﻸدرﻴﻨﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻻﻨﻅﻤﻴﺎت‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﺠﻠﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺠﻔﺎف وﺘﺤﺴﻑ )ﺘﻭﺴﻑ(‬

‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻷﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻷﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ وﺤﻤﺽ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﺨل ﻓﻲ ﻫﻭاء اﻟﺯﻓﻴﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر أﻴﺘﺎﻨﻭل وﺤﻤﺽ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻟﺨل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺩم واﻟﺒﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺩر ﻗﻭي ﻴﺸﺘﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻴﺘﺎﻨﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻴﺞ ﻁﻔﻴﻑ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺩ وﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺤﺩوث اﻋﺘﻼل اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺒﺏ اﻹدﻤﺎن‬ ‫ـﻭر‬ ‫راﺒﻊ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻷﻴﺘﻴﻠﻴﻥ وﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠﻭر اﻷﻴﺘﺎﻨﻭل وﺤﻤﺽ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻜﻠـ‬ ‫اﻟﺨل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺩم وﻫﻭاء اﻟﺯﻓﻴﺭ واﻟﺒﻭل‪.‬‬ ‫‪·¶{¶K¶æA Z•{y mIAZ‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺩر ﻗﻭي‬ ‫ـﺭرا‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ أن ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻬﻴﺠﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻠﺩ واﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﻴﺔ وﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻀـ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻭد اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ وﻀﺭر ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺭﻁﻥ ﻟﻠﻘﻭارض‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ اﻟﻜﺭﺒﻭن )‪(CS2‬‬ ‫ـﺩوام وﺒﺩاﻴﺘـﻪ ﻴﻜﺸـﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻋل آزﻴﺩ اﻟﻴﻭد ﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻟـ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ اﻟﻜﺭﺒــﻭن‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪XBR{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻴﺞ وﺨﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺩ واﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫دوﺨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺼﺩاع‪ ،‬ذﻫﺎﻨﺎت‪ ،‬ﻨﻌﺎس‬ ‫‪·}`}{A hZlK{A‬‬ ‫أرﺒﻊ ﻤﺘﻼزﻤﺎت ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯة‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺔ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﺎرﻜﻨﺴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ إﺼﺎﺒﺔ اﻟﺠﺴــﻡ اﻟﻤﺨﻁـﻁ واﻟﻜـﺭة‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺤﺒﺔ‬ ‫ـﺔ واﻟﺤﺴـﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻼل اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻴﺼﻴﺏ اﻷﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴـ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻋﺼﺎب اﻟﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻻت ذﻫﺎﻨﻴﺔ )ﻨﺎدرة ﻓﻲ أﻴﺎﻤﻨﺎ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻨﻪ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺤﺎﻻت ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴـ‬ ‫أﻗل وﺨﺎﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ اﻵن(‬ ‫ـﺎع ﻜﻭﻟﺴـﺘﺭول اﻟـﺩم وﺒﻴﺘـﺎ‬ ‫إﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﻴﺔ وﻋﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬رﺒﻤﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ارﺘﻔـ‬ ‫ـﺎ ﻴـﺅدي إﻟـﻰ داء اﻟﻘﻠـﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺒﻭﺒﺭوﺘﻴﻥ )اﻟﺒﺭوﺘﻴﻥ اﻟﺸﺤﻤﻲ ﺒﻴﺘﺎ( ﻤﻤـ‬ ‫ـﻭث اﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜـﺔ أن‬ ‫اﻹﻗﻔﺎري وﻀﺭر ﻟﻸوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﻴﺔ )ﺘﻔﺘﺭض اﻟﺒﺤـ‬ ‫ـﻥ اﻟﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺯءا ﻤﻥ اﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻭﻋﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﺫه ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭن ﻨﺎﺠﻤﺎ ﻋـ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎد اﻟﺴﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻀل اﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅدي إﻟﻰ ﻻﻨﻅﻤﻴﺎت ﻤﻤﻴﺘﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.٪٧٥‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٣−٥‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪٪٦٠−٥٠‬‬

‫‪3 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA ~Ajøﬂª j∏JùA ±r∏ªA‬‬

‫‪76‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א (‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٤−٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫‪ −٥‬א‬ ‫‪ −٦‬א‬ ‫‪−٧‬‬ ‫‪−٨‬‬ ‫‪−٩‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪٤‬‬

‫(א‬

‫)א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪workers’ dimensions‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ واﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪(#‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א (‬ ‫א‬

‫‪(cumulative trauma disorders,‬‬

‫א‬

‫("‪ergonomics :‬؛‬

‫)א‬

‫"א‬

‫א‬

‫"‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫"‬

‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪/‬א‬

‫א‬

‫‪#‬‬

‫"א‬

‫‪4 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√Ã´i‚A‬‬

‫‪78‬‬

‫‪(repetitive‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪(repetitive strain injuries, RSIs‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‪CTDs‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫)‪،motion injuries, RMIs‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™{M}C‬‬ ‫‪NXA•R{A ·} ™¶Bv•{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫(؛‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫؛‬ ‫؛‬

‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)‬ ‫(א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( )א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪JlK{A ·} ™¶Bv•{A‬‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪79‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻹرﻏﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎت )اﻟﻤﻼءﻤﺔ(‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺩد اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪−١−٣‬‬

