Pathogens of Tabanidae (horseflies).

XI. PATHOGENS OF TABANIDAE (HORSEFLIES) Darrell W. Anthony USDA, Agricultural Research Service Insects Affecting Man Research Laboratory Gainesville, FL 32611, USA 239 I'DHa -4 1-d a Co .,, Co CD r= co H rn A co -d Co a Co Qct r., co u Co co 0 <4a- a41- %Do Co 4 a) 1-a ,, -a 0 U) r- r- C >o a ,C 0 '-En :i4 , -o 1-aH * j Cd *,1 I a -¢ H a Ui cn 0- 0 *Co CY 0 H- Co Co 0)I'D I q0 'A U4 .,l .,l ~~~~:D g_ g <~~~U Ir 0. ~ I H,4 N Cv 0 U 00-id :3 d (ApqI:z ¢o- Co Cop as co i) 4i u L0 444 .,4 0413 0 0 4 a0C 0 Co C., co cn C> 0) Co 0 Co 00 00 00 CO aJ -i) CoCo 04 240 Co ,_ -a a4 ¢4 C\) C- a' Co Co -a a) ON C) I-,, D .,0 -o -a4 H Co .r4 0 cn == H,CoCo) H:, Concn 4 00 H z; E4 z; ¢ a) ou C) -) J-4 o-a L004-) C-) 0 4 C.) 7-a Cd)a 00 0 4-A 04 -a U b0 -U U) co C)04-i 04-i CCU 4-J o 0e o 3 I a 0 - _ = = = _ , a1oo i C) cnC/) 0la.4- .,l t,.0. ri) co H aL) o C-C 1 Co .H Co Co C-) Co H- H4 C.' co Hra. co H4 0 Co) ):Z4 0 ,I1 cn 0 0 IIm u d u 0 r. a) ).,, v 4i co? 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Some data on pathogenic fungi of larvae of horse flies in the vicinity of Kiev]7 Probl. Parasitol. Trans. Sci. Conf. Parasitol. USSR, Part 1, 33 pp. Coelomomyces milkoi was found infecting 95% of the larvae of Tabanus autumnalis in the spring of 1971. Previously 18-30% of the larvae were infected. The greater incidence in 1971 is possibly related to the humid, warm conditions of the summer and autumn of 1970. A description of the disease is given. Larvae of T. autumnalis and Chrysops relictus were found to be susceptible to Metarrhizium anisopliae, Beauveria densa and Aspergillus flavus. Adults were also susceptible to M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. Gingrich, R. E. (1965). Thelohania tabani sp. n., a microsporidian from the larvae of the black horse fly, Tabanus atratus Fabricius. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 7: 236-240. A new species of microsporidia is described from T. atratus collected in Mississippi. The pathogen develops in the muscle tissue and infection can be detected by the whitish, opaque areas visible through the transparent integument. Because of the predaceous feeding habits of the larvae, ingested spores from infected prey are the most probable source of infection. Goodwin, J. T. (1968). Notes on parasites of immature Tabanidae (Diptera) and descriptions of the larvae and puparium of Carinosillus pravus (Diptera, Tachinidae). J. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 43: 107-108. The dipterous parasites of Tabanidae are discussed. Harlan, D. P. (1973). Personal communication, November 1973. Hazard, E. I. & Knell, J. D. (1973). Personal communication, April 1973. James, H. G. (1963). Larval habits, development and parasites of some Tabanidae (Diptera) in southern Ontario. Can. Entomol., 95: 1223-1232. Immatures of 29 species of Tabanidae were collected and reared to obtain information on their parasites and other biotic control agents. Most numerous natural control agents appeared to be insect parasites. The nematode, Bathymermis sp., was found infecting 11/143 larvae, especially Chrysops. Jackson, J. 0. & Wilson, B. H. (1965). Observations on some predators of horse fly and deer fly (Diptera, Tabanidae) eggs in Louisiana. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 58: 934-935. Arthropod predators of Tabanidae eggs captured in the field included Coleomegilla maculata, Collops bipunctatus and Orchelimum sp. Laboratory studies on the acceptability of the eggs to other predators were also conducted. Jones, C. M. & Anthony, D. W. (1964). The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Florida. USDA, ARS, Tech. Bull., No. 1295, 85 pp. An extensive review of the biology and ecology of the Tabanidae is given. Control measures including parasites and predators are presented. No microbial pathogens are mentioned. 243 Koval', E. Z. & Andreeva, R. V. (1971). /fin studying pathogenic mycoflora of horse-flies (Diptera, Tabanidae) in the Ukraine] Dopov. Akad. Nauk Ukr., Series B, 11: 1042-1044. (Ukrainian, English summary). A list of fungal diseases found in the field and under laboratory conditions on the larvae of Tabanus autumnalis and Chrysops relictus is given. Coelomomyces sp. and Metarrhizium anisopliae were found most frequently on the larvae. A number of other fungi were also found including Beauveria densa. Shamsuddin, M. (1966). A Bathymermis species (Mermithidae, Nematoda) parasitic on larvae Tabanids. Quaest. Entomol., 2: 253-256. A species of Bathymermis was found parasitizing Chrysops furcata in Alberta, Canada. Larvae are yellowish-green, during parasitism this changes to pale-yellow and later to black. Parasites could be readily seen in the mature larvae which become transparent. Infected larvae failed to pupate, usually did not feed, and were more sluggish in their movements. Tesky, H. J. (1969). Larvae and pupae of some eastern North American Tabanidae (Diptera). Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can., No. 63 , 147 pp. Key based on larvae or pupal characteristics and diagnostic descriptions of these stages are given. Tidwell, M. A. (1973). The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Louisiana. Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot., 18(1,2), 93 pp. This volume is a good general reference on the biology of Tabanidae.