‫‪™¶ZcI{A |}A•l{A ™aX ° uAX°C‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪4 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√Ã´i‚A‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪®ZcI{A DiU{A ·k ™}OB {A |}l{A NXA•R{ ™lÆBc{A JBIaæA‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫}‪·¶IZXK}{{ ~B¢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٢−٣‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪81‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪mg•}{A ß{gl{A JlK{A• (ß •ya{A) ßy¶KBKaºA |}l{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫(א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫)‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫*‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪aerobic capacity‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪~aO{A |}By JlK• (ßyZR{A) ßy¶}B ¶X{A |}l{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬

‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪٪٥٠‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪٣٣‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫( ‪:aerobic capacity, VO2 max‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫*א‬

‫‪4 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√Ã´i‚A‬‬

‫‪82‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(א‬ ‫א א (‬

‫א א א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫( א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫)א‬

‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א )א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬

‫‪ −٣−٣‬א‬ ‫** )א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪mechanical stress ßy¶ By¶}{A JZy{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א א ‪:‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪B°ZO• B¢lsX• |BwMæA msZ z¶ By¶}•¶I‬‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٪٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫**‬

‫‪83‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪٠,٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪١١٤−٩١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫‪(anthropometry‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٤−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶ZK}•I•ZM æA |•AXO{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪reach and fit‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪JaB K{A• |•B K{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪4 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA (“ø’›ùA) PBŒøÃ√Ã´i‚A‬‬

‫‪84‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪~¶}eK{A LA•iU‬‬

‫(‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪(adjustability‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(؛‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫)א‬

‫)‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.(monitor‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪.stands‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

، .

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ .

‫א‬ ،

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

−٣ −٤ −٥ −٦ −٧ −٨

‫א‬

.٧−١

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪٥‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ واﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪−١−٢‬‬ ‫‪response‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬

‫‪demand‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫(‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א )‬ ‫)א א א‬

‫‪:stress‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:stressor‬‬ ‫‪:stressful‬‬ ‫‪) strain‬‬ ‫‪:modifier‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪capability‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫‪:(stress reaction‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬

‫‪ :‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−٢‬א א‬ ‫‪©ZAX¬A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

5 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA ü —j÷BzªA “Œn∞ƒªA ΩøAÃ®ªAÀ Lj∏ªA

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ß ¢}{A ßvZK{A

‫א‬ Z•X{A

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ |}l{A ™Æ¶I

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ™}¢}{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

shiftwork (LB¶XZA•) LB¶Z•X ´{k |}l{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -

−٣−٢ stressors JÆAZy{A

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ rivalry

‫ א‬‫ א א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

|ÆBeR{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

5 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA ü —j÷BzªA “Œn∞ƒªA ΩøAÃ®ªAÀ Lj∏ªA

‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬burnout

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ " )"

‫א‬: : : ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ "

(learned helplessness "

modifiers LºXl}{A

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬

‫א‬

‫ اﺘﻘﺎء اﻟﻜﺭب وﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻪ‬-٣ XZt{A P{Bk

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬-

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

™¶XZt{A ZMDK{A ™kZa htUA

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א אא‬biofeedback

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

™aaª}{A P{Bk

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ™aaª}{A ßs JZy{A htUA

‫ ﻤﺒﺎدئ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬-٤ |}l{A |•XO

‫א‬

‫א‬ .

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ~yRK{A/™yZBc}{A

‫א‬

‫‪5 —fYÃªA :Ω¿®ªA ü —j÷BzªA “Œn∞ƒªA ΩøAÃ®ªAÀ Lj∏ªA‬‬

‫‪92‬‬

‫‪|}l{A |}R‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪¨•KR}{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫א ‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪|}l{A ßs ZA•XæA‬‬

‫א א א‬ ‫‪™¶kB}KOºA ™Æ¶I{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫}‪|}l{A |IwKa‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٧‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪٦‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬

‫א‬

‫אא‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ واﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪−١−٢‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:risk‬‬ ‫‪ :harm‬א‬ ‫‪:damage‬‬ ‫‪:danger‬‬ ‫‪:safety‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:accident‬‬ ‫‪:occupational accident‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:injury‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪:hazards‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ :occupational safety‬א‬ ‫‪:safe behaviour‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ :safety professional‬א‬

‫‪6 —fYÃªA :TeAÃáA ’B¥MAÀ “Œƒ»ùA “ø›nªA‬‬

‫‪94‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪−٢−٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٣−٢‬‬ ‫}‪NXBR{A i‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪iÆBa•{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™IBe¬A ™l¶Ii‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫}•‪~aO{A ßs ™IBe¬A mg‬‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪95‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫}‪NXBR{A B¶BRg ™ ¢‬‬ ‫‪§≠B MC NXBR{A mv• ®Y{A ®XBeKvºA iBc {A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫‪،.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪™IBe}{A ™ ¢}{A‬‬ ‫ّارون‪ ،‬اﻟﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻤﻊ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠ ـﺯ‬ ‫ﹼﺎﻋﻭ اﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﹼﺎرون‪ ،‬ﻗﻁ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺱ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﺸ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭدﻋﺎت‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭدﻋﺎت‪ ،‬أي ﻋﺎﻤل ﻴﺘﻌﺭض ﻟﺼﺩﻤــﺎت ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ّارون‪ ،‬ﻤﺸﻐﻠﻭ اﻵﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺱ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭدﻋﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻁﺎط‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٤−٢‬‬

‫‪™¶ZcI{A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶Æ¶I{A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫א ‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪JAZigºA •C ™IBe¬A‬‬ ‫ﱡﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺘ‬ ‫ﻜﺴﻭر‬ ‫رﻀﻭض‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻭر‬ ‫ﻫﺭس‬

‫‪JIa{A‬‬ ‫رﻀﻭح ﺼﺭﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺩرة اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫‪6 —fYÃªA :TeAÃáA ’B¥È‬‬ ‫‪MAÀ “Œƒ»ùA “ø›nªA‬‬ ‫ـﻥ واﻟﺠﻠـﺦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤـﺎل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺸـﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻁﺤـ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻭﻅﻔﻭن ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎرض اﻵﻻت‬ ‫ـﺎل اﻟـﺒﺭﻴﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﹼﺎﻟﻭن‪ ،‬ﻋﻤـ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭدﻋﺎت‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺴﺒﺎﻜﺔ أو ﺼﻬﺭ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻠﺤﺎم‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺼﻨﺎﻋـ‬ ‫اﻟﺯﺠﺎج‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺒﻎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﻁﻔﺎء‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻭﻻذ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل ﺼﻬﺭ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ‫ّارون‬ ‫ﹼﺎﺒﻭن‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻠﻭازم‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﻁ‬ ‫ـﻼت‬ ‫ّﺎرون‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻭ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻤﻊ اﻟﻔﻀـ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻁﺭة‬ ‫ـﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﻐﻠﻘـﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌـﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻹﻁﻔﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻓﻲ أﻤـ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﺨﻁﺭة‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻭ اﻟﻠﻭازم‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻋﻤــﺎل اﻟﺘﻤﺩﻴـﺩات اﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭ اﻷدوات أو اﻵﻻت اﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻤﻠﻭن‬ ‫ﱢرون اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻭن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌـ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺼﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﻨﻭوﻴﺔ‬ ‫ـﺎت‪ ،‬ﺴـﺎﺌﻘﻭ اﻟﺸـﺎﺤﻨﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫ﱢﻀـ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭدﻋﺎت‪ ،‬ﺠﻠﻭس‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺭ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻜﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺨﻴﺎﻁﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﻭط اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻤﻼت اﻟﺨﻴﺎﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻟﺤﻭم‬ ‫ـﺎﻤﻠﻭن‬ ‫اﻟﺩواﺠﻥ أو اﻟﺤﻴﻭاﻨﺎت أو اﻷﺴﻤﺎك‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻭ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌـ‬ ‫ﹼﺎﻓﻭ اﻟﻔﻭاﻜﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﻭن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺒﺱ‪ ،‬ﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﹼﺎﺒﻭن‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻋﻠﻰ آﻻت اﻟﺼﻘل‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻁﺎرق‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻁ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻭاﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫إﺼﺎﺒـﺎت ﻋﻴﻨﻴـﺔ )ﺒﺄﺠﺴــﺎم‬ ‫أﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ(‬ ‫إﺠﻬﺎدات وأوﺜﺎء )ﺼﺭﻴﺤﺔ(‬ ‫ﺤﺭوق‬ ‫إﺠﻬﺎد ﺤﺭاري‬ ‫إﺠﻬﺎد ﺒﺭدي‬ ‫ﺤﺭوق‬ ‫اﺨﺘﻨﺎق‪ ،‬ﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺤﺎد‬ ‫ـﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺼﺩﻤـﺎت‪،‬‬ ‫ﺼﻌﻕ ﻜـ‬ ‫ﺤﺭوق‬ ‫ﺤﺭوق ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬داء اﻹﺸﻌﺎع‬

‫‪96‬‬

‫اﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺭارﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ )ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻤﺎت اﻟﺤﺎدة(‬ ‫اﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻭوﻴﺔ‬

‫أﻟﻡ اﻟﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ــﻭح‬ ‫اﻀﻁﺭاﺒــﺎت اﻟﺭﻀـ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺭاﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁــﺭف اﻟﻌﻠـﻭي‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫)اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﻭﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺘﻼزﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﻔـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪ ،‬داء‬ ‫ﹶﻴﻤـ‬ ‫ﻠﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺭﺴﻐﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻬﺎب اﻟﹸ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺼل اﻟﺘﻨﻜﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻼزﻤﺔ رﻴﻨﻭ‬

‫رﻀﻭح ﺘﺭاﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫رﻓﻊ أﺜﻘﺎل‪ ،‬وﻀﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻴﺩة‬ ‫ـﺩة أو‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺎت اﻟﻴﺩ اﻟﻌﺩﻴـ‬ ‫ـﻊ وﻀﻌـﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺭرة ﻤـ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻫﺘﺯاز‬

‫‪™¶ZAX¬A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫)א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫؛‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪ housekeeping‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ّﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺘﺴﺠﻴل اﻟﺤﻭادث وﺘﻘﺼ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪97‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫א א ‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫ّﻻت اﻟﺤﻭادث‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻌﺩ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪٦٠٠٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫×‪÷ ٣ ١٠‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א =‬ ‫=‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫×‪÷ ٣ ١٠‬‬

‫‪6 —fYÃªA :TeAÃáA ’B¥È‬‬ ‫‪MAÀ “Œƒ»ùA “ø›nªA‬‬

‫‪98‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ اﻟﺤﻭادث اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭة ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫א א ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪exhaust pipe‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪.operator‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

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‫‪ ،‬א‬

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‫‬

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‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪ −١−٦‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ (posters‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA

.B«jÕÃÒNI ¡≥ ÀC/À B»º∑BrøÀ “ø›nªA ŸeBJø KnY îIifNùA ±Œ¥RNª “ÕjvJªA “Œ®¿nªA Ω÷BmÃªA Ω¿®NmA

‫ א‬−٢−٦ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .( ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

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−٣−٦ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬

.æB¿®ªAÀ —iAe‚A PBŒªÀ¤nø ’Ãy ü B«hŒ∞ƒMÀ “Œƒ ÃªA ÀC “Œº A “ø›nªA PB®ÕjrM ¡ŒŒ¥NI ¡≥

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−٤−٦

iÀe xÃvÇ ¡»MBmiBûÀ ¡»∞≥AÃøÀ æB¿®ªAÀ —iAe‚A “Øj®ø ¡ŒŒ¥NI ¡≥À “ƒŒ®ø PBßBƒu ü “Õej∞ªA “ÕB≥ÃªA Ω÷BmÀ jØÃM ≈ø f∑DM

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.“Œƒ»ùA PBIBu‚AÀ TeAÃáA ’B¥MA ü Ω÷BmÃªA h«

‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ، ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫ א‬−٥−٦ ‫א‬ ‫א א ( א‬ ‫א‬

.¬B§ƒªA πªg …ŒØ ¡Œ¥M AjÕj¥M l»UÀ “ƒŒ®ø “ßBƒu ü “Œ÷BIj»∏ªA j BbùA ”ºß —jÒŒnªA “¿§√C ”ºß ≤j®M

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‫ א‬−٦−٦

‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

6 —fYÃªA :TeAÃáA ’B¥È MAÀ “Œƒ»ùA “ø›nªA

100

: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

.¬B§ƒªA πªg …ŒØ ¡ Œ¥M AÁjÕj¥M l »UÀ “ƒÏ Œ®ø “ßBƒu ü µ÷AjáA ”ºß —jÒŒnªA ¬B§√ ”ºß ≤Ï j®M

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ .

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

−٧−٦

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ .

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬، ‫א א‬

. ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

،near-accidents " ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ .

‫א‬

‫"א‬

ÃªAÀ œº A îÕÃNnùA ”ºß › ı ®Ø µÏ JÒùA B»÷Bv¥NmAÀ TeAÃáA ΩŒVnM ¬B§√ ’Ãy ü ›ßC —iÃ∑hùA “ªÃ¥ùA s≥B√

‫א‬ . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ، ‫؟( א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،* ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

−٨−٦ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ،**

. ›ßC —iÃ∑hùA ¢BòﬁA ’Ãy ü B»¿ŒŒ¥NIÀ “Œƒ»ùA TeAÃáA ’Bv¥Nm‹ —eÃUÃùA ¢BòﬁA “√iB¥ñ ¡≥

Four Ms: Man, machine, media and management. Three Es of safety: Education, enforcement and engineering.

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪٧‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻹﺴﻌﺎف اﻷوﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א ‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎت‬ ‫‪−١−٣‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:injury‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪7 —fYÃªA :…NmiBûÀ ÀﬁA ≤B®m‚A‬‬

‫‪102‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ :wound‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٢−٣‬‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٣−٣‬‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٤−٣‬‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪ −٥‬א א‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫‪103‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٦‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٥−٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪(hyphaema‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٦−٣‬‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫‪7 —fYÃªA :…NmiBûÀ ÀﬁA ≤B®m‚A‬‬

‫‪104‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،flash burn‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ −٧‬א א‬

‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻜﺴﻭر‬ ‫‪−١−٤‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ :(closed‬א‬ ‫‪ :(open‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:fracture‬‬ ‫‪) simple‬א‬ ‫‪) compound‬א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٢−٤‬‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א ‪ .‬א‬

‫‪105‬‬

‫‪“ŒªÀﬁA “ŒZvªA “ÕBßjªA ü îºøB®ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü ÕifNªA ©UjùA‬‬

‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪−٣−٤‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫‪٥−٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫( א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫‪ −٧‬א‬ ‫‪ −٨‬א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٥‬اﻹﺼﺎﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺭارﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ −١−٥‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،٪١٨‬א‬ ‫‪.(٪١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.(blisters‬‬ ‫‪٪٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪) ٪١٨‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪) neutralizer‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،٪٩‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪،٪١٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬

‫‪7 —fYÃªA :…NmiBûÀ ÀﬁA ≤B®m‚A‬‬

‫‪106‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬

‫‪−٦‬‬

‫‪ −٢−٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א!‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪. ٤٢− ٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪−٣−٥‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬

‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫‪٤٣ ٤٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٦‬اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻡ‬ ‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ipecac syrup‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٥٠‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪−٢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫‪ −٥‬א‬ ‫‪ −٦‬א‬

‫‪107‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬اﻟﻨﺯف‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬اﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™}aBR{A LA•iU{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬اﻀﻁﺭاب اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫~‬ ‫‪Ÿ t{ B‬‬ ‫‪’ }s ßkB ieºA bt K{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪ −٥‬א‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٧‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢٠−١٢‬‬

‫‪ -١٠‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬

‫‪7 —fYÃªA :…NmiBûÀ ÀﬁA ≤B®m‚A‬‬

‫‪108‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫‪ −٥‬א‬

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪٨‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻷﻤﺭاض اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ mists‬א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.(.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‬‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ −١−٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬

‫‪:‬א א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫‪:‬א א‬

‫‪8 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA‬‬

‫‪110‬‬

‫‪ −٢−٢‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א (‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ −١‬א א‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺤﻭادث اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ −١−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪ −٢−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫" "‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−١‬‬

111

. ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ .

‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

−٢

‫ א‬،‫א‬

−٣

−٣−٣ ’ Î AlUC iBJNaBI …øBŒ≥ ’BƒQC TeBÅ æB¿®ªA ’‹¤« fYC KŒuC .πMfºI ü PAiBŒnªA `›uG “qiÀ ü æB¿ß “nú fUÃÕ .—frI B ıùDNø ∆B∑À ,jÕl´ Ë ≤l√ …ƒß ¡å ‘jnŒªA fÕ ü µŒ¿ß © B≥ Ë `jU …Õfª TfY .“ƒYBq —iBŒm ∫ j —iAÈ Àe

‫ א‬−٤−٣ . ( ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، . ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤل وﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭة ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤل‬-٤ ‫א א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬: . ( ‫א‬ .( ‫א א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬−١−٤ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

. ‫א א‬

‫א‬ .

‫א א א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪8 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA‬‬

‫‪112‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א (‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א (‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٣−٤‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫‪113‬‬

‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ اﻷﻤﺭاض واﻟﺤﻭادث اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١−٥‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ −٢−٥‬א‬ ‫…‪LA‬‬ ‫‪Xl}{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫≈{‪posters LBwƒe‬‬ ‫‪}{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪:‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪8 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA‬‬

‫‪114‬‬

‫‪™cvB }{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫(‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ -٦‬اﻟﺘﺸﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ −١−٦‬א‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٢−٦‬‬ ‫‪XB_NYBØ , »_ø TeB_Y ’AjU ≈ø ”ƒ¿ŒªA …NIBÈ‬‬ ‫‪Jm ¬B§ß ≈ø î¿§ß ü j‬‬ ‫‪˘ n∏I KŒuC .—eAfY “qiÀ ü ΩøBß p fŒnªA‬‬ ‫‪.“¥ÒƒùA ”∞rø ü X›ß ïG‬‬

‫‪ −٣−٦‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א (‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ /‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭات أﺴﻠﻭب اﻟﺤﻴﺎة واﻟﺴﻠﻭك ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١−٧‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

115

‫א‬ : ‫א‬

‫א‬. ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬.

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

. ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ .

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

−٢−٧ ïG “UBáA ÀC iBŒNªA ™BÒ¥√A æBY ü ’BIj»∏ªBI ©ƒvùA fó “ÕÃ≥ ’BIj»∑ —f˛ ªÃø fUÃM p … A XBUlªA “ßBƒvª ©ƒvø ü “_ZØB∏ø PA’Aj_UGÀ WŒVzªB_I ©¿_nªA f_¥Ø œ_Ò¨M œ_ZvªA ±_Œ¥RNªA ü — Á iÀe “_Q›RªA —f_ªÃùA Ãº¨__rø ©JÈ MA .“ŒØByG “≥B .WŒVzºª ¡»yj®M ≈øk ∆ÃªÍÀf Êè Ú À ¬B§N√BI ∆gﬁA PBŒ≥AÀ ∆Ãº¿®NnÕ Ω¿®ªA PBÕiÀe æ›a ¡«À ,WŒVzªA —iÀe ¡_ j ‰ _VÂ Õ “Q›RªA B»Œº¨rø ∆C ‹G ,~Aj´ﬁA o∞ƒª Ω‰¿®NnÂ M ¡VáA o∞√ ≈ø —fªÃø ,™ ,jaE ©ƒvø ü fUÃÕ .WŒVzºª ¡»yj®M ≈øk ∆ÃªÀÊfè Ú .“Œ® LÃŒßÀ Ω∑Brø ≈ø œ√B®M ™ ©ƒvùA ü “ºøB®ªA “ßÃ¿ A PCfI PAÃƒm 5 f®I ‹À ¬B_§N√BI ∆gﬁA PB_Œ≥AÀ ∆Ãº¿®N_nÕ ‹ ¡_«À ,W_ŒVzªA “__ZØB∏ø PA’AjUGÀ WŒVzªBI ©¿nªA f¥Ø æÃY œZu ±Œ¥RM

‫ א‬−٣−٧ . ‫א‬ . : ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻑ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﻤل‬-٨ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : . . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬−١−٨ ‫א‬

‫‪8 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA‬‬

‫‪116‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬

‫א א א‬ ‫אא א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫א א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

117

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

−٢−٨ ™Af_uÀ (w_®ø) “_Œºzß ¬‹E ≈_ø ±__ŒvªA j»qC æ›a æB¿®ªA Ã∏rÕ .ΩøBß 200 πN¥Òƒø ü Oƒ „ª ©ƒvø ü .“¥ÒƒùA KŒJ ΩJ≥ ≈ø æB¿®ªA ≈ø “®IiC fƒß –iAjáA ∫B»√‚A wŒbrM ±ŒvªA ≈ø aﬁA j»rªA ü .K®MÀ

‫ א‬−٣−٨ . ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ ﻁﺭاﺌﻕ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻑ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ووﺴﺎﺌﻠﻪ‬-٩ ‫א א‬ . . ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬: ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬: ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬

‫ א‬−١−٩ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

8 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA

118

‫א‬ .

‫( א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

)

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ :

: ‫א א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ -

‫א א א‬

−٢−٩ .PB__MBJƒºª “Õg¤ùA PAjráA “ZØB∏ù PAfŒJùA ≈ø “∞ºNã AÁjøk °ÒbùA Ω¿®NnÕ .πN¥Òƒø ü œßAik °Òã B»Õfª “ßAilªA —iAkÀ . G ,iÃŒÒªAÀ ∆AgjÜB∑ ‘jaC ¬ È AÃ« fy πªh∑ PAfŒJùA Ω‰¿®NnÂ M

¬Ã_Õ æ›_a ’Af_¨ªAÀ iÃ_Ò∞ªA æÀB_ƒNª “_YAi PA _Ø æB_¿®ªA f__ƒß ∆B∑ .B«Ãº¿®NnÕ æB¿®ªA |®I ∆C ‹G ,¡ “Œ≥AÃªA oI›ùA ØÃM wŒb_rNªA ∆B_∑ .™Af__uÀ “Œn∞ƒM Ω∑Brø ≈ø ∆Ã∏rÕ “Œº A ™ÀjrùA —eBŒß “y jû æB¿®ªA ’‹¤« ≈ø “®IiC ©UAi îøÃÕ hƒø

.“_ÕÃz®ªA PB∞_mÃ∞ªA PAf_ŒJñ PB_MBJƒªA ti “__º¿Å œyBùA ™ÃJmﬁA ü µÕjØ Ω∑ ü › ı øBß 15 ≈ø “∞ªDNùA tjªA ’B≥jØ CfI

.tjªA ’BƒQC B»√ÀfMjÕ AÃ√B∑ ªA oI›ùA ∆ÀfMjÕ ¡«À ¡ kBƒø ïG æB¿®ªA |®I K«g Ω¿®ªA ’B»N√A f®I .Ω¿®ªA

”∞_rø ïG îIB_vùA æB__¿®ªA “ªBYG Oó .“ÕÃz®ªA PB∞mÃ∞ªA PAfŒJø PB≥BÕjM —eBŒ®ªA ü jØÃNÕ .“ÕjráA PAfŒJùBI ¡¿nNªA œ÷fJùA

.î¥Y›ªA “ÜB®ùAÀ “®IBNùA ΩUC ≈ø AÁ øÃºŒ∑ 50 f®I ”ºß “¥ÒƒùA

‫ א‬−٣−٩ . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬. . ‫א‬ ‫א‬: ‫א‬ ( ‫א‬ ) : ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ . . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫ ﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻭاﺼل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻑ اﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬-١٠ ‫א א‬ . ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬. ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

−١−١٠ ‫א‬

‫‪119‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫‬

‫‪ −٢−١٠‬א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫‬

‫‪" " ":‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٣−١٠‬‬ ‫‪ −١‬א‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫‪ −٥‬א‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫‪−٧‬‬ ‫‪ −٨‬א‬ ‫‪ −٩‬א‬ ‫‪ −١٠‬א‬ ‫‪ −١١‬א‬

‫‪8 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü œZvªA ±Œ¥RNªA‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −١٢‬א‬

‫‪ -١١‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪ −٢‬א‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪ −٦‬א‬ ‫‪ −٧‬א‬

٩ ‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ اﻷﻫﺩاف‬-١

‫א‬

‫א‬ . . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫ ﺘﻌﺎرﻴﻑ‬-٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٦ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٦

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬.

‫א‬ ‫א‬ .

‫א‬ ‫א‬/ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ،

‫ א‬: ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ …

‫א‬ ،

‫א‬ " ‫א‬

". .

‫א‬ : ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫… א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ א‬: ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬:

: ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Epidemiology of work-related diseases and accidents. Tenth report of the Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1989 (WHO Technical Report Series No. 777).

‫‪9 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü –ÃŒáA ’BvY‚AÀ PBŒ÷BIÃªA‬‬

‫‪122‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.µ‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫=‪x‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪n‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،x‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.x‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪x1 + x2 + ... + xn‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫" א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫"א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א ‪:‬א‬

‫‪،s‬‬

‫‪∑ (x‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪s s‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪− x)2‬‬

‫‪n −1‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ .‬א‬

‫‪، s2 ،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪. σ2 σ‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت اﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫) א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:interval‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫( ‪ :nominal‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:ordinal‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ clinical severity‬א‬ ‫‪.discrete data‬‬ ‫‪،continuous data‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−١−٣‬‬

‫‪profusion category‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪123‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٢−٣‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٪٩٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١,٠‬‬ ‫‪٪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪null hypothesis‬‬

‫‪ −٣−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٩٥‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٠,٠٠٥‬‬ ‫‪(٠,٠٥‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.confidence interval‬‬

‫‪P‬‬

‫؛‬ ‫‪P‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‪ (CI‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١,٠‬‬

‫)‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٢×٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢×٢‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٤−٣‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬أﻨﻤﺎط اﻟﺩراﺴﺎت اﻟﻭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.host factors‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫) א א (‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‬

‫‪:descriptive studies‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:analytical studies‬‬ ‫‪:interventional studies‬‬

‫‬

‫‪9 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü –ÃŒáA ’BvY‚AÀ PBŒ÷BIÃªA‬‬

‫‪124‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.recall bias‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪ retrospective‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪case-control‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪source population‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪cross-sectional‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ اﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺭار اﻟﻤﺭض‬ ‫‪−١−٥‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪crude rates‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪٢٧٠‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪rate‬‬

‫‪ −٢−٥‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫÷‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫÷‬ ‫א‬

‫(א‬

‫) א‬ ‫‪:point prevalence rate‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪= prevalence rate‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:incidence rate‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫=‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪125‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪specific rates‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٣−٥‬א‬

‫؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪(relative risk‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪rate ratio‬‬ ‫‪risks‬‬

‫‪−٤−٥‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.(attributable risk‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪ −١−٦‬א א ‪١‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪n•}O}{A‬‬ ‫‪١٧٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١٤٦‬‬ ‫‪١٨٤‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‬‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫‪.‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‬‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‬‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‬‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪١١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‬‫‪١‬‬ ‫‬‫‪٩٧‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫∴‬

‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬

‫‪ −٢−٦‬א א ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٪٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‬

9 —fYÃªA :“Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA ü –ÃŒáA ’BvY‚AÀ PBŒ÷BIÃªA

126

. . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

١ ‫א א א‬ QZAX{A ٣ ٦ ٦ ١ i¶a•{A ٣ ٦ ٥ ١ ia•K}{A ٣,٣٥ ٥,٤٢ ٤,٨٤ ٣,٢٦ ™kB e{A A B C D

−٣−٦

٢ ‫א א א‬ ‫؟‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

−٤−٦

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪١٠‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻷﻫﺩاف‬ ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت وأﻨﻤﺎﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ −١−٢‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−٢‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ßÆ¶I{A XeZ{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪™}ºa{A• ™Re{A ´{k d¶KtK{A‬‬

‫‪10 —fYÃªA :P›VnªA •∞Y‬‬

‫‪128‬‬

‫‪ßRe{A XeZ{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪specimens‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫"‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪|}l{A ·By} ßs ~Ã‬‬ ‫‪Xw}{A ß{•æA uBla¬A‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪NXA•R{A LA≠BewKaA‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪/‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪sickness certification hZ}{A XB¢cG‬‬

‫‪™¶eUc{A ™¶Re{A LºOa{A‬‬

‫‪129‬‬

‫؛‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪(informed consent‬‬ ‫א א ؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫)א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺤﻔﻅ اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫(‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪International Statistical Classification of‬‬

‫‪Diseases and Related Health Problems‬‬

‫‪10 —fYÃªA :P›VnªA •∞Y‬‬

‫‪130‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻤﻬﺎم ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺩرﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪١١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪checklists‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −١−١‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٢−١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א א‬

‫‪−٣−١‬‬ ‫(א‬ ‫‬

‫‪™¶ÆB¶`¶t{A ZiBU}{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬

‫‬

‫‪11 —fYÃªA :“uBa P‹Bâ ü “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪132‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫א א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫‪،‬א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(א א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א ‪،‬א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א ‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪NXA•R{A‬‬

‫‪™¶ÆB¶}¶y{A ZiBU}{A‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬

‫‪133‬‬

‫‪LB¶}• •oZ¬A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪~OB }{A ßs ™¶Re{A LFc }{A‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™Re{A XÕ‬‬ ‫‪eZK‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٤−١‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﺭى‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١−٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫‪11 —fYÃªA :“uBa P‹Bâ ü “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪134‬‬

‫‪(−٣−١‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٢−٢‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪parameters‬‬

‫א‬

‫؛‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٣−٢‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪135‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٤−٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪™¶Re{A |B}l{A ™{BR ~¶¶wK ßs LBKIBMK}{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ incidence‬א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪−٥−٢‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٦−٢‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬ ‫‪ −٤‬א‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬

‫‪11 —fYÃªA :“uBa P‹Bâ ü “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪136‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ اﻟﺯراﻋﻴﺔ واﻟﺭﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−٣‬א‬ ‫‪™¶sAZo•}¶X{A‬‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪™¶XBeKvºA ™¶kB}KOºA‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪·ya{A‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪≠B}{A‬‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪Lºgt{A• ™}XBl{A §B¶}{A u¶ZeK‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

137

™¶YpK{A

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ~¶{lK{A

. ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

LºBeKºA• LºeA•}{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ bI{}{A

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א א‬

−٣−٣

‫א‬ -

(

‫א‬

)

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬−٤−٣ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

™¶ÆB¶`¶t{A ZiBU}{A

‫‪11 —fYÃªA :“uBa P‹Bâ ü “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪138‬‬

‫(‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א )‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‬

‫‪™¶ÆB¶}¶y{A ZiBU}{A‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶O•{•¶I{A ZiBU}{A‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫)א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪™¶ZBIp{A ZiBU}{A‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬

‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪™¶}• •oZ¬A ZiBU}{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א )א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫( א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪™¶ ¢}{A NXA•R{A‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א (‪ ،‬א‬

‫‬

‫‪ −٥−٣‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪139‬‬

‫‪−٦−٣‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫‪ −٧‬א‬ ‫‪ −٨‬א‬ ‫‪−٩‬‬ ‫‪−١٠‬‬ ‫‪−١١‬‬ ‫‪ −١٢‬א‬ ‫‪−١٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١٤‬‬ ‫‪ −١٥‬א‬ ‫‪−١٦‬‬ ‫‪−١٧‬‬ ‫‪ −١٨‬א‬ ‫‪ −١٩‬א‬ ‫‪−٢٠‬‬ ‫‪ −٢١‬א‬ ‫‪−٢٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٢٣‬א‬ ‫‪ −٢٤‬א‬ ‫‪−٢٥‬‬ ‫‪ −٢٦‬א‬

‫اﻟﻭﺤﺩة ‪١٢‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻨﺴﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻼت‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ −١−١‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א )‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٢−١‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶kB}KOºA ™¶at {A |yBc}{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪12 —fYÃªA :“uBàA PB◊∞ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪142‬‬

‫‪™¶ÆB¶}¶y{A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶ÆB¶`¶t{A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪™¶O•{•¶I{A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪™¶}• •oZ¬A |yBc}{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬א‬

‫‪−٣−١‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪fBU{A ßRe{A u¶wMK{A‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪Lº}Bl{A ≠Ba {A ™¶Bv• |OC ·} LBl¶ZcK{A‬‬

‫א‬

143

‫א‬

. . ßÆ¶I{A XeZ{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

. ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

·¶¶lK{A |Iv ßIi{A fRt{A

. . . ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬

™¶Z•X{A ™¶Ii{A f•Rt{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬ LA… Xl}{A ~¶}eK

LB}Ã XU}{A Z¶o Lº}Bl{A ≠Ba {A ´{k `¶yZK{A

،underserved . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ≠Ba {BI ™eBU{A m¶gA•}{A

‫א‬ : ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬−٤−١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪12 —fYÃªA :“uBàA PB◊∞ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪144‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٥−١‬א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫(‬

‫) א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−‬א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫(‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫)א‬

‫א‬

‫‬

‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫‪145‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪ /‬א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪ .‬א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ PCBs‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ PCBs‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א )א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ .‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪12 —fYÃªA :“uBàA PB◊∞ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪146‬‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫(‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫)‬

‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪−٦−١‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪−٣‬‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﻁﻔﺎل‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −١−٢‬א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪−٢−٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،١٣٨‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٧‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫אא‬

‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٣ ١٢‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪١٨ ١٦‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪(١٩٧٣‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪Landrigan PJ et al. Child labor. Pediatric annals, 1995, 24:657-62.‬‬

147

‫א‬ ‫א‬ . . ‫א‬ ٨

‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٠٠ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .

‫א‬ . ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،” ‫א‬ ‫א‬

“

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬

. ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ UNICEF

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫( א‬ ‫א‬ ، . ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬−٣−٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬

US General Accounting Office. Sweatshops and child labor violations: a growing problem in the United States. Washington, DC, Government Printing Office, 1989.

‫‪12 —fYÃªA :“uBàA PB◊∞ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪148‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٩‬‬

‫‪ −٤−٢‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪|BtiæA ™Re ´{k ZÆBg{A |}l{A JvA•k‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪|BtiæA ´{k ZBiUæA ßs ™}°Ba}{A |}A•l{A‬‬

‫א‬

‫؛‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪(.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א ( א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫) א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬ ‫) א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫)‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א (‬ ‫)א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫(‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫)‬

‫א א א‬

‫‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫‪Gust-Estrella DP. Case studies in hazardous child labour. International child health: a digest for current information.‬‬ ‫‪Geneva, UNICEF, 1993.‬‬

149

‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ، ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ١٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ، ، ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫ א‬، . ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٪٣٠ ‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ : ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ : ‫א‬ ١٠

−٥−٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

ZÕ •iK{A ´{k ZiBU}{A

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬ : :

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ . ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

™¶ ¢}{A LB}}aK{A• hAZ}æA ZBiUC

‫א‬

Allsebrook A, Swift A. Broken promise. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1989:91.

‫‪12 —fYÃªA :“uBàA PB◊∞ºª “Œƒ»ùA “ZvªA‬‬

‫‪150‬‬

‫‪~¶{lK{A ´{k ZBiUæA‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א א‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫‪،‬‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫)א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א ‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪ −٦−٢‬א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫(‬

‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‬

‫א‬

‫‬ ‫‬

‫‪151‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪:‬א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‬

‫‪−٧−٢‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−٤‬‬ ‫‪−٥‬‬ ‫‪−٦‬‬ ‫‪−٧‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪−١‬‬ ‫‪−٢‬‬ ‫‪ −٣‬א‬

“ŒØByG PA’Aj≥

152

‫ﻗﺭاءات إﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, Poket guide to chemical hazards. Itasca, Illinois, National Safety Council Press, 2000. Children at work: special health risks. Report of a WHO Study Group. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1987 (Technical Report Series No. 756). Economically active population, 1950-2010. 4th ed. on diskette. Geneva, International Labour Organisation, 1996. Harrington JM et al. Occupational health, 4th ed. Oxford, Blackwell Science,1998. Health promotion for working populations. Report of a WHO Expert Committee, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1988 (Technical Report Series No. 765). Jeyaratnam J, Koh D. Textbook of occupational medicine practice. Singapore, World Scientific Publishing, 1996. Jeyaratnam J. Occupational health in developing countries. Oxford, Oxford Medical Publications, 1992. Kintunga LJ. Working women. East African newssletter on occupational health and safety, 1989, 2:8-10. LaDou J. Occupational medicine. New York, Appleton & Lange, 1990. Last PA. Health protection and promotion. Women' s health. In: Stellman JM, ed. Encyclopaedia of occupational health and Safety, 4th ed. Geneva, International Labour Organisation, 1998. Levy BS, Wegman DH. Occupational health, recognizing and preventing work-related disease, 2nd ed. New York, Little, Brown & Company, 1988. McCunney RJ, Rountree PP. Occupational and environmental medicine. Self-assessment review. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998. Occupational health for all. In: Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace, Vol. 2, Geneva, World Health Organization, 1996. Plog BA, Niland J, Quinlan PJ. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene, 4th ed. Itasca, Illinois, National Safety Council Press, 1996. Rom WN, ed. Environmental and occupational medicine, 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998. World of work. The magazine of the ILO. Geneva, International labour Organisation, 1996, 16. World of work. The magazine of the ILO. Geneva, International labour Organisation, 1997, 19. World of work. The magazine of the ILO. Geneva, International labour Organisation, 1997, 20. Young people's health: a challenge for society. Report of a WHO Study Group on young people and "Health for All by the year 2000". Geneva, World Health Organization, 1986 (Technical Report Series No. 731).

Основные сведения

Организация Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ / WHO)

Тип документа Publications

Дата принятия 31 декабря 2002 г.

Источник Всемирная организация здравоохранения